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Interstate 164

Interstate 164

Interstate 164 is a spur highway of Interstate 64 in Evansville, Indiana. Interstate 164, also known as the Robert D. Orr Highway, has a total length of 21 miles. The highway wraps around the east side of the city, with the first four or so miles leading from U.S. Highway 41 signed east-west and the rest signed north-south. Interstate 164 in its entirety is part of High Priority Corridor 18: NAFTA Superhighway. This highway is a planned extension of Interstate 69 that will eventually create a new international trade corridor from Canada to the Rio Grande Valley. The route numbering for Interstate 164 will eventually be changed upon completion of Interstate 69.

External links

- [http://www.interstate-guide.com/i-164_in.html Interstate-Guide.com - Interstate 164] 64-1 64-1

Interstate 64

Interstate 64 is an Interstate Highway in the eastern United States. Its western terminus is just west of an interchange with Missouri Highway K in O'Fallon, Missouri; its eastern terminus is at an intersection with Interstate 264 and Interstate 664 at Bowers Hill in Chesapeake, Virginia. The Missouri Department of Transportation is currently extending Interstate 64 to Interstate 70 in Wentzville, Missouri. Currently an interchange is being built at Route N in St. Charles County, Missouri. This interchange will also accommodate the future tie in of the Missouri Route 364 freeway to I-64. In 2007, construction will start to rebuild 12 miles of Interstate 64 from Spoede Rd. to Boyle Ave[http://www.thenewi64.org]. This project will include repaving the entire road, rebuilding the overpasses and interchanges, adding a fourth lane between Spoede Rd. and Interstate 170, and connecting Interstate 64 to Interstate 170 in all directions. MoDOT will use the Design-Build method in order to complete the project in as little as three years.

Length

Notable cities along the route

Design-Build
- Saint Louis, Missouri
- Evansville, Indiana (via Interstate 164)
- Louisville, Kentucky
- Frankfort, Kentucky
- Lexington, Kentucky
- Ashland, Kentucky (via US 60 and US 23)
- Huntington, West Virginia
- Charleston, West Virginia
- Beckley, West Virginia
- Lexington, Virginia
- Charlottesville, Virginia
- Richmond, Virginia
- Williamsburg, Virginia
- Newport News, Virginia
- Hampton, Virginia
- Norfolk, Virginia
- Virginia Beach, Virginia
- Chesapeake, Virginia

Intersections with other Interstates

- Interstate 55 in Saint Louis, Missouri. They stay connected until East Saint Louis, Illinois.
- Interstate 70 in Saint Louis, Missouri. They stay connected until East Saint Louis, Illinois.
- Interstate 57 for 5 miles (8 km) around Mount Vernon, Illinois
- Interstate 65 in Louisville, Kentucky
- Interstate 71 in Louisville, Kentucky
- Interstate 75 for 6 miles (10 km) in Lexington, Kentucky
- Interstate 77 in Charleston, West Virginia. They stay connected until Beckley, West Virginia.
- Interstate 79 stops at Interstate 77 one mile north of Interstate 64 at Charleston, West Virginia.
- Interstate 81 in Lexington, Virginia. They stay connected until Staunton, Virginia.
- Interstate 95 for 4 miles (6.5 km) in Richmond, Virginia ([http://maps.google.com/maps?q=Richmond,+Virginia&ll=37.554104,-77.446060&spn=0.122562,0.180038&hl=en Map])

Spur routes

- Spur to Evansville, Indiana - I-164
- Louisville, Kentucky - I-264; also called the Watterson Expressway (this is the inner beltway at Louisville; the outer beltway is I-265)
- Hampton Roads area, Virginia - I-264, I-464, I-564, I-664

Notes

- The final section of Interstate 64 to be completed was in West Virginia between Sam Black Church and the West Virginia Turnpike near Beckley. This section, opened in 1988, is 38 miles long, and cost about $300 million to build, making it one of the most costly sections in the entire U.S. Interstate Highway System. It crosses some particularly rugged terrain, in one area descending at a 7% grade over nearly 5 miles, necessitating two emergency truck escape ramps to help runaway trucks stop safely. The ramps were used with such frequency that a truck speed advisory system was installed to automatically weigh each truck and indicate the speed at which it should begin the downhill section. The system has been plagued with problems since its installation; nevertheless, the journey from Charleston to Lewisburg is far quicker and far safer than the previous trip on U.S. 60, much of which winds through the mountains as a two-lane road.
- Tolls are still collected on the portion of I-64 which is shared with Interstate 77 on the West Virginia Turnpike between Beckley and Charleston.
- The terrain, possibly coupled with politics, results in the highway crossing the Kanawha River on major bridges no less than four times in the Charleston area.
- The eastern terminus of I-64 is not the road's easternmost point. After crossing Hampton Roads through the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel and entering Norfolk, the road makes a wide loop toward Virginia Beach and through that city's northwest side. The road then curves toward its final destination on the west side of Chesapeake. From the point where the road enters Chesapeake, I-64 East actually runs westward, ending at a location known as Bower's Hill near the edge of the Great Dismal Swamp where it joins Interstate 664.
- The portion of Interstate 64 east from its junction with Interstate 664 in Hampton, and all of Interstate 664 form the Hampton Roads Beltway.
- Interstate 64 has two three-digit bypasses that are shorter than the main leg, both in the Hampton Roads area.
- Interstate 664, which connects the Virginia Peninsula to South Hampton Roads on the western side of Chesapeake (and to the eastern terminus of I-64), is about 15 miles (24 km) shorter than the bypassed main leg.
- The bypass segment of I-264, which passes through downtown Norfolk, is about a mile (1.6 km) shorter than the main leg it bypasses.
- Interstate 264 in the Hampton Roads area is an unusual 3-digit interstate that contains both a bypass and a spur route.
- The bypass section is a direct connection to downtown Norfolk and Portsmouth.
- The spur section, which runs from I-64 toward Virginia Beach's seaside resort district, was originally the Virginia Beach Expressway, a toll road designated as Virginia Highway 44. The tolls were removed in 1995 and the former toll road was renumbered as part of I-264 in 1999.
- Part of the Blue Star Memorial Highway system.

Reference

- Cahal, Sherman. "Interstate 64." American Byways. 17 July 2005 [http://www.americanbyways.com/index.php?catid=16 http://www.americanbyways.com/index.php?catid=16].
- 2005 Rand McNally "The Road Atlas 2005" - newest feature- interstate mileage by state
- MoDOT: The New I-66 [http://www.thenewi64.org/].

External links

- [http://www.americanbyways.com/index.php?catid=16 American Byways's Interstate 64 Article]
- [http://www.wvturnpike.com/ West Virginia Turnpike official website]
- [http://www.roadstothefuture.com/I64_I77_WVa.html Roads to the Future website] 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

Robert D. Orr

Robert Dunkerson Orr (November 17, 1917 - March 10, 2004) was an American political leader and Governor of Indiana from 1981 to 1989. He was a member of the United States Republican Party. Orr was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan but was raised in Evansville, Indiana. He served in the U.S. Army during World War II, rising to the rank of Major. He entered state level politics when he was elected to the Indiana State Senate in 1968, representing Evansville. He served there until 1973. He was lieutenant governor of Indiana from 1973 to 1981. As governor he oversaw the reform of the state's education system. After his terms as governor, he was named as the U.S. Ambassador to Singapore, a post he held until 1992. He died on March 10, 2004 at the Indiana University Medical Center in Indianapolis from complications following kidney surgery. He is buried in Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis. Orr, Robert D. Orr, Robert D. Orr, Robert D. Orr, Robert D. Orr, Robert D.

NAFTA

:"NAFTA" is also an abbreviation for the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement. The North American Free Trade Agreement, known usually as NAFTA, links Canada, the United States, and Mexico in a free trade sphere. NAFTA went into effect on January 1, 1994. 1994, Canadian Prime Minister Mulroney
(Seated) Jaime Serra Puche, Carla Hills, Michael Wilson.
Source: George Bush Presidential Library and Museum]] NAFTA called for immediately eliminating duties on half of all U.S. goods shipped to Mexico and gradually phasing out other tariffs over a period of about 14 years. Restrictions were to be removed from many categories, including motor vehicles and automotive parts, computers, textiles, and agriculture. The treaty also protected intellectual property rights (patents, copyrights, and trademarks) and outlined the removal of restrictions on investment among the three countries. Provisions regarding worker and environmental protection were added later as a result of supplemental agreements signed in 1993. This agreement was an expansion of the earlier Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement of 1989. Unlike the European Union, NAFTA does not create a set of supranational governmental bodies, nor does it create a body of law which is superior to national law. NAFTA is a treaty under international law. (Under United States law it is classed as a congressional-executive agreement rather than a treaty, but that reflects a peculiar sense of the term "treaty" in United States constitutional law, but that sense is not followed by international law or the laws of other states.) The agreement was initially pursued by free-trade conservative governments in the US and Canada, led by Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and US President George H. W. Bush. There was considerable opposition on both sides of the border, but in the United States it was able to secure passage after President Bill Clinton made its passage a major legislative initiative in 1993. After intense political debate and the negotiation of several side agreements, the US House passed NAFTA by 234-200 (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats voting in favor) and the US Senate passed it by 61-38. Some opposition persists to the present day, although labour unions in Canada have recently removed objections to the agreement from their platforms. The United States and Canada have been arguing for years over the United States' decision to impose a 27% duty on Canadian softwood lumber imports. Canada has filed numerous motions to have the duty eliminated and the collected duties returned to Canada. Canada has won every case brought before the NAFTA tribunal, the last being on August 10, 2005. The United States responded by saying "We are, of course, disappointed with the [NAFTA panel's] decision, but it will have no impact on the anti-dumping and countervailing duty orders," (Neena Moorjani, spokeswoman for U.S. Trade Representative Rob Portman). The failure of the U.S. to adhere to the terms of the treaty has generated widespread political debate in Canada. The debate includes imposing countervailing duties on American products, and possibly shutting off all or some energy shipments, such as natural gas.

Effects

Controversy

NAFTA has been controversial since it was first proposed. Transnational corporations have tended to support NAFTA in the belief that lower tariffs would increase their profits. Labor unions in Canada and the United States have opposed NAFTA for fear that jobs would move out of the country due to lower labor costs in Mexico. Some politicians, economists, and policy experts have opposed free trade for fear that it will turn countries, such as Canada, into permanent branch plant economies. Farmers in Mexico have opposed and still oppose NAFTA because the heavy agriculture subsidies for farmers in the United States have put a great deal of downward pressure on Mexican agricultural prices, forcing many farmers out of business. Opposition to NAFTA also comes from environmental, social justice, and other advocacy organizations that believe NAFTA has detrimental non-economic impacts to public health, the environment, etc. In Mexico, as only a single example, poverty has risen considerably since the signing of NAFTA. Wages there have decreased by as much as 20 percent in some sectors. NAFTA's approval was quickly followed by an uprising amongst Zapatista revolutionaries, and tension between them and the Mexican government remains a major issue. Furthermore, NAFTA was accompanied by dramatic reduction of the influence of trade unions in Mexico's urban areas. NAFTA has been accompanied by a dramatic increase of illegal immigration from Mexico to the United States; presumably, a significant fraction of these people are farmers forced off their land by bankruptcy. However, since NAFTA was signed, there has also been economic growth in all three nations, and an increase in the standard of living in Canada, and especially in Mexico, when compared to that in the United States. NAFTA has helped to integrate the three economies, which is seen as a benefit in Canada and Mexico where being attached to the largest economy in the world has great benefits.

Chapter 11

Another matter that is particularly controversial is "Chapter 11", which allows corporations to sue federal governments in the NAFTA region if they feel a regulation or government decision adversely affects their investment. It is argued this provision scares the government from passing environmental regulation because of possible threats from an international business. For example Methanex, a Canadian corporation, filed a $970 million suit against the United States, claiming that a Californian ban on MTBE, a substance that had found its way into many wells in the state, was hurtful to the corporation's sales of methanol. In another case Metalclad, an American corporation, was awarded $16.5 million from Mexico after the latter passed regulations banning the toxic waste dump it intended to construct in El Llano, Aguascalientes. Further, it has been argued that the provision benefits the interests of Canadian and American corporations disproportionately more than Mexican businesses, which often lack the resources to pursue a suit against the much wealthier states. It has been a longtime fear of some Canadians that this provision gives large US companies too much power. There was one case where a Natural Gas company in Nova Scotia which pumped from Sable Island wanted to sell cheaper gas to residents in New Brunswick, a Canadian province, but threats of a lawsuit over Chapter 11 stopped these plans in their tracks. Since NAFTA was signed, it has been difficult to analyze its macroeconomic effects due to the large number of other variables in the global economy. Various economic studies have generally indicated that rather than creating an actual increased trade, NAFTA has caused trade diversion, in which the NAFTA members now import more from each other at the expense of other countries worldwide. Some economists argue that NAFTA has increased concentration of wealth in both Mexico and the United States.

Canada

In Canada a large amount of the opposition to NAFTA comes from fears over the possible effects of various clauses and articles of the treaty. For example, if something is sold even once as a commodity, the government cannot stop its sale in the future. This of course applies to the water from Canada's Great Lakes and rivers, fueling fears over the possible destruction of Canadian ecosystems and Canada's water supply. Other fears come from the effects NAFTA has had on Canadian law making. In 1996, MMT, a chemical additive that some studies had linked to nerve damage, was brought into Canada by an American company. The Canadian government banned the importation of the additive, but when sued by the American company, was forced to settle out of court. The American company argued that their additive had not been conclusively linked to any health dangers, and that the prohibition was damaging to their company.

Language

From the perspective of North American consumers, one of the effects of NAFTA has been the significant increase in bilingual or even trilingual labeling on products, for simultaneous distribution through retailers in Canada, the U.S., and Mexico in French, English, and Spanish.

References

- Greider, William (1997). One World, Ready or Not. Penguin Press. ISBN 0-713-99211-5.

External links

- [http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/ NAFTA Secretariat website]
- [http://www.thebta.org Border Trade Alliance] Category:International organizations Category:Trade blocs Category:Free Trade agreements Category:United States treaties Category:Foreign relations of Mexico Category:Foreign relations of Canada Category:Foreign relations of the United States Category:Economic history of Canada Category:Economy of the United States Category:Economy of Mexico Category:1994 in Mexico Category:Modern Mexico ja:北米自由貿易協定

Interstate 69

Interstate 69 is an interstate highway in the Midwestern United States. It currently runs from Indianapolis, Indiana at Interstate 465 to the U.S. side of the Blue Water Bridge in Port Huron, Michigan, at the Canadian border, where it continues as Highway 402 in Ontario. It is proposed that it should be extended to form a major new highway from the Mexican border in Texas to the Canadian border in Michigan (see Notes section below).

Length

Major cities along the route

(from south to north)
- Indianapolis, Indiana
- Anderson, Indiana
- Muncie, Indiana
- Marion, Indiana
- Fort Wayne, Indiana
- Lansing, Michigan
- Flint, Michigan
- Port Huron, Michigan

Intersections with other Interstates

- Interstate 465 in Indianapolis, Indiana
- Interstate 80 near Fremont, Indiana
- Interstate 90 near Fremont, Indiana
- Interstate 94 in Marshall, Michigan
- Interstate 96 in Lansing, Michigan
- Interstate 496 in Lansing, Michigan
- Interstate 75 in Flint, Michigan
- Interstate 475 in Flint, Michigan
- Interstate 94 in Port Huron, Michigan

Spur routes

- Greenville, Mississippi - proposed I-169
- Memphis, Tennessee - Future I-269
- Union City, Tennessee to Martin, Tennessee - Future I-169
- Fort Wayne, Indiana - I-469

Notes

- Between Lansing, Michigan and Port Huron, Michigan I-69 is an east-west route.
- In Flint, Michigan, I-69 is also known as the Chevrolet-Buick Freeway, as a tribute to the Flint automotive industry.
- The original southern termination point of I-69 was to have been at the I-65/I-70 interchange (known locally as the "spaghetti bowl") near 13th and College Avenue in Indianapolis, Indiana. In fact, the grading and overpasses for this connection's ramps can still be seen at that location. Later, the State of Indiana changed its mind and sought to designate the freeway connecting the spaghetti bowl to the I-69/I-465 interchange (approximately 11 miles or 18 km) as "I-169". Due to a political fight over the inner-city portions of I-70 and I-65, it was decided to scrap I-169. In its place, the state widened I-70 from eight to 10 lanes and reworked its eastside interchange with I-465 to handle the additional traffic loads from the northeastern suburbs.
- In 1998, Congress approved an extension of I-69 to the south and west from Indianapolis to the U.S.-Mexico border in Texas.
- From the Texas-Mexico border, I-69 will follow a path into Houston, then turn northward through Cleveland, Shepherd, Livingston, Lufkin, and Nacogdoches. It will go to the northeast, passing through Carthage, and then enter Louisiana towards Stonewall, where it will meet I-49 (which will be extended northward from its current terminus in Shreveport). It will also cross I-20 near Haughton, Louisiana.
- From the Shreveport area, I-69 will trek to Memphis via the towns of Haynesville, Louisiana; El Dorado, Hampton, Warren, Monticello, McGehee, and Arkansas City, Arkansas; and Benoit, Clarksdale, Rich and Robinsonville, Mississippi (via US 61); there could be a spur into Greenville, Mississippi, which would be called I-169.
- I-69 will follow US 61 and US 51 through the Memphis area. While in the area, it will overlap with I-55, I-240 and I-40. Also, construction has begun on a new bypass route, called I-269.
- From Memphis, I-69 will continue into Evansville, Indiana. The route will pass through the cities of Millington, Covington, Ripley, Dyersburg, Troy, Union City, and South Fulton, Tennessee; Mayfield, Eddyville, Princeton, Madisonville, and Henderson, Kentucky (via the Julian M. Carroll Purchase Parkway, I-24, Wendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Parkway and Edward T. Breathitt Parkway); and then cross the Ohio River into Evansville.
- Finally, I-69 will continue through Bloomington its original southern terminus in Indianapolis via I-465 and various Indiana state routes. The specific route has not yet been settled and is a matter of great contention in Indiana politics. On June 4, 2005, the Indiana State Capitol was vandalized by a group opposed to the expansion of I-69. Weeks later, the I-69 expansion office in Bloomington was vandalized.
- I-69 could stop in Texas at any of the following cities in the Mexican border region: in Laredo (via US 59), McAllen (via US 281), or Brownsville (via US 77). Since no one knows exactly where it will end, suffixes have been applied to it: I-69A, I-69C and I-69E. However, because federal law prohibits suffixed Interstate numbers (except for I-35 in Texas and Minnesota), two of the routes would most likely be made spurs of I-69. Two of the three potential routes meet at Victoria, Texas, where I-69 will continue into Houston via US 59.
- Temporary Interstate 69 or TEMP I-69 between Lansing, MI and Flint, MI was an expressway with at-grade intersections that was originally designated as Michigan State Highway 78. This segment of highway is now a fully controlled-access freeway designated as I-69.

External links

- [http://www.michiganhighways.org/listings/MichHwys60-69.html#I-069 Interstate 69] at Michigan Highways
- [http://www.nationali69.org/ National I-69 Steering Committee]
- [http://www.carri69.org/ Citizens for Appropriate Rural Roads], an organization opposed to a new-terrain route for I-69 in Southern Indiana.
- [http://www.i69corridorstudy.com/ I-69 Trans-Texas Corridor Study], a Texas Department of Transportation site
- [http://www.keeptexasmoving.com/ KeepTexasMoving.com Trans-Texas Corridor], a Texas Department of Transportation site
- [http://www.i69texas.org/ Alliance for I-69 Texas], an association supporting the development of I-69 in Texas
- [http://www.snopes.com/politics/satire/i69.asp Highway Position: Is an Indiana Congressman introducing legislation to change the name of Interstate 69?] (Snopes.com)
- [http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/friendsofi69/ Friends of I-69: mailing list on Yahoo Groups] 69 69 69

Rio Grande Valley

rightGeography The Rio Grande Valley is located in the southernmost tip of Texas. It lies along the northern bank of the Rio Grande river that separates Mexico from the United States. In reality, the Rio Grande Valley is not a valley, but a delta. However, early promoters of this region felt that the term "Valley" sounded more inviting to tourists and northern investors than did "Delta." The Rio Grande Valley, is also affectionately called "the Valley" by those who live there. The region is made up of four counties: Starr County, Hidalgo County, Willacy County, and Cameron County. Major cities include Brownsville, Harlingen, McAllen, Edinburg, Weslaco,and Mission.

Historical Interest

The Valley has had a silent presence in American History from cotton smuggling during the Civil War, to being the birthplace of some of it's best citizens. A few people that have been born, lived or died in the Rio Grande Valley are:
- Tom Landry (Dallas Cowboy Head Coach)
- Bill Haley
- Lloyd Bentsen (U.S. Senator)
- Freddy Fender
- Christopher Rich (TV's The Charmings)
- The Turtle Lady Ila Loetcher
- Neil Hamilton (The Commissioner from TV's Batman)
- Thomas Haden Church (Lowell from TV's Wings sitcom) ;Folklore The area is known among the locals for its folklore. Ghosts and specters are believed by some to still haunt the streets of some Valley cities. It was once believed that vampires from Mexico's northern border towns would cross into the Rio Grande Valley cities and hunt for prey. Some members of the oldest generation of Valley citizens may have rich and vast tales to share, regarding supernatural folklore and vampire myths. It was said that Pablo Montes, a character from popular modern fiction, was in fact based on a real outlaw. The citizens of most of these towns, however, are reluctant to speak of these events.

Economy

The Rio Grande Valley is a thriving region that is rapidly becoming an important commercial center of the South. Hispanics comprise a large percentage of the Valley's population, ranging from 80% in some centers to 92% in the southernmost city of Brownsville. Its many international bridges bring in many Mexican nationals to shop, sell and do business in many border cities along the Rio Grande River. The Valley is also a popular tourist destination during the winters for residents from the midwestern United States and Canada. Winter Texans (as these part-time residents from the North are called), Mexican nationals, and thousands of college students who visit South Padre Island throughout March and April for Spring Break create the bulk of the Valley's tourism. Winter Texans typically arrive in mid- to late fall and stay until early to mid-spring and reside in the many recreational vehicle or travel trailer parks found near US Highway 83.

Media

Newspapers

- The Monitor - owned by Freedom Communications.
- El Defensor
- El Rocinante
- Laredo Morning Times
- The Brownsville Herald
- South Padre Parade

Television

- KGBT-TV
- KMBH
- KRGV-TV Newschannel 5 (ABC Affiliate)
- Fox 17 News
- i-see TV

Radio

- 1530 La Primera
- 96.1 THE BEAT
- KGBT
- KIWW
- KMBH/KHID - Public Radio
- KTEX 100.3 - Country
- KURV
- KVLY
- Q 94.5 Rio Grande Valley

Category:Interstate Highways in Indiana

Articles about Interstate Highways that pass through the U.S. state of Indiana. Indiana Category:Transportation in Indiana

The 65th Infantry Regiment

The 65th Infantry Regiment nicknamed "The Borinqueneers"; was an all volunteer Puerto Rican Regiment of the U.S. Army whose motto was Honor and Fidelity and which participated in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. Korean War Puerto Ricans have participated in every major American military conflict, from the American Revolution when volunteers from Puerto Rico, Cuba and Mexico fought the British in Massachusetts in 1775 under the command of Captain General Torre, to the present day conflict in Iraq. However, it was during the Korean War that Puerto Ricans suffered the most casualties as members of an all Hispanic volunteer unit. One of the problems that they faced was the difference in languages, the common foot soldier spoke only Spanish, while the commanding officers were mostly English speaking Americans. Another problem that they faced was the climate factor. However, despite the hardships suffered by the members of the 65th Infantry, Puerto Ricans were to serve with pride and honor.

World War I

On July 1, 1898, "The Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry, United States Army" was created and approved by the U.S. Congress on May 27, 1908. They trained in Camp Las Casas in Santurce, a section of San Juan. On May 3, 1917, the Regiment recruited 1,969 men, considered at that time as war strength. On May 14, 1917, the Regiment was sent to Panama in defense of the Panama Canal Zone. The Regiment returned to Puerto Rico on March 1919 and was renamed "The 65th Infantry" by the Reorganization Act of June 4, 1920.

World War II

In 1942, at the outbreak of World War II, the 65th Infantry underwent an extensive training program and in 1943, it was sent to Panama to protect the Pacific and the Atlantic sides of the Isthmus. On 1944, the Regiment was sent to North Africa, arriving at Casablanca where they underwent further training. By April 29, 1944, the Regiment had landed in Italy and moved on to Corsica. On September 22, 1944, the 65th Infantry landed in France and was committed to action on the Maritime Alps at Peira Cava. They suffered a total of forty seven battle casualties. The first Puerto Rican to be killed in action from the 65th Infantry was Sgt. Angel Martinez, from the town of Sabana Grande. On April 20, the 65th overran a subcamp of the Flossenburg Concentration Camp. On March 18, 1945, the Regiment was sent to the District of Manheim, Germany and assigned to Military Government activities, anti-sabotage and security missions. In all, the 65th Infantry participated in the battles of Naples-Fogis, Rome-Arno, Central Europe and of the Rhineland. On October 27, 1945 the Regiment sailed from France arriving at Puerto Rico on November 9, 1945.

Korean War

November 9.]] On August 26, 1950, the 65th Infantry departed from Puerto Rico and arrived in Pusan, Korea on September 23, 1950. It was during the long sea voyage that the men nicknamed the 65th Infantry "Borinqueneers". The name is a combination of the words "Borinquen" (which was what the Tainos called the island before the arrival if the Spaniards) and "Buccaneers". The men of the 65th were among first infantrymen to meet the enemy on the battle fields of Korea. One of the hardships suffered by the Puerto Ricans was the lack of warm clothing during the cold and harsh winters. The enemy made many attempts to encircle the Regiment, but each time they failed because of the many casualties inflicted by the 65th. The 65th was part of a task force which enabled the U.S. Marines to withdraw from the Chosin Reservior on December 1950. When the Marines were encircled by the Chinese Communist troops close to the Manchurian border, the 65th rushed to their defense. As a consequence, the Marines were able to return safely to their ships. Among the battles and operations in which the 65th participated was the Operation "Killer" of January 1951, becoming the first Regiment to cross the Han River. On April 1951, the Regiment participated in the Uijonber Corridor drives and on June 1951, the 65th was the third Regiment to cross the Han Ton River. The 65th was the Regiment which took and held Cherwon and they were also instrumental in breaking the "Iron Triangle" of Hill 717 on July 1951. On November 1951, the Regiment fought off an attack by two Regimental size enemy units, with success. On July 3, 1952, the Regiment defended the MLR for 47 days and saw action at Cognac, King and Queen with successful attacks on Chinese positions. On October the Regiment also saw action in the Cherwon Sector and on Iron Horse, Hill 391, whose lower part was called "Jackson Heights" (see: Col. Carlos Betances Ramirez). Col. Carlos Betances Ramirez On June 1953, the 2nd Battalion conducted a series of successful raids on Hill 412 and on November the Regiment successfully counter attacked enemy units in the Numsong Valley and held their positions until the truce signing between all parts involved. The 65th Infantry was awarded battle participation credits for the following nine campaigns: 1. UN Defense-1950, 2. UN Offense-1950, 3. CCF Intervenntion-1950, 4. First UN Counterattack Offensive-1951, 5. UN and CCF Spring Offensive-1951, 6. UN Summer-Fall Offensive-1951, 7. 2nd Korean Winter 1951-52, 8. Korean Summer-Fall-1952 and 9. 3rd Korean Winter-1952-53. 10 Distinguished Service Cross, 256 Silver Star Medals and 606 Bronze Star Medals for valor were awarded to the men of the 65th Infantry. According to "El Nuevo Día Newspaper, 30 May 2004" a total of 756 Puerto Ricans lost their lives in Korea, from all four branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. More then half of these were from the 65th Infantry (This is without including non-Puerto Ricans).

Present

The 65th Infantry returned to Puerto Rico and was inactivated in 1956. However, Brig. General Juan Cordero, Puerto Rico's Adjutant General, persuaded the Department of the Army to transfer the 65th Infantry from the regular Army to the Puerto Rican National Guard. This was the only unit ever transferred from active component Army to the Army Guard. 1956 The 65th Infantry was recognized as a World War II liberating unit by the U.S. Army's Center of Military History and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1994. Puerto Rico honored the unit by naming one of its principal avenues "La 65 Infanteria" in San Juan. The names of those who perished in combat are inscribed in "El Monumento de la Recordacion" (Monument of Remembrance), which was unveiled on May 19, 1996 and is situated in front of the Capitol Building in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

External link

- [http://www.valerosos.com Valerosos]The Borinqueneers Website - website honoring the 65th Infantry Regiment, this site contains the casualty lists, medal lists, regimental history, recent historical articles, regimental roster for the Korean War, Korean War News, photos, current events, and archival film.
- [http://www.rootsweb.com/~prsanjua/mil-003.htm Names of the Puerto Ricans in El Monumento de la Recordacion in San Juan]
- [http://www.rootsweb.com/~prsanjua/military.htm Military Records]

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Wollemikiefer
Die Wollemia nobilis ist eine Baum art aus der Familie der Araukariengewächse (Araucariaceae), deren älteste bekannte Fossilien auf etwa 90 Millionen Jahre datiert werden. Dieser Baum galt als ausgestorben. Im Jahr 1994 wurden jedoch etwa 200 km westlich der australischen Stadt

Lorenz Lemlin
Lorenz Lemlin (auch: Laurentius Lemlin;
- ca. 1495; † ca. 1549) war ein deutscher Komponist der Renaissance. Lemlin studierte in Heidelberg, und war Sänger und später Kapellmeister der dortigen Hofkantorei. Zu seinen Schülern zählen Georg For

Kaitlyn Ashley
Kaitlyn Ashley (
- 29. Juni 1971 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA) ist eine US-amerikanische Pornodarstellerin. Sie und ihr Ehemann Jay Ashely begannen ihre Karriere in dem Film Beach Bum Amateurs 32, als Jay Ashely nach acht Monaten als Marine

Lübeck Cougars
Die Lübeck Cougars sind ein American Football-Team aus Lübeck in Schleswig-Holstein.

Geschichte

Nach der Gründung der Lübeck Cougars 1988, nahmen die Hansestädter 1989 zum ersten Mal am offiziellen Ligabetrieb des American Football Verband Deutschland (AFVD) teil. Es folgte ein stetiger Aufstieg bis in die zweite Bundesliga Mitte de

Wollemi
Die Blue Mountains sind ein Gebiet im australischen Bundesstaat New South Wales, circa 60 km westlich von Sydney. Es wurde im Dezember 2000 zum Weltnaturerbe erklärt. Die Blue Mountains sind bis zu 1.000 m hoch und Teil d

Laurentius Lemlin
Lorenz Lemlin (auch: Laurentius Lemlin;
- ca. 1495; † ca. 1549) war ein deutscher Komponist der Renaissance. Lemlin studierte in Heidelberg, und war Sänger und später Kapellmeister der dortigen Hofkantorei. Zu seinen Schülern zählen Georg For

Jan Hoffmann (Fußballspieler)
Jan Hoffmann (
- 1. September 1979 in Gomadingen-Offenhausen) ist ein deutscher Fußballspieler. Er spielt derzeit beim Regionalligisten SSV Jahn Regensburg, wo er im Angriff eingesetzt wird. Von 2000 bis 2004 war Hoffmann vier Jahre lang in der Trabanten des Planeten Pluto. Die US-Weltraumbehörde NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) gab am 31. Oktober 2005 bekannt, dass Aufnahmen des Hubble-Space-Telescope zwei Objekte zeigen, bei denen es sich neben Charon um weitere Monde des Pl

Interstate 164

External links

Interstate 64

Length

Notable cities along the route

Intersections with other Interstates

Spur routes

Notes

Reference

See also

External links

Robert D. Orr

NAFTA

Effects

Controversy

Chapter 11

Canada

Language

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Interstate 69

Length

Major cities along the route

Intersections with other Interstates

Spur routes

Notes

See also

External links

Rio Grande Valley

Historical Interest

Economy

Media

Newspapers

Television

Radio

Category:Interstate Highways in Indiana

The 65th Infantry Regiment

World War I

World War II

Korean War

Present

See also

External link

Geschichte