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Irish Parliament

Irish Parliament

:This article is about the legislature abolished in 1801. For alternative meanings, see Irish parliament (disambiguation). Irish parliament (disambiguation) The Parliament of Ireland was a legislature that existed from mediæval times until 1800. It comprised the King of Ireland and two chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Lords consisted of members of the Irish peerage while the Commons was directly elected, albeit on a very restricted franchise. Over the centuries, the Irish parliament met in a number of locations both inside and outside of Dublin - the first place of definitive date and place was Castledermot, County Kildare on 18 June, 1264. Among its most famous meeting places were Dublin Castle, the Bluecoat School, Chichester House and, its final permanent home, the Irish Parliament House in College Green.

Early History

The Irish Parliament was originially founded in the 13th century to represent the English community in the Lordship of Ireland. The native or Gaelic Irish were officially considered outlaws and were not eligible to either vote or stand for office. However, in the 14th and 15th centuries, the English presence in Ireland shrunk dramatically, eventually shrinking to a small fortified enclave around Dublin known as the Pale. The Parliament thereafter became essentially the forum for the Pale community until the 17th century. The Palesmen themselves encouraged the Kings of England to take a more direct role in the affairs of Ireland, to protect them from the Gaelic Irish and "Gaelicised" Old English lords. In 1494, the Parliament encouraged the passing of Poyning's Law which subordinated the Irish Parliament to the English one, so that the Irish Parliament could not be bullied by the powerful landed families in Ireland like the Earl of Kildare into passing laws that pursued the agendas of the different dynastic factions in the country. The role of the Parliament changed after 1541, when Henry VIII declared the Kingdom of Ireland and emabarked on the Tudor re-conquest of Ireland. Thereafter, the Gaelic Irish lords had their positon legalised and were entitled to attend the Irish Parliament as equals (although most members continued to be of English descent). However the Protestant Reformation introduced by the Tudor monarchs changed the nature of Irish politics, as almost all of the population of Ireland remained Roman Catholic. The native community had several disputes in Parliament with the English authorities in Ireland over the introduction of Protestantism as the state religion and over paying for the long-running English wars of conquest in the country. For this reason, in 1613-15, constituencies for the Parliament were fixed so that English and Scottish Protestant settler's representatives became the majority in the Irish Parliament. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics were barred from voting or attending the Parliament altogether in the Cromwellian Act of Settlement 1652. They never fully recovered these rights for the remainder of the Parliament's existence. Under the reign of James II of England, who was himself a Roman Catholic, Irish Catholics briefly recovered their pre-eminent position in the Irish Parliament. During the Williamite war in Ireland (1688-91), they were once again a majority in Parliament and forced James to pass legislation granting legislative autonomy to the Parliament and a restitution of the lands confiscated from Catholics in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. However, the Jacobite defeat in this war meant that under William III of England, Protestants were returned to their dominant position in Irish society and the Penal Laws against Catholics were applied with even greater strictness than before. However, it should be noted that Irish Catholics still voted in elections down to 1728, when they were explicitly banned from doing so. Presbyterians also had a subservient status in Parliament, as after 1707 they could hold seats, but not hold public office. After this point, the Irish Parliament was again the preserve of a colonial English minority, though now a new, Protestant (Anglican) one. The Anglo-Irish Parliament did asert its independence from London several times however. In the early 18th century it successfully lobied for Parliament to be called every two years (as opposed to on the whim of the monarch) and shortly thereafter, it declared itself to be in session permanently (mirroring developments in the English Parliament). The Irish Parliament also agitated for greater powers relative to the English Parliament and for better Terms of Trade with Britain.

Powers

After 1707, Ireland was to varying degrees subordinate to the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Parliament of Ireland only had control over legislation, while the executive branch of government, under the Lord Lieutenant, answered to the British government in London. Furthermore the Penal Laws meant that Catholics, who constituted the vast majority of Irish people, were not permitted to sit in, or participate in elections to, the parliament; Poyning's Law made the Irish legislature subordinate to the Parliament of Great Britain, by forbidding the Irish parliament to discuss any bill without the British legislature's prior approval. In 1782, following agitation by major parliamentary figures, most notably Henry Grattan, the Irish parliament's authority was greatly increased. Under what became known as the Constitution of 1782 the restrictions imposed by Poyning's Law were removed. A little over a decade later Catholics were given the right to cast votes in elections to the parliament, although they were still debarred from membership.

Organisation

Constitution of 1782).]] The House of Lords was presided over by the Lord Chancellor, who sat on the woolsack, a large seat stuffed with wool from each of the three lands of England, Ireland and Scotland. In the Commons, business was presided over by the Speaker who, in the absence of a government chosen from and answerable to the Commons, was the dominant political figure in the parliament. Speaker Connolly remains today one of the most widely known figures produced by the Irish parliament. Much of the public ceremonial in the Irish parliament mirrored that of the British Parliament. Sessions were formally opened by the Speech from the Throne by the Lord Lieutenant, who, it was written "used to sit, surrounded by more splendour than His Majesty on the throne of England" . The Lord Lieutenant, when he sat on the throne, sat beneath a canopy of crimson velvet. At the state opening, MPs were summoned to the House of Lords from the House of Commons chamber by Black Rod, a royal official who would "command the members on behalf of His Excellency to attend him in the chamber of peers". Sessions of Parliament drew many of the wealthiest of Ireland's Anglo-Irish elite to Dublin, particularly as sessions often coincided with the social season, (January to 17 March) when the Lord Lieutenant presided in state over state balls and drawing rooms in the Viceregal Apartments in Dublin Castle. Leading peers in particular flocked to Dublin, where they lived in enormous and richly decorated mansions initially on the northside of Dublin, later in new Georgian residences around Merrion Square and Fitzwilliam Square. Their presence in Dublin, along with large numbers of servants, provided a regular boost to the city economy.

Abolition

In 1801 the Parliament of Ireland was abolished entirely, when the Act of Union created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and merged the British and Irish legislatures into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom. The union arose from a number of strains in Anglo-Irish relationships. In 1798 British rule in Ireland was shaken by the failed United Irishmen rebellion. The crisis over the 'madness' of King George III produced tension, as both of the King's parliaments in each of his two kingdoms possessed the theoretical right to nominate a regent, without the requirement that they choose the same person. Nonetheless the situation was resolved when both chose the Prince of Wales. The result of these tensions was a British government decision that the entire relationship between Britain and Ireland should be fundamentally changed. Constitutionally it was necessary for the Act of Union to be passed by both the British and Irish parliaments before it could become law. The Irish parliament was therefore effectively asked to vote for its own abolition. After one failed attempt, the passage of the act in the Irish parliament was finally achieved, albeit with the mass bribery of members of both houses, who were awarded British and United Kingdom peerages and other 'encouragements'. On 1st January 1801 the Kingdom of Ireland and its parliament ceased to exist. It was the last legislature in Irish history to have power to legislate for the whole island. Part of the deal involved the concession of Catholic emancipation, which meant the removal of all remaining discriminatory laws against Catholics and faiths other than the established Church of Ireland. This had long been resisted by the Irish Parliament. However, following the Union, King George III blocked emancipation, arguing that it conflicted with his coronation oath to uphold the Protestant faith. Emancipation was finally granted in 1829. In the 1830s and 1840s nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell lead a unsuccessful campaign for the repeal of the Act of Union and the restoration of 'Grattan's parliament'. Those advocating repeal insisted that Catholics be granted the right to sit in any restored parliament.

Footnotes

Unsourced eighteenth century quote used in the Bank of Ireland, College Green, an information leaflet produced by the Bank of Ireland about the Irish Houses of Parliament.

Irish parliament (disambiguation)

'Irish parliament' may refer to a number of Irish parliaments and assemblies:
- Parliament of Ireland - the legislature of the Kingdom of Ireland abolished by the Act of Union 1800.
- Dáil Éireann - the extra-legal, revolutionary parliament of the 1919-1922 Irish Republic. Following partition, in the independent state:
- Parliament of Southern Ireland - the home rule parliament for Southern Ireland of 1920-1921.
- Oireachtas of the Irish Free State - the legislature of the 1922-1937 Irish Free State.
- Oireachtas Éireann - the modern legislature of independent Ireland. In Northern Ireland
- Parliament of Northern Ireland - the home rule parliament of 1920-1972.
- Northern Ireland Assembly (Sunningdale) - the home rule assembly established in 1973.
- Northern Ireland Assembly - the devolved assembly established in 1998 following by the Belfast Agreement.

Legislature

A legislature is a governmental deliberative assembly with the power to adopt laws. Legislatures are known by many names, including: parliament, congress, diet and national assembly. Important part of the US In parliamentary systems of government, the legislature is formally supreme and appoints the executive. In presidential systems of government, the legislature is considered a power branch which is equal to, and independent of, the executive. In addition to enacting laws, legislatures usually have exclusive authority to raise taxes and adopt the budget and other money bills. The consent of the legislature is also often required to ratify treaties and declare war.

Chambers

The primary component of a legislature is one or more chambers or houses: assemblies that debate and vote upon bills. Most legislatures are either bicameral or unicameral:
- A unicameral legislature is the simplest kind of law-making body and has only one house.
- A bicameral legislature possesses two separate chambers, usually described as an upper house and a lower house, which may differ in duties, powers, and methods for the selection of members. In most parliamentary systems, the lower house is the most powerful house while the upper house is merely a chamber of advice or review!!!! However in presidential systems the powers of the two houses are often similar or equal. In federations it is typical for the upper house to represent the component states. For this purpose the upper house may either contain the delegates of state governments, as is the case of Germany and was the case in the pre-19 century United States, or to be elected according to a formula that grants disproportionate representation to smaller states, as is the case today in Australia and the United States. Historically, as well as bicameral and unicameral bodies, there have also been rare instances of tricameral legislatures. Many legislatures are said to include not just one or more houses but also the head of state. This is because in most systems it is necessary that, after being approved by the house or houses of the legislature, a bill receive the assent of the head of state before it can become law. This may be the case even if, as is the case in many parliamentary systems, the assent of the head of state is merely a formality and will not be withheld. It is also common, however, for the head of state not to be considered a formal part of the legislature, even if they have the power to veto laws. The British Parliament formally consists of the Crown, and two houses; similarly, the Irish Oireachtas consists officially of the President and two houses. In contrast, the United States Congress consists only of its two houses and does not officially include the US president, despite the fact that he wields a veto.

Competences

The power of legislatures varies widely from country to country. Rubber stamp legislature is a derogatory name for a legislature that has no real power but simply approves, by unanimous or near unanimous votes, bills put before it by other institutions. For example, the legislatures of many Communist states were often derided as mere 'rubber stamps' for decisions of the ruling party. The term is not usually used to describe legislatures of parliamentary systems. Although the final draft of legislation introduced by the government almost always passes, these legislatures are generally not labelled "rubber stamps" because legislators are involved in the drafting and amendment of bills.

List of titles of legislatures

National
- Parliament
- Congress
- Diet
- National Assembly

- Althing — Iceland
- Assembleia da República — Portugal
- Bundestag — Germany
- Cortes Generales — Spain
- Eduskunta or Riksdag — Finland
- Federal Assembly — Russia, Switzerland
- Folketing — Denmark
- Knesset — Israel
- Legislative Yuan — Republic of China/Taiwan
- Majles Al-Ummah — Kuwait
- Oireachtas — Republic of Ireland
- Riigikogu — Estonia
- Riksdag — Sweden
- Rajya Sabha/Lok Sabha — India
- Sabor — Croatia
- Saeima — Latvia
- Seimas — Lithuania
- Sejm — Poland
- Skupština — Serbia and Montenegro
- Estates-General or Staten Generaal — Netherlands
- Storting — Norway
- Tynwald — Isle of Man
- Verkhovna Rada — Ukraine Historical
- States-General
- Dáil — Irish Republic (1919-1922)
- Volkskammer — East Germany (1949-1990) State
- List of state legislatures of the United States — United States
- Landtag — Germany, Austria

King of Ireland

The designation King of Ireland has been used during three periods of Irish history. In the centuries prior to 1169 Ireland had coalesced into a national kingdom under a High King of Ireland. In the aftermath of an Anglo-Norman incursion into Ireland in 1169 Henry II and his successors became "Lord of Ireland". The Treaty of Windsor (1175) in 1175 recognised the last native king as overlord of all Ireland outside Anglo-Norman control but further Anglo-Norman incursions weakened his authority and after his abdication the office fell dormant. After Henry VIII made himself head of the Church of England, he also requested and got legislation through the Irish Parliament, in 1541 (effective 1542), naming him King of Ireland and head of the Church of Ireland (which today, both in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, remains a member of the Anglican communion but is no longer an established church like the Church of England or the Church of Scotland). The title "King of Ireland" was then used until 1 January 1801, the effective date of the second Act of Union, which merged Ireland and Great Britain to create the United Kingdom. After creation of the Irish Free State as a dominion of the British Empire in 1922, the question whether the King reigned in Ireland as "King of the United Kingdom" or as "King of Ireland' took on important constitutional significance that would have later ramifications for the entire British Empire as it was transformed into the Commonwealth of Nations. King George V continued to reign in Northern Ireland as King of the United Kingdom, because Northern Ireland had opted to remain within U.K.; but this provided no answer for the Free State. The question was solved in that regard in 1927, when the old Anglo-Irish title "King of Ireland" was revived. So the question began to arise in the other dominions of the British Empire — especially after the Statute of Westminster 1931 made them fully independent of Britain — whether the King-Emperor was king of Canada, Australia, etc., because he was head of the British Empire, or because he was head of state of each individual country. At the centre of the issue was the notion of the indivisibility of the Crown, with constitutional experts across the Empire, but especially in London, pondering the question of how the Crown could be indivisible on the head of one sovereign if that person were separately king (or queen regnant) of each division of the one Empire. This grand question was finally put to bed in 1952, when Elizabeth II was proclaimed Queen separately by the parliaments of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa(since 1961 the Republic of South Africa), Pakistan (became a republic in 1954), and Ceylon (since 1971, the Republic of Sri Lanka). Revival of the title King of Ireland in 1927 thus turned out to be a catalyst for reforming the concept of the indivisibility of the Crown, by elevating the concept of "The Crown" from concrete physicality (the literal crown, as presentation) to abstract principle (the crown as representation). This followed upon the other important development by which the British Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations, namely the provision to allow India to become a republic in 1950 and still remain in the Commonwealth; thus paving the way for then-Princess Elizabeth to become, in 1952, the first "Head of the Commonwealth." Meanwhile, in 1949, the last link with the monarch was severed in Dublin when Ireland (Eire) (as the Irish Free State had been renamed in 1937) became the Republic of Ireland, thereby leaving the Commonwealth and laying the title "King of Ireland" well and truly to rest.

History

Kingdom of Ireland (1542-1801)

The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the Irish Parliament in 1541, to replace the Lordship of Ireland which had existed since 1171 with the Kingdom of Ireland. The Crown of Ireland Act established a personal union between the English and Irish crowns, providing that whoever was king of England was to be king of Ireland as well, and so its first holder was King Henry VIII of England. For a brief period in the seventeenth century, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, from the impeachment and execution of Charles I in 1649 to the Restoration of the monarch in England in 1660, there was no 'King of Ireland' in effect — only in name. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics, organised in Confederate Ireland recognised Charles I and then Charles II as legitimate monarchs in opposition to the claims of the English Parliament. They signed a formal treaty with Charles I shortly before his execution in 1649. However England had become a republic, or "Commonwealth" when the Rump Parliament, victorious in the English Civil War, executed Charles I, and the Parliamentarian general, Oliver Cromwell, came across the Irish sea, to put an end to any plans to restore the new king to the English throne by temporarily — albeit illegally — uniting England, Scotland and Ireland under one government. See Also Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Cromwell subsequently made himself "Lord Protector" of the Three Kingdoms. After Cromwell's death in 1658, however, his son, Richard, was the only person to emerge as a leader of this pan-British Isles republic, and he was not sufficiently competent to maintain any of it. Parliament at London voted to restore the monarch, an Charles II returned from exile in France, as King of England, Scotland and Ireland. When the first Act of Union took effect in 1707, merging England and Scotland into the semi-federal Kingdom of Great Britain, the person union between the Irish, Scottish, and English crowns became a personal union between the Irish and British crowns. The Kingdom of Ireland was then merged to Great Britain on 1 January 1801 when the second Act of Union took effecting, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (since 1922, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).

Irish Free State (1927-1936)

Main article: Monarchy in the Irish Free State Monarchy in the Irish Free State and Queen Mary in 1911.
Within a decade it was the seat of the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State.]] Twenty-six of Ireland's thirty-two counties left the United Kingdom in 1922 (the six northeastern counties of Ireland opted to remain British), as the Irish Free State (renamed Éire in 1937), a self-governing dominion of the British Empire. As a dominion, the Free State was a constitutional monarchy with the British monarch as its head of state. However, until 1927, King George V was still formally styled "King of the United Kingdom". It was five years before the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 revived the title "King of Ireland" as a separate position to the British crown. As before 1801, the two crowns existed in a personal union. In conjunction with the change, the Free State achieved greater autonomy within the British Empire. For example, the British cabinet could no longer advise the King on matters pertinent to the Irish Free State but the king, through his governor general (after 1937, through the President of Ireland) took the advice of his Irish prime ministers. The Free State was also granted its own Great Seal and began to sign treaties in its own right, instead of through Britain. That last item — the right of British dominions to sign treaties on their own behalf without the imperial oversight of London — dates to the First World War and the insistence of the then-Dominion of Canada that she be represented at the Versailles Peace Talks and sign the treaty under her own name, though within the context of the British Empire. Canada had already managed to reserve this right to herself in an earlier treaty negotiation with the United States. Canadian insistence on the right to sign the Treaty of Versailles independently effectively secured this right to all British dominions, including post-bellum dominions like the Irish Free State.

1936-1949

Main article: Irish head of state from 1936-1949 From 1936 to 1949 the role of the King of Ireland in the Irish state was greatly reduced and ambiguous. An amendment to the Free State constitution in 1936 all but eliminated all of the King's official duties but one. Under the External Relations Act of the same year he continued to represent the Free State in international affairs. This purely external role continued when the new Constitution of Ireland was introduced in 1937. The position of King of Ireland ceased with the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act, which came into force in April 1949. This act, as the name suggested, declared the state to be a republic. The Crown of Ireland Act was eventually repealed in the Republic of Ireland by the Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act, 1962. The monarchy continues in Northern Ireland, which remains a province of the United Kingdom. The Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1952, Elizabeth II, numbers an assortment of pre-Norman High Kings of Ireland among her ancestors, through her mother, the late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.

List of Lords, Kings and Queens of Ireland (Non-Native)

1171-1541

- Prince Henry (I), Lord of Ireland 1171–1189 (King of England as Henry II, and Duke of Normandy, from 1154)
- Prince Richard (I) (King of England as Richard I "Lion-Heart")
- Prince John (In England, King John; in Normandy, Duke John; etc.)
- Prince Henry (II) (King of England as Henry III)
- Prince Edward (I) (King of England as Edward I)
- Prince Edward (II) (King of England as Edward II)
- Prince Edward (III) (King of England as Edward III)
- Prince Richard (II) (King of England as Richard II)
- Prince Henry (III) (King of England as Henry IV)
- Prince Henry (IV) (King of England as Henry V)
- Prince Henry (V) (King of England as Henry VI)
- Prince Edward (IV) (King of England as Edward IV)
- Prince Edward (V) (King of England as Edward V)
- Prince Richard (III) (King of England as Richard III)
- Prince Henry (VI) (King of England as Henry VII)
- Prince Henry (VII), (1509–1542) (King of England as Henry VIII)

1541-1801

- Henry VIII and I, King of Ireland (1542–1547; previously Prince Henry (VII), Lord of Ireland, 1509–1542. (Although universally known as "Henry VIII," he was technically Henry I in Ireland, as the first of the English kings Henry to be King of Ireland; and the same principle applies to his successors until 1801.)
- Edward VI and I (Edward VI of England, I of Ireland)
- Jane
- Mary I
- Elizabeth I
- James VI & I (James VI of Scotland, I of England and Ireland)
- Charles I
- Charles II
- James VII & II
- William III, II & I & Mary II (William III of England and the Netherlands, II of Scotland, I of Ireland; and Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland).
- Anne
- George I
- George II
- George III (1760–1801)
1801-1927
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which see. The first of these was George III, (1801-1820). The last was George V, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (and Emperor of India, etc.), 1910-1927; thereafter, King of Ireland, 1927-1936, and King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
1927-1949
1936
- George V (1927–1936)
- Edward VIII (1936)
- George VI (1936–1949) Kings George I, II, and III had reigned as "King of Ireland"; a constitutional change had occurred and Georges III & IV had reigned as "King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." As the governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom were separate from 1922 and the royal titles from 1927, it might be supposed that George V, once again called "King of Ireland", should be numbered "IV" as the 4th of that name to be "King of Ireland." This would be incorrect, however; regnal numerals are always fully cumulative and do not depend on the precise wording of actual titles; if they did, George III would have suddenly become "George I of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" at that constitutional change. Edward VIII was the first monarch to accede to the British throne with the Northern Irish designation attached to his title. His brother, George VI was the first actually so crowned, and the last to be crowned King of Ireland. George VI's daughter, Elizabeth II, currently Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, has in common with the former American presidents John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan that all three of them are descendants of the pre-Norman Cennétig kings of Munster in southwestern Ireland. In the Queen's case, her descent from Brian Boru and other native Irish kings is through her mother, the late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.
See also

- British monarchy
- List of British monarchs
- Style of the British Sovereign
- History of Ireland
- The King of Ireland's Son — a novel published in 1962
- Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Category:High Kings of Ireland Category:History of Ireland King Monarchs Ireland

Irish House of Lords

The Irish House of Lords was the upper house of the Parliament of Ireland that existed from mediæval times until 1800. It was abolished along with the Irish House of Commons by the Act of Union. The House of Lords was presided over by the Lord Chancellor, who sat on the woolsack, a large seat stuffed with wool from each of the three lands of England, Ireland and Scotland. At the state opening of the Irish parliament Members of Parliament were summoned to the House of Lords from the House of Commons chamber by Black Rod, a royal official who would "command the members on behalf of His Excellency to attend him in the chamber of peers" Sessions were formally opened by the Speech from the Throne by the Lord Lieutenant, who sat on the throne beneath a canopy of crimson velvet. Following the Act of Union, the peerage of Ireland elected 28 of their number to sit in the United Kingdom House of Lords. This practice ended in 1922 with the establishment of the Irish Free State. Other Irish peers were able to stand for election to the UK House of Commons. Today the 18th century Irish Parliament building on College Green in Dublin is an office of the commercial Bank of Ireland and visitors can view the Irish House of Lords chamber within the building. See also: List of Irish Representative Peers Category:History of Ireland Category:Historical upper houses

Dublin

:This article is about the city in Ireland. For other uses of the name, see Dublin (disambiguation). Dublin (Irish: Baile Átha Cliath), is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland, located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region. The city has served continually as Ireland's capital city since mediæval times. mediæval The city proper has a population of some 495,000 (CSO Census 2002), though the population of the Dublin metropolitan area is higher, with the development and spread of suburbs and satellite towns continuing into the surrounding areas. The population of the city and region is 1,164,400 (CSO Census 2002); although even this figure does not accurately reflect the population of "urban Dublin", failing to account for largely integrated parts of north-east Kildare and conversely, undeveloped rural areas in north Fingal. The population of urban Dublin is currently projected to be 1,274,100 for the year 2006 when the next census will take place. The term Dublin Region has become a substitute for the traditional County Dublin, whilst "Greater Dublin Area" is accepted as including Dublin city and all of counties Wicklow, Kildare, Fingal, South Dublin, Meath and Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown with the limits of the commuter belt stretching to a much greater distance. commuter belt

Culture

Dublin is a major cultural centre in Ireland. Dublin is the origin of many prominent artists and writers such as James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, Samuel Beckett, Bram Stoker, and Roddy Doyle. Dubliners is a collection of short stories by James Joyce about incidents and characters typical of residents of the city in the early part of the 20th century. Ulysses, also by James Joyce, a novel set in Dublin, is full of topographical detail and is both acclaimed and controversial. The National Print Museum of Ireland, the Irish Museum of Modern Art, the National Gallery of Ireland, the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery, the Chester Beatty Library and three centers of the National Museum of Ireland are located in Dublin. Temple Bar is an important place for night life and often people from Britain and beyond visit for the weekend.

Multicultural Dublin

Dublin has long had a sizeable number of immigrants especially from Great Britain, the US, Australia, New Zealand, and continental Europe. More recently Dublin has also attracted significant Nigerian, Chinese, Korean, Indian, and Eastern European populations, largely attracted by Ireland's economic success since the the mid-1990's . Old and once run-down streets have rapidly become busy 'ethnic districts', such as Moore Street's tranformation into 'Little Africa' and Parnell Street East's into the city's de-facto 'Chinatown' and 'Asian Village'.

Education

Eastern European Dublin is the primary centre of education in Ireland, with three universities and several other higher education institutions. The University of Dublin is the oldest university in Ireland dating from the 16th Century. Its sole constituent college, Trinity College, Dublin (TCD), was established by Royal Charter under Elizabeth I. The National University of Ireland has its seat in Dublin which is also the location of the associated constituent university of University College Dublin (UCD), the largest university in Ireland. Dublin City University (DCU) is the most recent university created in Dublin and specialises in business, engineering, and science courses, particularly with relevance to industry. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) is an independent medical school located on St. Stephen's Green in the city centre. The National University of Ireland, Maynooth, another constituent university of the NUI, is located about 25 km from Dublin. Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) is a modern technical college and is the country's largest non-university third level institution; it specialises in technical subjects but also offers many arts and humanities courses. It is soon to move to a new campus at Grangegorman. There are also smaller Institutes of Technology at Blanchardstown and Tallaght. The National College of Art and Design (NCAD) and Dun Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology (DLIADT) support training and research in art, design and media technology. There are also various other smaller specialised colleges, including private ones, in the city. One example is The Gaiety School of Acting which hosts a two year intensive degree in acting.

Exhibitions

- 1853 - Great Industrial Exhibition (1853)
- 1865 - International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1865)
- 1874 - International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1874)

Northside vs Southside

International Exhibition of Arts and Manufactures (1874) Traditionally, a north versus south division has existed in Dublin with the dividing line provided by the River Liffey. The Northside is generally seen as working-class, while the Southside is seen as middle and upper middle class. This is also reflected by Dublin postal districts, with odd numbers being used for districts on the Northside, e.g: Phibsboro is in D7, and even numbers for ones on the Southside, e.g: Sandymount is in D4. This division dates back centuries, certainly to the point when the Earl of Kildare built his residence on the then less regarded Southside. When asked why he was building on the South Side, he replied "Where I go, fashion follows me", and indeed he was promptly followed by most other Irish peers. Irish peers]] The Northside/Southside divide is punctuated by examples of Dublin "sub-culture" stereotypes, with upper-middle class constituents seen as tending towards an accent and demeanour synonymous with (but not exclusive to) the D4 postcode on the Southside (see Dublin 4, Ross O'Carroll-Kelly), and working-class Dubliners seen as tending towards accents and demeanour associated with (but not exclusive to) Northside and inner-city Dublin neighbourhoods. (see Scanger) This simplification of economic and social communities in Dublin ("southside rich, liberal and snobby"/"northside poor, industrial and common") does not survive more than a few real-world examples however. For example, the President of Ireland's residence, Áras an Uachtaráin, is on the Northside, although its postal district is D8, a Southside number. Three of Dublin's wealthiest suburbs, Howth, Malahide, and Castleknock are to be found on the Northside. The Southside similarly has many working-class suburbs, like Tallaght, Palmerstown, Crumlin, and Ballyfermot. In fact, a greater division in social terms is evident between the coastal suburbs in the east of the city, both north and south, and the newer developments further to the west, though this too is only a rough guide.

Sport

Ballyfermot Dublin contains the headquarters of almost all of Ireland's sporting organisations. Croke Park, an 82,000-capacity stadium near Drumcondra and Phibsboro, is the base of the Gaelic Athletic Association and hosts Gaelic Football and Hurling games during the summer months and on St. Patrick's Day. Lansdowne Road is a 48,000 capacity stadium owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union and is also the venue for home games of the Republic's national football (soccer) team. Dalymount Park, in Phibsboro and the traditional Home of Irish Soccer, is now used only for home games of local club Bohemian FC. Rivals Shelbourne FC play at nearby Tolka Park, while St Patrick's Athletic play in Richmond Park in Inchicore on the south west edge of the city. Shamrock Rovers are originally from Ringsend but have spent the last two decades in search of a home, and hope to complete a new stadium in Tallaght by 2006. The other senior soccer clubs are University College Dublin F.C., based in Belfield, and Dublin City F.C. (formerly Home Farm F.C.). The National Aquatic Centre, located in Blanchardstown, is the first building to open in the Sports Campus Ireland. There are several race courses in the Dublin area including Shelbourne Park (Greyhound racing) and Leopardstown (Horse racing). There are also Basketball, Handball, Hockey and Athletics stadia within the city - most notably Morton Stadium in Santry, which held the athletics events of the 2003 Special Olympics.

Name

The name Dublin is an Anglicism of Dubh Linn (Irish, meaning "Black Pool"), though some doubt this derivation. Historically, in the old script used for the Irish language, 'bh' was written with a dot placed over the 'b'—thus appearing to be Dub Linn or Dublinn. The Norman French speaking English who arrived in Old Irish-speaking Ireland starting in 1169 had no idea the dot over the 'b' signified it was really 'bh,' so they omitted it and spelled the town's name as 'Dublin'. Meanwhile, the city's name in Modern Irish—Baile Átha Cliath ("The Town of the Ford of the Reed Hurdles")—actually refers to the settlement, founded in 988 by High King Mael Sechnaill II, which adjoined the town of Dubh Linn proper, at the Black Pool. Some have suggested that "Dublin" is of Scandinavian origin, cf. : "djúp lind" ("deep pond"). That does not work for two reasons. First, the name "Dubh Linn" pre-dates the arrival of the Vikings in Ireland. Second, the Old Norse name for Dublin is simply the words "Dubh Linn" re-spelled as if they were Old Norse: Dyfflin (correctly pronounced "DUEV-linn" - indeed, the letter 'y' is still pronounced like the vowel in "ewe" in Modern Norwegian, Swedish, etc., just as it was in Old Norse).

Infrastructure

Communications

Radio Telifís Éireann (RTE) is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and has its main offices and studios in Dublin. Fair City is the broadcasters' capital based soap, located in the fictional suburb of Carraigstown. TV3 the state's only private television broadcaster is also based in Dublin, though much of its programming is imported from the UK and the US. It generally aims to attract a young audience. The main infrastructure and offices of An Post and the former state telephone company Eircom, as well as Vodafone and O2 are located in the capital. The capital is also the headquarters of important national newspapers such as The Irish Times and Irish Independent, and commercial radio stations such as Today FM.

Transport

Today FM] Dublin is the centre of the transport system in Ireland (see Transport in Ireland). Dublin Port is the country's most important sea port. Dublin Airport is the most important airport in the republic and the bulk of passenger traffic travels through the airport. Heuston Station and Connolly Station are the city's major railway stations, Heuston connects with the towns and cities in the south and west of the Republic while Connolly serves the Sligo and Dublin-Belfast routes.

Road network

Dublin is also the main hub of the country's road network. The M50 motorway, a semi-ring road runs around the south, west and north of the city, connecting the most important national primary routes in the State that fan out from the capital to the regions. A toll of €1.80 applies on what is called the West-Link, two adjacent concrete bridges that tower high above the River Liffey near the village of Lucan. Construction of the M50 took almost 20 years, with the final section opening in June 2005. A court case regarding the destruction of medieval ruins at Carrickmines Castle delayed the final completion of the route. The M50 currently has two traffic lanes going either direction but plans are afoot to increase that to three. The National Roads Authority also intends to increase capacity at many of the motorway's busiest junctions by building triple-grade interchanges instead. 2005 Custom House and Liberty Hall]] To complete the ring road, an eastern bypass is also proposed for the city of Dublin. The first half of this project is currently under construction, the Dublin Port Tunnel. It is scheduled to open in early 2006 and will mainly cater for heavy vehicles. When finished, Dublin City Council hopes to ban all unnecessary trucks and lorries from the city quays. The second half of the project would involve another tunnelling project, linking Dublin Port to the road network on the southside of the city. Plans for this have never been formalised. The capital is also surrounded by what have been termed by Dublin City Council as an inner and outer orbital route. The inner orbital route runs roughly around the heart of the Georgian city from St. Stephen's Green to Mountjoy Square and from the King's Inns to St Patrick's Cathedral. The outer orbital route runs largely along the natural circle formed by Dublin's two canals, the Grand Canal and the Royal Canal, as well as the North and South Circular Roads.

Public transport

Royal Canal The Dublin Area Rapid Transit system is the only electrified railway in the country and serves stations at regular intervals on the railway line along the east coast. A 2 line light rail system called Luas opened in 2004 and has proved popular in the (limited) areas it serves. It is hoped a metro system linking Dublin Airport to the city will be the next major infrastructural project. The bulk of the public transport system in Dublin is made up of bus services operated by Bus Átha Cliath (Dublin Bus), which operates a network of nearly 200 daytime routes (identified by number and sometimes suffixed with a letter, e.g. 40, 40A, 40B, 40C, 40D) and 24 "Nitelink" overnight services which run on Monday to Saturday nights, which are identified by a number suffixed with "N" e.g. 40N). Apart from some tourist buses, all Dublin Bus' services are one-man operated, and daytime fares are determined by the number of fare stages travelled through—fares are payable in coin and only the exact fare is acceptable—if passengers overpay, they are issued "change tickets" which must be presented at the Dublin Bus office in O'Connell Street to be converted to cash. Alternatively, various pre-paid tickets and passes can be bought from Dublin Bus or its agents, and are processed by a validating machine on the right of the entrance door of the bus. Nitelink buses charge a flat fare regardless of the distance travelled. Bus Átha CliathA number of other bus companies provide services in Dublin, including Bus Éireann which provides services to the more distant parts of Dublin's ever-widening commuter belt. In the absence of an overall transport authority in Dublin, obtaining information about all public transport options available for a particular journey can take some time. The Irish Government has launched a national transport plan which is expected to cost the government €34.4 billion over the next 10 years. Most of this will go towards the Dublin Port Tunnel, seven new LUAS projects, two Metro lines, DART extensions and an underground station at St Stephen's Green integrating all services. However Irish transport plans tend to go massively over-budget. The best example is the Port Tunnel which has gone over-budget all the way in to the record books. The Port Tunnel was originally envisaged as a single bore, two lane road to cater primarily for trucks, and which by charging no toll on trucks an extorionate toll on cars to deter their custom, would not need substantial tolling infrastructure. It has been built to motorway standard as two separate tunnels to cater for all traffic and all traffic will be tolled. The tunnels are significantly deeper than originally planned to reduce disturbance to residential areas, and had to be built one kilometre longer to reach this depth and requiried many more ancilliary works to facilitate this, such as demolition and rebuilding of existing bridges.

Entertainment

There is a vibrant night life in Dublin — the most internationally notorious area for these activities is the Temple Bar area south of the Liffey. This area has become synonymous with stag and hen parties and tourists, causing many locals to steer clear of the area. There are several theatres within the city centre, the largest of which include the Abbey Theatre, the Gate Theatre, the Olympia Theatre, and the Gaiety Theatre, which opens its doors after the evening theatre production to host a variety of live music, dancing, and films. The Gaiety's bars are open later than any others in the city. The largest theatre in the city is the Mahony Hall in The Helix at Dublin City University in Glasnevin. There are two large cinemas in the city centre; The Savoy Cinema and the Cineworld Cinema (formerly UGC) are located north of the Liffey. Alternative and special-interest cinema can be found in the Irish Film Institute in Temple Bar, and in the Screen Cinema on d'Olier St.

Industry

Probably the most famous industry in Dublin is brewing: Guinness has been at brewed at the St. James's Gate Brewery since 1759. During the Celtic Tiger years of the mid to late nineties a large number of pharmaceutical and information technology companies have located in Dublin and its suburbs and the large volume of computer industry in Dublin has led to it being referred to as the Silicon Valley of Europe. Microsoft's EMEA Operations Centre is located in Sandyford Industrial Estate to the south of the city and Google and Amazon have established operational bases in the city. Intel and Hewlett-Packard have large manufacturing plants in Leixlip, Co. Kildare to the west of Dublin.

Government

City Government

Co. Kildare Dublin City is governed by Dublin City Council (formerly called Dublin Corporation) which is presided over by the Lord Mayor of Dublin, who is elected for a yearly term and resides in the Mansion House, which first became the residence of the Lord Mayor in 1715. Dublin City Council is based in two major buildings. Its headquarters is in Dublin City Hall, the former Royal Exchange taken over for city government use in the 1850s. Many of its administrative staff are based in the controversial Civic Offices, built on top of what had been one of the best preserved Viking sites in the world. The Corporation's (as it was then) decision to bulldoze the historic site proved one of the most controversial in modern Irish history, with thousands of people, including medieval historian Fr. F.X. Martin and Senator Mary Robinson (later President of Ireland) marching to try to stop the destruction. The destruction of the site on Wood Quay and the building of a set of offices known as The Bunkers (because of their ugly appearance) is generally seen as one of the most disastrous acts against Ireland's heritage since independence, with even Dublin Corporation admitting subsequently that it was ashamed of its action. Originally, there were to be four of these 'bunkers' built but only two were ever completed. Instead the river frontage is a less brutal office block designed by the firm Scott Tallon Walker. Completed in 1994, it boasts a leafy atrium and fine views from many of its offices. Council meetings take place in City Hall, one of Dublin's finest buildings and located on Dame Street. It was built to the winning design of Thomas Cooley. In an architectural competition, James Gandon was the runner-up with a scheme that many people favoured. Originally from England, Gandon is one of Ireland's favourite adopted sons and designed both the Four Courts and the Custom House, two of the city's most magnificent classical buildings.

Twinned Cities

Dublin is twinned with Barcelona, Liverpool and San Jose, California

The Dublin Region

The Dublin Region consists of the City of Dublin and the area which was formerly known as County Dublin, and covers an area of 922 km² and contains over a million inhabitants. In 1994 County Dublin (the area excluding the city) was sub-divided into three, each new area with county-level status and its own administration, namely:
- Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown
- Fingal
- South Dublin Administration of the Dublin Region as a whole is now co-ordinated by the Dublin Regional Authority.

National Government

Dublin Regional Authority The Republic of Ireland's National Parliament (called Oireachtas Éireann) consists of the President of Ireland and two houses, Dáil Éireann (the House of Representatives) and Seanad Éireann (Senate). All three are based in Dublin. The President of Ireland lives in Áras an Uachtaráin, the former residence of the Governor-General of the Irish Free State in the city's largest park, Phoenix Park. Both houses of the Oireachtas Éireann meet in Leinster House, a former ducal palace on the south side of the city. The building has been the home of Irish parliaments since the creation of the Irish Free State on December 6, 1922. 1922]] The Irish Government is based in the Irish Government Buildings, a large building designed by Sir Aston Webb, the architect who created the Edwardian facade to Buckingham Palace. Initially what is now Government Buildings was designed for use as the Royal College of Science, the last major building built by the British administration in Ireland. In 1921 the House of Commons of Southern Ireland met there. Given its location next to Leinster House, the Irish Free State government took over part of the building to serve as a temporary home for some ministries. However both it and Leinster House (originally meant to be a temporary home of parliament) became the permanent homes of the government and parliament respectively. Until 1990, the Irish government shared the building with the Engineering Faculty of University College Dublin, which retained use of the central block of the building, However following the building of a new Engineering Faculty at the UCD campus in Belfield, the Government took entire control, and remodelled the entire building for governmental use. The previous old Irish Houses of Parliament of the Kingdom of Ireland is located in College Green.

History

Main article: History of Dublin The settlement Dubh Linn dates perhaps as far back as the first century B.C.; Baile Átha Cliath or simply Áth Cliath was founded in 988 near by. The two towns eventually became one. The modern city retains the Anglicised Irish name of the former and the original Irish name of the latter. After the Norman invasion of Ireland, Dublin replaced the Hill of Tara as Ireland's capital, with much of the power centring on Dublin Castle until independence. Dublin Castle and his court until 1922]] From the 17th century the city expanded rapidly, helped by the Wide Streets Commission. Georgian Dublin was, for a time, the second city of the British Empire. Much of Dublin's best architecture dates from this time. The Easter Rising of 1916 left the capital in an unstable situation and the Anglo-Irish War and Irish Civil War left the capital in ruins, with many of its finest buildings destroyed. The Irish Free State rebuilt much of the city's buildings and moved parliament to Leinster House, but took no bold tasks such as remodelling. After The Emergency (World War 2) Dublin remained a capital out of time, modernization was slow and finally the 1960s saw change begin. In recent years the infrastructure of Dublin has changed immensely, with enormous private and state development of housing, transport, and business. (See also Development and Preservation in Dublin). Since the beginning of English rule in the twelfth century, the city has served as the capital of the island of Ireland in the varying geopolitical entities:
- the Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541)
- the Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800)
- the island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
- the Irish Republic (1919–1922) From 1922, following the partition of Ireland, it served as the capital of the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and now as the capital of the Republic of Ireland. (Many of these states co-existed or competed within the same timeframe as rivals within either British or Irish constitutional theory.)

Footnotes

Baile Átha Cliath (or simply Áth Cliath) and Dubhlinn are the two names of the city, the former being the one currently in official use. Precisely Irish Statute Book: [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZSI394Y1993.html Local Government Act, 1991 (Regional Authorities) (Establishment) Order, 1993 - Dublin Region, "The area consisting of the (then) county borough of Dublin and the administrative counties of Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin]

Additional reading

- Pat Liddy, Dublin A Celebration - From the 1st to the 21st Century (Dublin City Council, 2000) (ISBN 0946841500)
- Maurice Craig, The Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880 (Batsford, Paperback edition 1989) (ISBN 0713425873)
- Frank McDonald, Saving the City: How to Halt the Destruction of Dublin (Tomar Publishing, 1989) (ISBN 1871793033)
- Edward McParland, Public Architecture in Ireland 1680-1760 (Yale University Press, 2001) (ISBN 0300030641)
- Hanne Hem, Dubliners, An Anthropologist's Account, Oslo, 1994

External links

-
- [http://www.archiseek.com Discussion of architecture and planning]
- [http://www.dublincity.ie Dublin City Council]
- [http://www.vrdublin.co.uk VR Dublin] - Virtual Tour of the City of Dublin
- [http://www.dublin.ie Dublin.ie] - community portal for Dublin
- [http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/dublin/northcity/oconnell_street/spire.html Dublin Spire]
- [http://www.thedubliner.ie The Dubliner Magazine] - for clever and contemporary commentary on Dublin life.
- [http://www.visitdublin.com/ Dublin Tourism] - the official tourism site for Dublin
- [http://www.dublintourist.com DublinTourist.com ]tourist guide
- [http://www.irelandscape.com Irelandscape] - Pictures of Dublin and other Irish Locations
- [http://www.irish-architecture.com/buildings_ireland/dublin/ Irish Architecture - Dublin]
- [http://www.chapters.eiretek.org/ www.chapters.eiretek.org] Chapters of Dublin History
- [http://www.queerid.com QueerID.com] - Guide to Dublin's gay scene
- [http://www.dub.ie Dub.ie] - community portal for Dublin Category:Capitals in Europe Category:Cities in Ireland Category:Coastal cities Category:Ireland Category:Leinster ko:더블린 ja:ダブリン simple:Dublin

18 June

June 18 is the 169th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (170th in leap years), with 196 days remaining.

Events

- 1178 - Five Canterbury monks see what was possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed. It is believed that the current oscillations of the moon's distance (on the order of metres) are a result of this collision.
- 1264 - The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitively known meeting of this Irish legislature.
- 1429 - The French, under the leadership of Joan of Arc, crush the English under Sir John Fastolf at the Battle of Patay. It came to be recognized as the war's turning point.
- 1685 - The Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, declares himself King of England at Taunton, Somerset.
- 1767 - Samuel Wallis, an English sea captain, sighted Tahiti and is considered the first European to reach the island.
- 1778 - American Revolutionary War: British troops abandon Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 1812 - War of 1812: The U.S. Congress declares war on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- 1815 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Waterloo leads to Napoleon Bonaparte abdicating the throne of France for a second, final time
- 1858 - Charles Darwin receives from Alfred Russel Wallace a paper that included nearly identical conclusions about evolution as Darwin's own. This prompts Darwin to publish his theory.
- 1873 - Susan B. Anthony is fined $100 for attempting to vote in the 1872 presidential election
- 1887 - The Reinsurance Treaty is closed between Germany and Russia
- 1900 - Empress Dowager of China orders all foreigners killed, including foreign diplomats and their families.
- 1923 - Checker Cab puts its first taxi on the streets
- 1928 - Aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly in an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean (she was a passenger; Wilmer Stutz was pilot and Lou Gordon, mechanic).
- 1930 - Groundbreaking ceremonies for the Franklin Institute are held
- 1940 - Appeal of June 18 by Charles de Gaulle
- 1940 - Finest Hour speech by Winston Churchill
- 1945 - William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw) is charged with treason
- 1946 - Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya, a Socialist called for a Direct Action Day against the Portuguese in Goa. A road is named after this date in Panjim.
- 1953 - The Republic of Egypt is declared and the monarchy is abolished
- 1953 - A United States Air Force C-124 crashed and burned near Tokyo, Japan killing 129
- 1954 - Pierre Mendès-France becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1959 Governor of Louisiana Earl K. Long is committed to a state mental hospital; he responds by having the hospital's director fired and replaced with a crony who proceeds to proclaim him perfectly sane.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: The United States uses B-52 bombers to attack National Liberation Front guerrilla fighters in South Vietnam
- 1967 - Jimi Hendrix burns his guitar on stage at the Monterey Pop Festival.
- 1979 - SALT II is signed by the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- 1983 - Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space
- 1984 - Major clash between about 5,000 Police and a similar number of Miners at Orgreave,South Yorkshire during the 1984-1985 Miners Strike. Incident later known as the Battle of Orgreave
- 1996 - Ted Kaczynski, suspected of being the Unabomber, is indicted on ten criminals counts.
- 2001 - Protests occur in Manipur over the extension of the ceasefire between Naga insurgents and the government of India.

Births

- 1466 - Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (d. 1539)
- 1511 - Bartolomeo Ammanati, Italian architect and sculptor (d. 1592)
- 1517 - Emperor Ogimachi of Japan (d. 1593)
- 1552 - Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (d. 1637)
- 1667 - Ivan Trubetskoy, Russian field marshal (d. 1750)
- 1716 - Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter (d. 1809)
- 1757 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Argentine leader (d. 1833)
- 1812 - Ivan Goncharov, Russian author (d. 1891)
- 1824 - Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1769)
- 1845 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1922)
- 1854 - E.W. Scripps, American journalist and publisher (d. 1926)
- 1868 - Miklós Horthy, Hungarian admiral and regent (d. 1957)
- 1877 - James Montgomery Flagg, American illustrator (d. 1960)
- 1884 - Édouard Daladier, French politician (d. 1970)
- 1886 - Alexander Wetmore, American ornithologist (d. 1978)
- 1895 - Blanche Sweet, American actress (d. 1986)
- 1901 - Grand Duchess Anastasia Nicolaievna Romanova of Russia (d. 1918)
- 1903 - Jeanette MacDonald, American actress and singer (d. 1965)
- 1903 - Raymond Radiguet, French author (d. 1923)
- 1904 - Keye Luke, Chinese-born actor (d. 1991)
- 1907 - Frithjof Schuon, Swiss metaphysician, poet, and painter (d. 1998)
- 1908 - Bud Collyer, American game show host (d. 1969)
- 1908 - Nedra Volz, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1910 - E.G. Marshall, American actor (d. 1998)
- 1913 - Sammy Cahn, American composer (d. 1993)
- 1915 - Red Adair, American firefighter (d. 2004)
- 1916 - Julio César Turbay Ayala, Colombian politician (d. 2005)
- 1918 - Jerome Karle, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1918 - Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)
- 1922 - Claude Helffer, French pianist (d. 2004)
- 1924 - George Mikan, American basketball player (d. 2005)
- 1929 - Jürgen Habermas, German sociologist and philosopher
- 1931 - Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of Brazil
- 1932 - Dudley R. Herschbach, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1932 - Geoffrey Hill, English poet
- 1935 - John Spencer, English snooker player
- 1937 - Wray Carlton, American football player
- 1937 - John D. Rockefeller IV, U.S. Senator
- 1937 - Vitali Zholobov, cosmonaut
- 1938 - Kevin Murray, Australian footballer
- 1939 - Lou Brock, baseball player
- 1940 - Michael Sheard, British actor
- 1942 - Roger Ebert, American film reviewer
- 1942 - Sir Paul McCartney, English singer and songwriter (Beatles)
- 1942 - Hans Vonk, Dutch conductor (d. 2004)
- 1942 - Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa
- 1942 - Carl Radle, American bass guitarist
- 1949 - Chris Van Allsburg, American author and illustrator
- 1949 - Prince Lincoln Thompson, Jamaican musician (d.1999
- 1952 - Isabella Rossellini, Italian actress
- 1952 - Carol Kane, American actress
- 1961 - Andrés Galarraga, baseball player
- 1963 - Bruce Smith, American football player
- 1964 - Uday Hussein, Iraqi leader (d. 2003)
- 1966 - Kurt Browning, Canadian figure skater
- 1974 - Vincenzo Montella, Italian footballer
- 1975 - Martin St. Louis, Canadian hockey player
- 1975 - Daron Malakian, American musician
- 1978 - Wang Liqin, Chinese table tennis player

Deaths

- 1234 - Emperor Chukyo of Japan (b. 1218)
- 1291 - King Alfonso III of Aragon (b. 1265)
- 1464 - Roger van der Weyden, Flemish painter
- 1588 - Robert Crowley, English printer and poet
- 1629 - Piet Hein, Dutch naval commander and folk hero (b. 1577)
- 1650 - Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer
- 1673 - Jeanne Mance, French Canadian settler (b. 1606)
- 1680 - Samuel Butler, English poet (b. 1612)
- 1704 - Tom Brown, English satirist (b. 1662)
- 1726 - Michel Richard Delalande, French organist and composer (b. 1657)
- 1742 - John Aislabie, English politician (b. 1670)
- 1749 - Ambrose Philips, English poet (b. 1674)
- 1772 - Johann Ulrich von Cramer, German judge and philosopher (b. 1706)
- 1772 - Gerard van Swieten, Dutch-born physician (b. 1700)
- 1788 - Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (b. 1714)
- 1794 - François Nicolas Leonard Buzot, French Revolutionary leader (b. 1760)
- 1794 - James Murray, British military officer and administrator
- 1815 - Thomas Picton, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1758)
- 1835 - William Cobbett, English journalist and author (b. 1763)
- 1902 - Samuel Butler, English writer (b. 1835)
- 1922 - Jacobus Kapteyn, Dutch astronomer (b. 1851)
- 1928 - Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer (b. 1872)
- 1937 - Gaston Doumergue, French statesman (b. 1863)
- 1959 - Ethel Barrymore, American actress (b. 1879)
- 1971 - Paul Karrer, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889)
- 1973 - Roger Delgado, British actor (b. 1918)
- 1982 - John Cheever, American author (b. 1912)
- 1984 - Alan Berg, American radio talk show host (murdered)
- 1997 - Lev Kopelev, Russian writer and dissident (b. 1912)
- 2000 - Nancy Marchand, American actress (b. 1928)
- 2002 - Jack Buck, baseball announcer (b. 1924)
- 2003 - Larry Doby, baseball player (b. 1923)
- 2005 - Syed Mushtaq Ali, Indian cricketer (b. 1914)

Holidays and observances

- Seychelles - National Day
- Autistic Pride Day, beginning in 2005

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272958&day=10272983&cat=10272946 The History Channel: This Day in History] ---- June 17 - June 19 - May 18 - July 18 -- listing of all days - June 18 recordings of popular music ko:6월 18일 ms:18 Jun ja:6月18日