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Irish Rebellion Of 1798

Irish Rebellion of 1798

The Irish Rebellion of 1798 or 1798 rebellion as it is known locally, was an uprising in 1798, lasting several months, against the British establishment in Ireland. The United Irishmen, a republican revolutionary group influenced by the ideas of the French Revolution, were the main organizing force behind the rebellion.

Background

Since 1691 and the end of the Williamite war, Ireland had been controlled by a Protestant Ascendancy on behalf of the British Crown, governing the majority Catholic population via a form of institutionalised sectarianism known as the Penal Laws. As the century progressed, progressive elements among the ruling class were inspired by the example of the American Revolution and sought to form common cause with the Catholic populace to achieve reform and greater autonomy from Britain. Efforts were made by elements of the establishment to keep sectarian divisions alive, in the classic "divide and rule" method of governance. in 1797, Brigadier-General C.E. Knox wrote to General Lake (who was responsible for Ulster):"I hope to increase the animosity between Orangemen and United Irishmen. Upon that animosity depends the safety of the centre counties of the North." When France joined the American colonists in the war, London responded to the threat of invasion by calling for volunteers to join militias to protect the interests of the British Crown and defend the country from invasion. Many thousands joined the Irish Volunteers who used their new powerful position to force the Crown to grant the landed Ascendancy self rule and its own parliament.

Society of United Irishmen

militias The promise of reform inspired liberals to found the Society of the United Irishmen in 1791, openly putting forward its policies of democratic reform and Catholic emancipation, reforms that the Irish Parliament was incapable of granting and the British government just as unwilling to enforce. The declaration of war against France in 1793 following the execution of Louis XVI forced the Society underground and toward the French revolutionary model of agitation as opposed to the American example. The avowed intent of the United Irishmen and Theobald Wolfe Tone, the leader of the United Irishmen, was now to "break the connection with England" and the organisation spread throughout Ireland, helped by linking up with Catholic agrarian resistance groups, known as Defenders, and had at least 100,000 members by 1797. A decision was made to seek military help from the French revolutionary government,at the time at war with Britain and to postpone the rising until French troops landed in Ireland. In December 1796 a force of 15,000 French troops under General Hoche eluded the Royal Navy and arrived off the coast of Ireland at Bantry Bay but unremitting storms intervened to prevent invasion.

Government Crackdown and Counter Revolution

The shaken Establishment launched a campaign of repression and coercion using tactics that included house burnings, torture, pitchcapping and murder, particularly in Ulster as it was the one area of Ireland where large numbers of Catholics and Presbyterians had effected common cause (this unprecedented "unholy union" caused great fright in London). Loyalists all over Ireland had already organised themselves in militias in support of the Government, supplying recruits and vital local intelligence to the Government. The opposition of the Catholic Church in Ireland to the expected rebellion was secured by the establishment of Maynooth College and seminary in 1795 and it was, barring a few individual exceptions, firmly on the side of the Crown throughout the rebellion. Intelligence from informers also swept up much of the United Irish leadership in raids in Dublin in March 1798. A preemptive rising in March in Cahir, county Tipperary had been crushed and martial law imposed over the county, the unrelenting brutality of which put the United Irish organisation there under severe pressure. By May 1798 Lord Edward FitzGerald and most other leaders of the Dublin rebellion were arrested and the United Irish rump leadership finally decided to launch the rising without French aid, fixing the date of the rising for May 23rd.

Plan

The initial plan was to take Dublin, the counties bordering Dublin to then rise to prevent its reinforcement and then the remainder of the country to rise. However, last minute intelligence from informers provided details of rebel assembly points at Smithfield and Haymarket which were occupied by the military barely one hour before rebels were to assemble. The nucleus of the rebellion had imploded but the counties surrounding Dublin rose as planned and the long threatened rising began, of which estimates of the death toll range from almost 10,000 to well over 30,000 in little more than three months.

Outbreak of the Rebellion

The agreed signal for the rest of the country to rise was to be the simultaneous interception of the outward bound mail coaches from Dublin. Although this part of the plan miscarried with only the Munster bound coach halted, surrounding districts of Dublin were first to rise and rebels then began to assemble in Wicklow, Meath and Kildare. The first clashes of the rebellion took place just after dawn on May 24th, and widespread fighting quickly spread throughout county Kildare. Despite the Government successfully beating off almost every rebel attack, all military forces in Kildare were ordered to withdraw to Naas for fear of their isolation and destruction as at Prosperous. Heavy rebel defeats at Carlow, and hill of Tara, Co Meath effectively ended the rebellion in those counties but news of the rising spread panic and fear among loyalists in Wicklow who responding by massacaring rebel suspects held in custody at Dunlavin Green, and in Carnew.

The Rebellion Spreads

Carnew In Wicklow large numbers rose but largely operated away from settled areas and engaged in a bloody rural guerilla war with the military and loyalist forces. "General" Joseph Holt, a protestant originally from Avoca, joined the rebellion after his family home was burned and went on to lead up to 1,000 men in the Wicklow Hills forcing the British to commit substantial forces to the area. In the north-east, Presbyterian rebels under Henry Joy McCracken briefly occupied Antrim town on 7 June before being defeated on 13 June. In Down, after initial success at Santfield, the rebels led by Henry Munro were defeated in the longest battle of the rebellion at Ballinahinch. The rebels had more success in the south-eastern county of Wexford, where they seized control of the county but a series of bloody defeats at New Ross, Arklow, and Newtownbarry prevented the effective spread of the rebellion beyond the county borders and 20,000 troops eventually poured into Wexford inflicting defeat at the battle of Vinegar Hill on 21 June. The dispersed rebels spread in three columns through the midlands, Kilkenny and towards Ulster and the last remnants of these forces fought on until their final defeat on 14th July at the battles of Knightstown Bog, Co. Meath and Ballyboghill, County Dublin.

Atrocities

County Dublin The prelude to the rebellion was characterised by the vicious brutality of Crown forces towards rebels, real or imagined, but large scale massacres accompanied the outbreak of the rebellion. Almost every British victory in the rising was marked by the massacre of captured and wounded rebels, and they were responsible for particularly gruesome massacres at Gibbet Rath, New Ross and Enniscorthy, burning rebels alive in the latter two. In addition, captured rebels were not treated as prisoners of war, but were executed as traitors to the Crown. The rebels in turn were guilty of massacres in Rathangan, Co. Kildare but the worst took place in Co. Wexford, at the Vinegar Hill camp, Scullabogue, Wexford bridge and in the Gorey vicinity. Despite the United Irishmen being an avowedly non-sectarian organisation, many of the rebel atrocities had a sectarian tinge especially where rebel discipline broke down, with Protestantism being identified with loyalism, resulting in the murder of "loyalist" civilians by the majority Catholic rebels. There were also some reported instances of loyalist civilians being forced to "convert" to Catholicism to safeguard their lives and property. This sectarian animosity was fuelled by the Penal Laws and prior repression by government forces, which largely targeted Catholics -including house and church burnings. Many individual instances of murder were carried out by the aggresive local Protestant and Loyalist Yeomanry who often targetted "pardoned" rebels and terrorized the countryside especially after nightfall. Another explanation was that the United Irishmen spread rumours of an "Orange Extermination Oath" (which said that Protestant loyalist were planning a massacre of Catholics) in order to attract recruits (James Smyth The Men of No Property 1992) and in Wexford, such rumours were given credence by Loyalist massacres of Catholics at Dunlavin Green and Carnew.

French Landing

On 22 August, two months after the main uprisings had been defeated, about 1,000 French soldiers under General Humbert landed in the north-west of the country, at Killala in County Mayo. Joined by up to 5,000 local rebels, they inflicted a humiliating defeat (known as the Castlebar races to commemorate the speed of the English retreat) on the British at Castlebar, before final defeat at the Battle of Ballinamuck, in County Longford, on 8 September 1798. The French troops who surrendered were repatriated to France in exchange for British prisoners of war; the Irish rebels were massacred at the site of the battle. On 12 October 1798, a larger French force consisting of 3,000 men, and including Wolfe Tone himself, attempted to land in County Donegal near Lough Swilly. They were intercepted by a larger Royal Navy squadron, and surrendered after a three hour battle without ever landing in Ireland. As a result of this French involvement, 1798 was often referred to as "The Year of the French".

Aftermath

Pockets of rebel resistance remained in Wexford with the last rebel group under James Corocoran not being defeated until February 1804. Wicklow experienced a form of fugitive warfare in the years after 1798 but the failure of Robert Emmet's rebellion in 1803 finally convinced the last organised rebel forces under Michael Dwyer to a negotiated surrender in 1804. The 1798 rebellion was probably the most concentrated outbreak of violence in Irish history and resulted in the deaths of c. 30,000 people over the course of just three months. Modern historians have estimated that around 2,000 troops and 1,000 civilians died at the hands of the rebels and the remainder were killed by Government troops or loyalist militias. Atrocities were committed on both sides, the great majority committed by the government forces. Rebel killings of Protestants in Wexford provoked some loyalists to argue that the rebellion was a sectarian Catholic plot to massacre Protestants - a repeat of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The Act of Union on January 1st 1801 which took away the measure of autonomy granted to Ireland's Protestant minority was largely in response to the rebellion and the feeling that the rebellion was provoked as much by the brutish misrule of the Ascendancy as by the efforts of the revolutionaries. Religious, if not economic, discrimination against the Catholic majority was gradually abolished after the Act of Union but not before widespread radical mobilisation of the Catholic population under Daniel O'Connell. However, Presbyterian radicalism was effectively tamed and reconciled to British rule by their inclusion in a new Protestant Ascendancy, as opposed to a mere Anglican one. The resulting effect was that Irish politics in the 19th century was steered away from the unifying vision of the United Irishmen, encouraged by Unionists, Dublin Castle, and exploited by politicians such as Daniel O’Connell, towards a sectarian model which has largely endured to the present day. By the centenary of the Rebellion in 1898, Irish nationalists (by now mostly Catholics) claimed that the United Irishmen had been fighting for "Faith and Fatherland", emphasising the role of Catholic priests in the Rising and deliberately obscuring the secular Enlightenment ideology of the mostly Protestant United Irish leadership. By contrast, at the bi-centenary in 1998, the non-sectarian and democratic nature of the Rebellion was emphasised in official commemorations, reflecting the desire for reconciliation at the time of the Good Friday Agreement which was hoped would end the Troubles in Northern Ireland.

External links

- [http://www.iol.ie/~98com/ National 1798 Centre] - Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/irish_reb_01.shtml The 1798 Irish Rebellion] - BBC History
- [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/history/clare_1798_rebellion.htm The 1798 Rebellion in County Clare] - Clare library Category:1798 Category:Irish rebellion Category:Wars of Ireland

1798

1798 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

- 7 March - French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic
- April 7 - The Mississippi Territory is organized from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina and is later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain
- April 26 - France annexes Geneva
- May 24 - Irish nationalists launch bloody rebellion against British occupation.
- June 12 - French take Malta
- June 13 - Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is founded.
- July 1 - Napoleon's troops land in Egypt
- July 7 - Quasi-War: The U.S. Congress rescinds treaties with France sparking the 'war.'
- July 11 - The United States Marine Corps was (re-?)established.
- July 14 - The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government
- July 21 - Napoleon defeats Mameluke forces near the Pyramids
- July 24 - Napoleon occupies Cairo
- July 30 - Selim III defeats Napoleon in Egypt
- August 1 - Horatio Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys at the Battle of the Nile. Nelson himself is wounded on the head
- August 22 - French troops land at Killala in County Mayo to assist Irish rebellion.
- September 18 - Lyrical Ballads published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth
- first (anonymous) publication of An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus
- Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, Scientific Editor, Astronomer, begins editing journals about navigation and the geographic positions of cities.
- XYZ Affair in the U.S., followed by naval skirmishes but no war is declared.
- First mechanical music boxes
- Alessandro Volta and La Place discover electricity
- The Afghans Army occupied Lahore in Punjab
- Timothy Dexter - A Pickle for the Knowing Ones or Plain Truth in a Homespun Dress
- Aarau is the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic
- Alois Senefelder invents lithography
- Eli Whitney contracts with the US Federal Government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts

Ongoing events

- French Revolution (1789-1799 Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-Second Coalition/Egyptian Campaign
- May-October - Irish Rebellion of 1798

Births

- January 14 - Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (d. 1872)
- January 17 - Auguste Comte, French sociologist (d. 1857)
- January 20 - Anson Jones, 5th and last President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1858)
- March 13 - Abigail Fillmore, First Lady of the United States
- April 2 - August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German writer (d. 1874)
- April 26 - Eugène Delacroix, French painter (d. 1863)
- April 28 - Duncan Forbes, British linguist (d. 1868)
- June 14 - František Palacký, Czech historian and politician (d. 1876)
- June 29 - Giacomo Leopardi, Italian writer (d. 1837)
- July 21 - François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (b. 1733)
- October 2 - King Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849)
- December 24 - Adam Mickiewicz, Polish writer (d. 1855)
- William Abbot, English actor (d. 1843)

Deaths

- February 25 - Louis-Jules Mancini-Mazarini, Duc de Nivernais, French diplomat and writer (b. 1716)
- April 11 - Karl Wilhelm Ramler, German poet (b. 1725)
- April 29 - Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, German entomologist (b. 1723)
- May 19 - William Byron, 5th Baron Byron, English dueler (b. 1722)
- June 4 - Giacomo Casanova, Italian adventurer and writer (b. 1725)
- June 25 - Thomas Sandby, English cartographer and architect (b. 1721)
- August 1 - François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers, French admiral (killed in battle) (b. 1753)
- August 21 - James Wilson, American politician (b. 1742)
- September 21 - George Read, American lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1733)
- December 4 - Luigi Galvani, Italian physicist (b. 1737) Category:1798 ko:1798년 ms:1798

Kingdom of Ireland

Other flags were also used, including a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Flag_of_leinster.png green flag] with a harp, and a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ie_pres.png blue flag] with a harp (now the Irish Presidential Standard)

280px

Capital

Dublin

Head of state

King of Ireland

King's representative:

Variously called Judiciar, Lord Deputy or Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

Head of government:

Chief Secretary for Ireland

Parliament:

Irish House of Commons and Irish House of Lords

The Kingdom of Ireland was the name given to the English-ruled Irish state in 1541, by an act of the Irish Parliament. It replaced the Lordship of Ireland, which had been created in 1171. King Henry VIII thus became the first King of Ireland since the High Kingship which had existed before the Anglo-Norman invasion. The Throne of Ireland was occupied by the reigning King of England. The Kingdom of Ireland was governed by an executive under the control of the Lord Deputy, later called Lord Lieutenant. While some Irish men held the post, most Lords Deputy were English noblemen. The kingdom was legislated for by a bicameral Irish Parliament, made up of a House of Commons and a House of Lords, which almost always met in Dublin. The powers of the Irish parliament were restricted by a series of laws, notably Poynings Law of 1492. Roman Catholics and later Presbyterians were for much of its later history excluded from membership of the Irish parliament. Parliament in the eighteenth century met in a new, purposely designed parliament house (the first purposely designed two chamber parliament house in world history) in College Green in the heart of Dublin. Some restrictions were repealed in 1782, allowing what came to be known as the Constitution of 1782. Parliament in this period came to be known as Grattan's Parliament, after one of the principal Irish political opposition leaders of the period, Henry Grattan. By an act of the Irish Parliament passed in 1800 (See Act of Union), the Kingdom of Ireland merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Irish Parliament ceased to exist, though the executive, presided over by the Lord Lieutenant, remained in place until 1922. The Act was preceded by the failed rebellion and French invasion of 1798, and was the subject of much controversy, involving much bribery of the Irish MPs to ensure passage. 1798 in Dublin. These arms of dominion are similar to the royal arms before the union inasmuch as the arms of Ireland (the harp) form one quarter of the shield with the remaining quarters referring to the kings other realms (ie: England, Scotland and Hanover).]] In 1922, the twenty-six southern and western counties that formed the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom. Under the Irish Free State Constitution, the King became King in Ireland. This was however changed fundamentally under the Royal Titles Act, 1927, by which the King explicitly became king of all his dominions in their own right, becoming fully King of Ireland instead. Though Kevin O'Higgins, Vice-President of the Executive Council (ie, deputy prime minister), did suggest resurrecting the 'Kingdom of Ireland' as a dual monarchy to link Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State, with the King of Ireland being formally crowned in a public ceremony in the Phoenix Park in Dublin, the idea was abandoned after O'Higgins' assassination by anti-Treaty IRA men in 1927.

Category:History of Ireland Irland, Kingdom of ja:アイルランド王国

Ireland

:This page is about the island of Ireland. For the state also called Ireland, see Republic of Ireland. :For an explanation of terms like Ulster, Northern Ireland, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology) . British Isles (terminology)] Ireland (Irish: Éire) is the third-largest island in Europe. It lies in the Atlantic Ocean and it is composed of the Republic of Ireland (officially, Ireland), which covers five sixths of the island (south, east, west and north-west), and Northern Ireland; part of the United Kingdom, which covers the northeastern sixth of the island. The population of the island is approximately 5.8 million people; 4.1 million in the Republic of Ireland (1.6 million in Greater Dublin) and 1.7 million in Northern Ireland (0.6 million in Greater Belfast). Belfast 2003. Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales are visible to the east]]
Geography
Wales with more details).]] A ring of coastal mountains surrounds low central plains. The highest peak is Carrauntuohill (Irish: Corrán Tuathail), which is 1041 m (3414 feet). The island is bisected by the River Shannon, at 259 km (161 mi) the longest river in Ireland or Britain. The island's lush vegetation, a product of its mild climate and frequent but soft rainfall, earns it the sobriquet "Emerald Isle". The island's area is 84,079 km² (32,477 mile²). Ireland is divided into four provinces: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster. In Irish these are referred to as Cúige's ( Cúige - meaning fifths). Previously there were five provinces - Connacht, Munster, Ulster, Leinster and Meath, comprising the counties of Meath, Westmeath and Longford. These were further divided into 32 counties for administrative purposes. Six of the Ulster counties remain under British sovereignty as Northern Ireland following Ireland's partition in 1922 (the remaining 26 forming present-day Republic of Ireland); since the UK's 1974 reshuffle these county boundaries no longer exist in Northern Ireland for administrative purposes, although Fermanagh District Council is almost identical to the county. In the Republic, the county boundaries are still adhered to for local government, albeit with Tipperary and Dublin subdivided (some cities also have their own administrative regions). For election constituencies, some counties are merged or divided, but constitutionally the boundaries have to be observed. Across Ireland, the 32 counties are still used in sports and in some other cultural areas and retain a strong sense of local identity. Ireland's least arable land lies in the south-western and western counties. These areas are largely spectacularly mountainous and rocky, with beautiful green vistas.

Politics
Dublin Politically, Ireland is divided into:
- The Republic of Ireland, with its capital in Dublin. This state is often simply referred to internally and internationally as "Ireland" in English or "Éire" in Irish. Technically Ireland and Éire are the official names of the state while the "Republic of Ireland" is its official description.
- Northern Ireland is unofficially known as 'the North', and 'Ulster' (the province of Ulster also includes Donegal, Cavan, and Monaghan which are in the Republic). Northern Ireland is a region of the United Kingdom. Prior to the Government of Ireland Act 1920 the island had been a unified political entity within the United Kingdom (see United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland) from 1801. From 1541 the Kingdom of Ireland was established by the King of England, though this realm did not cover the whole island till the early 17th century. Up to then, Ireland had been politically divided into a number of different Irish kingdoms (Leinster, Munster, Connacht, Mide, Ulster, and others). Contrary to some assertions, at no time did a national kingdom headed by an Ard Ri exist. In a number of respects, the island operates officially as a single entity, for example, in most kinds of sports. The major religions, the Roman Catholic Church, the Church of Ireland and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, are organised on an all-island basis. Some 92% of the population of the Republic of Ireland and about 44% of Northern Ireland is Roman Catholic. Some trade unions are also organised on an all-Irish basis and associated with the Irish Congress of Trades Unions (ICTU) in Dublin, while others in Northern Ireland are affiliated with the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in the United Kingdom - though such unions may organise in both parts of the island as well as in Britain. The island also has a shared culture across the divide in many other ways. Traditional Irish music, for example, though showing some variance in all geographical areas, is, broadly speaking, the same on both sides of the border. Irish and Scottish traditional music have many similarities. The Ireland Funds, an international fund-raising organisation, tries to help people on both sides find peace and reconciliation through community development, education, arts and culture. The island is often referred to as being part of the British Isles. However, some people, especially in Ireland, take exception to this name, which seems to suggest that both islands belong to Britain. For this reason, "Britain and Ireland" is commonly used as a more neutral alternative. Another suggestion, although much less used, is the Islands of the North Atlantic (IONA).
Flag of Ireland
There is no universally agreed flag that represents the island of Ireland. Historically a number of flags were used, including St. Patrick's cross, the flag sometimes used for the Kingdom of Ireland and which represented Ireland on the Union Jack after the Act of Union, a green flag with a harp (used by some radical nationalists in the 19th century and which is also the flag of Leinster), a blue flag with a harp used from the 18th century onwards by many nationalists (now the standard of the President of Ireland), and the Irish tricolour. However as the tricolour is the flag of the Republic of Ireland it is not used to represent the island of Ireland, given that the island also includes Northern Ireland. The Royal Standard also shows a version of an ancient Irish flag in one of its four quadrants. St Patrick's Saltire is used to represent the island of Ireland by the all-island Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU). In contrast the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) uses the tricolour to represent the whole island.
History
Gaelic Athletic Association]] Ireland was mostly ice-covered and joined by land to Britain and Europe during the last ice age, has been inhabited for about 9,000 years. Stone age inhabitants arrived sometime after 8000 BC, with the culture progressing from Mesolithic to high Neolithic over the course of three or four millennia. The Bronze Age, which began around 2500 BC, saw the production of elaborate gold and bronze ornaments and weapons. The Iron Age in Ireland is associated with people now known as Celts. They are traditionally thought to have colonised Ireland in a series of waves between the 8th and 1st centuries BC, with the Gael, the last wave of Celts, conquering the island and dividing it into five or more kingdoms. Many scholars, however, now favour a view that emphasises cultural diffusion from overseas over significant colonisation.The Romans referred to Ireland as Hibernia. Ptolemy in AD 100 records Ireland's geography and tribes. Native accounts are confined to Irish poetry, myth, and archaeology. The exact relationship between Rome and the tribes of Hibernia is unclear; the only references are a few Roman writings. Tradition maintains that in AD 432, St. Patrick arrived on the island and, in the years that followed, worked to convert the Irish to Christianity. The druid tradition collapsed in the face of the spread of the new faith. Irish Christian scholars excelled in the study of Latin learning and Christian theology in the monasteries that flourished, preserving Latin learning during the Early Middle Ages. The arts of manuscript illumination, metalworking, and sculpture flourished and produced such treasures as the Book of Kells, ornate jewellery, and the many carved stone crosses that dot the island. This era was interrupted in the 9th century by 200 years of intermittent warfare with waves of Viking raiders who plundered monasteries and towns. Eventually they settled in Ireland, and established many towns, including the modern day cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick and Waterford. In 1172, King Henry II of England gained Irish lands by the granting of the 1155 Bull Laudibiliter to him by then English Pope Adrian IV, and from the 13th century, English law began to be introduced. English rule was largely limited to the area around Dublin, known as the Pale, and Waterford, but this began to expand in the 16th century with the final collapse of the Gaelic social and political superstructure at the end of the 17th century, as a result of the Tudor re-conquest of Ireland and English and Scottish Protestant colonisation in the Plantations of Ireland, which established English control over the whole island. After the the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics were barred from voting or attending the Irish Parliament. The new English Protestant ruling class was known as the Protestant Ascendancy In 1800 the Irish Parliament passed the Act of Union which, in 1801, merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The whole island of Ireland would remain within the United Kingdom, ruled directly by the UK Parliament in London. The 19th century saw the Great Famine of the 1840s in which at least 1 million Irish people died and over a million were forced to emigrate. The late 19th and early 20th century saw a vigorous but unsuccessful campaign for Irish home rule, followed by the eclipse of moderate nationalism by militant separatism. In 1922, following the Anglo-Irish War, twenty-six counties of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom as the Irish Free State. The remaining six, in the north-east, remained within the Union as Northern Ireland. Secession for the rest of Ireland led directly to the Civil War, as militant nationalists split into two factions and turned against one another.
History since partition

Irish Independence: The Irish Free State, Éire, Ireland
The Anglo-Irish Treaty was narrowly ratified by the Dáil in December 1921 but was rejected by a large minority, resulting in the Irish Civil War which lasted until 1923. In 1922, in the middle of this civil war, the Irish Free State came into being. For its first years the new state was governed by the victors of the Civil War. However in the 1930s Fianna Fáil, the party of the opponents of the treaty, were elected into government. The party introduced a new constitution in 1937 which renamed the state to simply "Éire or in the English language, Ireland" (preface to the Constitution). The state was neutral during World War II but offered some assistance to the Allies. In 1949 the state declared itself to be a republic and that henceforth it should be described as the Republic of Ireland. The state was plagued by poverty and emigration until the 1990s. That decade saw the beginning of unprecedented economic success, in a phenomenon known as the "Celtic Tiger". By the early 2000s, it had become one of the richest countries (in terms of GDP per capita) in the European Union, moving from being a net recipient to a net contributor and from a population with net emigration to one with net immigration.
Northern Ireland
From its creation in 1921 until 1972 Northern Ireland enjoyed limited self-government within the United Kingdom, with its own parliament and prime minister. However the Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland each voted almost entirely along sectarian lines, meaning that the government of Northern Ireland (elected by "first past the post") was always controlled by the Ulster Unionist Party. Consequently, Catholics could not participate in the government, which at times openly encouraged discrimination in housing and employment. Nationalist grievances at unionist discrimination within the state eventually led to large civil rights protests in 1960s, which the government suppressed heavy-handedly, most notably on "Bloody Sunday". It was during this period of civil unrest that the paramilitary Provisional IRA, who favoured the creation of a united Ireland, began its campaign against Unionist rule. Other groups, legal and illegal on the unionist side, and illegal on the nationalist side, began to participate in the violence and the period known as the "Troubles" began. Owing to the civil unrest the British government suspended home rule in 1972 and imposed direct rule. In 1998, following a Provisional IRA cease-fire, the Good Friday Agreement was concluded and attempts began to be made to restore self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of power sharing between the two communities. Violence has greatly decreased since the signing of the accord. In 2001 the armed police force in the north (which operated much like an army with armoured cars etc.), The Royal Ulster Constabulary (or RUC for short), was removed in place of the PSNI (Police Service of Northern Ireland) as a result of easing tensions. On July 28 2005, the Provisional IRA (PIRA) announced the end of its armed campaign and on September 25 2005 international weapons inspectors supervised the full disarmament of the PIRA.
Sport
Gaelic football and hurling are the most popular sports in Ireland. Along with Camogie, Ladies' Gaelic football, handball and rounders, they make up the national sports of Ireland, collectively known as Gaelic Games. All Gaelic games are governed by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), with the exception of Ladies' Gaelic Football, which is governed by a separate organisation. The GAA is organised on an all-Ireland basis with all 32 counties competing; traditionally, counties first compete within their province, in the provincial championships, and the winners then compete in the All-Ireland senior hurling or football championships. The headquarters of the GAA (and the main stadium) is located at the 83,000 capacity Croke Park in north Dublin. All major GAA games are played here, including the semi-finals and finals of the All-Ireland championships. All GAA players, even at the highest level, are amateurs and receive no wages. The Irish rugby team includes players from north and south, and the Irish Rugby Football Union governs the sport on both sides of the border. Consequently in international rugby, the Ireland team represents the whole island. The same is true of cricket. However, when Ireland was partitioned, organisation of football (soccer) in the Republic was transferred from the Belfast-based Irish Football Association (IFA) to the new Football Association of Ireland (FAI). The IFA remained in charge of the game in the six counties. (Consequently in International Association Football, the island has two teams: the Republic of Ireland, and Northern Ireland.) Northern Ireland qualified for the World Cup Soccer finals in 1958 (where they made it to the quarter finals), 1982 and 1986. The Republic of Ireland made it to the World Cup in 1990 (where they made it to the quarter finals), 1994 and 2002. Greyhound racing and horse racing are both popular in Ireland: greyhound stadiums are well attended and there are frequent horse race meetings. The Republic is noted for the breeding and training of race horses and is also a large exporter of racing dogs. The horse racing sector is largely concentrated in the central east of the Republic. Boxing is also an all-island sport governed by the Irish Amateur Boxing Association. Golf is an extremely popular sport in Ireland and Golfing Tourism is a major industry. The 2006 Ryder Cup will be held in the K Club in Co. Kildare, which is just outside Dublin. Prominent Irish sporting stars are: Sean Kelly (cycling), Stephen Roche (cycling), Brian O'Driscoll (rugby), Roy Keane (soccer), Damien Duff (soccer), D.J. Carey (hurling), Peter Canavan (GAA), Aidan O'Brien (racehorse trainer), Kieren Fallon (jockey), Eddie Jordan (F1), Padraig Harrington (golf), Sonia O'Sullivan (athlethics), Steve Collins (boxing) and Ken Doherty (snooker).
Culture

Literature and the arts
For a comparatively small country, Ireland has made a disproportionately large contribution to world literature in all its branches, mainly in English. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe with the earliest examples dating from the 6th century; Jonathan Swift, still often called the foremost satirist in the English language, was wildly popular in his day (Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, etc.) and remains so in modern times amongst both children and adults. In more recent times, Ireland has produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature: George Bernard Shaw, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney. Although not a Nobel Prize winner, James Joyce is widely considered one of the most significant writers of the 20th century. His 1922 novel Ulysses is sometimes cited as the greatest English-language novel of the 20th century and his life is celebrated annually on June 16th in Dublin as the Bloomsday celebrations. The early history of Irish visual art is generally considered to begin with early carvings found at sites such as Newgrange and is traced through Bronze age artifacts, particularly ornamental gold objects, and the religious carvings and illuminated manuscripts of the mediæval period. During the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, a strong indigenous tradition of painting emerged, including such figures as John Butler Yeats, William Orpen, Jack Yeats and Louis le Brocquy.
Music and dance
The Irish tradition of folk music and dance is also widely known. In the middle years of the 20th century, as Irish society was attempting to modernise, traditional music tended to fall out of favour, especially in urban areas. During the 1960s, and inspired by the American folk music movement, there was a revival of interest in the Irish tradition. This revival was led by such groups as The Dubliners, The Chieftains, the Clancy Brothers and Sweeney's Men and individuals like Sean Ó Riada and Danny O'Flaherty. Irish and Scottish traditional music are similar. Before long, groups and musicians including Horslips, Van Morrison and even Thin Lizzy were incorporating elements of traditional music into a rock idiom to form a unique new sound. During the 1970s and 1980s, the distinction between traditional and rock musicians became blurred, with many individuals regularly crossing over between these styles of playing as a matter of course. This trend can be seen more recently in the work of bands and individuals like U2, Clannad, The Cranberries, Van Morrison, Rory Gallagher, and The Pogues. Nevertheless, Irish music has shown an immense inflation of popularity with many attempting to return to their roots. There are also contemporary music groups that stick closer to a "traditional" sound, including Altan, Gaelic Storm, Lúnasa, and Solas. Others incorporate multiple cultures in a fusion of style, such as Afro Celt Sound System and Canadian Loreena McKennitt. Ireland has done well in the Eurovision Song Contest, being the most successful country in the competition with seven wins. This achievement evokes mixed feelings in many Irish people.
Demographics
Ireland has been inhabited for at least 9000 years, although little is known about the neolithic inhabitants of the island. Early historical and genealogical records note the existance of dozens of different peoples (Attacotti, Conmaicne, Éoganacht, Érainn, Soghain, to name but a few). Over the last 1000 years, there have been influences by the Vikings, who founded several ports, including Dublin, and Normans, with significant admixture to the gene pool. However the greater part of the Irish population descends from the original inhabitants of the island who came after the end of the Ice Age. Although for many years the Irish were believed to be of Celtic origin, recent genetic evidence shows that both the Irish and the Welsh (and to a lesser degree England and Scotland) have many genetic traits in common with the people of the Basque region. Some theorize that although Basque is certainly not a Celtic language, there may have been a Celto-Basque link while others postulate that the pre-Celtic population of the island may have had Basque origins. Both positions are difficult to prove, as the information is relatively new. Culturally however, Ireland is undeniably Celtic. Mingling of native Irish inhabitants with the latinate peoples of Spain, France and Rome during the height of the Roman Empire (and later following the expulsion of many Protestants from the predominantly Catholic Southern France, many of whom subsequently migrated to Ireland) gave rise to what some refer to as Franco-celts or Latin-celts. These people are charecterised particularly by very dark, black hair color, a trait that does not occur in "pure" Anglo-Saxon, and other significant genetic similarities to Southern Europeans. Franco-celts (or Latin-celts) are responsible in part, but not wholey, for the moderately high occurrence of black hair and other Southern European characteristics amongst the Irish population. Ireland's largest religious denomination is Roman Catholicism (about 70%), and most of the rest of the population adhere to one of the various Protestant denominations. The largest is the Church of Ireland. The Irish Muslim community is growing, mostly through increased immigration (see Islam in Ireland). The island also has a small Jewish community (See History of the Jews in Ireland), although this has declined somewhat in recent years. Since joining the EU in 2004, Polish people have been the largest source of immigrants from Eastern Europe, followed by other migrants from Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Latvia. Ireland has also had large numbers of Romanians entering the country since the 1990s. A high standard of living, high wages and EU citizenship attract many of the migrants from the newest of the European Union countries. Nigerians, Chinese and people from other African countries also make up a large proportion of migrants to Ireland.
Infrastructure

Transport

Air
Africa The three most important international airports in the Republic are Dublin Airport, Cork Airport and Shannon Airport. All provide extensive services to the UK, continental Europe and North America. The Irish national airline Aer Lingus and low-cost operator Ryanair are based at Dublin. Shannon is an important stopover on trans-Atlantic route for refuelling operations. There are several smaller regional airports in the Republic (Galway Airport, Kerry Airport, Knock International Airport, Sligo Airport, Waterford Airport) that mostly limit their services to Ireland and the United Kingdom. In Northern Ireland there are three main airports. Belfast International (Aldergrove) provides routes to Ireland and Great Britain, as well as many international services to Europe and recently Belfast-New York (Newark). Belfast City and City of Derry Airport mainly provide flights to Great Britain.
Rail
Great Britain The rail network in Ireland was developed by various private companies with the help of British Government funding throughout the late 19th century, reaching its greatest extent around the 1920s. The broad gauge of 1600 mm (5 ft 3 in) was eventually settled upon throughout the island, although there were narrow gauge (3 ft) railways also. Ireland also has one of the largest freight railways in Europe, operated by Bord na Móna. This company has a narrow gauge railway of 1200 miles. In Dublin a new Light Rail System, named Luas opened in 2004. Two lines serve the south and west suburbs as well as the north city centre. More lines are planned as well as an eventual upgrade to Metro. The scheme is being run by the RPA.
Road
RPA] As with Britain, motorists must drive on the left in Ireland, unfortunately tourists driving on the wrong side of the road cause serious [http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1145.html accidents] every year. The island of Ireland has an extensive road network, despite the low quality of many of these until recently. Northern Ireland has historically had better main roads, while the Republic of Ireland has an increasing motorway network, focused on Dublin and the east coast. Historically land owners developed most roads and later Turnpike Trusts collecting tolls so that as early as 1800 Ireland had a 10,000 mile [http://www.cie.ie/about_us/schools_and_enthusiasts.asp road network]. 1815 marked the inauguration of the first horsecar service from Clonmel to Thurles and Limerick. Nowadays the main bus companies are Bus Éireann in the South and Ulsterbus in the North, with Dublin Bus serving the needs of greater Dublin.
Energy
Dublin Bus For much of their existence electricity networks in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland were entirely separate. Both networks were designed and constructed independently, but are now connected with three interlinks and also connected by Northern Ireland Electricity (NIE) through Great Britain to mainland Europe. The Electricity Supply Board (ESB) in the Republic drove a rural electrification programme in the 1940s until the 1970s. The natural gas network is also now all-island, with a connection from Antrim to Scotland. Most of Ireland's gas comes from the Kinsale field. The Corrib Gas Field in Mayo has yet to come online, and is facing some localised opposition over the controversial decision to refine the gas onshore. Ireland, north and south has faced difficulties in providing continuous power at peak load. The situation in Northern Ireland is complicated by the issue of private companies not supplying NIE with enough power, while in the Republic, the ESB has failed to modernise its power stations. In the latter case, availability of power plants has averaged 66% recently, one of the worst such figures in Western Europe. There have been recent efforts in Ireland to use renewable energy such as wind energy with large wind farms being constructed in coastal counties such as Donegal, Mayo and Antrim. Recently what will be the world's largest offshore wind farm is being developed at Arklow Bank off the coast of Wicklow. It is estimated to generate 10% of Irelands energy needs when it is complete. These constructions have in some cases been delayed by opposition from locals, most recently on Achill Island, some of whom consider the wind turbines to be unsightly. Another issue in the Republic of Ireland is the failure of the ageing network to cope with the varying availability of power from such installations. Turlough Hill is the only energy storage mechanism in Ireland.
See also

- List of Ireland-related topics
- Republic of Ireland
- Northern Ireland
- Kingdom of Ireland
- The Ireland Funds
- Irish people
External links

- [http://wikitravel.org/en/Republic_of_Ireland Wikitravel guide to the Republic of Ireland]
- [http://wikitravel.org/en/Northern_Ireland Wikitravel guide to Northern Ireland]
- [http://www.ireland-map.co.uk/ Map of Ireland]
- [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/heaven/dnairish.pdf.pdf#search='Ychromosome%20variation%20and%20Irish%20origins' Y-chromosome variation and Irish origin]
- [http://pdphoto.org/PictureHome.php?cid=23&mat=pdef&md=cid Public domain photos of Ireland] Category:Islands in the British Isles Category:Ireland ko:아일랜드 섬 ja:アイルランド島 simple:Ireland th:ไอร์แลนด์

United Irishmen

The Society of the United Irishmen was a republican political organisation in eighteenth century Ireland that sought independence from Great Britain.

Foundation

They held their first meeting on October 18, 1791 in Belfast and passed the following three resolutions: #That the weight of English influence in the Government of this country is so great as to require a cordial union among all the people of Ireland, to maintain that balance which is essential to the preservation of our liberties and the extension of our commerce #That the sole constitutional mode by which this influence can be opposed is by a complete and radical reform of the people in Parliament #That no reform is just which does not include Irishmen of every religious persuasion. religious Although the 20th century campaign to remove Ireland from the United Kingdom was led mainly by Roman Catholics, the society was formed largely by Protestants. Leading figures in the society were William Drennan, Theobald Wolfe Tone, James Napper Tandy, Henry Joy McCracken, Lord Edward FitzGerald and Robert Emmet. The Orange Order was founded in 1795 with the aim of promoting Protestant pro-British loyalism, in part as a reaction against the anti-sectarianism of the United Irishmen.

1798 Rebellion

The movement went underground from the mid-1790s as they became more determined to force a revolt against British rule. They forged links with the revolutionary French government and a French fleet set sail for Ireland in 1796, under General Hoche. It spent days in sight of the Cork coast, but weather conditions meant it could not land. The British government hanged and transported many of the society's leaders in response. With promises of French aid the United Irishmen instigated a rising against British rule in 1798, the rebellion of 1798. However the campaign did not go well and by and large the insurgents were defeated. Wolfe Tone was exiled in France when the insurrection began but as events turned against the United Irishmen he chose to return to Ireland with a French fleet with 3,000 men. The fleet was intercepted by the British Navy and Wolfe Tone was captured in Donegal Bay. Upon his capture he famously said, "From my earliest youth I have regarded the connection between Ireland and Great Britain as the curse of the Irish nation, and felt convinced, that while it lasted, this country would never be free or happy. In consequence, I determined to apply all the powers which my individual efforts could move, in order to separate the two countries." Wolfe Tone committed suicide in prison shortly afterwards, to cheat the noose. The revolt was suppressed and the decision was made to close the Irish Parliament resulting in the Act of Union 1800 that created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This was largely due to British worries that the French would continue to use Ireland as a staging-post from which to attack Britain, and a recognition that the "bigotry" (to quote Prime Minister William Pitt) of the Protestant Parliament in Dublin had only contributed to sedition in Ireland. The United Irishmen formed the beginning of organised Irish republicanism against British rule and the campaign for Irish independence.

Politics

The United Irishmen was a staunchly non-sectarian body and sought to unite all Irishmen, regardless of religion or descent. Many among their ranks were former Defenders, a term applied to many loosely connected, exclusively Catholic, agrarian groups. Many of these men, as well as their Presbyterian counterparts in Ulster, had been shaped by the sectarianism that was prevalent in eighteenth century Ireland, and it was no mean feat to persuade Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter to put aside their differences and view each other simply as fellow Irishmen. This was achieved in most places, Ulster being the best example. The opposite of what the United Irishmen were about occurred at Scullabogue in County Wexford when scores of Loyalists and their wives and children were burnt alive in reprisal for atrocities by the Crown forces (see Scullabogue Barn Massacre), although many of the attackers and about 20 of the victims were Catholic. A minority of the Defenders did not reject completely their previous anti-Protestant outlook. John Tuite, known as Captain Fearnought, of County Meath was one of these. Tuite was "sworn to both acts" in 1795, that is he took first the Defender and then the United Irish oaths, but his Defender oath had pledged him "to quell the nation of heresy" (i.e. the Protestant Ascendancy) as well as to "dethrone all kings, and plant the tree of liberty" (the aims of the United Irishmen). He confessed to lacking in true republicanism at his trial after the rising. In contrast many of the most dedicated leaders of the rebellion were Protestant, e.g Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Anthony Perry, James Hope and remained steadfastly committed to the concept of a non-sectarian United Ireland. The United Irishmen were severely persecuted in the years following the rebellion although a final attempt to revive their fortunes was made in 1803 by Robert Emmet. The British Government sought to avoid a repetition of the non-sectarian vision of Irish unity of the United Irishmen by savage repression of republicanism, along with tolerance of sectarianism. Political activity in the first half of the 19th century, was largely based on these religious divisions such as Daniel O'Connell's Repeal Movement, and the Tithe War. Catholics continued to be discriminated under the Union until Daniel O'Connell achieved Catholic Emancipation in 1829. Some Presbyterian members of the Society of United Irishmen, later became reconciled to Unionism because they were offered inclusion into corridors of power and an end to the corrupt Ascendancy-based Dublin Government. As a result of the failure of the United Irishmen's vision to unite "Protestant, Catholic and Dissenter" in an independent Irish Republic, the course of Irish history has been a legacy of religious division which has largely endured to the present day.

External link

- [http://www.iol.ie/~fagann/1798/united.htm Original Declaration of the United Irishmen]

Revolutionary

:This page deals with the noun 'revolutionary,' and lists many leaders of revolutionary movements, for more information on this, see Revolutions or the :Category:Revolutions. For another list of revolutionary people, see :Category:Revolutionaries A revolutionary is a person who either advocates or actively engages in some kind of revolution. Since the term "revolution" may be used to refer to a sudden change in any field, one may speak of political revolutionaries, social revolutionaries, revolutionary scientists, inventors, artists, etc. In a political context, the term "revolutionary" is often used in contrast to the term reformist. While a revolutionary is someone who supports quick and abrupt change, a reformist is someone who supports slow and gradual change. Political revolutionaries may be classified in two ways: # According to the goals of the revolution they propose. Usually, these goals are part of a certain ideology. In theory, each ideology could generate its own brand of revolutionaries. In practice, most political revolutionaries have been either liberals, nationalists, socialists, communists or anarchists. # According to the methods they propose to use. This divides revolutionaries in two broad groups: Those who advocate a violent revolution, and those who are pacifists. Perhaps the best known examples of these two types of revolutionaries are Che Guevara and Mahatma Gandhi, respectively.

Alphabetical list of known political revolutionaries

Note: This list is incomplete. If you know a revolutionary who is not listed, you are encouraged to [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary&action=edit§ion=1 add] his or her name to the list. Note: the list is ordered alphabetically by first name.
- Abbie Hoffman
- Abdul Qadir Jilani
- Abimael Guzmán
- Alexander Berkman
- André Rigaud
- Andrés Bello
- Antonio de Sucre
- Assata Shakur
- Augusto Sandino
- Aung San
- Avram Iancu
- Ayatollah Khomeini
- Baqer Khan
- Béla Kun
- Ben Bella
- Benjamin Franklin
- Bhagat Singh
- Carlos Fonseca Amador
- Carlos Lacerda
- Che Guevara
- Deng Xiaoping
- Emiliano Zapata
- Emma Goldman
- Errico Malatesta
- Farabundo Martí
- Fidel Castro
- Francisco de Miranda
- Francisco I. Madero
- Frantz Fanon
- Fred Hampton
- Friedrich Engels
- George Danton
- George Washington
- Georges Sorel
- Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Huey P. Newton
- Ho Chi Minh
- Hua Guofeng
- Huang Xing
- Jean Jacques Dessalines
- Jean-Paul Marat
- Jesus
- John Adams
- Jonas Savimbi
- Jose Maria Sison
- José Martí
- Karl Liebknecht
- Karl Marx
- Khallid Abdul Muhammad
- Kossuth
- Kwame Nkrumah
- Kwame Ture
- Leila Khaled
- Leon Trotsky
- Li Dazhao
- Lin Biao
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Malcolm X
- Mao Zedong
- Marcus Garvey
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- Matija (Ambroz) Gubec
- Maurice Bishop
- Maximilien Robespierre
- Michael Collins
- Mikhail Bakunin
- Mirabal sisters
- Nat Turner
- Nelson Mandela
- Nicolae Bălcescu
- Osama bin Laden
- Pancho Villa
- Patrick Henry
- Pavel Axelrod
- Peter Kropotkin
- Phoolan Devi
- Qiu Jin
- Rosa Luxemburg
- Samuel Adams
- Satar Khan
- Simón Bolívar
- Sten Sture
- Sun Yat-sen
- Tecumseh
- The Unknown Rebel
- Thomas Jefferson
- Thomas Paine
- Thomas Sankara
- Toussaint l'Ouverture
- Tudor Vladimirescu
- Tupac Amaru
- Tupac Katari
- Vasil Levski
- Vladimir Ilich Lenin
- Walter (Wat) Tyler
- Zhou Enlai

Alphabetical list of known scientific revolutionaries

Alphabetical list of revolutionary groups

Note: This list is incomplete. If you know a revolutionary group that is not listed, you are encouraged to [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary&action=edit§ion=3 add] its name to the list.
- Nearly all Communist Parties are revolutionary.
- Al-Qaeda
- Black Panther Party
- Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (Spain)
- Industrial Workers of the World
- Irish Republican Army
- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia a.k.a. Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC)
- The Weathermen
- Zapatista Army of National Liberation

Phrases

- Said to Louis XVI: "it's not a revolt, it's a revolution".

Inventions

Revolutionary inventions call for a similar 'revolutionary' change in one or many human societies. Examples may include the haber process's effect on agricultural production in first world countries, or the textile mill. Paleontologists call for division of prehistoric human societies along what could be considered 'revolutionary' inventions, eg. two ages of early and late stone working, settled agriculture, etc. For a better listing of popularly accepted revolutions, see the article Revolutions or the :Category:Revolutions Many sources will claim that progressively smaller and smaller events qualify as 'revolutionary,' for example, historians focusing on Greece may claim that the domestication of trees in ancient Greece qualifies as a subset to the neolithic revolution, or as its own revolution in agriculture. Category:Revolutions ja:革命家

Williamite war in Ireland

:For the context of this war see Jacobitism and Glorious Revolution. The Williamite war in Ireland, which could also be described as the Jacobite war in Ireland and is known in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings, was the opening conflict following the deposition of King James II in 1688 when he attempted to regain the throne of his Three Kingdoms from his daughter Mary II who replaced him jointly with her husband William of Orange. It influenced the Jacobite Rising in Scotland led by "Bonnie Dundee" which started at about the same time. While William successfully defeated Jacobitism in Ireland and subsequent Jacobite Risings were confined to Scotland and England, the War was to have a lasting effect on Ireland, confirming British and Protestant rule over the country for over a century. The iconic Williamite victories of the Siege of Londonderry and the Battle of the Boyne are still celebrated by the Unionist community in Northern Ireland today. Northern Ireland

The Glorious Revolution

Northern Ireland The War in Ireland began as a direct consequence of the Glorious Revolution in England. James, who was a Roman Catholic attempted to introduce freedom of religion for Catholics and to bypass the English Parliament in order to introduce unpopular laws. For many in England, this was an unpleasant reminder of the rule of Charles I, whose conflict with the Parliament had ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War. The breaking point in James' relationship with the English political class came when his wife gave birth to a son - which opened the prospect of an enduring Catholic Stuart dynasty. As a result of this fear, some political figures hatched a conspiracy to invite William of Orange to invade England and to assume the Throne jointly with his wife, James' daughter Mary. William accepted the offer, primarily because the Dutch Republic was at war with France, with whom James was in alliance and William wanted England's resources of men money and arms to be put at the disposal of his League of Augsburg. William invaded England in 1688 and James fled after putting up only a token resistance. However, whereas James II was very unpopular in England, he had widespread popular support in Ireland. The native Irish were almost all Roman Catholics and had fought en masse for the Stuart dynasty in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms that accompanied the English Civil War. Moreover, James had given them some concrete concessions, appointing an Irish Catholic, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell as Lord Deputy of Ireland, and re-admitting Catholics into the Army, public office and the Irish Parliament. Most of the native Irish landowning class had lost their lands and property after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland. They hoped to recover these under James' rule. For these reasons, when James fled England, he looked to Ireland to muster support for a re-conquest of his Three Kingdoms.

War Breaks Out - Campaign in Ulster

James' Lord Deputy, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell took action to ensure that all strong points in Ireland were held by garrisons of the newly recruited Irish Catholic army. The northern province of Ulster, which had the heaviest concentration of English and Scottish settlers, was the only part of Ireland where Talbot encountered significant resistance. Ulster By November 1688, only the walled city of Londonderry had a Protestant garrison. An army of around 1,200 men, mostly "Redshanks" (Highlanders), under Alexander Macdonnell, 3rd Earl of Antrim, was slowly organised (they set out on the week William of Orange landed in England). When they arrived on December 7th 1688 the gates were closed against them and the Siege of Londonderry began. While the Jacobites appeared to have great advantages in terms of numbers in Ireland, in fact, the troops raised by Tyrconnell were mainly hastily conscripted peasant bands, most of them very badly armed and trained. When James was deposed and fled to France, King Louis XIV of France (already at war with William of Orange) gave him support to regain his crown. On March 12th 1689 James landed in Kinsale, Ireland, with 6,000 French soldiers. He took Dublin and with a Jacobite army of Catholics, Protestant Royalists and French marched north, joining the Siege of Londonderry on April 18th 1689. James had found himself leading a predominantly Catholic nationalist movement, and on 7th May he reluctantly agreed to the Irish Parliament's demand for an Act declaring that the Parliament of England had no right to pass laws for Ireland. He also agreed, again reluctantly, to restore Irish Catholics to the lands confiscated from their families after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. British warships arrived off Londonderry on June 11th, but refused to risk shore guns until, ordered by Marshal Frederic Schomberg, they broke through and relieved the siege on July 28th 1689. In nearby Eniskillen, armed Williamite civilians drawn from the local Protestant population organised a formidable irregular military force. Operating with Eniskillen as a base, they carried out raids against the Jacobite forces in Connacht and Ulster. A poorly trained Jacobite army which advanced on them from Dublin on July 28th 1689 was defeated at the battle of Newtownbutler, many of the Jacobite's troops fled as the first shots were fired and up to 1500 of them were hacked down or drowned when pursued by the Williamite cavalry. Soon afterwards most of Ulster was cleared of Jacobites.

William Arrives - Battle of the Boyne

On August 13th 1689 William's army under Marshal Frederic Schomberg landed at Ballyholme Bay in County Down and after capturing Carrickfergus marched unopposed to Dundalk where the soldiers were ravaged by fever. James's viceroy Tyrconnell raised an army to make a stand, but there was no battle and the two armies withdrew to winter quarters. The Williamites found themselves harassed throughout this winter and in the following two years by Irish Catholic guerrillas known as "rapparees". Schomberg's troops were decimated by disease in their winter quarters, due to the cold and wet weather and their poor food supplies. Part of this was down to Schomberg's organisational shortcomings as a commander, but it was also due to the Jacobite's devastating the countryside as they retreated, leaving no supplies behind for the Williamite army. The local civilian population also suffered terribly from this tactic. Impatient with Schomberg's slow progress, William decided to take charge in person and arrived with a fleet of 300 ships at Belfast Lough on 14 June 1690. He landed at Carrickfergus, having mustered an army of 36,000 soldiers (including English, German, Dutch, Danish and French Huguenot troops), which marched towards