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| South African Airways Flight 295 |
South African Airways Flight 295On November 28, 1987, Flight 295, a Boeing B-747-244B Combi, registered ZS-SAS, called the Helderberg and flying the colors of South African Airways, took off from Chiang Kai Shek International Airport near Taipei, Taiwan, on a flight to Johannesburg via Plaisance International Airport in the Republic of Mauritius. 140 passengers and 19 crew were on the manifest.
While the Helderberg was over the Indian Ocean, a fire had occurred in the main cargo hold, originating on one of the six cargo pallets inside. The fire disoriented and incapacitated the crew, leading to the crash. All 159 people on board were killed.
A commission of inquiry was chaired out by Judge Cecil Margo, who determined eventually that no clear causes for the crash could be determined.
Nonetheless, of late there has been significant of controversy around the crash and the subsequent commission's report, with some claiming that the aircraft was carrying dangerous cargo related to the government's weapons programs.
This was further enhanced by the appearance of a cockpit voice recording transcript, allegedly from the Helderberg, which revealed that the captain notified the crew that the plane was carrying explosives. The captain had purportedly initially refused to fly, but he flew anyway, after having been threatened with immediate dismissal. However, experts who were involved in the Helderberg investigation immediately contested the authenticity of the transcript, claiming it was fraudulent.
The result was that the South African Department of Transport conducted a review of all the evidence and new developments. In 2002 it announced that no new evidence had emerged that would justify a new inquiry into the crash.
Therefore, the finding of the commission chaired by Judge Margo, which found no definitive cause, remains the official standpoint on the crash.
External links
- [http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2000/helderbergsum.htm Selective Summary of evidence given at the inquiry on the disaster involving the Helderberg ]
- [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19871128-0 Report from the Aviation Safety Network]
- [http://www.transport.gov.za/library/helderberg-f.html South African Department of Transportation Special Operations Report on the Helderberg Disaster, 2001-2002]
See also
- List of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners
Category:In-flight airliner fires
Category:1987
November 28
November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 33 days remaining.
Events
- 1095 - On the last day of the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse to lead the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
- 1443 - Skanderbeg and his forces liberate Kruja, in Middle Albania and raise the Albanian flag.
- 1520 - After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
- 1582 - In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a £40 bond for their marriage licence.
- 1660 - At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
- 1729 - Natchez Indians massacre 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie, near the site of modern-day Natchez.
- 1785 - The Treaty of Hopewell is signed
- 1821 - Panama Independence Day. Panama separates from Spain and joins the Great Colombia.
- 1843 - Ka Lahui: Hawaiian Independence Day - The Kingdom of Hawaii is officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.
- 1862 - American Civil War: In the Battle of Cane Hill, Union troops under General John Blunt defeat General John Marmaduke's Confederates.
- 1895 - The first American automobile race takes place over the 54 miles from Chicago's Jackson Park to Evanston, Illinois. Frank Duryea wins in approximately 10 hours.
- 1905 - Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin as a political party whose goal is the independence of Ireland.
- 1907 - In Haverhill, Massachusetts, scrap-metal dealer Louis B. Mayer opens his first movie theater.
- 1912 - Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- 1914 - World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.
- 1919 - Lady Astor is elected to be the first female member of parliament in the UK.
- 1920 - The Mark of Zorro, starring Douglas Fairbanks opens.
- 1925 - Country-variety show Grand Ole Opry makes its radio debut on station WSM.
- 1942 - In Boston, Massachusetts, a fire in the Cocoanut Grove nightclub kills 491 people.
- 1943 - World War II: Tehran Conference - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran to discuss war strategy.
- 1944 - Albania is liberated by the Albanian partisans.
- 1958 - Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French Community.
- 1960 - Mauritania becomes independent of France.
- 1964 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 4 probe toward Mars.
- 1964 - Vietnam War: National Security Council members agree to recommend that US President Lyndon B. Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President Elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.
- 1969 - The final episode of BBC soap-opera The Newcomers is broadcast.
- 1969 - The Rolling Stones release the album Let It Bleed.
- 1975 - East Timor declares its independence from Portugal.
- 1975 - As the World Turns and The Edge of Night, the final two American soap operas that had resisted going to pre-taped broadcasts, air their last live episodes.
- 1979 - The Mount Erebus disaster: an Air New Zealand DC-10 crashes into Mount Erebus on a sightseeing trip, killing all 257 people on board.
- 1980 - Mark Morris, choreographer, puts on the Mark Morris Dance Group's first show at the Merce Cunningham Studios.
- 1982 - Representatives from 88 countries gather in Geneva to discuss world trade and ways to work toward aspects of free trade.
- 1984 - Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made honorary citizens of the United States.
- 1987 - South African Airways flight 295 crashes into the Indian Ocean, killing all 159 people on-board.
- 1987 - Tawana Brawley is allegedly raped by six white men, some of them police officers, in Wappingers Falls, New York.
- 1989 - Cold War: Velvet Revolution - In the face of protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power.
- 1990 - Margaret Thatcher formally tenders her resignation to The Queen and leaves Downing Street for the last time. John Major is elected her successor.
- 1994 - Voters in Norway reject European Union membership (see Norwegian EU referendum, 1994).
- 1994 - In Portage, Wisconsin, convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is clubbed to death by an inmate in the Columbia Correctional Institute gymnasium.
- 1995 - U.S. President Bill Clinton signs a highway bill that ends the federal 55 mph speed limit.
- 1997 - Kosovo Liberation Army, Albanian guerrilla group fighting for freedom of Kosovo, presents in front of the people of Kosovo.
- 2000 - Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz begins the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.
- 2000 - The eighth tar drop falls in the University of Queensland pitch drop experiment.
- 2002 - 13 people are killed in a hotel bombing in Mombasa.
- 2005 - The Official Opposition (Conservative Party of Canada , New Democratic Party, and Bloc Quebecois) bring down the 38th Minority Liberal Government of Canada in a vote of non-confidence forcing immediate campaigning for the 39th Federal Election.
Births
- 1489 - Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland (d. 1541)
- 1570 - James Whitelocke, English judge (d. 1632)
- 1598 - Hans Nansen, Danish statesman (d. 1667)
- 1628 - John Bunyan, English cleric and author (d. 1688)
- 1632 - Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer (d. 1687)
- 1640 - Willem de Vlamingh, Flemish sea captain
- 1661 - Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (d. 1723)
- 1681 - Jean Cavalier, French protestant rebel leader (d. 1740)
- 1700 - Nathaniel Bliss, Astronomer Royal (d. 1764)
- 1757 - William Blake, British poet and artist (d. 1827)
- 1772 - Luke Howard, British meteorologist (d. 1864)
- 1785 - Achille Charles Léon Victor, duc de Broglie, Prime Minister of France (d. 1870)
- 1792 - Victor Cousin, French philosopher (d. 1867)
- 1793 - Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, Swedish romantic poet (d. 1866)
- 1805 - John Stephens, American archeologist (d. 1852)
- 1810 - William Froude, British engineer and naval architect (d. 1879)
- 1820 - Friedrich Engels, German philosopher (d. 1895)
- 1821 - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Russian poet (d. 1878)
- 1829 - Anton Rubinstein, Russian composer, pianist, and conductor (d. 1894)
- 1837 - John Wesley Hyatt, American inventor of celluloid (d. 1920)
- 1853 - Helen Magill White, first American woman to earn a Ph.D. (d. 1944)
- 1864 - Lindley M. Garrison, American lawyer, U.S. Secretary of War from 1913 through 1916 (d. 1932)
- 1866 - Henry Bacon, American architect (d. 1924)
- 1881 - Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (d. 1942)
- 1887 - Ernst Röhm, Nazi official (d. 1934)
- 1895 - José Iturbi, Spanish pianist (d. 1980)
- 1896 - Lilia Skala, Austrian actress (d. 1994)
- 1902 - Victor Jory, Canadian actor (d. 1982)
- 1904 - Nancy Mitford, British essayist and satirist (d. 1973)
- 1907 - Alberto Moravia, Italian writer (d. 1990)
- 1908 - Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist
- 1916 - Mary Lilian Baels, Princess of Rethy, Belgium (d. 2002)
- 1925 - Gloria Grahame, American actress (d. 1981)
- 1925 - József Bozsik, Hungarian international footballer (d. 1978)
- 1927 - Chuck Mitchell, American actor (d. 1992)
- 1929 - Berry Gordy Jr., American record company owner and founder of Motown (d. 1992)
- 1931 - Hope Lange, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1931 - Tomi Ungerer, French graphic artist, and author
- 1936 - Gary Hart, American politician
- 1941 - Laura Antonelli, Italian actress
- 1942 - Paul Warfield, American football player
- 1943 - Randy Newman, American composer and musician
- 1949 - Alexander Godunov, Russian composer and ballet dancer (d. 1995)
- 1949 - Paul Shaffer, Canadian orchestra leader and musician
- 1950 - Ed Harris, American actor
- 1950 - Russell Alan Hulse, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1952 - S. Epatha Merkerson, American actress
- 1955 - Adem Jashari, Albanian freedom fighter
- 1957 - David Van Day, British singer (Dollar)
- 1958 - Dave Righetti, American baseball player
- 1959 - Judd Nelson, American actor
- 1961 - Martin Clunes, British actor
- 1961 - Alfonso Cuarón, Mexican film director
- 1961 - Jane Sibbett, American actress
- 1962 - Jon Stewart, American comedian, actor, and television host
- 1963 - Walt Weiss, American baseball player
- 1964 - Cornelia Guest, American debutante
- 1965 - Erwin Mortier, Belgian author
- 1965 - Matt Williams, American baseball player
- 1967 - Anna Nicole Smith, American model and television personality
- 1967 - Stephnie Weir, American actress and comedienne
- 1968 - Dawn Robinson, R&B singer (En Vogue)
- 1969 - Robb Nen, American baseball player
- 1969 - Lexington Steele (Clifton Britt), American adult film actor
- 1973 - Rob Conway, American professional wrestler
- 1974 - András Tölcséres, Hungarian footballer
- 1974 - Styles P (David Styles), American rapper
- 1977 - DeMya Walker, American basketball player
- 1978 - Freddie Mitchell, American football player
- 1978 - Mehdi Nafti, Tunisian footballer
- 1979 - Chamillionaire (Hakeem Seriki), American rapper
- 1979 - Joel Maximo (Kelvin Ramirez), American professional wrestler
- 1980 - Stuart Taylor, British footballer
- 1984 - Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player
- 1988 - Scarlett Pomers, American actress
Deaths
- 741 - St. Gregory III
- 1170 - Owain Gwynedd, Prince of Gwynedd
- 1262 - Shinran, Japanese religious leader (b. 1173)
- 1290 - Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I of England (b. 1241)
- 1574 - Georg Major, German protestant theologian (b. 1502)
- 1585 - Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (b. 1532)
- 1667 - Jean de Thévenot, French traveller and scientist (b. 1633)
- 1675 - Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, English Civil War soldier
- 1675 - Leonard Hoar, American President of Harvard University (b. 1630)
- 1680 - Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian baroque sculptor (b. 1598)
- 1680 - Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1606)
- 1694 - Matsuo Basho, Japanese poet (b. 1644)
- 1695 - Giovanni Paolo Colonna, Italian composer
- 1695 - Anthony Wood, English antiquarian (b. 1632)
- 1698 - Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor of New France (b. 1622)
- 1794 - Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian army officer (b. 1730)
- 1815 - Johann Peter Salomon, German violinist, impresario, and composer (d. 1745)
- 1859 - Washington Irving, American writer (b. 1783)
- 1870 - Frédéric Bazille, French painter (b. 1841)
- 1872 - Mary Fairfax Somerville, British scientific writer (b. 1780)
- 1878 - Orson Hyde, American religious leader (b. 1805)
- 1907 - Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, poet, painter, and architect (b. 1869)
- 1912 - Walter Benona Sharp, American oil tycoon (b. 1870)
- 1921 - `Abdu'l-Bahá, Persian leader of the Bahá'í Faith (b. 1844)
- 1935 - Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1877)
- 1939 - James Naismith, Canadian creator of basketball (b. 1861)
- 1945 - Dwight F. Davis, U.S. Secretary of War and donor of the Davis cup (b. 1879)
- 1954 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- 1960 - Richard Wright, American author (b. 1908)
- 1962 - Queen Mother Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (b. 1880)
- 1963 - Karyn Kupcinet, American actress (b. 1941)
- 1968 - Enid Blyton, British children's author (b. 1897)
- 1972 - Havergal Brian, British composer (b. 1875)
- 1973 - Marthe Bibesco, Romanian writer (b. 1886)
- 1976 - Rosalind Russell, American actress (b. 1907)
- 1977 - Trevor Bardette, American actor (b. 1902)
- 1983 - Christopher George, American actor (b. 1929)
- 1986 - Herb Vigran, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Choh Hao Li, Chinese biochemist (b. 1913)
- 1994 - Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer (b. 1960)
- 1994 - Jerry Rubin, American activist (b. 1938)
- 2000 - Liane Haid, Austrian actress (b. 1895)
- 2001 - William Kienzle, American author (b. 1928)
- 2003 - Antonia Forest, British children's author (b. 1915)
Holidays and observances
- R.C. Saints - Pope Gregory III
- Also see November 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Bahá'í Faith: Holy Day - Ascension of `Abdu'l-Bahá
- Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii: Feast of the Holy Sovereigns in honor of the founders of the Anglican Church of Hawaii
- Albania - Albanian Independence day (from Turkey, 1912); also known as Albanian Flag Day due to other National events that correspond to this day
- Mauritania - Independence Day (from France, 1960)
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/28 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20051128.html The New York Times: On This Day]
----
November 27 - November 29 - October 28 - December 28 -- listing of all days
ko:11월 28일
ms:28 November
ja:11月28日
simple:November 28
th:28 พฤศจิกายน
1987
1987 (MCMLXXXVII) is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
- January 1 - Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories, changes its name to Iqaluit. In 1999, it will become the capital of Nunavut.
- January 3 - Aretha Franklin becomes the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
- January 4 - An Amtrak train en route from Washington, DC to Boston collides with Conrail engines killing 16.
- January 5 - US President Ronald Reagan undergoes prostate surgery causing worries about his health.
- January 8 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 2,000 for the first time gaining 8.30 to close at 2,002.25.
- January 13 - New York mafiosi Anthony Salerno and Carmine Peruccia are sentenced for 100 years in prison for racketeering
- January 16 - Leon Cordero, president of Ecuador, is kidnapped by followers of imprisoned general Frank Vargas who successfully demand his release
- January 20 - Terry Waite, the special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Lebanon, is kidnapped in Beirut (released November 1991)
- January 22 - R. Budd Dwyer, Treasurer for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania shoots himself dead at a press conference after being found guilty on charges of bribery, fraud, conspiracy, and racketeering.
- January 24 - In Lebanon, gunmen kidnap Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill and Mitheleshwar Singh.
- January 29 - William J. Casey ends his term as a director of CIA
- January 31 - The last Ohrbach's department store closes in New York City after 64 years of operation.
May
- February 11 - British Airways is privatised and listed on the London Stock Exchange.
- February 11 - Constitution of the Philippines goes into effect.
- February 11 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
- February 12 - Unabomber bomb explodes in Salt Lake City, Utah
- February 20 - Second Unabomber bomb explodes at the Salt Lake City computer store - owner injured
- February 23 - Supernova 1987a is observed, the first "naked-eye" supernova since 1604.
- February 26 - Iran-Contra affair: The Tower Commission rebukes American President Ronald Reagan for not controlling his national security staff.
- March 6 - A cross-channel ferry capsizes outside the harbor off Zeebrugge, Belgium - 180 drown
- April 13 - Portugal and China sign an agreement in which Macau would be returned to China in 1999.
- April 27 - US Department of Justice declares incumbent Austrian president Kurt Waldheim as an undesirable alien
- May 5 - Assemblies of God defrocks Jim Bakker
- May 8 - Gary Hart drops out of the running for the Democratic Party nomination in the 1988 U.S. presidential election, amid allegations of an extra-marital affair with Donna Rice
- May 11 - The first heart-lung transplant takes place (Baltimore, Maryland)
- May 11 - Klaus Barbie goes on trial in Lyon for war crimes committed during World War II
- May 14 - Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka executes a bloodless coup on the island of Fiji.
- May 17 - Iran-Iraq War: The USS Stark (FFG-31), while patrolling the Persian Gulf, is struck by two exocet missiles from an Iraqi F-1 Mirage fighter killing 37 sailors and injuring 21 other crew members
- May 28 - 19-year-old West German pilot Mathias Rust evades Soviet air defense and lands a private plane on Red Square in Moscow. He is immediately detained and was later released on Wednesday, August 3, 1988.
- The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine which had required radio and television stations to "fairly" present controversial issues
- July 3 - In Soviet Union, Vladimir Nikolayev is sentenced to death for cannibalism
- July 4 - Court in Lyons sentences Klaus Barbie to life in prison
- July 11 - Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke's government is re-elected for a 3rd term
- July 17 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 2,500 mark for the first time at 2510.04.
- July 22 - Palestine cartoonist Naji Salim al-Ali is fatally shot in London. He dies August 28
- July 31 - 400 Iranian pilgrims die in clashes with Saudi Arabian security forces in Mecca
- August 9- 9 people die and 17 are injured when 19-year-old Julian Knight goes on a shooting rampage in Melbourne.
- August 16 - A McDonnell Douglas MD-82 carrying Northwest Airlines flight 255 crashes on takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport killing all but one of the 156 people on-board (sole survivor was four-year old Cecelia Cichan). The crew forgot to properly set the plane's flaps
- August 17 - The Harmonic Convergence is observed.
- August 17 - Rudolf Hess is found hanging in his cell in Spandau Prison
- August 19 - Order of the Garter opened to women
- August 19 - Hungerford Massacre: In the United Kingdom, Michael Robert Ryan kills 16 with an assault rifle and then commits suicide
- September 2 - In Moscow, the trial of 19-year-old pilot Mathias Rust, who flew his Cessna airplane into Red Square in May 1987, begins.
- September 7-September 21 - World's first conference on artificial life, Los Alamos National Laboratory
October
- Wednesday-Friday, October 14-October 16 - The US is caught up in a drama that unfolds on television as a young child, Jessica McClure, falls down a well and is later rescued.
- October 15- 16 - Great Storm of 1987: hurricane force winds hit much of the South of England killing 23 people.
- October 19 - Black Monday: stock market falls sharply around the world.
- October 22 - John Coolidge Adams's opera Nixon in China debuts at the Houston Grand Opera in Houston, Texas.
- October 23 - Champion English jockey Lester Piggott is jailed for 3 years after being convicted of tax evasion.
- October 23 - On a vote of 58-42, the United States Senate rejects President Ronald Reagan's nomination of Robert Bork to the U.S. Supreme Court.
- November 8 - Eleven people killed by an PIRA bomb at a Remembrance Day service at Enniskillen.
- November 18 - King's Cross fire on the London Underground kills 31.
- December 1 - NASA announces the names of four companies who were awarded contracts to help build Space Station Freedom: Boeing Aerospace, General Electric's Astro-Space Division, McDonnell Douglas, and the Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell.
- December 1 - Channel Tunnel digging commences.
- December 1 - Queensland: Following a week of turmoil from his National Party of Australia colleagues, Joh Bjelke-Petersen resigns as Premier of Queensland. He is replaced by Mike Ahern, the only premier never to contest an election as premier.
- December 7 - Delaware celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 7 - PSA Flight 1771 crashes near Paso Robles, California, killing all 43 on board, after a disgruntled passenger shoots his ex-boss on the flight, then shoots both pilots and himself.
- December 8 - First Intifada begins.
- December 8 - Queen Street Massacre in Melbourne, Australia. 22-year-old Frank Vitkovic kills 8 and injures another 5 in an Australia Post office building in Queen Street before committing suicide by jumping from the 11th floor.
- December 8 - The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
- December 12 - Pennsylvania celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 13 - Graz I was born.
- December 17 - Czechoslovakian leader Gustáv Husák resigns as General Secretary of the Communist Party.
- December 18 - New Jersey celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- December 18 - Square Co., Ltd. releases Final Fantasy in Japan for the Famicom.
- December 21 - The ferry Doña Paz collides with the oil tanker Vector I - 1,500 confirmed deaths (reportedly closer to 4,000 due to unregistered passengers).
- December 24 - Japanese legendary rock band BOØWY declare their breakup at Shibuya Kokaido.
- December 29 - Prozac® makes its debut in the United States.
Environmental change
- Varroa destructor, an invasive parasite is found in the U.S.
Unknown dates
- Pendolino train in Italy
- Shoko Asahara founds Aum Shinrikyo
- Barry Minkow's ZZZZ Best fraud unravels
Births
- February 2 - Martin Spanjers, American actor
- April 10 - Hayley Westenra, New Zealand soprano
- April 11 - Joss Stone, English musician
- April 19 - Courtland Mead, American actor
- April 19 - Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player
- May 2 - Nana Kitade, Japanese singer
- May 6 - Moon Geun Young, Korean actress
- May 15 - Andrew Murray, Scottish tennis player
- May 21 - Ashlie Brillault, American actress
- June 3 - Lalaine, American actress
- June 3 - Masami Nagasawa, Japanese actress
- June 16 - Diana DeGarmo, American singer
- July 20 - Nicolas Dansereau, Canadian professional wrestler
- July 25 - Michael Welch, American actor
- August 7 - Sidney Crosby, Canadian hockey player
- August 25 - Blake Lively, American actress
- September 7 - Evan Rachel Wood, American actress and singer
- September 19 - Danielle Panabaker, American actress
- September 22 - Tom Felton, English actor
- September 28 - Hilary Duff, American actress and singer
- December 2 - Teairra Mari, American singer
- December 4 - Orlando Brown, American singer and comedian
- December 7 - Aaron Carter, American singer
- December 18 - Miki Ando, Japanese figure skater
Deaths
- January 15 - Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1904)
- January 21 - Charles Goodell, American politician (b. 1926)
- January 27 - Allan V. Cox, American geologist (b. 1926)
- February 2 - Alistair MacLean, British writer (heart attack) (b. 1922)
- February 4 - Liberace, American pianist (b. 1919)
- February 14 - Dmitri Borisovich Kabalevsky, Russian composer (b. 1904)
- February 22 - Andy Warhol, American artist, director, writer (b. 1928)
- March 2 - Randolph Scott, American actor (b. 1898)
- March 3 - Danny Kaye, American singer, actor, and comedian (b. 1918)
- March 11 - Woody Hayes, Football coach at Ohio State (b. 1913)
- March 19 - Louis-Victor de Broglie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
- March 21 - Dean Paul Martin, American actor (b. 1951)
- March 21 - Robert Preston, American actor (b. 1918)
- March 26 - Eugen Jochum, German conductor (b. 1902)
- March 28 - Maria von Trapp, Austrian singer (b. 1905)
- March 28 - Patrick Troughton, British actor (b. 1920)
- April 2 - Buddy Rich, American jazz drummer (b. 1917)
- April 3 - Tom Sestak, American football player (b. 1936)
- April 4 - C. L. Moore, American writer (b. 1911)
- April 28 - Ben Linder, American engineer (murdered) (b. 1959)
- May 3 - Dalida, French singer (b. 1933)
- May 4 - Paul Butterfield, American musician (b. 1942)
- May 6 - William J. Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (b. 1913)
- May 14 - Rita Hayworth, American actress (b. 1918)
- May 17 - Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
- May 19 - James Tiptree, Jr, American author (b. 1915)
- May 27 - John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
- June 2 - Andres Segovia, Spanish guitarist (b. 1893)
- June 6 - Fulton Mackay, Scottish actor (b. 1922)
- June 10 - Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (suicide) (b. 1943)
- June 22 - Fred Astaire, American actor and dancer (b. 1899)
- July 10 - John Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910)
- August 17 - Rudolf Hess, Hitler's second-in-command (b. 1894)
- August 26 - Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
- September 4 - Bill Bowes, English cricketer (b. 1908)
- September 11 - Lorne Greene, Canadian actor (b. 1915)
- September 11 - Peter Tosh, Jamaican singer and musician (b. 1944)
- September 21 - Jaco Pastorius, American bassist (b. 1951)
- September 23 - Bob Fosse, American theater choreographer and director (b. 1927)
- October 2 - Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1915)
- October 3 - Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (b. 1910)
- October 3 - Kalervo Palsa, Finnish artist (b. 1947)
- October 9 - William Parry Murphy, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1892)
- October 13 - Walter Brattain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- October 19 - Jacqueline du Pré, English cellist (b. 1945)
- October 20 - Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician (b. 1903)
- October 28 - André Masson, French artist (b. 1896)
- October 29 - Woody Herman, American jazz musician (b. 1913)
- October 31 - Joseph Campbell, American author on mythology (b. 1904)
- December 2 - Luis Federico Leloir, French-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- December 2 - Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich, Russian physicist (b. 1914)
- December 10 - Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian-born violinist (b. 1901)
Fiction
On November 7, Events in the Doctor Who episode Father's Day take place.
The animated internet cartoon series Homestar Runner frequently references 1987 as if the name of a year in the close past yet preceding 1999 is needed.
Nobel Prizes
- Physics - J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
- Chemistry Donald J Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen
- Medicine - Susumu Tonegawa
- Literature - Joseph Brodsky
- Peace- Oscar Arias Sanchez
- Robert Solow
- Rev. Professor Stanley L. Jaki
- Johan Galtung, Chipko movement, Hans-Peter Dürr / Global Challenges Network, Institute for Food and Development Policy / Frances Moore-Lappé and Mordechai Vanunu
-
als:1987
ko:1987년
ms:1987
ja:1987年
simple:1987
th:พ.ศ. 2530
South African Airways
South African Airways (SAA), known simply as 'South African' on their aircraft colour scheme, is South Africa's largest domestic and international airline company. With hubs in Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg, South African Airways is currently one of the few profitable African airlines. It is also known in Afrikaans as Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens (SAL), although this version of the name no longer appears on the planes' livery.
History
Humble Beginnings
In 1934, an airline named Union Airways was bought by South Africa's government, and renamed South African Airways. The first cities served were Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg.
In the 1930s SAA was able to enter the international market with flights to Kenya and Uganda. The slow growth continued during the 1940s.
In 1945 SAA achieved a longtime company goal by operating a route to Europe when an Avro York Bomber landed in Bournemouth, England, after the long flight from Palmietfontein.
The Jet Age
The 1950s saw the advent of the jet age with the addition of the Boeing 707 to the airline's fleet. SAA's first 707 landed in Europe in October 1960. Two years later, SAA's jets would allow the airline to fly nonstop for the first time ever from South Africa into the U.K. and SAA's other European destinations. In 1971, SAA added the Boeing 747 'Jumbo Jet' to its fleet. SAA is one of the only airlines to fly across the South Atlantic Ocean (to São Paulo, Brazil) as demand for service between Africa and South America is limited.
Effect of Apartheid
The next few years would be marked by steady but slower growth. Many countries refused to trade economically with South Africa, and this affected the airline. While many airlines were growing fast on the international market, SAA's growth rate was far behind most. Many African countries, except South Africa's neighbours, refused to let SAA use their airspace, but by then SAA had acquired a fleet of 'Special Performance' Boeing 747 SPs, reducing the need for stopovers.
The only major development for the airline during the 1970s was the opening of a route to Asia, with Boeing 747 flights to Hong Kong being launched. In 1980, SAA began flights to Taipei, apartheid South Africa being one of the few countries in the world to recognise the Republic of China government of Taiwan.
Fiftieth Anniversary
SAA celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1984. In this year the South African government made a controversial decision when it signed a treaty with Somalia to give extensive military aid to the repressive regime of Siad Barre in exchange for an exclusive contract to service Somali air travel. This turned out to be economically nonviable since few Somalis could afford airline tickets, and due to the incessant civil disorder in the country, few people wanted to go to Somalia.
SAA's services to South America were cut back in 1985 because of lack of demand, with services to Buenos Aires stopped, but those to Rio de Janeiro continued.
Due to international condemnation of the apartheid regime in the late 1980s, SAA itself faced hostility, with its offices being attacked. Its London office was daubed with red paint, while in Harare, Zimbabwe its offices were badly damaged after protesters went on the rampage. In 1987, SAA's services to Perth and Sydney in Australia were ended, in light of Canberra's opposition to apartheid. On November 27 of that year, tragedy struck the airline, when a 747, the Helderberg flying from Taipei to Johannesburg crashed into the Indian Ocean, near Mauritius, killing all passengers and crew.
During that year, the South African Airways Museum, with different artifacts and even an old aeroplane donated by the airline, opened its doors to the public at Johannesburg International Airport.
End of the 'Pariah Airline'
With the demise of apartheid, beginning 1990, SAA was now able to shake off its pariah image, restoring services to old destinations, introducing services to new ones, and expanding into the rest of Africa, and into Asia. June 1 of 1990 was also an important day for SAA, as South African companies signed a domestic air travel deregulation act. Later that year, SAA was chosen as the Best Airline to Africa by London magazine Executive Travel.
1991 saw the arrival of SAA's first Airbus A320 jet, and its first Boeing 747-400 jet, nicknamed the Durban. The airline resumed flights to New York for the first time since the United States imposed economic sanctions on South Africa in 1986, and South African's planes were able to fly for the first time over Egypt and Sudan.
1992 saw South African enter the Miami market (from Cape Town) by flying into Miami International Airport, and re-enter Australia. This year also saw code sharing agreements with American Airlines and Air Tanzania. That year also saw direct flights to Southeast Asia including Bangkok and Singapore.
1993 was the year Manchester and Hamburg entered the route system, and a code sharing agreement was reached with Brazil's Varig.
In 1994, South African became a 25 percent owner of a company named Sax, and a feeder service (SA Express) began flying domestically. This year saw the birth of the airline Alliance, which was a partnership between SAA, Uganda Airways and Air Tanzania. Also South African greeted its passengers in four different languages during domestic flights: English, Zulu, Afrikaans and Sotho, while passengers on international flights were also greeted in the destination's local language.
In 1995, Lufthansa started a code sharing agreement with SAA, and SAA commissioned Herdbuois Diefenbach Elkins to lead South African's change of image. This year, South African's Voyager and American Airlines' AAdvantage frequent flier clubs joined together.
1996 saw flights to Singapore discontinued, with Bangkok becoming an Asian hub for the airline. That year, South African Olympic athletes were carried to Atlanta aboard 747 Ndizani and SAA won Executive Travel's best airline to Africa award for the third time.
Rebranding
In 1997, SAA introduced its new image and livery, dropping the springbok emblem, and the old national colours of orange, white and blue. The new livery was based upon the new national flag, with a sun. The airline's name on its aircraft was changed to simply 'South African', with the Afrikaans name Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens being dropped. In addition to that, the airline started online ticket sales and formed an alliance with SA Airlink and SA Express.
1998 saw services to Buenos Aires and São Paulo's Guarulhos Airport restored, services to Copenhagen's Kastrup Airport stopped, and a new airline President in the figure of Coleman Andrews.
1999 was the Year South African and Delta Air Lines started code sharing on flights from Atlanta to South Africa. Those flights took place on South African Airways planes.
2000 saw South African arrive at Ft. Lauderdale's Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport and order 21 more Boeing 737s for its domestic routes.
In 2001, South African won the Best Cargo Airline to Africa award from Air Cargo News - (even though South African is mostly a passenger airline) - and South African Airways signed a code sharing agreement with Nigeria Airways, to provide service from the United States to Lagos, using South African 747s. The airline earned a spot on the Zagat Survey's top ten international airlines list, opened a new website and named Andre Viljoen as Chief Executive Officer (CEO).
In March 2002, under CEO Andre Viljoen, South African Airways asked Airbus Industrie to overhaul its fleet at a cost of $3.5 billion. SAA ordered nine A340-600 widebodies, six A340-300s, 11 A319s and 15 A320 aircraft. Three of the A340-600 aircraft will come from International Lease Finance Corp. These new Airbus aircraft are to replace the aging Boeing fleet, as well as the recently ordered Boeing 737-800's, over a period of 8 to 9 years.
In late 2002, South African Airways made a successful bid for a 49 per cent stake in Air Tanzania. This is the first acquisition of a foreign airline for SAA.
In March 2004 South African Airways announced its application to join Star Alliance. The alliance accepted the application in June, with SAA joining as a full member in 2006.
In July 2004, Andre Viljoen resigned as CEO of SAA, the media speculated he resigned due to the heavy losses SAA suffered in a R6-billion hedging loss.
In September 2004, it was reported that due to disappointing financial results, SAA would be cancelling its order of 15 A320 aircraft.
Destinations
See full article: South African Airways destinations.
2005 News
South African Airways became the first non-Saudi airline to fly a direct Hadj service to Medina in Saudi Arabia. Having not been involved in Hadj pilgrimage flights for some years, it operated a series of charters from Johannesburg to Jeddah in December 2004, as well as a one-off direct service to Medina, all using Boeing 747-400 aircraft. The airline has signed a co-operation agreement with Saudi Arabian Airlines and the South African Hadj and Umrah Council to jointly co-ordinate future pilgrimage flights (ref: Airliner World, March 2005).
Begining July 1, South African Airways started 4x weekly Johannesburg-Accra-Washington, D.C. with a Boeing 747-400.
Fleet
The South African Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft (at August 2005):
- 11 Airbus A319-100
- 6 Airbus A340-200
- 3 Airbus A340-300
- 9 Airbus A340-600
- 5 Boeing 737-200
- 19 Boeing 737-800
- 8 Boeing 747-400
External Links
- [http://www.flysaa.com South African Airways]
- [http://www.africaspotter.at.tt Africaspotter - recent photos and news of SAA]
- [http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/South_African_Airways#Fleet_Overview - Fleet]
- [http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/saa.htm South African Airways Passenger Opinions]
Category:Airlines of South Africa
ja:南アフリカ航空
Chiang Kai-shek International Airport
Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (中正國際航空站, pinyin: Zhōngzhèng Gúojī Hángkōngzhàn) is located in Taoyuan County, Taiwan Province, Republic of China and is one of two airports that serve Taipei. The other is Sungshan Domestic Airport, which is within the city limits and formerly served Taipei as its international airport before CKS's construction.
Opened February 21, 1979, Chiang Kai-shek International Airport is a major hub for China Airlines and EVA Air. It is also one of two international airports on Taiwan, and is by far the busiest international air entry point into Taiwan.
The airport is named after former President of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek. The airport's name is referred to in Chinese as Chung-Cheng (Zhongzheng), the given name that Chiang Kai-shek chose for himself during his political career, without his surname. In a situation which is similar to Ronald Reagan-Washington National Airport, local officials in Taoyuan and other members of the pan-Green coalition often refer to it as the Taoyuan International Airport. There are news organizations and local residents who call the airport "Taoyuan Chung-Cheng Airport", effectively combining the two commonly used names.
If Project Bojinka had not been discovered after a fire in Manila, Philippines, one or more aircraft owned by a U.S. carrier/s in this airport would have blown up over the Pacific Ocean on January 21, 1995 as part of the project's first phase.
On February 16, 1998, China Airlines Flight 676, which was arriving from Denpasar-Bali International Airport, Indonesia, crashed into a residential area while trying to land in inclement weather, killing all 196 people on board and six on the ground.
On October 31, 2000, Singapore Airlines Flight 006, which was on a Singapore Changi Airport,Singapore-Taipei-Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles route crashed upon takeoff from Taipei, killing 82 passengers. According to the investigative report, it was caused by bad communication between the captain and the control tower, resulting in the planes taking off from runway 05R which was undergoing repair.
On May 25, 2002, China Airlines Flight 611 broke up in midflight on the way to Hong Kong International Airport in Hong Kong from Chiang Kai Shek Airport. All of 225 people on board perished.
The airport has two terminals.
Terminal I
Hong Kong
- Air Macau (Macau)
- Cathay Pacific (Hong Kong, Seoul/Incheon, Fukuoka, Osaka/Kansai, Nagoya, Tokyo/Narita)[http://www.cathaypacific.com/intl/plan/routes/0,,,00.html]
- Continental Airlines (Guam)
- China Airlines (Amsterdam, Bangkok, Chiang Mai, New Delhi, Denpasar, Frankfurt, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Phuket, Jakarta, Kaohsiung, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Penang, Rome, Seoul/Incheon, Singapore, Vienna) CAL flights to and from the Europe and Southeast Asia are located in Terminal 1 [http://www.china-airlines.com/en/about/about.htm][http://www.china-airlines.com/en/newsen/newsen000157.htm]
- Far Eastern Air Transport (Cheju, Danang, Palau, Siem Reap, Clark Air Base)[http://www.fat.com.tw/A7/A722.asp]
- Garuda Indonesia (Jakarta, Denpasar)
- Japan Asia Airways (Kaohsiung, Nagoya, Osaka/Kansei, Tokyo/Narita)
- Jetstar Asia (Singapore)
- Korean Air (Seoul/Incheon)
- Malaysia Airlines (Kuala Lumpur,Kota Kinabalu, Los Angeles)
- Mandarin Airlines (Cebu, Subic, Yangon, Ishigaki, Miyazaki, Nagasaki, Toyama, Wajima, Hakodate, Asahikawa)[http://www.mandarin-airlines.com/xfile/xfile_route.htm#]
- Northwest Airlines (Osaka/Kansei)
- Pacific Airlines (Ho Chi Minh City)
- Palau Pacific Airlines
- Philippine Airlines (Manila)
- President Airlines
- Thai Airways International (Bangkok, Seoul/Incheon)
- TransAsia Airways (Busan, Cheju, Kota Kinabalu, Macau)[http://www.tna.com.tw/service/line0118.asp]
- Vietnam Airlines (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City)
Terminal II
Ho Chi Minh City
- Air New Zealand (Auckland)
- Air Nippon (Tokyo/Narita)
- Asiana Airlines (Seoul/Incheon)
- China Airlines (Anchorage, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York JFK, San Francisco, Vancouver, Seattle, Houston, Sydney, Brisbane, Guam, Tokyo, Fukuoka, Nagoya, Hiroshima, Naha) CAL flights to and from the US, Canada, Australia, Japan, and Guam are located in Terminal 2 [http://www.china-airlines.com/en/about/about.htm][http://www.china-airlines.com/en/newsen/newsen000157.htm]
- Dragonair (Hong Kong)
- EVA Air (Amsterdam, Auckland, Bangkok, Brisbane, Denpasar, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Kaohsiung, Kuala Lumpur, London/Heathrow, Los Angeles, Macau, Newark, Osaka/Kansai, Paris, Phnom Penh, San Francisco, Sapporo, Seattle/Tacoma, Sendai, Seoul/Incheon, Singapore, Surabaya, Sydney, Tokyo/Narita, Vancouver, Vienna, Vientiane, Fukuoka, Manila)[http://www.evaair.com/html/b2c/english/eva/Corporate_profile/Flight_routes/]
- Singapore Airlines (Los Angeles, Singapore)
- UNI Air (Kaohsiung)
- United Airlines (Nagoya, Tokyo/Narita)
- KLM (Bangkok, Amsterdam)
External link
- [http://www.cksairport.gov.tw/english/ Chiang Kai-shek International Airport Homepage]
Category:Transportation in Taiwan
Category:Airports in Taiwan
ja:中正国際空港
Johannesburg
Johannesburg is the most populous city in South Africa and the second most populous city in Sub-Saharan Africa, behind Lagos. Local residents have nicknamed the city "Jo'burg", "Jozi", and "eGoli". Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng Province, the wealthiest province in South Africa, and the site of the South African Constitutional Court. It is one of the newest major cities in the world, and is one of the few major cities in the world not along a coast or near a large river.
Johannesburg is the site of a large-scale gold and diamond trade due to its location on the mineral-rich Witwatersrand mountain range. Johannesburg is also served by Johannesburg International Airport, the largest and busiest airport in Africa and a gateway for international air travel to and from the rest of southern Africa.
According to the 2001 Census, the population of the city is more than three million. Johannesburg's land area of 1,644 km² is very large when compared to other cities, resulting in a population density of only 1.962/km². The population of the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area is almost eight million. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city is Africa's only world city (classified as a gamma world city).
Johannesburg is twinned with Birmingham, United Kingdom and New York City, USA.
History
New York City was first discovered in 1886.]]
1886
:Main article: History of Johannesburg
The region surrounding Johannesburg has been inhabited for millions of years. One of the oldest human skeletons ever found was discovered in a cave in Sterkfontein, to the northwest of Johannesburg in 1998. The skeleton, nicknamed Mrs Ples, is one of the few examples of Australopithecus africanus ever found, and is believed to be approximately 3.5 million years old.
Around 100,000 years ago, the Johannesburg region was inhabited by the nomadic Bushmen people. The Bushmen lived in the area until the Bantu-speaking people migrated into the area around the year AD 1060. The Bantu people were Iron Age people who domesticated animals, farmed crops, worked metal, made pottery, and lived in organised villages.
The region remained inhabited by both the Bushmen and the Bantu people. When Europeans arrived in the area, small numbers of Boers started farms, but there was no major European settlement until the 1880s, when gold was discovered in the region, triggering a gold rush.
Gold was initially discovered slightly to the east of present-day Johannesburg, in Barberton. Gold prospectors soon discovered that there were even richer gold reefs in the Witwatersrand.
The town was initially much the same as any small prospecting settlement, but as word spread, people flocked to the area from all other regions of the country as well a | | |
