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Ito Hirobumi

Ito Hirobumi

Born in Hagi, Yamaguchi, Prince Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文 Itō Hirobumi 16 October 1841–26 October 1909, also called Hirofumi/Hakubun and Shunsuke in his youth) was a Japanese politician and the country's first Prime Minister (and the 5th, 7th and 10th). Prime Minister

Prime Minister of Japan


- 1st: December 22,1885 - April 30,1888 861 days
- 5th: August 8,1892 - August 31,1896 1,485 days
- 7th: January 12,1898 - June 30,1898 170 days
- 10th: October 19,1900 - May 10,1901 204 days

Early Years

He was a Choshu samurai's adopted son and gained samurai status for himself in 1863, but a visit to England in the same year convinced him of the necessity of modernising Japan by adopting Western ways. He was one of the Choshu Five who studied at University College London. In 1864 he returned to Japan with fellow student Inoue Kaoru to attempt to warn the Choshu clan against going to war with the foreigners over the right of passage through the Straits of Shimonoseki. At that time he met Ernest Satow for the first time, later a lifelong friend.

After the Meiji Restoration

After the Meiji Restoration, Ito served as a junior councillor in a number of different ministries. In 1873, Ito was made a full councillor and following the death of Okubo Toshimichi in 1878 he was home minister and dominated the government, by 1881 he forced Okuma Shigenobu to resign and gain the key role for himself. He headed a number of missions to study foreign governments. Based on the European ideas he established a cabinet and civil service in 1885, replacing the Dajokan as the decision-making state organisation, and became the first Prime Minister. The idea of constitutional governance was the strong influence he received as a member of Iwakura mission. He founded one of the earliest political parties of Japan, Rikkenseiyukai. In 1885 he negotiated the Convention of Tientsin with Li Hung-chang. He supervised the drafting of the Meiji Constitution of 1889. He remained head of the Privy council while Kuroda Kiyotaka and Yamagata Aritomo were Prime Ministers. Yamagata Aritomo] As Prime Minister again (1892-96) he supported the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki in March 1895 with his ailing foreign minister Mutsu Munemitsu. After the war he became the first leader of the Seiyukai party, opposing Yamagata Aritomo. Prime Minister twice more (1898-1899, 1900-1901) he tried to negotiate a settlement with Russia before being forced from office by more militaristic politicians. He remained a power in the government as the premiership alternated between Saionji Kimmochi and Katsura Taro.

Korea (1906-1909)

In November 1905 following the Russo-Japanese War Korea was occupied by Japanese forces and the Korean government was made to sign the Protectorate Treaty, Ito became the first Resident General there in 1906. He forced the Korean ruler, King Gojong, to abdicate in 1907 in favour of his son King Sunjong and pushed through the Japanese-Korean Convention (1907) giving Japan considerable control of Korean internal affairs. Despite resigning as Resident-General in 1909 Ito was assassinated at Harbin in Manchuria by a Korean nationalist An Jung-geun. His death was followed by the full annexation of Korea in 1910 with the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty.

Family

Suematsu Kencho married his second daughter, Ikuko.

See also


- Japanese students in Britain Ito, Hirobumi Ito, Hirobumi Ito, Hirobumi Ito, Hirobumi Ito, Hirobumi Ito, Hirobumi Ito, Hirobumi ko:이토 히로부미 ja:伊藤博文

Hagi, Yamaguchi

Hagi (萩市; -shi) is a city located in Yamaguchi, Japan and was incorporated as a city on July 1, 1932. As of 2003, the city has an estimated population of 45,165 and a population density of 326.67 persons per km². The city's total area is 138.3 km².

Hagi-yaki

The city was the capital of the Choshu Domain during the Edo period (ca. 1603–1868). Hagi is renown for hagi-yaki, a form of Japanese pottery dating from 1604 when two Korean potters were brought to Hagi by Mori Terumoto. Hagi was also the location for an International Sculpture Symposium in 1981. Twenty-six international sculptors working worked together to create a seaside park. They created many functional sculptures, including tables and benches.

People


- Ito Hirobumi, Japan's first modern prime minister, was born in Hagi and studied at Yoshida Shoin's Shōka Sonjuku, a school in the town. Ito's birthplace is preserved next to a shrine that includes the school building in its compound.
- Inoue Masaru
- Takasugi Shinsaku

Sister cities

Since 1968, Hagi has been a sister city to Ulsan (울산광역시, 蔚山廣域市), a fishing port and market centre in the southeast of South Korea on the Sea of Japan about 70 km north of Busan.

External links


- [http://www.city.hagi.yamaguchi.jp/ Hagi official website] in Japanese Category:Cities in Yamaguchi Prefecture ja:萩市

16 October

October 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in Leap years). There are 76 days remaining.

Events


- 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Roman Empire
- 1775 - Portland, Maine burned by the British
- 1781 - George Washington captures Yorktown, Virginia
- 1793 - Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI is guillotined at the height of the French Revolution.
- 1793 - Battle of Wattignies
- 1813 - The Sixth Coalition attacks Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of Leipzig.
- 1834 - Much of the ancient structures of the Palace of Westminster in London is burnt down
- 1841 - Queen's University is founded in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- 1843 - Sir William Rowan Hamilton invents the concept of quaternions.
- 1859 - John Brown leads raid on Harper's Ferry, West Virginia
- 1869 - Cardiff Giant, one of the most famous American hoaxes, discovered.
- 1869 - England's first residential college for women, Girton College, Cambridge, is founded.
- 1882 - The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.
- 1906 - The Captain of Köpenick fools the city hall of Köpenick and several soldiers by impersonating a Prussian officer.
- 1912 - Bulgarian pilots Radul Milkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the first bombing with an airplane in history.
- 1934 - Chinese Communists begin the Long March; it ended a year and four days later, by which time Mao Zedong had regained his title as party chairman.
- 1940 - Benjamin O. Davis Sr. named first African American general in the United States Army
- 1940 - Warsaw Ghetto established
- 1946 - Ten war criminals of the Second World War, condemned in the Nuremberg trials hanged.
- 1949 - Nikos Zakhiariadis, leader of the Communist Party of Greece, announces a "temporary cease-fire", effectively ending the Greek Civil War.
- 1951 - The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, is assassinated in Rawalpindi
- 1964 - People's Republic of China detonates its first nuclear weapon
- 1968 - United States athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos are kicked out of the USA's team for performing a Black Power salute during a medal ceremony.
- 1968 - Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney Riots, inspired by the barring of Walter Rodney from the country.
- 1969 - United States - The "miracle" New York Mets win the World Series.
- 1970 - Anwar Sadat elected President of Egypt
- 1970 - Canada - In response to the October Crisis terrorist kidnapping, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act.
- 1972 - Rainbow, a British television programme for children, debuts.
- 1973 - Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1975 - The Balibo Five, a group of Australian television journalists based in the town of Balibo in the then Portuguese Timor (now East Timor), are killed by Indonesian troops.
- 1978 - Karol Józef Wojtyła becomes Pope John Paul II
- 1984 - Desmond Tutu is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1987 - Great Storm of 1987: hurricane force winds to hit much of the South of England killing 23 people.
- 1991 - George Hennard runs amok in Killeen, Texas, killing 23 and wounding 19 in Luby's Cafeteria.
- 1991 - Jharkhand Chhatra Yuva Morcha is founded at a conference in Ranchi, India.
- 1992 - Duchess of York Sarah Ferguson files a 1.4 million USD lawsuit against French tabloids for running topless photos taken of her on the French Riviera, including some of Texas millionaire John Bryan suckling on her toes.
- 1995 - The Million Man March occurs in Washington, DC.
- 1996 - 84 are killed and more than 180 injured as 47,000 soccer fans attempt to squeeze into the 36,000-seat Mateo Flores Stadium in Guatemala City.
- 2000 - InuYasha debuts in Japan
- 2001 - U.S. invasion of Afghanistan: U.S. warplanes mistakenly bomb International Red Cross warehouse in Kabul, Afghanistan .
- 2002 - Bibliotheca Alexandrina in the Egyptian city of Alexandria, a commemoration of the Library of Alexandria that was lost in antiquity, is officially inaugurated.
- 2005 - The Millions More March occurs in Washington, DC.
- 2005 - Four millions of people participate to the Unione's primary election in Italy.

Births


- 1430 - King James II of Scotland (d. 1460)
- 1483 - Gasparo Contarini, Italian diplomat and cardinal (d. 1542)
- 1535 - Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (d. 1585)
- 1663 - Eugene of Savoy, French-born Austrian general (d. 1736)
- 1710 - Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1790)
- 1714 - Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (d. 1795)
- 1726 - Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish painter (d. 1801)
- 1758 - Noah Webster, American lexicographer (d. 1843)
- 1815 - Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (d. 1905)
- 1840 - Kuroda Kiyotaka, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1900)
- 1841 - Prince Hirobumi Ito, Japanese governor of Korea (d. 1909)
- 1854 - Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
- 1861 - J. B. Bury, Irish historian (d. 1927)
- 1863 - Austen Chamberlain, English statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)
- 1878 - Maxey Long, American athlete (d. 1959)
- 1886 - David Ben-Gurion, first Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1973)
- 1888 - Eugene O'Neill, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
- 1888 - Paul Popenoe, American activist (d. 1979)
- 1890 - Michael Collins, Irish patriot (d. 1922)
- 1890 - Paul Strand, American photographer (d. 1975)
- 1898 - William O. Douglas, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1980)
- 1900 - Primo Conti, Italian painter (d. 1988)
- 1903 - Cecile de Brunhoff, French storyteller (d. 2003)
- 1908 - Enver Hoxha, Albanian dictator (d.1985)
- 1914 - Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan
- 1918 - Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher (d. 1990)
- 1919 - Kathleen Winsor, American writer (d. 2003)
- 1925 - Angela Lansbury, English-born actress
- 1927 - Günter Grass, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1928 - Mary Daly, feminist
- 1931 - Charles Colson, American Watergate conspirator
- 1936 - Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer
- 1940 - Barry Corbin, American actor
- 1940 - Dave DeBusschere, American basketball player (d. 2003)
- 1941 - Tim McCarver, baseball player and terrible baseball commentator
- 1946 - Suzanne Somers, American actress
- 1947 - Terry Griffiths, Welsh snooker player
- 1947 - Bob Weir, American musician (Grateful Dead)
- 1952 - Boogie Mosson, American musician (P Funk)
- 1952 - Ron Taylor, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1953 - Paulo Roberto Falcão, Brazilian footballer
- 1958 - Tim Robbins, American actor, director, and writer
- 1959 - Gary Kemp, British musician and actor
- 1959 - Erkki-Sven Tüür, Estonian composer
- 1962 - Flea, Australian musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
- 1962 - Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Russian baritone
- 1965 - Steve Lamacq, British journalist and disc jockey
- 1972 - Tomas Lindberg, Swedish musician (At The Gates)
- 1974 - Paul Kariya, Canadian hockey player
- 1977 - John Mayer, American musician
- 1980 - Sue Bird, American basketball player
- 1987 - Simerjit Phagura, Indian Queen, "U No"

Deaths


- 1553 - Lucas Cranach the Elder, German painter (b. 1472)
- 1555 - Hugh Latimer, English protestant (martyred)
- 1591 - Pope Gregory XIV (b. 1535)
- 1594 - William Cardinal Allen, English Catholic cardinal (b. 1532)
- 1621 - Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer (b. 1562)
- 1628 - François de Malherbe, French poet and critic (b. 1555)
- 1649 - Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter (b. 1621)
- 1655 - Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician, and music theorist (b. 1591)
- 1750 - Sylvius Leopold Weiss, German composer and lutenist (b. 1687)
- 1781 - Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke, British naval officer (b. 1705)
- 1793 - Marie Antoinette, Queen of France (executed) (b. 1755)
- 1796 - Victor Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1726)
- 1865 - Andrés Bello, Venezuelan poet, lawmaker, philosopher, and sociologist (b. 1781)
- 1877 - Theodore Barrière, French dramatist (b. 1823)
- 1888 - John Wentworth, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815)
- 1893 - Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, President of France (b. 1808)
- 1937 - Jean de Brunhoff, French writer (b. 1899)
- 1946 - Hans Frank, German war criminal (b. 1900)
- 1946 - Wilhelm Frick, German war criminal (b. 1877)
- 1946 - Alfred Jodl, German military officer (b. 1890)
- 1946 - Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Austrian SS officer (b. 1903)
- 1946 - Wilhelm Keitel, German military officer (b. 1882)
- 1946 - Joachim von Ribbentrop, German politician (b. 1893)
- 1946 - Alfred Rosenberg, Nazi ideologist (b. 1893)
- 1946 - Fritz Sauckel, German war criminal (b. 1892)
- 1946 - Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Austrian Nazi leader (b. 1894)
- 1946 - Julius Streicher, German propagandist (b. 1887)
- 1951 - Liaquat Ali Khan, first Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1896)
- 1959 - George Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1880)
- 1962 - Gaston Bachelard, French philosopher and poet (b. 1884)
- 1966 - George O'Hara, American actor (b. 1899)
- 1972 - Hale Boggs, U.S. Congressman from Louisiana (b. 1914)
- 1972 - Leo G. Carroll, English actor (b. 1892)
- 1973 - Gene Krupa, American musician (b. 1909)
- 1978 - Dan Dailey, American actor (b. 1913)
- 1979 - Johan Borgen, Norwegian author (b. 1903)
- 1981 - Moshe Dayan, Israeli general (b. 1915)
- 1983 - Jakov Gotovac, Croatian composer (b. 1895)
- 1986 - Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist (b. 1921)
- 1989 - Cornel Wilde, American actor (b. 1915)
- 1990 - Art Blakey, American jazz drummer (b. 1919)
- 1992 - Shirley Booth, American actress (b. 1898)
- 1994 - Raul Julia, American actor (b. 1940)
- 1996 - Eric Malpass, English novelist (b. 1910)
- 1996 - Jason Bernard, American actor (b. 1938)
- 1997 - James Michener, American writer
- 1998 - Jon Postel, American Internet pioneer (b. 1943)
- 1999 - Jean Shepherd, American writer and actor (b. 1921)
- 2000 - Mel Carnahan, American politician (b. 1934)
- 2002 - Angela Dawson, American activist
- 2003 - Avni Arbas, Turkish artist (b. 1919)
- 2003 - Stu Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1915)
- 2003 - László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926)
- 2004 - Pierre Salinger, John F. Kennedy's White House Press Secretary (b. 1925)
- 2005 - Len Dresslar, American singer and voice actor (b. 1925)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Saint Hedwig of Andechs; Saint Margaret Marie Alacoque; Saint Gall
- Also see October 16 (Easter Orthodox liturgics)
- Bahá'í Faith – Feast of 'Ilm (Knowledge) - First day of the 12th month of the Bahá'í Calendar
- United Nations - World Food Day
- United States - World Food Prize Day, apparently a.k.a. Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Day in Iowa and Minnesota; National Feral Cat Day; Boss's Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/16 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 15 - October 17 - September 16 - November 16 - more historical anniversaries ko:10월 16일 ms:16 Oktober ja:10月16日 simple:October 16 th:16 ตุลาคม

26 October

October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining.

Events


- 740 - An earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death.
- 1640 - The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Scotland and Charles I of England
- 1774 - The first Continental Congress adjourns.
- 1795 - The French Directory, a five-man revolutionary government, is created
- 1825 - The Erie Canal opens - passage from Albany, New York to Lake Erie
- 1859 - The Royal Charter is wrecked on the coast of Anglesey, Wales with 459 dead.
- 1863 - The Football Association is formed
- 1881 - The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral takes place at Tombstone, Arizona.
- 1905 - Norway becomes independent from Sweden
- 1917 - Battle of Caporetto: Italy suffers a catastrophic defeat at the hands of Germany and Austria during the First World War
- 1918 - Erich von Ludendorff, quartermaster-general of the Imperial German Army, is dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany for refusing to cooperate in peace negotiations.
- 1936 - The first electric generator at Hoover Dam went into full operation.
- 1944 - The Battle of Leyte Gulf ends.
- 1944 - Future Vice-president, and later, President Harry Truman publicly denies ever having been a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
- 1947 - The Maharaja of Kashmir agrees to allow his kingdom to join India
- 1948 - Killer smog settles into Donora, Pennsylvania.
- 1954 - Trieste return to Italy.
- 1955 - After the the last Allied troops have left the country and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, Austria declares its permanent neutrality.
- 1955 - Ngo Dinh Diem declares himself Premier of South Vietnam
- 1958 - Pan American Airways makes the first commercial flight of the Boeing 707 from New York to Paris.
- 1965
  - The Beatles are appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBEs)
  - The body of Sylvia Likens is found in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
- 1977 - The last natural case of smallpox was discovered in Merca district, Somalia. The WHO and the CDC consider this date the anniversary of the eradication of smallpox, the most spectacular success of vaccination.
- 1976 - Transkei declares its "independence" from South Africa
- 1978 - Independent Counsel Act signed into law
- 1979 - Park Chung-hee, President of South Korea is assassinated by KCIA head Kim Jae-kyu. Choi Kyu-ha becomes the acting President; Kim is executed the following May.
- 1984
  - "Baby Fae" receives a heart transplant from a baboon
  - John D. McCollum shoots and kills himself after spending a day listening to Ozzy Osbourne records; a lawsuit is later filed by his parents over the song "Suicide Solution", but the case eventually gets thrown out.
- 1984 - The Terminator is released in theaters nationwide.
- 1991 - Lori Keevil-Matthews is killed after a 485-pound umbrella slams her against a boulder in a Christo art installation.
- 1992 - The command and control system of the London Ambulance Service fails catastrophically.
- 1992 - The Charlottetown Accord fails to win majority support in a Canada wide referendum.
- 1994 - Jordan and Israel sign a peace treaty
- 1994 - Announcement of Andrew Wiles correct proof of Fermat's last theorem.
- 1995 - Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Mossad agents assassinate Islamic Jihad leader Fathi Shikaki in his hotel in Malta.
- 1997 - The left arms of Chen Ming-Kuo and Yang Chung-ming are amputated by the rope in a 1,500-person tug-of-war contest in Taipei; both arms are successfully reattached later on.
- 1997 - Basketball player Charles Barkley is charged with aggravated battery and resisting arrest after throwing Jorge Lugo through a plate glass window in a dance club in Orlando, Florida.
- 1999 - Britain's House of Lords votes to end the right of hereditary peers to vote in Britain's upper chamber of Parliament.
- 2000 - Laurent Gbagbo takes over as president of Côte d'Ivoire following a popular uprising against President Robert Guéï
- 2001 - The United States passes the controversial USA Patriot Act into law.
- 2002 - Moscow Theater Siege ends: Approximately 50 Chechen rebels and 150 hostages die when Russian commandos storm the House of Culture theater in Moscow, which had been occupied by the rebels three days before.
- 2005 - Last day of Cream reunion shows at Madison Square Garden.
- 2005 - The Chicago White Sox win the World Series after defeating the Houston Astros 1-0 in a four game sweep. It is their first championship since 1917.

Births


- 1427 - Archduke Sigismund of Austria (d. 1496)
- 1473 - Friedrich of Saxony (d. 1510)
- 1491 - Zhengde, Emperor of China (d. 1521)
- 1673 - Dimitrie Cantemir, Moldavian Prince, linguist and scholar (d. 1723)
- 1684 - Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (d. 1757)
- 1685 - Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer (d. 1757)
- 1694 - Johan Helmich Roman, Swedish composer (d. 1758)
- 1757 - Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Austrian philosopher (d. 1823)
- 1759 - Georges Jacques Danton, French Revolutionary leader (d. 1794)
- 1794 - Konstantin Thon, Russian architect (d. 1881)
- 1800 - Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (d. 1891)
- 1802 - King Miguel of Portugal (d. 1866)
- 1854 - C. W. Post, American entrepreneur (d. 1914)
- 1865 - Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (d. 1912)
- 1869 - Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa, President of Brazil (d. 1957)
- 1873 - Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1942)
- 1874 - Martin Lowry, British chemist (d. 1936)
- 1880 - Andrei Bely, Russian writer (d. 1934)
- 1883 - Paul Pilgrim, American athlete (d. 1958)
- 1902 - Jack Sharkey, American boxer (d. 1994)
- 1906 - Primo Carnera, Italian boxer (d. 1967)
- 1911 - Sid Gilman, American football player, coach, and manager (d. 2003)
- 1911 - Mahalia Jackson, American singer (d. 1972)
- 1911 - Sorley MacLean, Scottish poet (d. 1996)
- 1912 - Don Siegel, American director (d. 1991)
- 1914 - Jackie Coogan, American actor (d. 1984)
- 1916 - François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996)
- 1919 - Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, Shah of Iran (d. 1980)
- 1925 - Jan Wolkers, Dutch author
- 1942 - Bob Hoskins, British actor
- 1945 - Pat Conroy, American writer
- 1946 - Pat Sajak, American game show host
- 1947 - Hillary Rodham Clinton, First Lady of the United States and Senator from New York
- 1947 - Jaclyn Smith, American actress
- 1947 - Holly Woodlawn, Puerto Rican actress
- 1951 - Bootsy Collins, American musician (P Funk)
- 1952 - Andrew Motion, English poet
- 1957 - Bob Golic, American football player
- 1958 - Rita Wilson, American actress
- 1961 - Dylan McDermott, American actor
- 1962 - Cary Elwes, British actor
- 1963 - Natalie Merchant, American singer
- 1965 - Aaron Kwok Fu-Shing, Hong Kong singer and actor
- 1967 - Keith Urban, New Zealand singer
- 1971 - Anthony Rapp, American singer and actor
- 1973 - Seth MacFarlane, American animator
- 1977 - Jon Heder, American actor
- 1986 - Bassem Emile, An Egyptian Manufacturing engineer
- 1993 - Lauren Cover, An American Girl

Deaths


- 899 - Alfred the Great
- 1440 - Gilles de Rais, French serial killer (b. 1404)
- 1633 - Horio Tadaharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1596)
- 1671 - John Gell, English politician (b. 1593)
- 1679 - Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, British soldier, statesman, and dramatist (b. 1621)
- 1686 - John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (b. 1623)
- 1717 - Catherine Sedley, English mistress of James II of England
- 1751 - Philip Doddridge, English religious leader (b. 1702)
- 1764 - William Hogarth, British painter (b. 1697)
- 1803 - Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician (b. 1721)
- 1806 - John Graves Simcoe, first lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada (b. 1752)
- 1817 - Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Austrian scientist (b. 1727)
- 1890 - Carlo Collodi, Italian writer (b. 1826)
- 1902 - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American feminist and suffragette (b. 1815)
- 1909 - Prince Hirobumi Ito, Japanese governor of Korea (assassinated) (b. 1841)
- 1931 - Charles Comiskey, baseball team owner (b. 1859)
- 1937 - Józef Dowbór-Muśnicki, Polish general, commander of the Greater Poland Uprising (b.1867)
- 1941 - Arkady Gaidar, Russian children's writer (killed in combat) (b. 1904)
- 1943 - Marc Aurel Stein, Hungarian-born archaeologist (b. 1862)
- 1944 - William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1881)
- 1945 - Paul Pelliot, French explorer (b. 1878)
- 1947 - Canon Edwin Sidney Savage, English rector (b. 1862)
- 1952 - Hattie McDaniel, American singer (b. 1895)
- 1956 - Walter Gieseking, French conductor (b. 1895)
- 1957 - Gerty Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1896)
- 1957 - Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer (b. 1883)
- 1972 - Igor Sikorsky, Ukrainian-born inventor (b. 1889)
- 1979 - Park Chung-hee, President of South Korea (b. 1917)
- 1986 - Jackson Scholz, American runner (b. 1897)
- 1989 - Charles J. Pedersen, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- 1995 - Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader and songwriter (b. 1913)
- 1999 - Hoyt Axton, American musician (b. 1938)
- 2002 - Jacques Massu, French general (b. 1908)

Holidays and observances


- Roman festivals - first day of Ludi Victoriae Sullanae (until 1 November)
- R.C. Saints - October 26th is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints:
  - St. Bean
  - St. Evaristus
  - St. Albinus
  - St. Alfred the Great
  - St. Cedd
  - St. Cuthbert
  - Saint Demetrius of Salonika
  - St. Eadfrid
  - St. Fulk
  - St. Gibitrudis
  - St. Lucian
  - St. Rogatian
  - St. Rusticus
  - St. Quadragesimus
- Also see October 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Austria - National Day: Anniversary of the Declaration of Neutrality (1955)
- Nauru - Angam Day

Fiction


- In the movie Back To The Future, all of the "present" events occur on this date in 1985.
- In the movie Death Becomes Her, Helen first drinks the immortality potion on October 26, 1985. Like Back To The Future, this movie was also directed by Robert Zemeckis.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 25 - October 27 - September 26 - November 26 - more historical anniversaries ko:10월 26일 ms:26 Oktober ja:10月26日 simple:October 26 th:26 ตุลาคม

1909

1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

January – March


- January 16 - Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole.
- January 28 - United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish-American War.
- February 12 - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.
- February 23 - The Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
- February 24 - The Hudson Motor Car Company is founded.
- March 4 - End of term for Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States. He is succeeded by William Howard Taft.
- March 18 - Einar Dessau uses a short-wave radio transmitter becoming the first to broadcast as a ham radio operator.
- March 23 - Theodore Roosevelt leaves New York for a post-presidency safari in Africa. The trip was sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution and National Geographic Society.
- March 31 - Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina.

April – June


- April 6 - Robert Peary allegedly reaches the North Pole.
- April 27 - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Muhammad V. He leaves the country the next day.
- May - Choosing a vocation by Frank Parsons (died 1908) is published.
- June 1 - The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition opens in Seattle.
- June 2 - Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
- June 9 – Alice Huyler Ramsey, a 22-year-old housewife and mother from Hackensack, New Jersey, became the first woman to drive across the United States. With three female companions, none of whom could drive a car, for fifty-nine days she drove a Maxwell automobile the 3,800 miles from Manhattan, New York to San Francisco, California.
- June 15 - Representatives from England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lords and form the Imperial Cricket Conference.
- June 22 - Construction begins on the Cape Cod Canal, which would separate Cape Cod from mainland Massachusetts, United States.

July – September


- July 13 - Gold discovered near Cochrane, Ontario.
- July 16 - A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah, Persian Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. He proceeds in leaving Persia for Imperial Russia, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne.
- July 25 - Louis Bleriot is the first man to fly across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft.
- August 8 - Launching of The Rosicrucian Fellowship at Seattle (Washington). Later, in October 28 1911, its international headquarters, till today, were physically launched at Mount Ecclesia, Oceanside (California, United States) and the Healing Temple "The Ecclesia" was lauched in December 25 1920.
- September 9 - Comet Halley first recorded on a photographic plate.
- September 10-21 – Hurricane sweeps over Louisiana and Mississippi - 350 dead
- September 25 – Auroras seen in Singapore.

October – December


- October 2 - The first rugby football match played in Twickenham
- November 11 - US Navy founds a navy base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
- November 13 - Ballinger-Pinchot scandal begins: Collier's magazine accuses US Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger of questionable dealings in Alaskan coal fields.
- November 18 - Two United States warships are sent to Nicaragua after 500 revolutionaries (including two Americans) are executed by order of dictator José Santos Zelaya.
- November - First edition of Max Heindel's magnum opus The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception.
- December 4 - The University of Bristol was founded and received its Royal Charter.
- December 17 - Léopold II of Belgium dies and is succeeded by his nephew Albert I of Belgium

Month/date unknown


- William Dickson Boyce, a United States businessman visiting London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is introduced to members of the Scouting movement. The following year Boyce becomes founder of the Boy Scouts of America.
- Karl Landsteiner develops system of blood groups.
- Leon's, a Canadian furniture chain is first opened.
- Britain introduces Minimum Wage Laws.
- Old age pensions in Britain
- The laboratory of Paul Ehrlich creates the Salvarsan treatment for syphilis
- Mohorovičić discontinuity discovered
- Centennial anniversary of Miami University (Ohio)
- American Issue Publishing House of Anti-Saloon League incorporated.

Births

January


- January 1 - Barry Goldwater, American politician (d. 1998)
- January 3 - Victor Borge, Danish entertainer (d. 2000)
- January 5 - Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician (d. 1994)
- January 8 - Willy Millowitsch, German actor (d. 1999)
- January 13 - Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (d. 1934)
- January 15 - Jean Bugatti, German-born automobile designer (d. 1939)
- January 15 - Gene Krupa, American drummer (d. 1973)
- January 16 - Clement Greenberg, American art critic (d. 1994)
- January 19 - Hans Hotter, German bass-baritone (d. 2003)
- January 22 - Ann Sothern, American actress (d. 2001)
- January 22 - U Thant, Burmese United Nations Secretary General (d. 1974)
- January 24 - Martin Lings, British Islamic scholar (d. 2005)

February


- February 3 - Simone Weil, French philosopher (d. 1943)
- February 9 - Carmen Miranda, Portuguese-born actress and singer (d. 1955)
- February 9 - Dean Rusk, United States Secretary of State (d. 1994)
- February 11 - Max Baer, American boxer and actor (d. 1959)
- February 11 - Joseph Mankiewicz, American filmmaker (d. 1993)
- February 15 - Guillermo Gorostiza Paredes, Spanish footballer (d. 1966)
- February 15 - Miep Gies, Dutch friend and biographer of Anne Frank
- February 18 - Wallace Stegner, American writer (d. 1993)
- February 24 - August Derleth, American writer (d. 1971)
- February 26 - King Talal of Jordan (d.1972)

March


- March 1 - David Niven, English actor (d. 1983)
- March 2 - Mel Ott, baseball player (d. 1958)
- March 4 - Harry Helmsley, American real estate entrepreneur (d. 1997)
- March 19 - Louis Hayward, South African-born actor (d. 1985)
- March 22 - Gabrielle Roy, Canadian author (d. 1983)
- March 24 - Clyde Barrow, American outlaw (d. 1934)
- March 27 - Golo Mann, German historian (d. 1994)

April


- April 13 - Stanislaw Marcin Ulam, Polish-born mathematician (d. 1984)
- April 22 - Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- April 30 - Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)

May


- May 7 - Edwin H. Land, American camera inventor (d. 1991)
- May 10 - Mother Maybelle Carter, American musician (d. 1978)
- May 15 - James Mason, British actor (d. 1984)
- May 18 - Fred Perry, English tennis player (d. 1995)
- May 30 - Benny Goodman, American musician (d. 1986)

June


- June 6 - Isaiah Berlin, Russian historian of ideas (d. 1997)
- June 7 - Jessica Tandy, English actress (d. 1994)
- June 14 - Burl Ives, American singer (d. 1995)
- June 17 - Elmer Lee Andersen, Governor of Minnesota (d. 2004)
- June 20 - Errol Flynn, Australian actor (d. 1959)
- June 26 - Colonel Tom Parker, Dutch-born celebrity manager (d. 1997)

July


- July 18 - Mohammed Daoud Khan, President of Afghanistan (d. 1978)
- July 28 - Malcolm Lowry, British novelist (d. 1957)
- July 30 - C. Northcote Parkinson, British historian and author (d. 1993)

August


- August 9 - Adam von Trott zu Solz, German lawyer and diplomat (d. 1944)
- August 25 - Ruby Keeler, Canadian singer and actress (d. 1993)
- August 25 - Michael Rennie, English actor (d. 1971)
- August 26 - Jim Davis, American actor (d. 1981)

September


- September 7 - Elia Kazan, Hungarian-born film director (d. 2003)
- September 14 - Peter Scott, British ornithologist and painter (d. 1989)
- September 21 - Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian politician (d. 1972)
- September 24 - Carl Sigman, American songwriter (d. 2000)
- September 28 - Al Capp, American cartoonist (d. 1979)

October


- October 14 - Bernd Rosemeyer, German race car driver (d. 1938)
- October 24 - Bill Carr, American athlete (d. 1966)
- October 28 - Francis Bacon, British painter (d. 1992)

November


- November 4 - Skeeter Webb, baseball player (d. 1986)
- November 10 - Paweł Jasienica, Polish historian (d. 1970)
- November 18 - Johnny Mercer, American songwriter (d. 1976)
- November 23 - Nigel Tranter, Scottish historian and writer (d. 2000)
- November 24 - Gerhard Gentzen, German mathematician (d. 1945)
- November 27 - James Agee, American writer (d. 1955)

December


- December 14 - Edward Lawrie Tatum, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1975)
- December 20 - Vagn Holmboe, Danish composer (d. 1996)
- December 22 - Alan Carney, American actor (d. 1973)
- December 23 - Barney Ross, American boxer (d. 1967)
- December 23 - Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000)
- December 23 - Giulio Racah, Israeli mathematician and physicist (d. 1965)

Deaths


- January 12 - Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician (b. 1864)
- January 14 - Arthur William a Beckett, British journalist (b. 1844)
- April 10 - Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet (b. 1837)
- May 19 - Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (b. 1860)
- June 24 - Sarah Orne Jewett, American writer (b. 1849)
- August 27 - Emil Christian Hansen, Danish fermentation physiologist (b. 1842)
- September 4 - Clyde Fitch, American dramatist (b. 1865)
- October 26 - Prince Hirobumi Ito, Japanese governor of Korea (assassinated) (b. 1841)
- December 17 - Léopold II of Belgium (b. 1835)

Date unknown


- Gideon T. Stewart, American educator and politician (b. 1824)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun for the development of wireless telegraphy (radio)
- Chemistry - Wilhelm Ostwald for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria, and reaction velocities
- Medicine - Emil Theodor Kocher for his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland
- Literature - Selma Lagerlöf
- Peace - Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert and Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant Category:1909 ko:1909년 ms:1909 ja:1909年 simple:1909 th:พ.ศ. 2452



Prime Minister of Japan

The Prime Minister of Japan (内閣総理大臣 Naikaku sōri daijin) is the English political nomenclature of the head of government of Japan, although the literal translation is Prime Minister of the Cabinet.The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members, and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State. The current Prime Minister of Japan, since 2001, is Junichiro Koizumi.

Appointment

The Prime Minister is designated by both houses of the Diet, before the conduct of any other business. For this purpose, each conducts a ballot under the run-off system. If the two houses choose different individuals, then a joint committee of both houses is appointed to agree on a common candidate. Ultimately, however, if the two houses do not agree within ten days, the decision of the House of Representatives is deemed to be that of the Diet. Theoretically, therefore, the House of Representatives can ensure the appointment of any Prime Minister it wishes. The Prime Minister must resign if the House of Representatives adopts a motion of no confidence or defeats a vote of confidence, unless the House of Representatives is dissolved within ten days. The Prime Minister must also resign after every general election to the House of Representatives, even if they have won a majority in the house. The office of Prime Minister has by convention usually been occupied by the leader of the largest party in the Diet, which has usually been the Liberal Democratic Party.

Role

The Prime Minister:
- "Exercises control and supervision" over the executive branch.
- Chairs meetings of the Cabinet.
- Appoints and dismisses Ministers of State.
- Permits legal action to be taken against Ministers of State.
- Counter-signs, along with the competent minister, all laws and cabinet orders. Theoretically, the Prime Minister is very powerful, with a role most similar to the German chancellor and even greater because of Japan's unitary form of government. However, because of the factionalised and consensus-based nature of Japanese politics in the Diet and with the perpetual creation of coalition governments under the proportional representation schemes, the Prime Minister has much less actual power than his/her counterpart of many other nations. His position as president of the largest party involves negotiation with main party faction and coalition leaders, and legislation is usually initiated and reviewed by party committees rather than by the cabinet. Furthermore, substantial power is actually wielded by the civil service, over which the Prime Minister has little control.

History and official residence

civil service The current office of Prime Minister derives from the 1946 Constitution of Japan. However the office also existed under Japan's pre-war, imperial constitution to replace the civilian feudal office of kanpaku. Prior to 1946 the Prime Minister was chosen directly by the Emperor, and did not, under the constitution, need to have the support of the Diet. During World War II, the Prime Minister headed the Supreme War Council in the name of the emperor. The official residence of the Prime Minister of Japan is called the Kantei. The original Kantei served from 1929 until 2002. A new building was inaugurated at this time and now serves as the new Kantei.

See also


- List of Prime Ministers of Japan
- Politics of Japan
- History of Japan
- Parliamentary system

External links


- [http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/index-e.html Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet]. Official website.
- [http://www.geocities.co.jp/WallStreet-Bull/6515/rekidaiNaikaku.htm List of Japanese cabinets] (in Japanese only).
Category:Politics of Japan
- ja:内閣総理大臣

December 22

December 22 is the 356th day of the year (357th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 9 days remaining.

Events


- 1603 - Mehmed III Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed I.
- 1807 - The Embargo Act, forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the U.S. Congress, at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson.
- 1809 - The Non-Intercourse Act, lifting the Embargo Act except for the United Kingdom and France, passes the U.S. Congress.
- 1849 - The execution of Fyodor Dostoevsky is canceled at the last second.
- 1851 - The first freight train is operated in Roorkee in India.
- 1864 - Savannah, Georgia falls to General William Tecumseh Sherman, concluding his "March to the Sea"
- 1885 - Ito Hirobumi, a samurai, became the first Prime Minister of Japan.
- 1894 - The Dreyfus affair begins, in France, when Alfred Dreyfus is wrongly convicted of treason, on antisemitic grounds.
- 1910 - Chicago Union Stock Yards Fire, 21 firemen were killed.
- 1937 - The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City.
- 1944 - German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium. See Battle of the Bulge
- 1944 - Vietnam People's Army is formed to resist Japanese occupation of Vietnam
- 1963 - Cruise ship Lakonia burns 180 miles north of Madeira with the loss of 128 lives.
- 1964 - Comedian Lenny Bruce is convicted of obscenity
- 1965 - In the United Kingdom, a 70mph speed limit is applied to all all rural roads including motorways for the first time. Previously, there had been no speed limit.
- 1974 - Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli vote to become the independent nation of Comoros. Mayotte remains under French administration.
- 1984 - Subway vigilante Bernhard Hugo Goetz shoots four African-American youths on an express train in The Bronx borough of New York City.
- 1988 - Chico Mendes, a Brazilian rubber tapper, unionist and environmental activist, was assassinated.
- 1989 - After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending Nicolae Ceauşescu's Communist dictatorship.
- 1989 - Berlin's Brandenburg Gate re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of East and West Germany.
- 1989 - Two Tourist coaches collide on the Pacific Highway north of Kempsey NSW (Kempsey Bus Crash).
- 1990 - Lech Wałęsa sworn in as President of Poland
- 1997 - Acteal massacre: Attendees at a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas were massacred by paramilitary forces.
- 1999 - The Spanish Civil Guard finds near Calatayud (Zaragoza) another van loaded by ETA with 750 kg of explosives (see related event on December 21 1999).
- 1999 - Tandja Mamadou became President of Niger.
- 2001 - Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, handed over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.
- 2001 - Richard Reid attempts to destroy a passenger airliner by igniting explosives hidden in his shoes aboard American Airlines Flight 63.
- 2001 - Cc the cat, the first cloned pet, was born.

Births