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Ivan Sutherland

Ivan Sutherland

Ivan Edward Sutherland (born 1938 in Hastings, Nebraska) is a computer programmer and Internet pioneer. Sutherland earned his Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (known now as Carnegie-Mellon University), his Master's degree from Caltech, and his Ph.D. from MIT. He was the inventor of Sketchpad, an innovative program that influenced alternative forms of interaction with computers. Sketchpad ran on the Lincoln TX-2 computer and influenced Douglas Engelbart's On-Line System as well as the development of the graphical user interface. Sketchpad, in turn, was influenced by the conceptual Memex as envisioned by Vannevar Bush in his famous paper "As We May Think". For his invention of Sketchpad and related work, Sutherland received the Turing Award in 1988. In 1968, Sutherland, with the help of his student Bob Sproull, created what is widely considered to be the first Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) Head Mounted Display (HMD) system. It was primitive both in terms of user interface and realism, and the HMD to be worn by the user was so heavy it had to be suspended from the ceiling, and the graphics comprising the virtual environment were simple wireframe rooms. The formidable appearance of the device inspired its name, the Sword of Damocles. With his friend and colleague David Evans, he established Evans and Sutherland, a company that has done pioneering work in the field of real-time hardware, accelerated 3D computer graphics, and printer languages. Former employees of Evans and Sutherland included the future founders of Adobe (John Warnock) and Silicon Graphics (Jim Clark). He currently works for Sun Microsystems.

External links

- [http://research.sun.com/async/Staff/ISutherland.html Ivan Sutherland, Sun Fellow and V.P]
- Sutherland's Ph.D. Thesis, [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/TechReports/UCAM-CL-TR-574.pdf Sketchpad, A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System]. His thesis supervisor was Claude Shannon, father of information theory. Sutherland, Ivan Sutherland, Ivan Sutherland, Ivan Sutherland, Ivan Sutherland, Ivan

1938

1938 (MCMXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-March

common year starting on Saturday
- January 5 - H.R.H. Prince Juan Carlos of Spain is born.
- January 3 - The March of Dimes is established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
- January 11 - Frances Moulton is the first woman to become president of a US national bank.
- January 20 - Wedding of King Farouk I of Egypt and Queen Farida Zulficar in Cairo
- January 28 - The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont.
- January 31 - Crown princess Beatrix is born in Netherlands
- February 4 - Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
- February 10 - Carol II of Romania takes dictatorial powers
- February 12 - World War II: German troops enter Austria
- February 24 - A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.
- March 3 - Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.
- March 12 - Anschluss: German troops occupy Austria; annexation declared the following day.
- March 15 - Soviet Union announces officially that Nikholai Bukharin has been executed
- March 18 - Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.

April-June

- April 12 - Edouard Daladier becomes president of France
- April 25 - U.S. Supreme Court delivers opinion in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins and overturns a century of federal common law.
- April 28 - The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir.
- May 5 - Vatican recognizes Franco's government in Spain
- May 25 - Bombing of Alicante, Spain, in the Spanish Civil War, with 313 deads. Spanish Civil War
- June 1 - Action Comics issues the first Superman comic.
- June 11 - Fire destroys 212 buildings in Ludes, Latvia
- June 12-18 - Roma and Sinti in Germany and Austria are rounded up, beaten up and jailed
- June 19 - Italy beat Hungary 4-2 to win the 1938 World Cup
- June 23 - The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.
- June 23 - Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida.
- June 25 - Dr. Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland.
- June 28 - A 450 metric ton meteorite struck the earth in an empty field near Chicora, Pennsylvania

July-September

- July 3 - Steam locomotive "Mallard" sets the world speed record for steam by reaching 126 mph.
- July 3 - The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemerates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
- July 10 - Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.
- July - Building of the concentration camp Mauthausen
- August 18 - The Thousand Islands Bridge, connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- September - European crisis over German demand for annexation of Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia.
- September 21 - A large hurricane (the New England Hurricane of 1938) strikes Long Island, killing 600 people.
- September 29 - Munich agreement of German, Italian, British and French leaders agrees to German demands regarding annexation of Sudetenland.
- September 29 - Republic of Hatay declared in Syria

October-December

Syria returns to the UK waving the Munich Agreement.]]
- October 1 - German troops march into Sudetenland
- October 5 - Edvard Beneš, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns
- October 10 - The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario
- October 17 - Jan Syrovy's government begins in Czechoslovakia
- October 27 - Du Pont announced a name for its new synthetic yarn: "nylon".
- October 30 - Orson Welles's radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds is broadcast, causing mass panic in the eastern United States.
- October 31 - Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a fifteen-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.
- November 9 - Holocaust: Kristallnacht begins - In Germany, the "night of broken glass" begins as Nazi troops and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair saw 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed, and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).
- November 10 - On the eve of Armistice Day, Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin's God Bless America for the first time on her weekly radio show.
- November 18 - Trade union members elect John L. Lewis as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
- November 30 - Czech parliament elects Emil Hácha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.
- December 23 - Coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, caught off the coast of South Africa near Chalumna River

Unknown dates

- Italian mathematician Ettore Majorano disappears
- In Québec, the St. Jean Baptiste Society raises a petition of 128,000 names, demanding restrictions on Jews living in Quebec. Abbe Groulx denounces Jews as a race that refuses to be assimilated.
- In West Java, Daeng Soetigna tuned traditional angklung to play also diatonic scale.
- The Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg.
- Adolf Hitler is Time magazine's "Man of the Year" (as most influential during the course of the year, not as 'best' man of the year)
- Enoch A. Holtwick began long political career.

Ongoing events

- Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
- Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

Births

January-February

- January 2 - Hans Herbjørnsrud, Norwegian author
- January 2 - Ian Brady, British serial killer
- January 5 - King Juan Carlos I of Spain
- January 8 - Bob Eubanks, American game show host
- January 10 - Donald Knuth, American mathematician and computer scientist
- January 10 - Willie McCovey, baseball player
- January 14 - Jack Jones, American singer and actor
- January 18 - Curt Flood, baseball player (d. 1997)
- January 23 - Georg Baselitz, German painter and sculptor
- January 25 - Etta James, American singer
- January 31 - Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
- February 1 - Sherman Hemsley, American comedian and actor
- February 8 - Prentice Gautt, American football player
- February 11 - Bevan Congdon, New Zealand cricketer
- February 11 - Manuel Noriega, Panamanian general and dictator
- February 12 - Judy Blume, American author
- February 13 - Oliver Reed, English actor (d. 1999)
- February 18 - Istvan Szabo, Hungarian director
- February 24 - Phil Knight, American sportswear entrepreneur
- February 25 - Herb Elliott, Australian runner

March-April

- March 4 - Don Perkins, American football player
- March 7 - David Baltimore, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- March 7 - Janet Guthrie, American race car driver
- March 13 - Erma Franklin, American singer (d. 2002)
- March 17 - Rudolf Nureyev, Russian-born dancer and choreographer (d. 1993)
- March 18 - Charley Pride, American baseball player and musician
- March 23 - Maynard Jackson, mayor of Atlanta, Georgia (d. 2003)
- March 25 - Hoyt Axton, American musician and actor (d. 1999)
- March 26 - Anthony James Leggett, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 1 - John Quade, American actor
- April 4 - A. Bartlett Giamatti, American president of Yale University and baseball commissioner (d. 1989)
- April 8 - Kofi Annan, Ghanaian Secretary General of the United Nations, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- April 10 - Don Meredith, American football player and broadcaster
- April 11 - Kurt Moll, German bass
- April 12 - Roger Caron, Canadian author
- April 26 - Duane Eddy, American musician
- April 29 - Larry Niven, American author

May-July

- May 17 - Jason Bernard, American actor (d. 1996)
- May 22 - Richard Benjamin, American actor
- May 26 - William Bolcom, American composer
- May 26 - Teresa Stratas, Canadian soprano
- May 31 - Johnny PayCheck, American singer (d. 2003)
- May 31 - Peter Yarrow, American singer
- June 5 - Karin Balzer, German athlete
- June 7 - Goose Gonsoulin, American football player
- June 15 - Billy Williams, baseball player
- June 19 - Wahoo McDaniel, American football player and professional wrestler (d. 2002)
- June 28 - Moy Yat, Chinese martial artist
- July 4 - Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter
- July 6 - Tony Lewis, English cricketer
- July 12 - Wieger Mensonides, Dutch swimmer
- July 19 - Jayant Narlikar, Indian Astrophysicist
- July 20 - Natalie Wood, American actress (d. 1981)
- July 23 - Juliet Anderson, American actress
- July 23 - Bert Newton, Australian actor and televison show host
- July 27 - Gary Gygax, American author
- July 28 - Alberto Fujimori, Peruvian president
- July 29 - Peter Jennings, Canadian-born television news reporter (d. 2005)

August-October

- August 9 - Ezola Broussard Foster, Vice President of the United States
- August 9 - Rod Laver, Australian tennis player
- August 15 - Janusz A. Zajdel, Polish writer
- August 19 - Diana Muldaur, American actress
- August 22 - Paul Maguire, American football player
- August 24 - Halldór Blöndal, Icelandic politician
- August 24 - David Freiberg, American musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service and Jefferson Starship)
- August 28 - Maurizio Costanzo, Italian television news reporter
- August 28 - Paul Martin, Prime Minister of Canada
- August 31 - Martin Bell, British journalist and politician
- September 2 - Clarence Felder, American actor
- September 3 - Ryoji Noyori, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 10 - Karl Lagerfeld, German fashion designer and photographer
- September 13 - John Smith, Scottish politician (d. 1994)
- September 22 - Gene Mingo, American football player
- September 25 - Jonathan Motzfeldt, Prime Minister of Greenland
- September 29 - Wim Kok, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- October 3 - Eddie Cochran, American singer (d. 1960)
- October 4 - Kurt Wüthrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 9 - Heinz Fischer, Austrian politician
- October 14 - Farah Diba, Empress of Iran
- October 15 - Fela Kuti, Nigerian musician and activist (d. 1997)
- October 23 - H. John Heinz III, U.S. Senator (d. 1991)
- October 29 - Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Liberian president-elect

November-December

- November 2 - Patrick Joseph Buchanan, American journalist and Presidential candidate
- November 6 - Mack Jones, baseball player (d. 2004)
- November 13 - Jean Seberg, American actress
- November 16 - Robert Nozick, American philosopher (d. 2002)
- November 26 - Porter J. Goss, American politician and Central Intelligence Agency director
- December 4 - Andre V. Marrou, U.S. Presidential candidate
- December 4 - Yvonne Minton, Australian soprano
- December 15 - Billy Shaw, American football player
- December 16 - Liv Ullmann, Norwegian actress
- December 17 - Peter Snell, New Zealand athlete

Fictional

- September - Freddy Krueger, child murderer (A Nightmare on Elm Street)

Deaths

- January 20 - Émile Cohl, French caricaturist and animator (b. 1857)
- January 21 - Georges Méliès, French film director (b. 1861)
- January 28 - Bernd Rosemeyer, German racing driver (b. 1909)
- February 2 - Frederick William Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (b. 1856)
- February 7 - Harvey Firestone, American manufacturer (b. 1868)
- February 18 - David King Udall, American politician (b. 1851)
- February 19 - Edmund Landau, German mathematician (b. 1877)
- March 1 - Gabriele D'Annunzio, Italian writer, war hero, and politician (b. 1863)
- March 2 - Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (b. 1871)
- March 13 - Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Soviet politician (b. 1888)
- March 13 - Clarence Darrow, American attorney (b. 1857)
- April 8 - Joe "King" Oliver, American musician (b. 1885)
- April 12 - Feodor Chaliapin, Russian bass (b. 1873)
- April 16 - Steve Bloomer, English footballer (b. 1874)
- April 21 - Allama Iqbal, Indian philosopher and poet (b. 1877)
- April 26 - Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (b. 1859)
- May 4 - Carl von Ossietzky, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1889)
- May 13 - Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1861)
- May 26 - John Jacob Abel, American pharmacologist (b. 1857)
- August 1 - Edmund Charles Tarbell, American artist (b. 1862)
- August 7 - Konstantin Stanislavski, Russian actor (b. 1863)
- August 16 - Robert Johnson, American musician (b. 1911)
- September 17 - Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (b. 1901)
- October 22 - May Irwin, Canadian actress and singer (b. 1862)
- October 24 - Ernst Barlach, German sculptor and poet (b. 1870)
- October 27 - Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (b. 1881)
- November 10 - Kemal Atatürk, President of Turkey (b. 1881)
- December 11 - Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1869)
- December 25 - Karel Čapek, Czech author (b. 1890)
- December 28 - Florence Lawrence, Canadian actress (b. 1886)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Enrico Fermi
- Chemistry - Richard Kuhn
- Medicine - Corneille Jean François Heymans
- Literature - Pearl S. Buck
- Peace - Nansen International Office For Refugees, Geneva. Category:1938 ko:1938년 ms:1938 ja:1938年 simple:1938 th:พ.ศ. 2481

Bachelor's degree

:For other degrees, see Academic degree or Degree (disambiguation) A bachelor's degree is usually an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts three or four years. (Note that some postgraduate degrees are entitled Bachelor of ..., e.g. the University of Oxford's Bachelor of Civil Law and Bachelor of Philosophy.)

Honours degrees and academic distinctions

Under the British system, and those influenced by it such as the Irish, Indian, Singaporean, and Hong Kong systems, undergraduate degrees are differentiated either as pass degrees or as honours degrees, the latter denoted by the appearance of "(Hons)" after the degree abbreviation. An honours degree generally requires a higher academic standard than a pass degree, and in Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, and Canada an extra year of study.

Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees

Today, the most common undergraduate degrees given are the Bachelor of Arts (B.A. or A.B.) and the Bachelor of Science (B.Sc. in Commonwealth usage or B.S. in U.S. usage). Originally, in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge all undergraduate degrees were in the Faculty of Arts, hence the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Since the late 19th century, most universities in the English-speaking world have followed the practice of the University of London in dividing undergraduate degree subjects into the two broad categories of arts and sciences, awarding the degree of Bachelor of Science to students of the latter category of subjects.

Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery

In countries following British tradition, medical graduates receive a Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery (MB BChir or MB ChB or MBBS) and is equivalent to an M.D. in US Usage. Although in theory it is two degrees, they must be taken together, and entitle the bearer to use the title of Doctor.

New bachelor's degrees

The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are perhaps alone today in awarding the B.A. for all undergraduate degrees. However, in most universities over the last hundred years the range of bachelor's degrees has expanded enormously, especially in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, where the B.A. degree is becoming increasingly uncommon. Some of these new degrees and their abbreviations include:
- A.L.B. — Bachelor of Liberal Arts
- B.A.S. — Bachelor of Architectural Studies
- B.A.Sc. — Bachelor of Applied Science
- B.As. — Bachelor of Asian Studies
- B.A.Econ. — Bachelor of Economics
- B.Arch. — Bachelor of Architecture
- B.B.A. — Bachelor of Business Administration
- B.Ch. — Bachelor of Surgery (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
- B.Comm. or B.Com. — Bachelor of Commerce
- B.Comp. — Bachelor of Computing
- B.CompSc. or B.CS. — Bachelor of Computer Science
- B.D. — Bachelor of Divinity (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
- B.Des. — Bachelor of Design (Visual design discipline)
- B.Ec. — Bachelor of Economics
- B.Ed. — Bachelor of Education
- B.E.S. — Bachelor of Environmental Studies
- B.Eng. or B.E. — Bachelor of Engineering
- B.F.A. — Bachelor of Fine Arts
- B.G.S. — Bachelor of General Studies
- B.InfTech. — Bachelor of Information Technology
- B.InfSci. — Bachelor of Information Science
- B.J. — Bachelor of Journalism (see the University of Missouri-Columbia)
- B.Lang. — Bachelor of Languages
- B.M. or M.B. — Bachelor of Medicine (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
- B.Math. — Bachelor of Mathematics (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
- B.Mus. or Mus.B. — Bachelor of Music (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities)
- B.Ost — Bachelor of Osteopathy
- B.P.Ed. or B.P.E. — Bachelor of Physical Education
- B.Pharm. — Bachelor of Pharmacy
- B.Phil. — Bachelor of Philosophy (originally a postgraduate degree, but now often used as the name of an undergraduate degree)
- B.Psych — Bachelor of Psychology (Commonwealth Usage, Particuarly Australia)
- B.R.E. — Bachelor of Religious Education
- B.S. — Bachelor of Surgery (Commonwealth usage, usually as part of a MB BS)
- B.S.E. — Bachelor of Science in Engineering (may also refer to a Bachelor of Software Engineering, as used at McGill University)
- B.S.B. — Bachelor of Science in Business
- B.S.E.E. — Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
- B.S.F. — Bachelor of Science in Forestry
- B.S.S.E. — Bachelor of Science in Science Education
- B.S.W. — Bachelor of Social Work
- B.Tech. — Bachelor of Technology
- B.Theol — Bachelor of Theology
- B.Tour. — Bachelor of Tourism
- LL.B. (or Ll.B.) — Bachelor of Laws (also the name of a postgraduate degree in some universities) A full list of British degree abbreviations is also available.

Carnegie-Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University

Carnegie Mellon University Seal

Motto "My heart is in the work" (Andrew Carnegie)

Established 1900

School type Private University

President Jared Cohon

Location Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Enrollment 5,348 undergraduate,
4,109 graduate,
140 special
Faculty 1,259
Endowment US$756 million
Campus Urban, 103 acres (0.4 km²)
Sports teams Tartans; 17 Division III varsity athletic teams [http://www.cmu.edu/athletic/index.html]
Mascot Scottie Dog
Website [http://www.cmu.edu/ www.cmu.edu]

Carnegie Mellon University is a private research university located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was formed in 1967 by the union of the Carnegie Institute of Technology and the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. The school is often referred to as CMU by students, staff, alumni, and locals. Carnegie Mellon is home to the oldest drama degree program in the nation (1914). The computer science, computer engineering and drama programs are considered to be among the best in their fields. Carnegie Mellon's engineering, sciences and public policy schools are also consistently ranked highly. Other strong departments include Economics, Social and Decision Sciences, Art, Architecture and Music. CMU is renowned for its unique interdisciplinary environment and as an innovative leader in education. Carnegie Mellon is affiliated with 13 Nobel laureates across multiple disciplines.

Campus

Carnegie Mellon's 103 acre (0.4 km²) main campus is five miles (8 km) from downtown Pittsburgh, in the Squirrel Hill and Oakland neighborhoods. A large grassy area known as the Cut forms the backbone of the campus, with a separate grassy area known as the Mall running perpendicular to it. It is called the Cut because a hill and valley were cut and filled to make the campus. The former valley is the "cut" where the dirt was dumped. The campus was the first educational institution in the world to be completely covered by a wireless network. The campus computer network, Andrew, is considered one of the most advanced networks on any campus in the world today. In addition to its main Pittsburgh campus, Carnegie Mellon University also has smaller campuses in [http://business.tepper.cmu.edu/default.aspx?id=142395 New York], Silicon Valley and Qatar, and will formally open two new campuses in Adelaide, Australia, in 2006. See also: [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.443338,-79.943154&spn=0.005686,0.007909&t=k&hl=en Google Satellite of Oakland Campus]

History

The institution was founded in 1900 in Pittsburgh by industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, who wrote the time-honored words "My heart is in the work" when he donated the funds to create Carnegie Technical Schools. Carnegie's vision was to open a vocational training school for the sons and daughters of working-class Pittsburghers. The name was changed to the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1912. In 1967 it merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to become Carnegie Mellon University. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research

Organization

The university today consists of seven colleges and schools:
- School of Computer Science
- Carnegie Institute of Technology
- College of Fine Arts
- College of Humanities and Social Sciences
- Mellon College of Science
- H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management
- David A. Tepper School of Business The branch campuses of the university offer business and technology-related degrees. The university houses famous research centers such as the Robotics Institute, which is the first of its kind in the world and considered a leader in the field of robotics, and the Software Engineering Institute which undertakes projects relating to software security, code re-use, and development models and is largely funded by the United States Department of Defense. The Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model is used widely.

People

Capability Maturity Model The university has 5,348 undergraduate students, 4,109 graduate students, 140 special students, 1,127 full-time faculty, and 132 part-time faculty. The male-to-female student ratio is 3:2. The student body is comprised of students from 50 different states and 93 countries. Carnegie Mellon is consistently ranked by surveys as one of the toughest schools in the nation. Social life and political activity take a back seat to academics on campus, despite the efforts of motivated student organizations.

Sports and organizations

Carnegie Mellon's sports teams are called the Tartans. They participate in the University Athletic Association in NCAA Division III. Carnegie Mellon's marching and concert band is the Kiltie Band. The weekly student newspaper is The Tartan, published since 1906. There are many [http://www.studentaffairs.cmu.edu/studentactivities/descriptions.html organizations] on-campus, though they are far too numerous to list here. Some notable organizations include:
- Undergraduate Student Senate
The goal of [http://www.stusen.org/ Student Senate] is to represent the interests of the student body. Senate allocates a budget of about $30,000 each semester to student organizations and events that benefit the whole student body. Student Senate also sets policy, and must ratify some administration policies. Any undergraduate student can join Student Senate by either running for a seat, filling a vacancy, or becoming a Member-at-Large. Student Senate, along with the [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/gsa/ Graduate Student Assembly] also provides annual subsidies to student groups through the Joint Funding Committee (JFC) process using the Student Activity Fee.
- Activities Board
One of the largest (and best funded) organizations is the [http://activitiesboard.org/ Activities Board], which organizes many student activities on campus through its subcommittees. These subcomittees include:
- [http://activitiesboard.org/films.php Films]: shows both recent and classic films in the on-campus McConomy Auditorium 4 nights a week, with 2-4 showings per night for $1.
- [http://abtech.org Tech]: usually referred to as ABTech. Tech provides the sound reinforcement and lighting design for many campus events ranging from lectures and student bands to major national and regional acts.[http://www.abtech.org/list.shtml]
- [http://activitiesboard.org/readme.php Readme]: a humor/satire magazine that also has an informative "true" section and event listings from across campus and the city.
- [http://activitiesboard.org/concerts.php Concerts]: brings numerous bands to campus, including a major national act once a semester.
- All University Orchestra
Students of all ability levels play in the [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~auo All University Orchestra], performing once each semester.
- Awareness of Roots in Chinese Culture
[http://www.cmuarcc.com ARCC] is a student organization that focuses on promoting Chinese culture to the campus and the Pittsburgh community. ARCC holds many events such as Mid-Autumn Festival, Night Market, and Chinese New Year Dinner. In the spring of 2005, a new annual event that promotes Chinese culture through performances and food and trinket sales named "One Night In Beijing: A Journey Through Chinese Culture" was created.
- Carnegie Mellon Baseball Club
The [http://www.cmubaseball.com Carnegie Mellon Baseball Club] is a University-funded, student-run organization dedicated to promoting competitive baseball on campus. The Tartans are a member of the [http://www.clubbaseball.org National Club Baseball Association].
- Carnegie Mellon University Emergency Medical Services
[http://www.cmuems.org/ Carnegie Mellon University Emergency Medical Services] (CMU EMS) is a student-run Basic Life Support Quick Response Service that provides emergency medical services to the CMU community 24/7, as well as providing standby medical support for both on and off-campus events, such as hockey games, concerts, and Spring Carnival. CMU EMS also provides CPR and First Aid training to the CMU community, as well as cosponsoring an EMT course. CMU EMS is certified by the state of Pennsylvania and is 100% volunteer.
- Carnegie Mellon University Kung Fu Club
The CMU Kung Fu Club holds lessons in Shaolin Kung Fu, Baguazhang and Taichi. These classes are taught by [http://www.ghosthand.org Marc Black] and are open to everyone, not just CMU students.
- Greek Life
Carnegie Mellon has a small but active Greek Life[http://www.studentaffairs.cmu.edu/student-life/greek/] . The following Greek-Letter organizations have active chapters at Carnegie Mellon:
- IFC Fraternities: Alpha Epsilon Pi, Beta Theta Pi, Theta Xi, Kappa Delta Rho, Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Phi Epsilon, Sigma Tau Gamma, Sigma Nu, Phi Kappa Theta
- Non-IFC Fraternities: Kappa Sigma
- Multicultural Fraternities: Lamda Phi Epsilon, Pi Delta Psi
- Sororities: Delta Gamma, Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Zeta Psi Sigma (Local)
- Multicultural Sororities: alpha Kappa Delta Phi, Kappa Phi Lambda (Colony)
- Service Fraternities: Alpha Phi Omega (Co-ed) Note: Multicultural in this context means unicultural (all-black or all-Asian to be specific). The traditional fraternities and sororities are much more diverse.
- International Relations Organization/Model UN Club
The [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~iro IRO/Model UN club] allows students to participate in Model UN conferences and other events to further awareness of the global community. The IRO/Model UN club also runs [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~iro/cmmunc CMMUNC], an annual MUN conference for high school students.
- KGB
[http://www.cmukgb.org/ KGB] holds bizarre weekly meetings and hosts events such as the Underground Tour, Build a Giant Robot, and Capture the Flag with Stuff [http://www.cmukgb.org/activities/ctfws.php]. This KGB is not related to the Russian KGB, but was named after splitting off from another campus organization, the Carnegie Involvement Association (CIA). KGB in this case is not an abbreviation for anything, though detractors claim that it stands for "Keeping Geeks Busy".
- Kiltie Band
The marching and concert band of Carnegie Mellon is the Kiltie Band, so named because they wear kilts.
- Mock Trial
Though Carnegie Mellon does not have a law school, members of [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~mt CMU Mock Trial] compete in mock trial against other universities such as the University of Pennsylvania, Penn State University, and Cornell University.
- Robotics Club
The [http://www.roboticsclub.org Robotics Club] is a undergraduate student-run organization that facilitates the building of robots and related projects. The Robotics Club provides resources to undergraduates interested in building various types of robots.
- Scotch'n'Soda
[http://snstheatre.andrew.cmu.edu Scotch'n'Soda] (S'n'S) Theatre has been allowing any interested student of any majors to write, direct, tech, and perform in theatrical productions for over 60 years. S'n'S puts on between 4 and 6 shows a year including everything from musicals and classics to modern plays and student written works. They also have an improv troupe called [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/sns/npp The No Parking Players] who offer free workshops twice a week and a [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/sns/playwright Playwright Troupe] who workshop original plays a few times each semester.
- Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers
[http://cmushpe.org CMU:SHPE ] The Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE) CMU Chapter strives to increase the number of Hispanic engineering and science students at Carnegie Mellon University through the development of programs with industry and the university. The activities are designed to increase career awareness, encourage relationships with professionals, develop leadership skills, and promote academic excellence. Also, SHPE participates in cultural and social activities.
- Student Dormitory Council
The [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/sdc/ Student Dormitory Council] is a hodgepodge of different committees. They run the film in McConomy Auditorium on Saturday nights, program campus events, and act as liaisons from the resident body to Housing, Dining and Student Life. The university puts the students in charge of all the dormitory recreational equipment through SDC including purchasing, installing and repairing.
- Women@SCS
The [http://women.cs.cmu.edu Women@SCS] mission is to create, encourage, and support women's academic, social and professional opportunities in the computer sciences and to promote the breadth of the field and its diverse community. The Women@SCS Advisory Committee consists of undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty within the School of Computer Science.
- WRCT
[http://www.wrct.org WRCT] is the student-run campus FM radio station, broadcasting at 88.3 MHz. It is a freeform college radio station, producing music, sports and public affairs programming for the campus community. WRCT staff members are all volunteers from among the university student body, staff and faculty. Since upgrading its power output to 1750 Watts in 1994, WRCT's listening area covers the city of Pittsburgh and surrounding areas, no longer just limited to areas near the university campus.
- Politics
Despite a widely-held belief that the school is largely apathetic, Carnegie Mellon activism has spanned decades. There continues to be a small yet visible presence from both progressives and conservatives, as well as libertarians and groups of many different political persuasions. The political leanings of the faculty are typical of most major universities.
- cmuTV
[http://www.cmutv.org cmuTV] is the student-run TV station on campus. Run by the student body, they create their own programing, and cover news and events on campus. They add their skill sets to cover and produce events on campus.

Traditions

The Fence

libertarians In the middle of the Cut lies the Fence, the most painted object on campus. It frequently displays witty or poignant messages, but is just as often used to advertise upcoming events or recent accomplishments. Because of its highly visible location on campus, it is an ideal place to proclaim one's message to as much of the student body as possible. The original wooden fence was torn down in the early 1990s after the weight of the many layers of paint threatened to cause the structure to collapse. A more stable concrete replacement stands in its place today. Tradition dictates that the Fence only be painted after midnight and before sunrise, and only in its entirety. It must be painted by hand using brushes. If it is painted with spray paint, the painters would be cited for vandalism. A group wishing to paint the Fence must station two representatives on the small gravel region surrounding it; so long as two guards remain within the boundary, no other group may "take" the Fence. This sometimes leads to fraternities or other groups setting up a tent or campsite just inside the boundary so that they may keep control of the Fence for extended periods of time. vandalism

Spring Carnival

Usually held in April, Spring Carnival is the biggest event of the CMU school year. Many students work hard all year to make it a success, and the Pittsburgh community is invited to attend. Alumni often return for the festivities, and Reunion coincides with the weekend. Spring Carnival features "Midway", with all the standard carnival attractions, and a Buggy race which is run over the course of the weekend. Many organizations across campus construct both a booth for Midway and a buggy for Sweepstakes. Judges decide on winners in several different categories. See also: [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/org/carnival/ Official Carnival Site]

Buggy races

Buggy, officially called Sweepstakes, is a race around Schenley Park. Entrants submit a small, usually torpedo-shaped, vehicle that is pushed uphill and then driven downhill. The driver (who must be a CMU student) sits inside the vehicle with the steering and brake controls. Brakes are used only as a last resort (to prevent a crash, for instance), but drivers who are forced to use them are allowed to roll in another heat with no penalty. The second-to-last corner of the race, a sharp 90-degree right turn, is affectionately called "The Chute" and is lined with hay bales to prevent spectator and driver injury. See also: [http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/~buggy/ Official Buggy Site] Schenley Park

Mobot

"Mobot," a general term resulting from shortening "mobile robot", is an annual competition at Carnegie Mellon that made its debut in 1994. In this event, robots try (autonomously) to pass through gates, in order, and reach the finish line. There is a white line on the pavement connecting the gates, and the line is normally used to find the gates, though it is not mandated by the rules that the robots follow the line. Towards the end of the course, the lines split and merge randomly, and knowledge of which line leads to the next gate is needed to consistently finish the course. This information is provided by the judges shortly before the actual competition begins. The current undergraduate mobot course record is held by winners in the year 2001, Alok Ladsariya and Anthony Rowe, whose mobot used the CMUCam for capturing images of the racetrack. Their second robot, "Barney," is the only finishing mobot on record to call into question whether each gate must be passed in the forward direction in order to count. The overall mobot course record is held by a winner in the year 2004, Joshua Pieper, a masters student in electrical and computer engineering. See also: [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~mobot/ Official Mobot Site]

Midway

For Carnival Weekend, the Morewood parking lot is turned into "Midway." Booths are constructed by campus organizations, featuring (usually) free games and cheap giveaway prizes. Some of the booths are intricate, multi-level affairs, showing off the creativity and energy of the students who construct them. Portable carnival rides are brought in and set up, along with standard carnival concession food (including funnel cake). Various musical acts, improv comedy troupes, and other performances are staged in a nearby tent, running throughout the weekend and providing a backdrop to the entire spectacle.

Fiesta de Primavera

End of the year event is the Fiesta de Primavera, held on the last day of classes. The Special Events Committee of Activities Board gets a bunch of inflatable bounce equipment and other soft fun toys and sets it up outside (weather permitting). Equipment varies from year to year, but typically includes: bouncy volleyball, jousting, sumo outfits, slides, flypaper, big punching gloves, etc... Calling this a "tradition" is a bit of a stretch, since unlike many of the other CMU traditions, it only began sometime in the 1990s.

Bagpipers

The sound of bagpipes is a common presence at Carnegie Mellon. The university is the only one in the United States to offer bagpiping as a major. Carnegie Mellon's Pipe Band plays at major university events, such as convocation and commencement.

cmu.misc.market

The internal bulletin board newsgroup [http://www.usenet-replayer.com/groups/cmu.misc.market.html cmu.misc.market], known to most CMU students simply as "misc.market," was originally established as a forum in which students could buy and sell items; hence the name. While this is still its nominal purpose, it has simultaneously evolved into a forum for the unfettered exchange of ideas. Students from diverse backgrounds use misc.market to take part in debates and flame wars on subjects ranging from politics to the uses of their student activity fee. misc.market has also become the default electronic clearinghouse for information about the campus community and Pittsburgh entertainment, since it is read by a large fraction of the campus community. The newsgroup's regular posters, known as "misc.marketers," run the gamut from first-years to grad students, and even include some former CMU students who have since graduated but kept their newsgroup access privileges.

Notable Carnegie Mellon students, alumni, and professors

- List of Carnegie Mellon University people

Listing of Political Organizations

- People for Worker's Rights - United Students Against Sweatshops
- Progressive Student Alliance
- EARTH
- Amnesty International
- Zi Activism
- Students for Independent Media -- Associated with the Pittsburgh Independent Media Center
- CMU College Republicans
- CMU College Democrats

Carnegie Mellon in fiction

- In the manga Maico 2010, the main character, an android named Maico, was created at the university.
- In a 1999 episode ("Lovers' Walk," Season 3, Episode 8) of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Joyce (Buffy's mother) says to Buffy, "Carnegie Mellon has a wonderful design curriculum."
- In Deep Impact (1998), Dr. Gus Partenza (played by Jon Favreau) is revealed to be an alumnus of CMU.
- In Kevin Smith's low-budget comedy Chasing Amy (1997), there is a deleted scene in which Alyssa Jones tells a story while playing darts at a bar and mentions Carnegie Mellon. This deleted scene is available on the laserdisc and DVD releases of the film.
- In The Core (2003), Taz 'Rat' Finch (played by DJ Qualls), is an alumnus of CMU.
- In How I Got Into College (1989), a robot at the college fair with the CMU logo asks Marlon, "Do you like computers?" The robot is subsequently surrounded by geeks.

Movies filmed at Carnegie Mellon

- The Mothman Prophecies (2002) - Baker Hall
- Wonder Boys (2000) - College of Fine Arts, Baker Hall, Margaret Morrison Hall, and exterior shots of the campus,
- Dogma (1999) - conference room in the Software Engineering Institute
- Against Her Will: An Incident in Baltimore (TV) (1992) - Margaret Morrison Hall, CFA, and exterior shots of the campus
- Hoffa (1992)
- Lorenzo's Oil (1992) - lecture hall in Doherty Hall
- Creepshow (1982) - the basement of Margaret Morrison Hall ---- Creepshow

Notes

CMU is an acronym also used by Central Michigan University.

External links

Official Information

- [http://www.cmu.edu/ Carnegie Mellon University website]
- [http://www.cmu.edu/home/about/about.html All About Carnegie Mellon: its history, traditions, and other facts]
- [http://www.cmu.edu/planning/Carnegie_Mellon_Campus_Plan.pdf Carnegie Mellon Campus Plan], Pittsburgh City Council, May 20, 2002 (very large 5.4MB PDF)
- [http://www.cmu.edu/ira/facts1.htm Carnegie Mellon Factbooks]
- [http://www.carnegiemellontoday.com/ Carnegie Mellon Today, connecting the university community]
- [http://everything2.com/?node=Famous+alumni+of+Carnegie+Mellon+University List of famous Carnegie Mellon alumni] (at Everything2)

Other Sites

- [http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/phdsci/brief/com_brief.php U.S. News & World Report - America's Best Graduate Schools - Computer Science (Ph.D)]
- [http://www.davincieffect.com/ Carnegie Mellon's Da Vinci Effect]

Student Organizations

- [http://www.tcpulse.com/ The Carnegie Pulse: Carnegie Mellon University's first exclusively online student-run news]
- [http://www.thetartan.org/ the tartan online | carnegie mellon's first and foremost student-run news source]
- [http://snstheatre.andrew.cmu.edu/ Scotch'n'Soda Theatre] - CMU's student-run theatre group
- [http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~original/ CMU Originals] - CMU's first all-male a capella group Category:Carnegie Mellon University Category:Universities and colleges in Pennsylvania Category:Association of American Universities Category:Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Category:Schools established in the 19th century ja:カーネギーメロン大学

Caltech

The California Institute of Technology (commonly known as Caltech) is a private, coeducational university located in Pasadena, California, in the United States. One of the world's premier research universities, Caltech maintains a strong emphasis on the natural sciences and engineering. Caltech also owns and manages the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), an autonomous-space-flight complex that oversees the design and operation of most of NASA's space-probes.

History

Modern Caltech grew from a vocational school founded in Pasadena in 1891 by local businessman and politician Amos G. Throop. The school was known successively as Throop University, Throop Polytechnic Institute, and Throop College of Technology, before acquiring its current name in 1920. Caltech and Polytechnic School were part of the same insitution till 1907. Polytechnic School is now a private college preperatory school across the street from Caltech. The driving force behind the transformation of Caltech from a school of arts and crafts to a world-class scientific center was the vision of astronomer George Ellery Hale. Hale had joined Throop's board of trustees after coming to Pasadena in 1907 as the first director of the Mount Wilson Observatory. At a time when scientific research in the United States was still in its infancy, Hale saw an opportunity to create in Pasadena an institution for serious research and education in engineering and the natural sciences. Hale succeeded in attracting private gifts of land and money that allowed him to endow the school with well-equipped, modern laboratory facilities. He then convinced two of the leading American scientists of the time, physical chemist Arthur Amos Noyes and experimental physicist Robert Andrews Millikan, to join Caltech's faculty and contribute to the project of establishing it as a center for science and technology. In 1917 Hale hired architect Bertram Goodhue to produce a master plan for the 22 acre (89,000 m²) campus. Goodhue conceived of the overall layout of the campus and designed the Physics Building, Dabney Hall, and several other structures, in which he sought to be consistent with the local climate, the character of the school, and Hale's educational philosophy. Goodhue's designs for Caltech were also influenced by the traditional Spanish mission architecture of Southern California. mission architecture Under the leadership of Hale, Noyes, and Millikan (and aided by the booming economy of Southern California), Caltech grew very significantly in prestige in the 1920s. In 1923, Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics. In 1925 the school established a department of geology and hired William Bennett Munro, then chairman of the division of History, Government, and Economics at Harvard University, to create a division of humanities and social sciences at Caltech. In 1928 a division of biology was established under the leadership of Thomas Hunt Morgan, the most distinguished biologist in the United States and a discoverer of the chromosome. In 1926 a graduate school of aeronautics was created which eventually attracted Theodore von Kármán, who later contributed to the creation of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and who established Caltech as one of the foremost centers for rocket-science. In 1928 construction began on the Palomar Observatory. Millikan served as "chairman of the executive council" (effectively Caltech's president) from 1921 to 1945, and his influence was such that the Institute was occasionally referred to as "Millikan's School." In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, Caltech was known as the home of arguably the two greatest theoretical particle physicists working at the time: Murray Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman. Both Gell-Mann and Feynman received Nobel Prizes for their work, which was central to the establishment of the so-called "Standard Model" of particle physics. Feynman was also widely known outside the physics community as an exceptional teacher and a colorful, unconventional character. Caltech remains, to this day, a relatively small university, with approximately 900 undergraduates, 1,200 graduate students, and 915 faculty members (including professors, permanent research faculty, and postdoctoral researchers.) It is a private institution, governed by its Board of Trustees. As of 2005, Caltech claims 31 Nobel laureates to its name. This figure includes 17 alumni, 14 non-alumni professors, and 4 professors who were also alumni (Carl D. Anderson, Linus Pauling, William A. Fowler, and Edward B. Lewis). The number of awards is 32, because Pauling received the prize in both chemistry and peace. Five faculty and alumni have received a Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, while 47 have been awarded the U.S. National Medal of Science, and 10 have received the National Medal of Technology [http://www.caltech.edu/at-a-glance/]. Other distinguished researchers have been affiliated with Caltech as postdoctoral scholars (e.g., Barbara McClintock, James D. Watson, and Sheldon Glashow) or visiting professors (e.g. Albert Einstein and Edward Witten). The movie comedy Real Genius and the CBS crime drama Numb3rs are loosely based on events at Caltech. [http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~erich/real_genius_refs.html] Caltech is ranked the seventh best university in the nation by U.S. News and World Report, and is tied for this spot with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Academics

Academics at Caltech are famously hard, and the analogy of drinking water from a firehose is often applied. Life is sometimes described by the aphorism, "Work, sleep, social life: pick two," pointing to the great amount of academic work. While Caltech is most famous for its physics department, under the leadership of David Baltimore, it has strived particularly to improve its facilities in the life sciences. Caltech is also known for interdisciplinary programs such as the Computation and Neural Systems (CNS) program.

Academic departments

Caltech is divided into six divisions, each of which offer several degree programs, as well as a number of interdisciplinary programs.
- Division of Biology
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science
- Aeronautics (GALCIT)
- Applied & Computational Mathematics
- Applied Mechanics
- Civil Engineering
- Computer Science
- Electrical Engineering
- Materials Science
- Mechanical Engineering
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences
- Geology
- Geophysics
- Division of Humanities and Social Sciences
- Humanities
- History
- English
- History and Philosophy of Science
- Social Sciences
- Economics
- Business Economics and Management
- Social science
- Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy
- Physics
- Mathematics
- Astronomy
- Applied Physics
- Biochemistry
- Bioengineering
- Biophysics
- Computation & Neural Systems
- Control & Dynamical Systems
- Environmental Science & Engineering
- Geobiology & Astrobiology
- Geochemistry
- Planetary science Not all of these are offered for both undergraduate and graduate students.

Undergraduate program

Caltech is on the quarter system, meaning that students have one quarter before winter break and two quarters after. Thus, the college starts relatively late, in late September, and ends in early June rather than May like most colleges. Also, Caltech is unusual in that students normally take five classes every term rather than four as at most colleges. Finally, rather than majors and minors, Caltech has "options"; a particular option may be a minor or a major, but there cannot be a minor and major in the same subject. Students are allowed to take two options, but only in different divisions. While this technically rules out double-majoring in math and physics, such a combination is considered so exceptionally hard that those who can manage it are generally given an exception. Caltech is known for a rigorous math and science core curriculum. Students are expected to take five quarters of core math, including differential equations and probability and statistics, five quarters of core physics including quantum mechanics, special relativity, and statistical physics, two quarters of chemistry, and a quarter of biology, as well as two quarters of laboratory classes. Despite the high pressure of academics, few students fail classes or fail out of the school as a whole, although the option of transfering out is a running joke. This is due to several cushions that help students survive. First of all, the first two quarters during freshman year are on a pass/fail grading scheme, easing the transition to college. During the second quarter, "shadow grades" are given, but during the first, there are no grades at all. Second, there is little competition and collaboration on homework is encouraged in almost every class. This allows even students who are not doing as well as others to learn the material and not get behind in their studies. Undergraduates at Caltech are also encouraged to participate in research. Most students do research through the Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF) program at least once during their stay, and many continue it during the school year. Students come up with SURF proposals in collaboration with professors, and usually most of the SURF grant requests are awarded.

Student life

House system

See main article: House System at Caltech During the early 20th century, a Caltech committee visited several universities and decided to transform the undergraduate housing system from regular fraternities to a House System, similar to the residential college system of Oxford and Cambridge. Four (south) houses (or hovses, so named for the inscription on the gates thereof) were built: Blacker House, Dabney House, Fleming House, and Ricketts House. In the 1960s, three north houses were built: Lloyd House, Page House, and Ruddock House. During the 1990s, an additional house, Avery House, was built to accommodate those who feel the original seven houses were not suitable for them. Some students jocularly refer to the Undergraduate Computer Science Laboratory as another house, as a few spend most of their time there. The four south houses will be closed for renovation during the 2005–2006 school year.

Traditions

2006 There are many annual traditions at Caltech, demonstrating the weird and wonderful creativity of its inhabitants. Every Halloween there is a pumpkin drop from the top of the Millikan Library, the highest point on campus, where the pumpkin (frozen in liquid nitrogen) supposedly flashes as it hits the ground, when it reaches "the terminal velocity". Then there is the annual Ditch Day, where seniors ditch school but design elaborate tasks and traps at the doors of their rooms to prevent underclassmen from entering. This has evolved to the point where many seniors spend months designing mechanical/electrical/software obstacles in order to confound the underclassmen. The faculty has been drawn into the event as well, and cancel all classes on Ditch Day so that the underclassmen can participate in what has become a highlight of the year. Another tradition is the playing of the Ride of the Valkyries at 7 AM the morning of finals week with the largest speakers available. The playing of that piece is not allowed at any other time, and any offender is dragged off into the showers to be drenched in cold water fully dressed. The playing of the Ride is such a strong tradition that the music was used during Apollo 17 to awaken Astronaut Harrison Schmitt, the only astronaut-scientist to explore the moon.

Pranks

Harrison Schmitt Caltech students have been known for the many pranks (also known as RF's, short for Real Fun) they have pulled off in the area. The two most famous are the changing of the Hollywood sign to read Caltech, by judiciously covering up certain parts of the letters, and the changing of the Rose Bowl scoreboard to an imaginary game where Caltech soundly trounced MIT. During the 1961 Rose Bowl Game, Caltech students altered the flip-cards that were raised by the stadium attendees to display "Caltech". Recently, a group of Caltech students, during the admitted students program at MIT in 2005, pulled a [http://www.caltechvsmit.com/ string of pranks], including covering up the word Massachusetts in the "Massachusetts Institute of Technology" engraving on the main building façade with a banner so that it read "That Other Institute of Technology". A group of MIT hackers retaliated by altering the banner so that the inscription read "The Only Institute of Technology".

Honor Code

Life in the Caltech community is governed by the Honor Code, which states simply: "No member of the Caltech community shall take unfair advantage of any other member of the Caltech community." This is enforced by a Board of Control, which consists of undergraduate students[http://donut.caltech.edu/about/boc/ug_handbook.php], and by a similar body at the graduate level, called the Graduate Review Board [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~grb/]. The Honor Code, and the atmosphere of respect and trust that it promotes, allows Caltech students to enjoy privileges that make for a more relaxed atmosphere. For example, the Honor Code allows the professors to trust students sufficiently to give them take-home tests. Almost all Caltech tests are take-home, allowing students to take them on their own schedule and in their preferred environment.

Notable alumni

- Carl D. Anderson, BS 1927, PhD 1930 - Nobel laureate in physics (1936)
- Moshe Arens, MS 1953 - former Israeli defense minister and foreign minister
- Arnold Beckman, PhD 1928 - Founder of Beckman Instruments and financier of the first "silicon" company in Silicon Valley, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory.
- Sabeer Bhatia, BS 1991 - Co-founder of Hotmail
- David Brin, BS 1973 - science fiction author
- Frank Capra, BS 1918 - Filmmaker, director of such classics as It's a Wonderful Life
- Chester Carlson, BS 1930 - Inventor of the photocopier, the foundation of Xerox
- Chung-Yao Chao, PhD 1930 - The first scientist that captured positron through electron-positron annihilation. Father of atomic energy enterprise of China.
- Sidney Coleman, PhD 1962 - theoretical physicist
- Fernando J. Corbató, BS 1950 - Computer scientist, recipient of the 1990 Turing Award
- William A. Fowler, PhD 1936 - Nobel laureate in physics (1983)
- Yuan-Cheng Fung, PhD 1948 - Founder of Biomechanics
- Donald A. Glaser, PhD 1950 - Nobel laureate in physics (1960)
- Juris Hartmanis, PhD 1955 - Computer scientist, recipient of the 1993 Turing Award
- Leland H. Hartwell, BS 1961 - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (2001)
- N. Katherine Hayles, MS 1966- critical theorist
- Steingrímur Hermannsson, MS 1952 - former Prime Minister of Iceland
- David Ho, BS 1974 - AIDS researcher
- Tsien Hsue-shen, PhD 1939 - Father of China's rocket program
- Herman Kahn, graduate studies - Nuclear strategist
- Donald Knuth, PhD 1963 - Computer scientist, creator of TeX typesetting language, and author of The Art of Computer Programming, recipient of the 1974 Turing Award
- Edward B. Lewis, PhD 1942 - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1995)
- York Liao, BS 1967 - inventor of liquid crystal displays
- Alan Lightman, PhD 1974 - physicist and novelist
- William Lipscomb, PhD 1946 - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1976)
- Sandra Tsing Loh, BS 1983 - writer, performer, musician, humorist
- Paul MacCready, MS 1948, PhD 1952 - Father of Human Powered Flight, invented the Gossamer Condor and the Gossamer Albatross
- Benoît Mandelbrot, Eng 1949 - Pioneer of fractal geometry
- John McCarthy, BS 1948 - Computer scientist, inventor of the Lisp programming language and recipient of the 1971 Turing Award
- Edwin Mattison McMillan, BS 1928, MS 1929 - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1951)
- Robert C. Merton, MS 1967 - Nobel laureate in economics (1997)
- Mark M. Mills, PhD 1948 - nuclear physicist.
- Cleve Moler, BS 1961 - Inventor of MATLAB, co-founder of The MathWorks, influential in the field of numerical analysis
- Gordon E. Moore, PhD 1954 - co-founder of Intel Corp. and author of Moore's law
- Andrew Odlyzko, BS, MS 1971 - mathematician, demonstrated the Montgomery-Odlyzko Law
- Frank Oppenheimer, PhD 1939 - Manhattan Project physicist, founder of the Exploratorium
- Douglas D. Osheroff, BS 1967 - Nobel laureate in physics (1996)
- Linus Pauling, PhD 1925 - Nobel laureate in chemistry (1954) and peace (1962)
- William Luther Pierce, graduate studies - Neo-Nazi activist, founder of the white supremacist National Alliance, author of The Turner Diaries
- Kenneth Pitzer, BS 1935 - winner of the National Medal of Science, third president of Rice University, sixth president of Stanford University, Director of Research for Atomic Energy Commission (1949-1951)
- John M. Poindexter, PhD 1964 - Director of DARPA Information Awareness Office, National Security Advisor to Ronald Reagan
- Leo James Rainwater, BS 1939 - Nobel laureate in physics (1975)
- Simon Ramo, PhD 1936 - co-founder of TRW and developed ICBMs
- Benjamin Rosen, BS 1954 - co-founder of Compaq
- Harrison Schmitt, BS 1957 - astronaut and US Senator, the only geologist to have ever walked on the moon
- William Shockley, BS 1932 - Nobel laureate in physics (1956)
- Edward Simmons, BS 1934, MS 1936 - inventor of the strain gauge
- Vernon L. Smith, BS 1949 - Nobel laureate in economics (2002)
- Robert Tarjan, BS 1969 - Computer scientist, recipient of the 1986 Turing Award
- Howard M. Temin, PhD 1960 - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1975)
- Charles H. Townes, PhD 1939 - Nobel laureate in physics (1964)
- Harry Turtledove, undergraduate studies - historian and fiction writer
- Kenneth G. Wilson, PhD 1961 - Nobel laureate in physics (1982)
- Robert W. Wilson, PhD 1962 - Nobel laureate in physics (1978)
- Stephen Wolfram, PhD 1979 - Creator of Mathematica

Notable faculty

- Carl D. Anderson - Nobel laureate in physics (1936)
- Don L. Anderson - Crafoord laureate in geosciences (1998)
- Michael Aschbacher - winner of the Cole Prize in Algebra (1980)
- Robert Bacher - nuclear physicist and member of the Manhattan Project
- David Baltimore - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1975), President of Caltech (departing)
- Jacqueline K. Barton - Bioinorganic chemist and MacArthur Fellow (1991)
- George Wells Beadle - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1958)
- Seymour Benzer - Crafoord laureate in biosciences (1993)
- Pamela J. Björkman - pioneering structural and cell biologist
- Colin F. Camerer - economist
- Max Delbrück - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1969)
- Renato Dulbecco - Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine (1975)
- Richard Feynman - Nobel laureate in physics (1965)
- Murray Gell-Mann - Nobel laureate in physics (1969) and co-founder of Santa Fe Institute
- William Goddard, III - theoretical chemist, notable proponent of blue chalk
- David Goodstein - director of The Mechanical Universe, Vice-Provost of Caltech
- Harry B. Gray - Inorganic chemist, winner of National Medal