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| Izquierda Unida |
Izquierda UnidaIzquierda Unida (United Left) is the name of a number of political parties in Spanish-speaking countries:
- Izquierda Unida, Spain.
- Izquierda Unida, Argentina.
- Izquierda Unida, Peru.
Political party
A political party is a political organization that seeks to attain political power within a government, usually by participating in electoral campaigns. Some parties are not permitted to or choose not to seek power through elections and so may turn to other forms of pressure, sometimes terrorism. Parties often espouse a certain ideology, but may also represent a coalition among disparate interests.
In parliamentary systems of government, most political parties have an elected leader who, if his or her party is elected, becomes head of government. In presidential systems, especially those with full separation of powers, there may not be a formal leader. In certain electoral situations, more common in elections using proportional representation than First Past the Post, a government may be formed of more than one party, called a coalition government.
Partisanship is the tendency of supporters of political parties to subscribe to or at least support their party's views and policies in contrast to those of other parties. Differentiation is essential to most political parties: they must be different at least in some ways to other parties to compete in politics and win elections. Extreme partisanship is sometimes referred to as partisan warfare.
Nonpartisan, Single-party, two-party, and multi-party governments
In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, or the law does not permit political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate for office runs on her or his own merits rather than as a member of a political party. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature; even if there are caucuses for specific issues. Despite being nonpartisan, most members have consistent and identifiable voting patterns. Historians have frequently interpreted Federalist No. 10 to imply that the Founding Fathers of the United States intended the government to be nonpartisan. The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the US Congress were nonpartisan. The unicameral legislature of Nebraska is the only nonpartisan state government body in the United States. Many city and county governments are nonpartisan. Unless there are legal prohibitions against political parties, factions within nonpartisan governments generally evolve into political parties.
In single-party systems, only one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be, however, identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government.
In Dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' failure. Sometimes, typically in countries with less of an established democratic tradition, it is possible the dominant party will remain in power by using patronage and sometimes by voting fraud. In the latter case, the definition between Dominant and single-party system becomes rather blurred. Examples of dominant party systems include the People's Action Party in Singapore and the African National Congress in South Africa. Also, one party dominant systems existed in Mexico with the Institutional Revolutionary Party until the 1990's, and in the southern United States with the Democratic Party from the 1880s until the 1970s.
Two-party systems are states such as the United States and Jamaica in which there are two political parties dominant to such an extent that electoral success under the banner of any other party is extremely difficult. One right wing coalition party and one left wing coalition party is the most common ideological breakdown in such a system but in two-party states political parties are traditionally catch all parties which are ideologically broad and inclusive. The relationship between the voting system used and the two-party system was described by Maurice Duverger and is known as Duverger's Law.
Duverger's Law
Multi-party systems are systems in which there are multiple parties.
In nations such as Canada and the United Kingdom, there may be two strong parties, with a third party that is electorally successful. The party may frequently come in second place in elections and pose a threat to the other two parties, but has still never formally held government.
In some rare cases, such as in Finland, the nation may have an active three-party system, in which all three parties routinely hold top office. It is very rare for a country to have more than three parties who are all equally successful, and all have an equal chance of independently forming government.
More commonly, in cases where there are numerous parties, no one party often has a chance of gaining power, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland.
Parties and directions
Political parties are often considered on a political spectrum. One typical spectrum has the Left associated with radical or progressive policies and the Right with conservative or traditional policies. Other analyses include other dimensions such as the political parties' acceptance of parliamentary democracy as opposed to authoritarian or totalitarian attitudes, and economic policies, the Left favoring social-democracy, socialism or communism, while the Right tends to favor laissez-faire economics or Fascism. Centrist parties often adopt a collection of policies that defy easy placing on the political spectrum.
Many parties will have (formal or informal) factions within them that have differing views on policy direction.
Colors and emblems for parties
:Main article: see political colour
Generally speaking, over the world, political parties associate themselves with colors, primarily for identification, especially for voter recognition during elections. Red usually signifies leftist, communist or socialist parties. Conservative and Christian democratic parties generally use blue or black. Recently in the United States, this trend has been reversed.
Pink sometimes signifies socialist. Yellow is often used for liberalism. Green is the color for green parties and Islamist parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, such as in The Netherlands, or is a color of reform such as in Ukraine. In the past, Purple was considered the color of royalty, but is rarely used in modern-day political parties. Brown is generally associated with fascist or neofascist parties, going back to the Nazi Party's brownshirt security guards.
Color associations are useful for mnemonics when voter illiteracy is significant. Another case where they are used is when it is not desirable to make rigorous links to parties, particularly when coalitions and alliances are formed between political parties and other organizations, for example: Red Tory, "Purple" (Red-Blue) alliances, Red-Green Alliances, Blue-Green Alliances, Pan-green coalitions, and Pan-blue coalitions.
The emblem of socialist parties is often a red rose held in a fist. Communist parties often use a hammer, a sickle, or both.
International organizations of political parties
During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are the International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International, (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of Working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), and the International Democrat Union (blue). Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London.
See also
- List of politics-related topics
- List of political parties
- Party class
- Political faction (both pre- and within a modern party)
External links
- [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/platforms.php U.S. Party Platforms from 1840-2004 at The American Presidency Project: UC Santa Barbara]
- [http://www.electionworld.org/parties.htm Political parties around the world]
- [http://www.politicalresources.net/ Political resources on the net]
- [http://www.broadleft.org/ Leftist political parties of the world]
Category:Elections
Category:Political parties
ko:정당
ja:政党
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United Left (Spain)
United Left (Izquierda Unida) is an electoral coalition that was organized in 1986 during the mobilizations in Spain against NATO. It was formed by several groups of leftists, greens, left-wing socialists and republicans, but was always dominated by the Communist Party of Spain (PCE).Communist Party of Spain
After the electoral fall of the PCE in 1982 (from 10% to 3%), IU slowly improved its results reaching 9% in 1993 (1,800,000 votes) and nearly 11% in 1996 (2,600,000 votes). From 1999 it went into decline, with its support slipping to 5% in 2000. In that election it signed a pact with the Socialist Party (PSOE).
From 1986 to 2001, its leader was the general secretary of the PCE, Julio Anguita. From 2001 on it has been Gaspar Llamazares. IU has an important support base in Andalusia and Madrid, because of the communist traditions of PCE.
Following the tradition of the Spanish left since the formation of PSUC in 1936, IU doesn't have any organization of its own in Catalonia. Until 1998 the referrent of IU in Catalonia was Iniciativa per Catalunya. But IC moved towards the right, and broke relations with IU. A split in PSUC followed and a new Catalonian alliance, Esquerra Unida i Alternativa (EUiA) was formed as the new Catalonian referrent of IU.
In the last election, held on March 14, 2004, IU took 5% of the vote, with 1,250,000 votes. Because of the election law, its number of MPs was reduced from 9 to 5, in coalition with Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds (Initiative for Catalonia-Greens, ICV).
IU officially has around 70,000 activists and more than 2,500 councillors.
External links
- [http://www.izquierda-unida.es/ Official website]
Category:Political parties in Spain
United Left (Argentina)
The United Left (Spanish: Izquierda Unida) is a political party in Argentina. In the 2003 presidential elections the party's candidate was Patricia Walsh, coming in seventh with 1.8 percent of the vote. It is an alliance of several groups, chiefly the Communist Party of Argentina and the Socialist Workers' Movement.
Category:Political parties in Argentina
Juniperus brevifoliaCedro-do-mato ou zimbro são os nomes comuns da espécie Juniperus brevifolia (Seub.) Antoine, uma árvore de médio porte (mesofanerófito) endémica nos Açores. Sendo uma Cupressaceae, produz uma madeira avermelhada, rica em óleos essenciais que lhe dão um odor típico, rija e de grande beleza quando polida. A madeira é em extremo resistente ao ataque por insectos xilófagos e por fungos, podendo sobreviver muitas centenas de anos. Nas Sete Cidades foram econtrados troncos incorruptos enterrados em materiais vulcânicos com pelo menos 2000 anos de idade.
O cedro-do-mato é uma espécie protegida pela Convenção de Berna e pela Directiva Habitats da União Europeia, sendo ilegal o seu abate e o tráfico da sua madeira sem um certificado de proveniência atestando que não foi obtida em contravenção das regras daquela Convenção.
A madeira do cedro-mato, muito semelhante à do cedro-da-Bermuda (Juniperus bermudiana), atinge um elevado valor comercial graças à sua qualidade e raridade. Devido ao abate sem regulação durante séculos, não existem hoje nos Açores exemplares de grande porte, já que nas zonas de melhores solos, particularmente nas mais abrigadas dos ventos, o cedro desapareceu totalmente. Traves colocadas em igrejas e tábuas de grande largura existentes em mobiliário siscentista atestam da grande dimensão atingida por estas árvores de crescimento lento.
A utilização de madeira de cedro-do-mato em mobiliário e na construção de talhas decorativas em igrejas produziu peças de grande qualidade (a igreja do Colégio de Ponta Delgada tem um dos maiores conjuntos de talhas barrocas do mundo, todo ele construído em cedro-do-mato). A madeira de cedro constituiu um lucartivo comércio no início da colonização das ilhas.
Dada a sua resistência à abrasão e leveza, o cedro era a madeira de preferência para a confecção das "galochas", o típico calçado de madeira e tecido dos Açores (provavelmente de origem flamenga), ainda comum na primeira metade do século XX. Pequenas rodelas ou cubos de madeira de cedro eram colocadas entre as roupas guardadas, para afugentar as traças (os seus óleos essenciais são insecticidas) e manter as roupas com um odor agradável mesmo na humidade tipicamente prevalecente nas casas tradicionais açorianas.
- [http://www.horta.uac.pt/species/plantae/Juniperus_brevifolia/Juniperus_brevifolia.htm Descrição do cedro-do-mato]
- [http://home.utad.pt/Seccoes/floresta/LPF/juniperus_brevifolia.htm Amostra de madeira de cedro-do-mato]
Categoria:Árvores
Categoria:Cupressaceae
Categoria:Região Autónoma dos Açores
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