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Vance Young Donaldson (Commandant)

Vance Young Donaldson (Commandant)

Captain Vance Young Donaldson, soldier and penal administrator, was born at Tyrone in 1791 and entered the army at the age of thirteen, serving in the 57th Regiment under Wellington. He led his regiment to Norfolk Island in March 1826 as the second commandant of the second convict settlement. His first act was to arrange for the thirty women on the island to be returned to Sydney as Governor Darling disapproved of their presence at this “place of the extremest punishment short of death”. In September 1826 an attempt was made by the convicts to escape from the island by boat, having been told that there was an island within a hundred miles where they could safely hide and never be found. While most of the soldiers were chasing two absconders, about thirty prisoners seized and bound their overseers, robbed the Stores for provisions and weapons, and put three boats to sea, killing a soldier. Donaldson and soldiers followed them to the nearby small and uninhabited Philip Island, where they were captured. The ringleaders were sent to Sydney for trial, where they were sentenced to death. Donaldson left Norfolk Island in August 1827.

Reference

- Hazzard, Margaret, Punishment Short of Death: a history of the penal settlement at Norfolk Island, Melbourne, Hyland, 1984. (ISBN 0-908090-64-1)

Tyrone

The name Tyrone can refer to:
- A county in Northern Ireland; see County Tyrone
- An Earl of Tyrone
- A small steam train which runs between Bushmills and the Giant's Causeway in Northern Ireland.
- One of a number of places in the United States of America:
- Tyrone, Georgia
- Tyrone, New Mexico (ghost town)
- Tyrone, New York
- Tyrone, Pennsylvania
- Tyrone Township, Michigan
- Tyrone Township, Pennsylvania
- A personal name ---- See also: Irish Place Names in Other Countries ----

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

The Most Noble Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (c. 1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, widely considered one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th century. Commissioned an Ensign in the British Army, he would rise to prominence in the Napoleonic Wars, eventually reaching the rank of Field Marshal. Wellington commanded the Allied forces during the Peninsular War, pushing the French Army out of Portugal and Spain and reaching southern France. Victorious and hailed as a hero in England, he was obliged to return to Europe to command the Anglo-Allied forces at Waterloo, after which Napoleon was permanently exiled at St. Helena. Wellington was victorious over Napoleon and the French at each of six major battles, confirming his place as one of history's greatest generals and strategists. Wellington is often compared to the 1st Duke of Marlborough, with whom he shared many characteristics, chiefly a transition to politics after a highly successful military career. He served as a Tory Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on two separate occasions, and was one of the leading figures in the House of Lords until his retirement in 1846.

Early life

Arthur Wesley (later changed to Wellesley when his elder brother changed his surname in 1798) is believed to have been born in either in Mornington House, his family's social season Dublin residence, or at his family's seat of Dangan Castle near Trim in County Meath, both in Ireland. He was the third son of Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington. His exact date of birth is a matter of some contention. All that exists is a church registry of the event marked a few days after it must have occurred. The most likely date is 1 May 1769, but any day for a few days before or after is possible. He was known originally as Arthur Wesley, which was legally changed to Arthur Wellesley in March 1798. He came from an established family of noblemen – his father was the 1st Earl of Mornington, his eldest brother, who would inherit his father's Earldom, would be created Marquess Wellesley, and two of his other brothers would be raised to the peerage as Baron Maryborough and Baron Cowley. Wesley was educated at Eton from 1781 to 1785, but a lack of success there, combined with a shortage of family funds, led to a move to Brussels in Belgium to receive further education. In 1787, his mother and brother Richard purchased for Wesley a commission as an Ensign in the 73rd Regiment of Foot; he attended the Military Academy of Angers in France, after having received earlier training in England. His first assignment was as aide-de-camp to two successive Lords Lieutenant of Ireland (1787–1793). He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1788; two years later, he was elected as an independent Member of Parliament for Trim in the Irish House of Commons (in 1790), a position he held until 1797. He rose rapidly in rank (largely through the purchase system, which at that time allowed, and, indeed, generally required, officers in the British Army to purchase their rank) becoming Lieutenant-Colonel in the 33rd Regiment of Foot in 1793. He participated in the unsuccessful campaign against the French in the Netherlands between 1794 and 1795, and was present at Boxtel. In 1796, after a promotion to Colonel, he accompanied his division to India. The next year, his elder brother, Richard Wellesley, 2nd Earl of Mornington, was appointed Governor-General of India, and when war broke out in 1799 against the Sultan of Mysore, Tipu Sultan, Arthur Wellesley commanded a division of his own. While serving in that capacity, he was appointed Governor of Seringapatam and Mysore, positions he held until 1805. He fought at Assaye, Argaum, and stormed the fortress at Gawilghur. Following the successful conclusion of that campaign, he was appointed to the supreme military and political command in the Deccan; while in that position he defeated the robber chieftain Dhundia Wagh (who had ironically escaped from prison in Seringapatam during the last battle of the Mysore war) and also the Marathas (in 1803). In 1804, he was created a Knight of the Bath, which would be the first of numerous honours throughout his life. When his brother's term as Governor-General of India ended in 1805, the brothers returned together to England, where they were forced to defend their imperialistic (and expensive) employment of the British forces in India. Wellesley was elected MP for Rye (in the British House of Commons) for six months in 1806; a year later, he was elected MP for Newport on the Isle of Wight, a constituency he would represent for two years. During this time, he was an established Tory, and in April 1807 (while representing St Michael), he was invested a Privy Counsellor. Additionally, he served as Chief Secretary for Ireland for some time. However, his political life would soon come to an abrupt end, and he would sail to Europe to participate in the Napoleonic Wars.

Napoleonic Wars

Napoleonic Wars It was in the following years that Wellesley undertook the events that made his place in history. Since 1789, France had been embroiled in the French Revolution, and after seizing the government in 1799, Napoleon had reached the heights of power in Europe. The British government was casting about for ways to end Napoleon's threat; and Wellesley helped to supply them. First came junior command in an expedition to Denmark in 1807, which soon led to Wellesley's promotion to Lieutenant-General and a transfer to the theatre of the Peninsular War. Although that war was not going particularly well, it was the one place where the Portuguese and the British had managed to put up a fight on the European mainland against France and her allies. (The disastrous Walcheren expedition was typical of the misfired British expeditions of the time.) Wellesley had submitted a memorandum to Lord Castlereagh on the defense of Portugal and Castlereagh appointed him head of an expeditionary force. Wellesley defeated the French at the Battle of Roliça and the Battle of Vimeiro in 1808. The resulting Convention of Cintra, which stipulated that the British army would transport the French out of Lisbon with all their loot, was controversial, and Wellesley was briefly recalled to Britain. In the meantime, however, Napoleon himself had come to Spain with his veteran troops, and when the Commander-in-Chief, Sir John Moore, died during the Battle of Corunna, Wellesley was appointed Commander-in-Chief of all British forces in Portugal. Returning to Iberia in April 1809, he defeated one of the armies of King Joseph of Spain (Napoleon's eldest brother) at the Battle of Talavera in 1809. For this, he was raised to the Peerage as Viscount Wellington, of Talavera and of Wellington in the County of Somerset. When the French invaded Portugal again in 1810, he slowed them down at the Busaco, then blocked them from taking the Lisbon peninsula by his magnificently constructed earthwork Lines of Torres Vedras coupled with the waterborne protection of the British Royal Navy (the bloodless Battle of Lisbon). The baffled and starving French invasion forces retreated after six months. He proceeded to drive them out of Portugal entirely in 1811, fighting at Fuentes de Oñoro and Albuera. In May 1811, he was promoted to General for his services in Portugal. Driving into Spain, he defeated the French again at Salamanca, then took Madrid in 1812. Around this time, he was created Earl of Wellington. A French counter-attack that year put British forces in a precarious position, but Lord Wellington was given command of all Allied armies in Spain and created Marquess of Wellington on 3 October. Taking advantage of the withdrawal of many French troops to Napoleon's doomed invasion of Russia, Wellington led a new offensive in 1813, culminating in the Battle of Vitoria, which pushed the enemy back into France and for which he was Promoted to Field Marshal. He invaded France, and finally defeated the French forces at Toulouse; after this battle, Napoleon was exiled to Elba in 1814. Hailed as the conquering hero, Wellington was created Duke of Wellington, a title still held by his descendants. He was soon appointed Ambassador to France, then took Lord Castlereagh's place as First Plenipotentiary to the Congress of Vienna, where he strongly advocated allowing France to keep its place in the European balance of power. On 2 January 1815, the title of his Knighthood of the Bath was converted to Knight Grand Cross upon the expansion of that order. On 26 February 1815, Napoleon left his exile on Elba and returned to France. Regaining control of the country by May, he then faced a reformation of the alliance against him. Wellington left Vienna to command the Anglo-Allied forces during the Waterloo Campaign. He ended up in Belgium, along with Prussian forces under Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, and the Anglo-Allied forces fought the French in the inconclusive Battle of Quatre Bras. Two days later, on 18 June, Wellington and von Blücher finally defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. The French Emperor abdicated once again on 22 June, and was spirited away by the British to distant St Helena.

Wellington as soldier

Despite oft cited similarities between Napoleon Bonaparte and Wellington, the strategies and tactics employed by both were diametically opposed. Perhaps the main reason that Napoleon stands in many history texts above Wellington is that Napoleon offered radical changes in warfare in every respect, whereas Wellington's contribution to warfare lies more in the resurrection of the old. Napoleonic tactics were typified by massive conscript armies who advanced in tight columns to rout opposing forces. This was soon adopted by nearly every major participant in the war, with the chief exception of Britain and Wellington's Peninsular army. In almost every engagement, Wellington depended upon British regulars who stood in line and fired three to four rounds per minute. Wellington relied on defensive firepower as opposed to mass attacks in his engagements, and is thus often compared tactically to Frederick the Great. However, as linear formations are restricted in mobility, they are at a disadvantage on the offensive. This has led to numerous accusations of Wellington being "a defensive general." This is partially justified, with the exception of Salamanca, all of his major battles (including Waterloo) were won by defensive tactics. Strategically, Wellington also appears somewhat anachronistic, with the Peninsular War revolving partly upon the possession and besieging of fortified strongholds. Conventional military wisdom of the era, especially under Napoleon, dictated that the opposing field army was to be eliminated at any price necessary. In pursuit of this aim, desperate measures would be taken, such as winter battles, forced marches, and privation allievated only by foraging. Wellington's campaign displayed carefully planned offensives, tempered by subsequent consolidation of gains. Hence, after the Battle of Talavera, Wellington received strong critcism within his army for not immediately marching on Madrid. In other strategic areas however, Wellington seemed to forecast the tide of the future. The construction of the fortifications near Torres Vedras, and the subsequent attritional campaign which ensued, seems to typify the manner that warfare would evolve within the following century. Wellington should be considered a model for multi-national leadership. He efficiently coordinated the efforts of Portugese, Spanish, and a multitude of other foreign units, as well as negotiating with a home government not always empathetic to military concerns. It is a testament to Wellington's ability that he successfully intergrated and commanded British, Irish, Spanish, Portugese, Hanoverian, Prussian, Swiss, Indian, Dutch, and Belgian troops; a retinue only Napoleon himself could probably match. In command of these forces, he was almost always outnumbered, and succeeded by the merits of his attention to detail, micro management, and tactical foresight.

Later life

St Helena Politics beckoned once again in 1819, when Wellington was appointed Master-General of the Ordnance in the Tory government of Lord Liverpool. In 1827, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, a position he would hold for the remainder of his life, except during his premiership. Along with Robert Peel, Wellington became one of the rising stars of the Tory party, and by 1828, had become Prime Minister. As Prime Minister, Wellington was the picture of the arch-conservative, though oddly enough the highlight of his term was Catholic Emancipation, the granting of almost full civil rights to Catholics in the United Kingdom. The change was forced by the landslide by-election win of Daniel O'Connell, a Catholic proponent of emancipation, who was elected despite not being legally allowed to sit in Parliament. Lord Winchilsea accused the Duke of having "treacherously plotted the destruction of the Protestant constitution". Wellington responded by immediately challenging Winchilsea to a duel. The duel is also one of the reasons for the founding of King's College London. On 21 March 1829, Wellington and Winchilsea met on Battersea fields. When it came time to fire, the Duke deliberately aimed wide and Winchilsea fired into the air. He subsequently wrote Wellington a grovelling apology. In the House of Lords, facing stiff opposition, Wellington spoke for Catholic emancipation, giving one of the best speeches of his career [http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/terrace/adw03/polspeech/catholic.htm]. The Catholic Emancipation Act was passed with a majority of 105. Wellington's government fell in 1830. In the summer and autumn of that year, a wave of riots swept the country. The Whigs had been out of power for all but a few years since the 1770s, and saw political reform in response to the unrest as the key to their return. Wellington stuck to the Tory policy of no reform and no expansion of the franchise, and as a result lost a vote of no confidence on 15 November 1830. He was replaced as Prime Minister by Lord Grey. The Whigs introduced the first Reform Act, but Wellington and the Tories worked to prevent its passage. The bill passed in the House of Commons, but was defeated in the House of Lords. An election followed in direct response, and the Whigs were returned with an even larger majority. A second Reform Act was introduced, and defeated in the same way, and another wave of near insurrection swept the country. During this time, Wellington was greeted by a hostile reaction from the crowds at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and eventually the bill was passed after the Whigs threatened to have the House of Lords packed with their own followers if it were not. Though passed, Wellington was never reconciled to the change; when Parliament first met after the first election under the widened franchise, Wellington is reported to have said "I never saw so many shocking bad hats in my life". During this time, Wellington was gradually superseded as leader of the Tories by Robert Peel; when the Tories were brought back to power in 1834, Wellington declined to become Prime Minister, and Peel was selected instead. Unfortunately Peel was in Italy, and for three weeks in November and December 1834, Wellington acted as a caretaker, taking the responsibilities of Prime Minister and most of the other ministries. In Peel's first Cabinet (1834–1835), Wellington became Foreign Secretary, while in the second (1841–1846) he was a Minister without Portfolio and Leader of the House of Lords. Wellington retired from political life in 1846, although he remained Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, and returned briefly to the spotlight in 1848 when he helped organize a military force to protect London during that year of European revolution. He died in 1852, and was buried in a sarcophagus of luxulyanite in St Paul's Cathedral. In 1838 a proposal to build a statue of Wellington resulted in the building of a giant statue of him on his horse Copenhagen, placed above the Arch at Constitution Hill in London directly outside Apsley House, his former London home, in 1846. The enormous scale of the 40 ton, 30 feet high monument resulted in its removal in 1883 and the following year it was transported to Aldershot where it still stands near the Royal Garrison Church.

Titles & Honours

Royal Garrison Church

Peerage of the United Kingdom

- Baron Douro, of Wellington in the County of Somerset (4 September 1809)
- Viscount Wellington, of Talavera and of Wellington in the County of Somerset (4 September 1809)
- Earl of Wellington, in the County of Somerset (28 February 1812)
- Marquess of Wellington, in the County of Somerset (3 October 1812)
- Marquess Douro (11 May 1814)
- Duke of Wellington, in the County of Somerset (11 May 1814)

British & Irish Honours

- Knight of the Bath (1804)
- Privy Councillor of Great Britain (8 April 1807)
- Privy Councillor of Ireland (28 April 1807)
- Knight of the Garter (1813)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (1815)
- Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (1829)
- Peninsular Cross medal with nine bars for all campaigns--the only one so issued. Displayed at Apsley House along with a Waterloo Medal.
- Fellow of the Royal Society (1847)

International Honours & Titles

- Conde de Vimeiro (18 October 1811, Portugal)
- Duque de Ciudad Rodrigo (January 1812, Spain)
- Grandee of the First Class (January 1812, Spain)
- Marquês de Torres Vedras (August 1812, Portugal)
- Duque de Vittoria (18 December 1812, Portugal)
- Knight of the Golden Fleece (1812, Spain)
- Prins van Waterloo (18 July 1815, The Netherlands)
- Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Hanover (1816, Hanover)
- Field Marshal batons from 12 countries. These can be seen at Apsley House. The Duke of Wellington stood as godfather to Queen Victoria's seventh child, Prince Arthur, in 1850. The Duke of Wellington and his godson shared the same birthdate, and as a toddler, young Arthur was encouraged to remind people that the Duke of Wellington was his godfather.

Nicknames

Apart from giving his name to "Wellington boots", the Duke of Wellington also had several nicknames.
- The "Iron Duke", after an incident in 1830 in which he installed metal shutters to prevent rioters breaking windows at Apsley House
- Officers under his command called him "The Beau", thanks to him being a fine dresser or "The Peer" after he was created a Viscount.
- Regular soldiers under his command called him "Old Nosey" because of his long nose.
- Spanish and Portuguese troops called him "the Eagle" and "Douro" respectively. Aside from nicknames, another interesting fact about Wellington is that he shaved twice a day due to rapid growth of facial hair. He was also insistent that he was not interrupted during shaving. This little tale is seen in Redcoats by Richard Holmes.

The Duke of Wellington's Government, January 1828–November 1830

- The Duke of Wellington—First Lord of the Treasury and Leader of the House of Lords
- Lord Lyndhurst—Lord Chancellor
- Lord Bathurst—Lord President of the Council
- Lord Ellenborough—Lord Privy Seal
- Robert Peel—Secretary of State for the Home Department and Leader of the House of Commons
- Lord Dudley—Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- William Huskisson—Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
- Henry Goulburn—Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Charles Grant—President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy
- Lord Melville—President of the Board of Control
- John Charles Herries—Master of the Mint
- Lord Aberdeen—Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- Lord Palmerston—Secretary at War Changes
- May, 1828—Sir George Murray became Colonial Secretary on the death of Huskisson.
- June, 1828—Lord Aberdeen succeeded Lord Dudley as Foreign Secretary. Aberdeen's successor at the Duchy of Lancaster was not in the Cabinet. William Vesey-FitzGerald succeeded Grant as President of the Board of Trade and Treasurer of the Navy. Lord Palmerston left the Cabinet. His successor as Secretary at War was not in the Cabinet.
- September, 1828—Lord Melville becomes First Lord of the Admiralty. He was succeeded as President of the Board of Control by Lord Ellenborough, who remained also Lord Privy Seal
- June, 1829—Lord Rosslyn succeeded Lord Ellenborough as Lord Privy Seal. Ellenborough remained at the Board of Control.

The Duke of Wellington's Caretaker Government November 1834–December 1834

- The Duke of Wellington—First Lord of the Treasury, Secretary of State for the Home Department, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies and Leader of the House of Lords
- Lord Lyndhurst—Lord Chancellor
- Lord Denham—Chancellor of the Exchequer Other offices were in commission.

Convict settlement

A Penal Colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than the prison farm. The prison regime was always harsh, often including severe corporal punishment. The British Empire's use of parts of Australia provides the classic example. In the Penal Colony system, prisoners were sent far away to prevent escape and to discourage returning after their sentence expired. Penal Colonies were often located in frontier lands, especially the more inhospitable parts, where their unpaid labour could benefit the metropoles before immigration labor became available, or even afterwards where they are much cheaper.

History

The British used North America as a Penal Colony through the system of indentured servants. Convicts would be transported by private sector merchants and auctioned off to plantation owners upon arrival in the colonies. It is estimated that some 50,000 British convicts were banished to colonial America, representing perhaps one-quarter of all British emigrants during the eighteenth century. When that avenue closed in the 1780s after the American Revolution, Britain began using parts of modern day Australia as Penal Colonies. Some of these early colonies were Norfolk Island (which became the flogging hell meant to deter even the most hardened criminals- see cat o' nine tails), Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales. Advocates of Irish Home Rule or of Trade Unionism (the Tolpuddle Martyrs) often received sentences of transportation (the harsh regime started during the long shipping) to these Australian colonies. In colonial India, the British had made various penal colonies. Two of the most (in)famous ones are at Andaman islands and Hijli. France sent criminals to tropical penal colonies. Devil's Island in French Guiana received forgers and other criminals. New Caledonia in Melanesia (South Sea) received dissidents like the Communards for a time. Both Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union used Siberia as a penal colony for criminals and dissidents. Though geographically contiguous with heartland Russia, Siberia provided both remoteness and a harsh climate. The Gulag and its tsarist predecessor, the katorga system, provided slave-type labor to develop forestry, logging and mining industries, construction enterprises, as well as highways and railroads across Siberia.

Fiction

The concept of remote and inhospitable prison planets has been employed by science fiction writers. Some of the famous examples include Robert Sheckley's Omega, Salusa Secundus in Frank Herbert's Dune, and the penal colony in Alien³. In the Star Trek universe, Rura Penthe is a Klingon colony where prisoners mine dilithium. The Doctor Who serial Frontier in Space features a lunar penal colony in the 26th century; a lunar penal colony of the 2002nd century is also mentioned in the episode Bad Wolf. In the Penal Colony is a short story by Franz Kafka. Category:Imprisonment and detention Category:Colonies Category:Penal imprisonment

Ralph Darling

General Sir Ralph Darling, GCH (1775 - Brighton, 2 April 1858) was a British colonial Governor and the seventh Governor of New South Wales (from 19 December 1825 to 22 October 1831).

Early Career

Darling entered the British Army as an ensign in 1793, and in August 1796 was appointed military secretary to Sir Ralph Abercromby. Having commanded a regiment at the Battle of Corunna, Darling subsequently was promoted to brevet-colonel in 1810, major-general in 1813, and was on the horse guards staff in 1815. From the beginning of 1819 to February 1824, Darling commanded the British troops on Mauritius, before serving as acting-governor of the island for the last three years of his stay, exhibiting administrative ability. It was largely on account of this service that Darling was appointed the seventh Governor of New South Wales in 1825.

Governor of New South Wales, 1825-1831

Darling initiated the construction, from 1826, of the convict-built Great North Road, linking the Hawkesbury settlements around Sydney with those in the Hunter Valley. When Darling was commissioned as Governor, the Colony’s western boundary - set in 1788 at 135 degrees east longitude - was extended by 6 degrees west to the 129th meridian. This line of longitude subsequently became the border dividing Western Australia and South Australia. To the south, everything beyond Wilson’s Promontory, the southeastern ‘corner’ of the Australian continent, ceased to be under the control of New South Wales and was placed under the authority of the Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land. Proclaimed Van Diemen's Land as a separate government.

Controversy

During his tenure Darling was accused of tyranical misrule by, amongst others, newpapers in Australia and England. Allegations included that he ordered the torture of prisoners Joseph Sudds and Patrick Thompson as an example to others, leading to the death of Sudds.

Later career

Ralph Darling was knighted for his various services in 1835 and received his promotion to general in 1841.

Family

On 13 October 1817, Darling married Elizabeth Dumaresq (born Macao 10 November 1798, died 3 Sept 1868).

Named after Ralph Darling

The following features are named for Ralph Darling or members of his immediate family:
- the Darling River
- Darling Harbour
- the Darling Downs
- the Sydney suburb of Darlinghurst

External links

- [http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item.asp?dID=41&aID=3&pID=38 Darling's Commission] as NSW Governor (document scans, discussion)
- [http://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/C/ClarkeMarcus/prose/OldTales/ironcollar.html Detailed discussion] of the Sudds and Thompson case

Finspång Fief Hundred

Finspång Fief Hundred, or Finspångaläns härad, was a hundred of Ostrogothia in Sweden.

World War I

In World War I the British Third Army fought on the Western Front, in France. The battles it took part in included:
- Battle of Cambrai
- Second Battle of Arras (April 1917)
- Battle of Amiens

The House that Ruth Built
Yankee Stadium is the home stadium of the New York Yankees, a major league baseball team. Located at East 161st Street and River Avenue in the Bronx, New York City, it originally opened on April 18, 1923 and reop

W. S. Merwin
William Stanley Merwin is an American poet and translator.

Life

Merwin was born on September 30, 1927 in New York City and grew up in Union City, New Jersey, and Scranton, Pennsylvan

ORBS
In July 2001, New Zealander Alan Brown closed down his Open Relay Behavior-Modification System (ORBS) after two local companies won legal injunctions against him for listing them. Now, at least three volunteer foot soldiers elsewhere have picked up where Brown left off. The three are Phoenix, Arizona's [http://www.orbl.org/ Open Relay Black List]; Basingstoke, England's [http://www.orbz.gst-group.co.uk/orbs/ Open Relay Block Zone] (ORBZ); and Aarhus, Denmark's [http://www.ordb.org/ Open Relay Database] (ORDB). Each has built its own services upon the list of roughly 94,000 open mail relay ser

Adamastor
Adamastor (in Greek "imitative rival of Adam") was used by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões in his epic poem Os Lusíadas, as a symbol of the forces of nature Portuguese navigators had to overcome during their discoveries. Camões gave his creation a history as o

Vance Young Donaldson (Commandant)

Reference

Tyrone

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

Early life

Napoleonic Wars

Wellington as soldier

Later life

Titles & Honours

Peerage of the United Kingdom

British & Irish Honours

International Honours & Titles

Nicknames

The Duke of Wellington's Government, January 1828–November 1830

The Duke of Wellington's Caretaker Government November 1834–December 1834

See also

References

External links

Convict settlement

History

Fiction

Ralph Darling

Early Career

Governor of New South Wales, 1825-1831

Controversy

Later career

Family

Named after Ralph Darling

External links

Further reading

Finspång Fief Hundred

See also

World War I

Life