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Jack Dunn

Jack Dunn

John Joseph Dunn (October 6, 1872 - October 22, 1928) was an American journeyman pitcher in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century who later went on to become a minor league baseball club owner, discovering two future Hall of Famers. Dunn was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania. Little is known of his youth, but in 1897, he reached the major leagues as a pitcher for the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. He bounced around the majors for seven years, having one good season with the Bridegrooms in 1899 with a 23-13 record. After 1904, he pitched and managed in the minors for a few seasons before moving into the business side of baseball. In 1907, Dunn took over as manager of the Baltimore Orioles, a minor league club with no connection to the current major-league team by that name. He bought the team a year later and developed a minor-league powerhouse by scouting and developing his own players. Dunn first achieved renown in 1914, when his Orioles were running away with the league pennant but losing money at the box office because of a rival Federal League team in town purporting to be a major-league club. To make his payroll, Dunn had to move the team to Richmond, Virginia and sell off his star player, Babe Ruth, and 11 other players to the majors. The team moved back to Baltimore in 1916 and Dunn again put together a juggernaut, ultimately signing 10 more players who went on to have solid major-league careers. The best of these was pitcher Lefty Grove, a future Hall of Famer who went 109-36 as an Oriole between 1920 and 1924. By that time, Dunn's team was in the midst of winning seven straight International League championships, many by huge margins. Dunn's team was regarded as the equal of many major league teams, and he kept them so by refusing to trade or sell players to the majors. It wasn't until the 1925 off-season, when the other, struggling teams in the league made an agreement with the majors on a set price for transferring players, that Dunn finally relented and began selling his stars for money. His team won one more league title in 1925 and then dropped back into the pack. Dunn was responsible for Ruth's famous nickname, calling him "my $10,000 Babe" for the price he drew, and in addition to Grove, discovered other quality major-leaguers such as Jack Bentley, Ernie Shore, George Earnshaw, Dick Porter and Tommy Thomas. Dunn continued to run the Orioles until his death from a heart attack at age 56.

External link


- Dunn, Jack Dunn, Jack Dunn, Jack Dunn, Jack Dunn, Jack

October 6

October 6 is the 279th day of the year (280th in Leap years). There are 86 days remaining.

Events


- 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus.
- 68 BC - Battle of Artaxata: Lucullus averts the bad omen of this day by defeating Tigranes the Great of Armenia.
- 891 - Formosus becomes Pope.
- 1582 - Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day is skipped in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
- 1600 - Jacopo Peri's Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, premieres in Florence.
- 1849 - The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence.
- 1884 - The Naval War College of the United States Navy was founded in Newport, Rhode Island.
- 1889 - Thomas Edison shows his first motion picture.
- 1903 - The High Court of Australia sits for the first time.
- 1908 - Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- 1921 - International PEN is founded in London.
- 1922 - The great powers of the first world war withdraw from Istanbul
- 1927 - Opening of The Jazz Singer, the first prominent talking movie.
- 1928 - Chiang Kai-Shek becomes Chairman of the Republic of China.
- 1939 - Last Polish army is defeated in World War II.
- 1945 - Baseball: Bill Sianis and his pet billy goat are ejected from Wrigley Field during Game 4 of the 1945 World Series (see Curse of the Billy Goat).
- 1955 - A United Airlines DC-4 crashes in Medicine Bow Peak, Wyoming, killing 66 people
- 1966 - LSD is declared illegal in the United States.
- 1973 - The Crossing: 80,000 Egyptian troops cross the Suez Canal, starting the Yom Kippur War.
- 1976 - Cubana Flight 455 crashes due to a bomb placed by anti-Castrist militants, after taking off from Bridgetown, Barbados.
- 1976 - New Premier Hua Guofeng orders the arrest of the Gang of Four and their associates, putting an end to the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China.
- 1976 - Students gathering at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand to protest the return of ex-dictator Thanom are massacred by a coalition of right-wing paramilitary and government forces, triggering the return of the military to government.
- 1977 - In Alicante, Spain, a group of MCPV militants and sympathizers were attacked by fascists while putting up posters. Miquel Grau, a 20-year old MCPV sympathizer, is killed.
- 1978 - Anni-Frid "Frida" Lyngstad and Benny Andersson, members of the Swedish pop group ABBA, are married.
- 1981 - Anwar al-Sadat is assassinated.
- 1993 - Michael Jordan makes his first retirement from the NBA.
- 1995 - 51 Pegasi, in the constellation of Pegasus, 47.9 light-years away from Earth, was discovered to be the first major star apart from the Sun to have a planet (and extrasolar planet) orbiting around it.
- 1998 - Gay-bashing: Near Laramie, Wyoming, University of Wyoming student Matthew Shepard is viciously attacked by two assailants for being gay (he died on October 12).
- 2000 - Slobodan Milošević resigns.
- 2001 - The then most-attended ice hockey game in history, between Michigan State University and the University of Michigan, before a crowd of 74,554. In 2004, that record was shattered in a historic outdoor regular season match in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada between the Edmonton Oilers and Montreal Canadiens.
- 2002 - The French oil tanker Limburg is bombed off Yemen.
- 2002 - Opus Dei founder Josemaría Escrivá is canonized.

Births

1289 to 1899


- 1289 - King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (d. 1306)
- 1459 - Martin Behaim, German navigator and geographer (d. 1507)
- 1510 - Rowland Taylor, English clergyman (d. 1555)
- 1552 - Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit missionary (d. 1610)
- 1573 - Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English patron of the theater (d. 1624)
- 1610 - Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier (d. 1690)
- 1716 - George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, English statesman (d. 1771)
- 1769 - Sir Isaac Brock, British commander (d. 1812)
- 1773 - King Louis-Philippe of France (d. 1850)
- 1803 - Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, German physicist (d. 1879)
- 1820 - Jenny Lind, Swedish soprano (d. 1887)
- 1831 - Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (d. 1916)
- 1838 - Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer (d. 1910)
- 1846 - George Westinghouse, American engineer and inventor (d. 1914)
- 1872 - Mikhail Kuzmin, Russian writer (d. 1936)
- 1882 - Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer and pianist (d. 1937)
- 1886 - Edwin Fischer, Swiss pianist and conductor (d. 1960)
- 1887 - Le Corbusier, Swiss architect (d. 1965)
- 1888 - Roland Garros, French pilot (d. 1918)

1900 to 1999


- 1900 - Stan Nichols, English cricketer (d. 1961)
- 1903 - Ernest Walton, Irish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
- 1905 - Helen Wills Moody, American tennis player (d. 1998)
- 1906 - Janet Gaynor, American actress (d. 1984)
- 1908 - Carole Lombard, American actress (d. 1942)
- 1910 - Barbara Castle, British politician (d. 2002)
- 1914 - Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian explorer (d. 2002)
- 1917 - Fannie Lou Hamer, American civil rights activist
- 1920 - Pietro Consagra, Italian sculptor (d. 2005)
- 1920 - Lord Donaldson of Lymington, British judge (d. 2005)
- 1925 - Shana Alexander, American columnist (d. 2005)
- 1930 - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (d. 2000)
- 1930 - Richie Benaud, Australian cricket player
- 1931 - Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, Russian astronomer (d. 2004)
- 1931 - Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1935 - Bruno Sammartino, Italian strongman
- 1942 - Britt Ekland, Swedish actress
- 1943 - Michael Durrell, American actor
- 1945 - Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil
- 1946 - Lloyd Doggett, American politician
- 1946 - Tony Greig, South African-born cricketer
- 1948 - Gerry Adams, Irish politician
- 1950 - David Brin, American author
- 1951 - Manfred Winkelhock, German race car driver (d. 1985)
- 1953 - Klaas Bruinsma, Dutch drug lord (d. 1991)
- 1963 - Elisabeth Shue, American film actress
- 1969 - Troy Shaw, English snooker player
- 1972 - Mark Schwarzer, Australian footballer
- 1973 - Sylvain Legwinski, French footballer
- 1973 - Jeff Davis, American comedian
- 1973 - Rebecca Lobo, American basketball player
- 1981 - Zurab Khizanishvili, Georgian footballer

Deaths


- 1101 - Bruno of Cologne, German founder of the Carthusian order
- 1536 - William Tyndale, English Bible translator (burned at the stake)
- 1542 - Thomas Wyatt, English poet (b. 1503)
- 1641 - Matthijs Quast, Dutch explorer
- 1644 - Elisabeth of France, queen of Philip IV of Spain (b. 1602)
- 1660 - Paul Scarron, French writer
- 1661 - Guru Har Rai, seventh Sikh Guru
- 1688 - Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English statesman (b. 1652)
- 1762 - Francesco Manfredini, Italian composer (b. 1684)
- 1873 - Sir Paweł Edmund Strzelecki, Polish explorer and geologist (b. 1797)
- 1892 - Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet (b. 1809)
- 1912 - Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1829)
- 1946 - Johnny O'Keefe, Australian singer (b. 1935)
- 1947 - Leevi Madetoja, Finnish composer (b. 1887)
- 1951 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germn-born physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1884)
- 1962 - Tod Browning, American film director (b. 1880)
- 1980 - Hattie Jacques, British comedy actress (b. 1922)
- 1981 - Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (assassinated) (b. 1918)
- 1983 - Terence Cardinal Cooke, American Catholic archbishop (b. 1921)
- 1985 - Nelson Riddle, American bandleader (b. 1921)
- 1989 - Bette Davis, American actress (b. 1908)
- 1992 - Denholm Elliott, English actor (b. 1922)
- 1992 - Bill O'Reilly, Australian cricketer (b. 1902)
- 1999 - Amalia Rodrigues, Portuguese singer and actress (b. 1920)
- 2000 - Richard Farnsworth, American actor (b. 1930)

Holidays and observances


- RC Saints - Saint Bruno
- Also see October 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Egypt - National Day or Victory Day; celebrates the results of the October war in 1973
- U.S. - German-American Day observed since 1987; Mad Hatter Day
- Judaism - Fast of Gedalia (2005)
- Ireland - Ivy Day, formerly honoring the Irish god Padraig Pearse, commemmorates the death of Charles Stewart Parnell.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 5 - October 7 - September 6 - November 6 – more historical anniversaries ko:10월 6일 ms:6 Oktober ja:10月6日 simple:October 6 th:6 ตุลาคม

1872

1872 was a leap year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April


- January 2 - Brigham Young is arrested for bigamy (25 wives).
- January 12 - Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first ruler crowned in that city in over 200 years.
- February 20 - In New York City the Metropolitan Museum of Art opens.
- March 1 - Yellowstone National Park is established as the world's first national park
- March 5 - George Westinghouse patents the air brake.
- March 5 - The case of Tichborne Claimant decided against the claimant Arthur Orton
- March 26 - Earthquake at Lone Pine, California with an estimated magnitude of 7.2 .

May - August


- May 10 - Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States, although she is a year too young to qualify and does not appear on the ballot.
- May 22 - Reconstruction: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law restoring full civil rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers.
- June 14 - Trade unions legalised in Canada.[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=ArchivedFeatures&Params=A218]
- July 4 - Society of Jesus is pronounced Illegal in German Empire

September - December


- September 1 - Group of Icaiche Maya under Marcos Canul attack Orange Walk town in British Honduras. British send troops against them
- November - Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley in the U.S. presidential election
- November 5 - Women's suffrage: In defiance of the law, suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time (on November 18 she was served an arrest warrant and in the subsequent trial she was fined $100 - she never paid the fine).
- November 7 – Mary Celeste sets sail from New York, bound for Genoa
- November 9 - Great Boston Fire of 1872: In Boston, Massachusetts, a large fire begins to burn on Lincoln Street (the two day event destroyed about 65 acres (0.3 km²) of city, 776 buildings, much of the financial district and caused US$60 million in damage).
- November 27 - Meteor rain display over France
- November 29 - Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.
- November 30 - First ever international football match takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Scotland.
- December 4 - The crewless American ship Mary Celeste is found by the British brig Dei Gratia (the ship was abandoned for 9 days but was only slightly damaged).
- December 12 - A meteorite struck earth near Banbury, England.
- December 21 - HMS Challenger sails from Portsmouth on the 4 year scientific expedition that would lay the foundation for the science of oceanography

Unknown date


- Louis Ducos du Hauron creates the first color photograph.[http://www.worldisround.com/articles/2378/photo2.html]
- London Metropolitan Police strike.
- In the aftermath of the War of the Triple Alliance, new government of Paraguay makes peace with Brazil, grant reparations and territorial concessions
- Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition
- Foundation of the Kolozsvári Egyetem, the predecessor of the University of Szeged
- US government geologist Clarence King reveals the diamond hoax in Wyoming

Births


- January 6 - Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)
- January 23 - Goce Delchev, Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1903)
- January 31 - Zane Grey, American writer (d. 1939)
- March 7 - Piet Mondrian, Dutch painter (d. 1944)
- April 29 - Harry Payne Whitney, businessman, horse breeder (d. 1930)
- May 18 - Bertrand Russell, English philosopher and mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1970)
- May 31 - Heath Robinson, British cartoonist and illustrator (d. 1944)
- July 1 - Louis Blériot, French aviation pioneer (d. 1936)
- July 4 - Calvin Coolidge, President of the United States (d. 1933)
- July 16 - Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928)
- August 3 - King Haakon VII of Norway (d. 1957)
- August 9 - Joseph August, Archduke of Austria, Austiran field marshal (d. 1962)
- August 10 - Bill Johnson, American jazz musician (d. 1972)
- August 13 - Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
- August 15 - Sri Aurobindo, Indian nationalist, writer, and mystic (d. 1950)
- August 21 - Aubrey Beardsley, British artist (d. 1898)
- October 11 - Harlan F. Stone, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1946)
- November 30 - John McCrae, Canadian soldier and poet (d. 1918)
- December 21 - Don Lorenzo Perosi, Italian composer (d. 1956)
- December 26 - Norman Angell, British poltician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1967)
- Charles Greely Abbot, American astrophysicist

Deaths


- January 7 - Big Jim Fisk, American financier (b. 1834)
- January 21 - Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer (b. 1791)
- April 1 - Frederick Maurice, English theologian (b. 1805)
- April 2 - Samuel Morse, American inventor (b. 1791)
- June 4 - Stanisław Moniuszko, Polish composer (b. 1819)
- June 4 - Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (b. 1798)
- July 18 - Benito Juárez, President of Mexico (b. 1806)
- August 19 - Charles XV, King of Sweden and Norway (b. 1826)
- September 13 - Ludwig Feuerbach, German philosopher (b. 1804)
- October 23 - Théophile Gautier, French writer (b. 1811)
- November 28 - Mary Somerville, British mathematician (b. 1780)
- December 15 - Lady Beaconsfield, wife of Benjamin Disraeli (b. 1792) Category:1872 ko:1872년 simple:1872 th:พ.ศ. 2415

1928

1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-May


- January 6-7 - River Thames floods in London - 14 drowned
- January 7 - Moat at the Tower of London, previously drained in 1843, is completely refilled by a tidal wave
- January 12 - US murderer Ruth Snyder executed at Ossining
- January 17 - OGPU arrests Lev Trotsky in Moscow; he assumes a status of passive resistance and is exiled to Turkestan
- February - Kurume University (Japan) established
- February 11 - 1928 Winter Olympic Games open in St. Moritz, Switzerland
- February 12 - Heavy hails kill 11 in England
- February 25 - Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, DC becomes the first holder of a television license from the Federal Radio Commission.
- March 12 - Malta becomes a British dominion
- March 12 - In California, the St. Francis Dam north of Los Angeles fails killing 400
- March 21 - Charles Lindbergh is presented the Congressional Medal of Honor for his first trans-Atlantic flight.
- April 10 - Pineapple Primary - Republican Party primary elections in Chicago preceded by assassinations and bombings
- April 12 - Bomb attack against the King of Italy in Milan - 17 bystanders dead
- April 22 - Earthquake destroys Corinth - 200.000 buildings destroyed
- May 15-17 - Christian X of Denmark visits Finland
- May 15 - Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, commenced operations
- May 15 - Release of the animated short Plane Crazy, featuring the first appearances of Mickey and Minnie Mouse.
- May 23 - Bomb attack against Italian consulate in Buenos Aires - 22 dead, 41 injured
- May 24 - Airship Italia crashes on the North Pole; one of the occupants is Italian general Umberto Nobile
- May 30 - A rescue expedition leaves for the North Pole

June-August


- June 11 - Medical doctor's strike begins in Vienna
- June 14 - Students take over the medical wing of Rosario University in Argentina
- July 6 - The world's largest hailstone falls in Potter, Nebraska.
- July 12 - Mexican aviator Emilio Carranza dies in a solo plane crash in the New Jersey Pine Barrens while returning from a goodwill flight to New York City.
- June 17 - Aviator Amelia Earhart starts her attempt to become the first woman to successfully pilot an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean (she succeeded the next day).
- July 17 - Jose del León Toral assassinates Alvaro Obregon, president of Mexico
- June 20 - Shooting incident in Yugoslavian parliament - Punica Rasic shoots 3 opposition representatives and injures three others
- June 24 - Swedish aeroplane rescues part of Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. Soviet icebreaker Krasin saves the rest July 12
- July 16 - Leon Toral assassinates Álvaro Obregón, president of Mexico
- July 25 - USA recalls its troops from China
- July 27 - Tich Freeman becomes only bowler ever to take 200 first-class wickets before end of July.
- July 28 - Official opening ceremony of the 1928_Summer_Olympics in Amsterdam.
- August 16 - Murderer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, DC after killing about 20 people.
- August 25 - Ahmet Zogu proclaims himself King Zog I of Albania; he is crowned September 1
- August 28 - The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed in Paris - it was the first treaty which outlawed aggressive war.

September-December


- September 1 - Richard Byrd leaves New York for Arctic
- September 3 - Alexander Fleming discovers Penicillin
- September 15 - Tich Freeman sets all-time record for number of wickets taken in an English cricket season.
- September 16 - The 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida.
- October 2 Saint Josemaria Escriva, founds Opus Dei
- October 7 - Haile Selassie crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia
- October 12 - An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Children's Hospital, Boston.
- November 3 - cartoon star Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, an animated short produced by Walt Disney.
- November 4 - At Park Central Hotel in Manhattan, Arnold Rothstein, New York City's most notorious gambler, is shot to death over a poker game.
- November 6 - Swedes start a tradition of eating Gustavus Adolphus pastries to commemorate the old warrior king.
- November 6 - U.S. presidential election, 1928: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin over Democrat Alfred E. Smith.
- November 10 - Hirohito was enthroned as Emperor of Japan.
- November 11 - US gambling king Arnold Rothstein is shot to death in New York City
- December 3 - In Rio de Janeiro, a seaplane sunk near Cap Arcona with Alberto Santos-Dumont on board.
- December 5 - Police disperses Sicilian gangs' meeting in Cleveland
- December 21 - U.S. Congress approves the construction of The Boulder Dam, later renamed The Hoover Dam
- December 31 - Bells of Big Ben first time in a radio

Unknown dates


- Charles King elected president of Liberia with 600,000 votes; the whole of country has only 15,000 voters.
- Chaco war
- Coca Cola enters Europe through the Amsterdam Olympics.
- Eliot Ness begins to lead the prohibition unit in Chicago, Illinois.
- The old Canaanite city of Ugarit is rediscovered.
- Turkey switches from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.
- The right to vote extended to all women in the United Kingdom.
- Frederick Griffith conducts the Griffith experiment, indirectly proving existence of DNA.
- Motorola is founded.
- First (and last) Best Title Writing Academy Award given.
- The Episcopal Church in the United States of America ratifies a new revision of the Book of Common Prayer.
- W2XBS, RCA's first television station, is established in New York City.
- Australian farmer, Jack Trott, finds Rhizanthella gardneri in his garden.

Births

January


- January 5 - Ali Bhutto, President of Pakistan and Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1979)
- January 5 - Walter Mondale, U.S. Senator and Presidential candidate
- January 7 - William Peter Blatty, American writer
- January 11 - David L. Wolper, television producer
- January 16 - William Kennedy, American author
- January 17 - Jean Barraqué, French composer (d. 1973)
- January 17 - Vidal Sassoon, English cosmetologist
- January 23 - Chico Carrasquel, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 2005)
- January 23 - Jeanne Moreau, French actress
- January 24 - Desmond Morris, anthropologist and writer
- January 26 - Roger Vadim, French film director (d. 2000)
- January 30 - Hal Prince, American stage producer and director

February


- February 5 - Andrew Greeley, American Catholic priest and novelist
- February 9 - Frank Frazetta, American illustrator
- February 9 - Roger Mudd, American journalist
- February 23 - Vasili Lazarev, cosmonaut (d. 1990)
- February 26 - Fats Domino, American musician
- February 26 - Anatoli Filipchenko, cosmonaut
- February 27 - Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel

March-April


- March 4 - Alan Sillitoe, English writer
- March 6 - Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 8 - Gerald Bull, Canadian engineer (d. 1990)
- March 10 - James Earl Ray, American assassin (d. 1998)
- March 12 - Edward Albee, American dramatist
- March 16 - Christa Ludwig, German mezzo-soprano
- March 19 - Hans Küng, Swiss theologian
- March 19 - Patrick McGoohan, Irish actor
- March 20 - Fred Rogers, American children's television host (d. 2003)
- March 24 - Byron Janis, American pianist
- March 25 - Jim Lovell, astronaut
- March 28 - Zbigniew Brzezinski, Polish-born U.S. National Security Advisor
- March 31 - Gordie Howe, Canadian hockey player
- March 31 - Lefty Frizzell, American country music performer
- April 1 - Jane Powell, American dancer, actress, and singer
- April 1 - George Grizzard, American actor
- April 2 - Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (d. 1991)
- April 4 - Maya Angelou, American poet and novelist
- April 6 - James D. Watson, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- April 7 - James Garner, American actor
- April 7 - Alan J. Pakula, American producer and director (d. 1998)
- April 8 - Eric Porter, English actor (d. 1995)
- April 9 - Tom Lehrer, American songwriter
- April 12 - Jean-François Paillard, French conductor
- April 19 - Alexis Korner, British blues musician (d. 1984)
- April 23 - Shirley Temple, American actress and politician

May-June


- May 3 - Dave Dudley, American singer (d. 2003)
- May 4 - Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt
- May 8 - Theodore Sorenson, American lawyer and speechwriter
- May 9 - Colin Chapman, English automotive engineer (d. 1982)
- May 9 - Pancho Gonzalez, American tennis player (d. 1995)
- May 9 - Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian figure skater
- May 12 - Burt Bacharach, American composer
- May 16 - Billy Martin, baseball player and manager (d. 1989)
- May 18 - Pernell Roberts, American actor
- May 23 - Rosemary Clooney, American singer and actress (d. 2002)
- May 26 - Jack Kevorkian, American physician
- June 1 - Georgi Dobrovolski, cosmonaut (d. 1971)
- June 1 - Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (d. 2003)
- June 13 - John Forbes Nash, Jr., American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics
- June 14 - Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna, Argentine-born revolutionary (d. 1967)
- June 19 - Nancy Marchand, American actress (d. 2000)
- June 25 - Alexei Abrikosov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 26 - Jacob Druckman, American composer (d. 1996)

July-September


- July 5 - Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
- July 10 - Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli Bible scholar
- July 11 - Bobo Olson, American boxer (d. 2002)
- July 12 - Elias James Corey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 13 - Leroy Vinnegar, American musician (d. 1999)
- July 16 - Robert Sheckley, American writer
- July 25 - Keter Betts, American jazz bassist (d. 2005)
- July 26 - Stanley Kubrick, American film director (d. 1999)
- July 26 - Bernice Rubens, British novelist (d. 2004)
- August 6 - Andy Warhol, American artist (d. 1987)
- August 10 - Eddie Fisher, American singer
- August 12 - Bob Buhl, baseball player (d. 2001)
- August 15 - Nicolas Roeg, English film director
- August 18 - Marge Schott, baseball team owner (d. 2004)
- August 25 - Herbert Kroemer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 11 - William Kienzle, American author (d. 2001
- September 14 - Angus Ogilvy, husband of Princess Alexandra of Kent (d. 2004)
- September 15 - Julian Cannonball Adderley, American saxophonist
- September 19 - Adam West, American actor
- September 22 - James Lawson, American civil rights activist and minister
- September 30 - Elie Wiesel, Romanian Holocaust survivor, writer, and lecturer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

October-December


- October 1 - George Peppard, American actor (d. 1994)
- October 8 - Bill Maynard, British actor
- October 9 - Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish composer
- October 27 - Kyle Rote, American football player (d. 2002)
- October 30 - Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999)
- November 3 - Osamu Tezuka, Japanese artist (d. 1989)
- November 3 - George Yardley, American basketball player (d. 2004)
- November 10 - Ennio Morricone, Italian composer
- November 11 - Carlos Fuentes, Panamanian writer
- November 17 - Rance Howard, American actor
- November 29 - Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois (d. 2003)
- December 7 - Noam Chomsky, American linguist
- December 15 - Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Austrian artist (d. 2000)
- December 16 - Philip K. Dick, American author (d. 1982)
- December 25 - Dick Miller, American actor

Unknown date


- Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu, King of Malaysia

Deaths


- January 1 - Loie Fuller, American dancer (b. 1862)
- January 6 - Alvin Kraenzlein, American athlete (b. 1876)
- January 11 - Thomas Hardy, English writer (b. 1840)
- January 29 - Douglas Haig, British soldier (b. 1861)
- January 30 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1867)
- February 1 - Hughie Jennings, baseball player (b. 1869)
- February 4 - Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
- February 15 - Herbert Henry Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1852)
- February 16 - Eddie Foy, American vaudevillian (b. 1856)
- April 2 - Theodore William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- April 5 - Roy Kilner, English cricketer (b. 1890)
- June 4 - Chang Tso-lin, Chinese warlord (b. 1873)
- June 22 - A. B. Frost, American illustrator (b. 1851)
- August 12 - Leos Janacek, Czech composer (b. 1854)
- August 30 - Wilhelm Wien, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- October 22 - Andrew Fisher, fifth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862)
- December 1 - José Eustasio Rivera, Colombian writer (b. 1888)
- December 10 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect (b. 1868)
- Robert Abbe, American surgeon (b. 1851)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Owen Willans Richardson
- Chemistry - Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
- Physiology or Medicine - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
- Literature - Sigrid Undset
- Peace - not awarded ko:1928년 ms:1928 ja:1928年 simple:1928 th:พ.ศ. 2471

United States

:For alternative meanings, see the disambiguation page for US, USA, United States, or American. The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in central North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the States, or simply and most commonly, America. The official founding date of the United States is July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence. However, the structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1788, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" (became part of the United States). Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.

Geography and climate

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, sometimes abbreviated CONUS, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The archipelago of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization. When inland water is included in the total area, only Russia and Canada are larger than the United States; if inland water is excluded, China ranks third and the U.S. ranks fourth. The United States' total area is 3,718,711 square miles (9,631,418 km²), of which land makes up 3,537,438 square miles (9,161,923 km²) and water makes up 181,273 square miles (469,495 km²). The United States' landscape is one of the most varied among those of the world's nations: among its many features are temperate forestland and rolling hills, on the east coast; mangrove, in Florida; the Great Plains, in the center of the country; the Mississippi–Missouri river system; the Great Lakes, four of the five of which are shared with Canada; the Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains; deserts and temperate coastal zones, west of the Rocky Mountains; and temperate rain forests, in the Pacific northwest. Alaska's tundra, and the volcanic, tropical islands of Hawaii add to the geographic diversity. Hawaii The climate varies along with the landscape, from tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida to tundra in Alaska and atop some of the highest mountains. Most of the North and East experience a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Most of the South experiences a subtropical humid climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. Rainfall decreases markedly from the humid forests of the Eastern Great Plains to the semi-arid shortgrass prairies on the high plains abutting the Rocky Mountains. Arid deserts, including the Mojave, extend through the lowlands and valleys of the southwest, from westernmost Texas to California and northward throughout much of Nevada. Some parts of California have a Mediterranean climate. Rainforests line the windward mountains of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to Alaska.

History

American history started with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2-9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before European contact, and the subsequent introduction of foreign diseases such as small pox that greatly diminished the native populations. Some advanced societies were the Anasazi of the southwest, who inhabited Chaco Canyon, and the Woodland Indians, who built Cahokia, located near present-day St Louis, a city with a population of 40,000 at its peak in AD 1200. Vikings first visited North America around 1000, but did not settle permanently. Following the discovery voyages of Christopher Columbus around 1492, other Europeans began to explore and settle there. During the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish settled parts of the present-day Southwest and Florida, founding St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 and Santa Fe (in what is now New Mexico) in 1607. The first successful English settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia, also in 1607. Within the next two decades, several Dutch settlements, including New Amsterdam (the predecessor to New York City), were established in what are now the states of New York and New Jersey. In 1637, Sweden established a colony at Fort Christina (in what is now Delaware), but lost the settlement to the Dutch in 1655. This was followed by extensive British settlement of the east coast. The British colonists remained relatively undisturbed by their home country until after the French and Indian War, when France ceded Canada and the Great Lakes region to Britain. Britain then imposed taxes on the 13 colonies, widely regarded by the colonists as unfair because they were denied representation in the British Parliament. Tensions between Britain and the colonists increased, and the thirteen colonies eventually rebelled against British rule. British Parliament, George Washington (1789-1797).]] In 1776, the 13 colonies split from Great Britain and formed the United States, the world's first constitutional and democratic federal republic, after their Declaration of Independence of that year, and the Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783). The original political structure was a confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the Articles of Confederation. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution in 1789, forming a more centralized federal government. Prior to all these was the Albany Congress in 1754, in which a union was first seriously proposed. From early colonial times, there was a shortage of labor, which encouraged unfree labor, particularly indentured servitude and slavery. In the mid-19th century, a major division occurred in the United States over the issue of states' rights and the expansion of slavery. The northern states had become opposed to slavery, while the southern states saw it as necessary for the continued success of southern agriculture and wanted it expanded to the territories. Several federal laws were passed in an attempt to settle the dispute, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The dispute reached a crisis in 1861, when seven southern states seceded1 from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, leading to the Civil War. Soon after the war began, four more southern states seceded. During the war, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, mandating the freedom of all slaves in states in rebellion, though full emancipation did not take place until after the end of the war in 1865, the dissolution of the Confederacy, and the Thirteenth Amendment took effect. The Civil War effectively ended the question of a state's right to secede, and is widely accepted as a major turning point after which the federal government became more powerful than state governments. Thirteenth Amendment). The title of the painting, from a 1726 poem by Bishop Berkeley, was a phrase often quoted in the era of Manifest Destiny, expressing a widely held belief that civilization had steadily moved westward throughout history. [http://americanart.si.edu/t2go/1lw/1931.6.1.html (more)] ]] During the 19th century, many new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the continent. Manifest Destiny was a philosophy that encouraged westward expansion in the United States. As the population of the Eastern states grew and as a steady increase of immigrants entered the country, settlers moved steadily westward across North America. In the process, the U.S. displaced most American Indian nations. This displacement of American Indians continues to be a matter of contention in the U.S. with many tribes attempting to assert their original claims to various lands. In some areas American Indian populations were reduced by foreign diseases contracted through contact with European settlers, and US settlers acquired those emptied lands. In other instances American Indians were removed from their traditional lands by force. Though some would say the U.S. was not a colonial power until the Spanish-American War when it acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, the dominion exercised over land in North America the United States claimed is essentially colonial. The Philippines became independent in 1946. During this period, the nation also became an industrial power. This continued into the 20th century, which has been termed "the American Century" because of the nation's overriding influence on the world. The US became a center for innovation and technological development; major technologies that America either developed or was greatly involved in improving include the telephone, television, computer, the Internet, nuclear weapons, nuclear power, aviation, and aeronautics. In addition to the Civil War, another major traumatic experience for the nation was the Great Depression (1929 to 1939). The nation has also taken part in several major foreign wars, including World War I and World War II (in both of which the US later joined the Allies). During the Cold War, the US was a major player in the Korean War and Vietnam War, and, along with the Soviet Union, was considered one of the world's two "superpowers". With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the US emerged as the world's leading economic and military power. Beginning in the 1990s, the United States became very involved in police actions and peacekeeping, including actions in Kosovo, Haiti, Somalia and Liberia, and the first Persian Gulf War driving Iraq out of Kuwait. After attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, the United States and other allied nations found themselves involved in what has come to be called the "War on Terrorism," which has primarily encompassed military actions in both Afghanistan and Iraq.

Government

Iraq of the United States.]]

Republic and suffrage

The United States is an example of a constitutional republic, with a government composed of and operating through a set of limited powers imposed by its design and enumerated in the United States Constitution. Specifically, the nation operates as a presidential democracy. There are three levels of government: federal, state, and local. Officials of each of these levels are either elected by eligible voters via secret ballot or appointed by other elected officials. Americans enjoy almost universal suffrage from the age of 18 regardless of race, sex, or wealth. There are some limits, however: felons are disenfranchised and in some states former felons are likewise. Furthermore, the national representation of territories and the federal district of Washington, DC in Congress is limited: residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes but their only Congressional representative is a non-voting delegate.

Federal government

The federal government is the national government, comprising the Legislative Branch (led by Congress), the Executive Branch (led by the President), and the Judicial Branch (led by the Supreme Court). These three branches were designed to apply checks and balances on each other. The Constitution limits the powers of the federal government to defense, foreign affairs, the issuing and management of currency, the management of trade and relations between the states, and the protection of human rights. In addition to these explicitly stated powers, the federal government—with the assistance of the Supreme Court—has gradually extended these powers into such areas as welfare and education, on the basis of the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution.

The Congress

necessary and proper The Congress of the United States is the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives consists of 435 members, each of whom represents a congressional district and serves for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population; in contrast, each state has two Senators, regardless of population. There are a total of 100 senators, who serve six-year terms. The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Constitution also includes the necessary-and-proper clause, which grants Congress the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers."

The President

necessary-and-proper clause At the top level of the executive branch is the President of the United States. The President and Vice-President are elected as 'running mates' for four-year terms by the Electoral College, for which each state, as well as the District of Columbia, is allocated a number of seats based on its representation (or ostensible representation, in the case of D. C.) in both houses of Congress (see U.S. Electoral College). The relationship between the President and the Congress reflects that between the English monarchy and parliament at the time of the framing of the United States Constitution. Congress can legislate to constrain the President's executive power, even with respect to his or her command of the armed forces; however, this power is used only very rarely—a notable example was the constraint placed on President Richard Nixon's strategy of bombing Cambodia during the Vietnam War. The President cannot directly propose legislation, and must rely on supporters in Congress to promote his or her legislative agenda. The President's signature is required to turn congressional bills into law; in this respect, the President has the power—only occasionally used—to veto congressional legislation. Congress can override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both houses. The ultimate power of Congress over the President is that of impeachment or removal of the elected President through a House vote, a Senate trial, and a Senate vote. The threat of using this power has had major political ramifications in the cases of Presidents Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Bill Clinton. The President makes around 2,000 executive appointments, including members of the Cabinet and ambassadors, which must be approved by the Senate; the President can also issue executive orders and pardons, and has other Constitutional duties, among them the requirement to give a State of the Union address to Congress once a year. Although the President's constitutional role may appear to be constrained, in practice, the office carries enormous prestige that typically eclipses the power of Congress: the Presidency has justifiably been referred to as 'the most powerful office in the world'. The Vice President is first in the line of succession, and is the President of the Senate ex officio, with the ability to cast a tie-breaking vote. The members of the President's Cabinet are responsible for administering the various departments of state, including the Department of Defense, the Justice Department, and the State Department. These departments and department heads have considerable regulatory and political power, and it is they who are responsible for executing federal laws and regulations. George W. Bush is the 43rd President, currently serving his second term.

The Courts

George W. Bush The highest court is the Supreme Court, which consists of nine justices. The court deals with federal and constitutional matters, and can declare legislation made at any level of the government as unconstitutional, nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. Below the Supreme Court are the courts of appeals, and below them in turn are the district courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law. Separate from, but not entirely independent of, this federal court system are the individual court systems of each state, each dealing with its own laws and having its own judicial rules and procedures. A case may be appealed from a state court to a federal court only if there is a federal question; the supreme court of each state is the final authority on the interpretation of that state's laws and constitution.

State and local governments

supreme court of each state. Note that Alaska and Hawaii are shown at different scales, and that the Aleutian Islands and the uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are omitted from this map.]] The state governments have the greatest influence over people's daily lives. Each state has its own written constitution and has different laws. There are sometimes great differences in law and procedure between the different states, concerning issues such as property, crime, health, and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has an elected legislature (bicameral in every state except Nebraska), whose members represent the different parts of the state. Of note is the New Hampshire legislature, which is the third-largest legislative body in the English-speaking world, and has one representative for every 3,000 people. Each state maintains its own judiciary, with the lowest level typically being county courts, and culminating in each state supreme court, though sometimes named differently. In some states, supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people; in others, they are appointed, as they are in the federal system. The institutions that are responsible for local government are typically town, city, or county boards, making laws that affect their particular area. These laws concern issues such as traffic, the sale of alcohol, and keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the mayor. In New England, towns operate directly democratically, and in some states, such as Rhode Island and Connecticut, counties have little or no power, existing only as geographic distinctions. In other areas, county governments have more power, such as to collect taxes and maintain law enforcement agencies.

Political divisions

With the Declaration of Independence, the thirteen colonies proclaimed themselves to be nation states modeled after the European states of the time. Although considered as sovereigns initially, under the Articles of Confederation of 1781 they entered into a "Perpetual Union" and created a fully sovereign federal state, delegating certain powers to the national Congress, including the right to engage in diplomatic relations and to levy war, while each retaining their individual sovereignty, freedom and independence. But the national government proved too ineffective, so the administrative structure of the government was vastly reorganized with the United States Constitution of 1789. Under this new union, the continued status of the individual states as sovereign nation states fell into dispute in 1861, as several states attempted to secede from the union; in response, then-President Abraham Lincoln claimed that such secession was illegal, and the result was the American Civil War. Since the Union victory in 1865, the independent status of the individual states has not been broached again by any state, and the status of each state within the union has been deemed by mainstream officials and academics to be settled as being subordinate to the union as a whole. In subsequent years, the number of states grew steadily due to western expansion, the purchase of lands by the national government from other nation states, and the subdivision of existing states, resulting in the current total of 50. The states are generally divided into smaller administrative regions, including counties, cities and townships. The United States–Canadian border is the longest undefended political boundary in the world. The U.S. is divided into three distinct sections:
- the "continental United States," also known as "the Lower 48" and more accurately termed the conterminous, coterminous or contiguous United States
- Alaska, which is physically connected only to Canada
- the archipelago of Hawaii, in the central Pacific Ocean. The United States also holds several other territories, districts, and possessions, notably the federal district of the District of Columbia, which is the nation's capital, and several overseas insular areas, the most significant of which are American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands,