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| Jackson, Mississippi |
Jackson, MississippiJackson is the capital, as well as the largest city, in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2000 census, the city's population was 184,256 and the Greater Jackson metropolitan area, including its suburbs in Hinds, Madison, Rankin, Copiah, and Simpson counties, had a population of 510,000; however, both population figures have likely increased with the influx of evacuees from Hurricane Katrina. Jackson is one of the county seats of Hinds County; Raymond is the other county seat. The city has self-styled itself as "The Best of the New South," and "The Bold, New City." Frank Melton is the current mayor of Jackson.
History
mayor
mayor until its replacement in 1903.]]
The city, originally known as LeFleur's Bluff, was founded based on the need for a centrally located capital for the state of Mississippi and named for the iconic figure of General Andrew Jackson. In 1821, the Mississippi General Assembly, meeting in the then-capital, Natchez, had sent Thomas Hinds (for whom Hinds County is named), James Patton, and William Lattimore to look for a site. After surveying areas north and east of Jackson, they proceeded southwest along the Pearl River until they reached LeFleur's Bluff in Hinds County. Their report to the General Assembly stated that this location had beautiful and healthful surroundings, good water, abundant timber, navigable waters, and proximity to the Natchez Trace. And so, a legislative act passed by the Assembly on November 28, 1821, authorized the location to become the permanent seat of the government of the state of Mississippi. Jackson was originally planned out in April 1822 by Peter Van Dorn in a "checkerboard" pattern advocated by Thomas Jefferson, in which city blocks alternated with parks and other open spaces, giving the appearance of a checkerboard. This plan has not lasted to the present day. The state legislature first met in Jackson on December 23, 1822.
In 1839, Jackson was the site of the passage of the first state law that permitted married women to own and administer their own property.
Jackson was first linked with other cities by rail in 1840. Unlike Vicksburg, Greenville, and Natchez, Jackson is not located on the Mississippi River, and did not develop like those cities from river commerce. Instead, railroads would later spark growth of the city in the decades after the American Civil War.
In 1863, during the campaign which ended in the capture of Vicksburg, Union forces captured Jackson during two battles—once before the fall of Vicksburg and once after the fall of Vicksburg.
On May 13, 1863, Union forces won the first Battle of Jackson, forcing Confederate forces to flee northward towards Canton. Subsequently, on May 15, 1863, Union troops under the command of William Tecumseh Sherman burned and looted key facilities in city of Jackson, a strategic manufacturing and railroad center for the Confederacy. After driving the Confederate forces out of Jackson, Union forces turned west once again and engaged the Vicksburg defenders at the Battle of Champion Hill in nearby Edwards. The siege of Vicksburg began soon after the Union victory at Champion Hill. Confederate forces began to reassemble in Jackson in preparation for an attempt to break through the Union lines surrounding Vicksburg and end the siege there. The Confederate forces in Jackson built defensive fortifications encircling the city while preparing to march west to Vicksburg.
Confederate forces marched out of Jackson to break the siege of Vicksburg in early July 1863. However, unknown to them, Vicksburg had already surrendered on July 4, 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant dispatched General Sherman to meet the Confederate forces heading west from Jackson. Upon learning that Vicksburg had already surrendered, the Confederates retreated back into Jackson, thus beginning the Siege of Jackson, which lasted for approximately one week. Union forces encircled the city and began an artillery bombardment. One of the Union artillery emplacements still remains intact on the grounds of the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. Another Federal position is still intact on the campus of Millsaps College. One of the Confederate Generals defending Jackson was former United States Vice President John C. Breckenridge. On July 16, 1863, Confederate forces slipped out of Jackson during the night and retreated across the Pearl River. Union forces completely burned the city after its capture this second time, and the city earned the nickname "Chimneyville" because only the chimneys of houses were left standing. The northern line of Confederate defenses in Jackson during the siege was located along a road near downtown Jackson now known as Fortification Street.
Fortification Street
Today there are few antebellum structures left standing in Jackson. One surviving structure is the Governor's Mansion, built in 1842, which served as Sherman's headquarters. Another is the Old Capitol building, which served as the home of the Mississippi state legislature from 1839 to 1903. There the Mississippi legislature passed the ordinance of secession from the Union on January 9, 1861, becoming the second state to secede from the United States. The constitutional convention of 1890, which produced Mississippi's Constitution of 1890, was also held there. The so-called New Capitol replaced the older structure upon its completion in 1903, and today the Old Capitol is a historical museum. A third important surviving antebellum structure is the Jackson City Hall, built in 1846 for less than $8,000. It is said that Sherman, a Mason, spared it because it housed a Masonic Lodge, though a more likely reason is that it housed an army hospital.
Pulitzer Prize-winning author Eudora Welty was born in Jackson in 1909, died there in 2001, and lived most of her life in the Belhaven section of the city. She wrote a memoir of her development as a writer, One Writer's Beginnings (1984). The book gives a charming picture of the city in the early 20th century. Today, the main Jackson public library is named in her honor.
honor.]]
Highly acclaimed African-American author Richard Wright, a native of Roxie, Mississippi, lived in Jackson as an adolescent and young man in the 1910s and 1920s, and relates his experience in his memoir Black Boy (1945). He describes the harsh and largely terror-filled life most African-Americans experienced in the South (and, it should be added, in much of the United States) under segregation in the early twentieth century.
Jackson's economic growth was stimulated in the 1930s by the discovery of natural gas fields nearby.
On May 24, 1961, during the American civil rights movement, a large group of Freedom Riders was arrested in Jackson for disturbing the peace after they disembarked from their bus. Although the Freedom Riders had planned to make New Orleans their final destination, Jackson was the farthest that any of them actually managed to travel.
In Jackson, shortly after midnight on June 12, 1963, civil rights activist and leader of the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP Medgar Evers was murdered by Byron De La Beckwith, a white supremacist. In 1994, prosecutors Ed Peters and Bobby DeLaughter finally convicted de la Beckwith of murder. A portion of U.S. Highway 49 and Jackson-Evers International Airport now bear Medgar Evers's name.
Jackson-Evers International Airport
The first successful cadaveric lung transplant was performed at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson in June 1963 by Dr. James Hardy. Hardy transplanted the cadaveric lung into a patient suffering from lung cancer. The patient survived for eighteen days before dying of kidney failure.
In 1965, Millsaps College became the first private college in the South to admit African-American students.
In June 1966, Jackson was also the terminus of the James Meredith March, organized by James Meredith, the first African-American to enroll at the University of Mississippi. The march, which began in Memphis, Tennessee, was an attempt to garner support for the Civil Rights movement and was accompanied by a drive to register African-Americans to vote in Mississippi. In this latter aim it succeeded in registering between 2,500 and 3,000 black Mississippians to vote. The march ended on June 26 after Meredith, who had been wounded by a sniper's bullet earlier on the march, addressed a large rally of some 15,000 people in Jackson.
Since 1968, Jackson has been the home of Malaco Records, one of the leading record companies for gospel and soul music in the United States. In January 1973, Paul Simon recorded the song "Learn How To Fall," found on the album There Goes Rhymin' Simon, in Jackson at the Malaco Recording Studios.
In 1997, Harvey Johnson, Jr. became the city's first African American mayor. During his term, he proposed the creation of a convention center, in hopes of attracting business to the city. He was replaced by Frank Melton on July 4, 2005.
Geography
Jackson is located on the Pearl River, and is served by the Ross Barnett Reservoir, which forms a section of the Pearl River and is located northeast of Jackson on the border between Madison and Rankin counties.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 276.7 km² (106.8 mi²). 271.7 km² (104.9 mi²) of it is land and 5.0 km² (1.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.80 percent water.
Demographics
mi²
Jackson remained a small town for much of the nineteenth century. The 1860 census counted only 1,881 residents, and by 1900 the population had only grown to approximately 8,000, though by 1944, Jackson's population had risen to some 70,000 inhabitants. Large-scale growth did not come until the 1970s, after the turbulence of the Civil Rights Movement.
As of the census of 2000, there are 184,256 people, 67,841 households, and 44,503 families residing in the city. The population density is 678.2/km² (1,756.4/mi²). There are 75,678 housing units at an average density of 278.5/km² (721.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 27.79% White, 70.64% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.67% from two or more races. 0.79% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 67,841 households out of which 33.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.4% are married couples living together, 25.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% are non-families. 28.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 3.24.
In the city the population is spread out with 28.5% under the age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 86.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 81.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $30,414, and the median income for a family is $36,003. Males have a median income of $29,166 versus $23,328 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,116. 23.5% of the population and 19.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 33.7% of those under the age of 18 and 15.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Political Structures
poverty line
In 1985, Jackson voters opted to replace the three-man mayor-commissioner system with a city council. Jackson's city council members represent the city's seven wards, and the body is headed by the mayor, Frank Melton, who was inducted into office on July 4, 2005.
Council Members
- Ben Allen, Ward 1
- Leslie Burl McLemore, Ward 2
- Kenneth I. Stokes, Ward 3
- Frank Bluntson, Ward 4
- Charles Tillman, Ward 5
- Marshand K. Crisler, Ward 6
- Margaret C. Barrett-Simon, Ward 7
Jackson-Area Educational Institutions
Colleges and Universities
July 4, 2005
- Millsaps College (1890)
- Belhaven College (1883)
- Jackson State University (1877)
- Mississippi College (Clinton) (1826)
- Tougaloo College (1869)
- Reformed Theological Seminary
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, health sciences campus of the University of Mississippi (1955)
- Two campuses of Hinds Community College (1917)
- The Ridgeland campus of Holmes Community College
Public High Schools
(All these high schools compete interscholastically in the Mississippi High School Activities Association or MHSAA)
Mississippi High School Activities Association.]]
- [http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/school_sites/bailey/index.htm Bailey Magnet High School]
- Brandon High School (Brandon)
- [http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/school_sites/callaway/index.htm Callaway High School]
- Canton High School (Canton)
- [http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/school_sites/CDC/index.htm Career Development Center]
- Clinton High School (Clinton)
- Florence High School (Florence)
- [http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/school_sites/ForestHill/index.htm Forest Hill High School]
- Jim Hill High School
- [http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/school_sites/lanier/index.htm Lanier High School]
- Madison Central High School (Madison)
- [http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/school_sites/murrah Murrah High School]
- Northwest Rankin High School (Flowood)
- Pearl High School (Pearl)
- Provine High School
- Richland High School (Richland)
- Ridgeland High School (Ridgeland)
- Terry High School (Terry)
- [http://www.jackson.k12.ms.us/school_sites/wingfield/index.htm Wingfield High School]
Private High Schools
High Schools that compete in the MHSAA
- St. Andrew's Episcopal School [http://www.gosaints.org] (Ridgeland)
- St. Joseph Catholic High School (Madison)
High Schools that compete in the Mississippi Private School Association or MPSA
- Hillcrest Christian School
- Jackson Academy
- Jackson Preparatory School [http://www.jacksonprep.com] (Flowood)
- Madison - Ridgeland Academy (Madison)
- Veritas School
Media
Newspapers and Publishing
- The Jackson Free Press - Blogs and discussion at: [http://www.jacksonfreepress.com http://www.jacksonfreepress.com]
- The Clarion-Ledger daily newspaper, at [http://www.clarionledger.com http://www.clarionledger.com]
- The Northside Sun weekly newspaper, at [http://www.northsidesun.com http://www.northsidesun.com]
- The Mississippi Link weekly newspaper, at [http://www.mississippilink.com http://www.mississippilink.com]
- The Mississippi Business Journal weekly newspaper, at [http://www.msbusiness.com http://www.msbusiness.com]
- University Press of Mississippi
- The Jackson Mississippian (defunct newspaper)
- [http://www.jacksonadvocate.com/ The Jackson Advocate], Mississippi's largest weekly newspaper and oldest newspaper serving the state's African-American community
Online News & Weblogs
- [http://www.jacksonprogressive.com/ The Jackson Progressive], an online alternative news journal covering greater Jackson
Television
- Channel 3, WLBT: NBC
- Channel 8, WBXK: UATV
- Channel 10, WBMS: UPN; simulcast of WXMS
- Channel 12, WJTV (NewsChannel 12): CBS
- Channel 16, WAPT: ABC
- Channel 27, WXMS (Jackson's UPN): lower-powered UPN affiliate; may become a truly independent station soon
- Channel 29, WMPN: PBS
- Channel 34, WRBJ (UPN 34): not yet on the air, but will be Jackson's full-power UPN affiliate
- Channel 35, WUFX (Fox 35): FOX
- Channel 40, WDBD (WB40): The WB
- Channel 49, WJXF: UATV; simulcast of WBXK
- Channel 53, WJMF: Univision
FM radio
- 88.5 WJSU: jazz; National Public Radio
- 89.1 WMBU: Moody Bible Radio
- 90.1 WMPR: variety
- 91.3 WMPN: classical music; National Public Radio
- 92.5 WQST: American Family Radio
- 93.1 WYAB (B93): oldies
- 93.5 WHJT (Star 93.5): christian contemporary
- 93.9 WRXW (Rock 93-9): active rock
- 94.7 WWJK (94-7 Jack FM): adult hits
- 95.5 WHLH (95.5 Hallelujah FM): gospel
- 96.3 WUSJ (US 96.3): country music
- 97.3 WFMN (Supertalk Mississippi): talk
|
- 97.7 WRJH (Hot 97-7): hip-hop
- 98.7 WJKK (Mix 98.7): adult contemporary
- 99.7 WJMI (99 Jams): hip-hop
- 100.5 WRTM-FM (Smooth 100-dot-5): urban AC
- 100.9 WJXN: christian contemporary (K-Love)
- 101.7 WYOY (Y101): top-40
- 102.9 WMSI (Miss 103): country music
- 103.7 WLEZ-LP (EZ 103.7): adult standards
- 105.1 WQJQ (Q105): oldies
- 105.9 WOAD-FM (Praise 105.9): gospel
- 106.7 WSTZ (Z106.7): classic rock
- 107.5 WKXI-FM (Kixie 107): urban AC
|
AM radio
- 620 WJDX (The Score): Fox Sports Radio
- 780 WIIN: Spanish-language
- 810 WSJC: Family Talk Radio
- 930 WSFZ (SuperSport 930): Sporting News Radio
- 970 WZQK (Real Country 970): classic country
- 1120 WTWZ: christian country-music, secular bluegrass
- 1150 WONG: urban AC, gospel
- 1180 WJNT (NewsTalk 1180): news & talk
- 1240 WPBQ: ESPN Radio
- 1300 WOAD-AM: gospel
- 1370 WMGO: gospel
- 1400 WKXI-AM (Blues 1400): blues
- 1590 WZRX (Glory 1590): gospel
Cultural Organizations and Institutions
- [http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/arlib/arlib_index.html/ Mississippi Department of Archives and History], which contains the state archives and records.
- [http://www.mscraftsmensguild.org/ Craftsmen's Guild of Mississippi]
- Mississippi Symphony Orchestra (MSO), formerly the Jackson Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1944
1944.]]
- [http://www.city.jackson.ms.us/CityHall/artgallery.htm Municipal Art gallery]
- Ballet Mississippi
- Mississippi Museum of Art [http://www.msmuseumart.org/]
- Russell C. Davis Planetarium [http://www.city.jackson.ms.us/CityHall/planetarium.htm]
- Mississippi Opera
- Mississippi Chorus
- New Stage Theatre [http://www.newstagetheatre.com/]
- Mississippi Hispanic Association
- Mississippi Heritage Trust
- [http://www.city.jackson.ms.us/CityHall/Thalia%20Mara%20and%20Art%20Center/Home%20Cover%20MAC1.htm Mississippi Art Center]
- [http://www.city.jackson.ms.us/CityHall/robertson.htm Smith-Robertson Museum and Cultural Center]
- Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum [http://www.mdac.state.ms.us/n_library/departments/ag_museum/index_agmuseum.html]
- Mynelle Gardens
- Jackson State University Botanical Garden
- Jackson Zoo [http://jacksonzoo.org/]
- [http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/museum/ Old Capitol Museum of Mississippi History]
- [http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/museum/mhistory.html Governor's Mansion]
- [http://www.mdah.state.ms.us/museum/manship.html Manship House Museum]
- Boyd House/The Oaks House Museum
Periodic Cultural Events
- Mississippi State Fair (held annually in October)
- [http://www.crossroadsfilmfest.com Crossroads Film Festival](April)
- Jubilee! Jam (June)
- Festival Latino (September)
- [http://outoberfest.com OUToberfest] (annual LGBT festival held in October)
Sports teams
September
- Mississippi Braves, AA Affiliate of the Atlanta Braves, member of the Southern League.
- [http://www.jacksonsenators.com/ Jackson Senators, Independent]
- Mississippi Hardhats, World Basketball Association /
Sports Arenas
- Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium -- Football
- Mississippi Coliseum -- Basketball, Hockey, Track, Rodeo
- Smith-Wills Stadium -- Home of the Jackson Senators. Baseball, Softball, Football, Soccer, Multipurpose (Has new synthetic surface)
- Trustmark Park -- Home of the Mississippi Braves (Baseball)
- River Hills Club -- Tennis
- JSU Athletics and Assembly Center -- Basketball, Track
- Tougaloo College Wellness Center -- Home of the Mississippi Hardhats
Former Professional Sports Teams
Mississippi Braves
- Baseball
- Previously Jackson was home to the Jackson Diamond Kats of the independent Texas-Louisiana League (2000), the Jackson Generals, former AA affiliate of the Houston Astros (1991-1999), and the Jackson Mets, former AA affiliate of the New York Mets (1975-1990).
- Hockey
- Jackson Bandits -- Minor League Hockey Team -- East Coast Hockey League
- Soccer
- Jackson Calypso -- Women's Soccer
- Jackson Rockers -- Men's Soccer
- Football
- Mississippi Pride -- Regional Football League
- Jackson CFL Team -- Canadian Football League entry; moved from Las Vegas to Jackson, but never played
Famous Jacksonians
1990
- Margaret Walker Alexander, writer
- David Banner, southern rapper/producer
- Lerone Bennett, Jr., Editor, Ebony Magazine
- Harry A. Cole, Sr., chemist, inventor of Pine-Sol
- Vic Fleming, writer
- Richard Ford, writer
- Jim Gallagher Jr., professional golfer
- Othella Harrington, professional basketball player
- Beth Henley, playwright
- Faith Hill, country music entertainer
- Lindsey Hunter, professional basketball player
- Fern Kinney, rhythm & blues and disco music entertainer
- Papa Charlie McCoy, blues musician
- Dorothy Moore, gospel singer
- Walter Payton, professional football player, member of the NFL Hall of Fame
- LeAnn Rimes, country music entertainer
- James Robinson, professional basketball player
- Otis Spann, blues musician
- Pearl Spann, educator (namesake of Spann Elementary School in Jackson)
- Eudora Welty, writer
- Cassandra Wilson, jazz singer and songwriter
Transportation
Air Travel
Jackson is served by Jackson-Evers International Airport, located at Allen C. Thompson Field, east of the city in Flowood in Rankin County. Its IATA code is JAN.
On 22 December 2004, Jackson City Council members voted 6-0 to rename Jackson International Airport in honor of slain civil rights leader and field secretary for the Mississippi chapter of the NAACP, Medgar Evers. This decision took effect on 22 January 2005.
Formerly Jackson was served by Hawkins Field Airport, located in northwest Jackson, with IATA code HKS, which is now used for private air traffic only.
Ground Transportation
Interstate Highways:
- Interstate 55, which runs north-south from Memphis, Tennessee and Grenada, through Jackson towards Brookhaven, McComb, and the Louisiana state line to New Orleans.
- Interstate 20, which runs east-west from Vicksburg, towards Meridian.
- Interstate 220, which connects Interstates 55 and 20 on the north and west sides of the city.
U.S. Highways:
- U.S. Highway 49, which runs north-south from the Arkansas state line at Clarksdale and Yazoo City, towards Hattiesburg and Gulfport.
- U.S. Highway 51, known in Jackson as State Street, roughly parallels Interstate 55.
- U.S. Highway 80, which roughly parallels Interstate 20.
State Highways:
- Mississippi State Highway 18, which runs southwest towards Raymond.
- Mississippi State Highway 25 (some parts known as Lakeland Drive), which runs northeast towards Carthage and Starkville.
In addition, Jackson is served by the Natchez Trace Parkway, which runs from Natchez to Nashville, Tennessee.
Railroads
Jackson is served by the Canadian National Railway (formerly the Illinois Central Railroad). Jackson is also served by Amtrak.
Suburbs
External links
- [http://www.city.jackson.ms.us/ Official city website]
- [http://www.visitjackson.com/ Jackson Convention & Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/ Jackson Free Press]
Category:Cities in Mississippi
Category:Hinds County, Mississippi
Category:U.S. state capitals
ja:ジャクソン (ミシシッピ州)
Capital:This article concerns places that serve as centers of government and politics. For alternative meanings see capital (disambiguation)
In politics, a capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has an alternative meaning based on an alternative meaning of "capital") is the principal city or town associated with its government. It is almost always the city which physically encompasses the offices and meeting places of the seat of government and fixed by law. The word capital is derived from the Latin caput meaning "head," and the related term capitol refers to the building where government-business is chiefly conducted.
Seats of government in major substate jurisdictions are usually called "capitals", but at lower administrative subdivisions, terms such as county town, county seat, or borough seat are also used.
As the focal point of power for the country or region, the capital naturally attracts the politically motivated and those whose skills are needed for efficient administration of government such as lawyers, journalists, and public policy researchers. Older capitals have often developed into prime economic, cultural, or intellectual centers as well. Such is certainly the case with Paris and Buenos Aires among national capitals, and Irkutsk or Salt Lake City in their respective state or province. Such concentration may be controversial. The siting of Brasília in Brazil's heartland was done in order to bring progress to the interior of the country, since the old capital, Rio de Janeiro, along with entire Southeastern Brazil was already crowded. The government of South Korea announced in 2004 it would move its capital from Seoul to Yeongi-Gongju — even though the word Seoul itself means "capital" in the Korean language.
The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal. Traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, as occurred with Thebes by Alexandria, Nanjing by Shanghai, or Edinburgh by Glasgow. The decline of a dynasty or culture could mean the extinction of its capital city as well, as occurred with Babylon and Cahokia. And many modern capital cities, such as Abuja and Ottawa, were deliberately fixed outside existing economic areas, and may not have established themselves as new commercial or industrial hubs since.
Multiple capitals
:See also: List of multiple capitals
A number of cases exist where states or other entities have multiple capitals. In South Africa, for example, the administrative capital is Pretoria, the legislative capital is Cape Town, and the judicial capital is Bloemfontein, the outcome of the compromise that created the Union of South Africa in 1910.
In others, the "effective" and "official" capital may differ for pragmatic reasons, resulting in a situation where a city known as "the capital" is not, in fact, host to the seat of government:
- Yamoussoukro was designated the national capital of Côte d'Ivoire in 1983, but as of 2004 most government offices and embassies were still located in Abidjan
- Sucre is still the constitutional capital of Bolivia, but most of the national government long abandoned that region for La Paz
- Amsterdam is the nominal national capital of the Netherlands even though the Dutch government and supreme court are both located in The Hague.
In such cases, the city housing the administrative capital is usually understood to be the "national capital" among outsiders. For instance, Santiago is understood to be the capital of Chile even though its Congress is in Valparaiso.
Capital as symbol
With the rise of modern empires and the nation-state, the capital city has become a symbol for the state and its government, and imbued with political meaning. Unlike medieval capitals, which were declared wherever a monarch held his or her court, the selection, relocation, founding, or capture of a modern capital city is an emotional affair. For example:
- Ruined and almost uninhabited Athens was made capital of newly independent Greece with the romantic notion of reviving the glory of the ancients;
- Peter I of Russia moved his government to Saint Petersburg to give the Russian Empire a western orientation, while Kemal Atatürk did the same by ironically moving east to Ankara, away from Ottoman Istanbul;
- The selection or founding of a "neutral" city, one unencumbered by regional or political identity, represented the unity of a new state with Madrid in Spain, Washington, D.C. in the United States, and Canberra in Australia among others;
- During the American Civil War, tremendous resources were expended to defend Washington, D.C. from Confederate attack even though the small federal government could have been moved relatively easily in the era of railroads and telegraph.
- Berlin has risen from the ashes of World War II (Stunde Null) to become the new/old capital city of the third most prosperous nation in the World, Germany.
The effects of the capital
The capital city is almost always the main target in a war, as capturing it usually guarantees capture of much of the enemy government, and victory for the attacking forces. In the tradition of drama, capital cities are usually associated with high stake final battles, such as in the Lord of the Rings series where the forces of Mordor besiege the Gondorian capital of Minas Tirith; it is assumed if the city falls, Gondor falls with it.
In old China, the relatively fragile dynasties could easily be toppled with the fall of their capital. In the Three Kingdoms period, both Shu and Wu fell when their respective capitals of Cheng Du and Jian Ye fell. The Ming were destroyed when the Manchus took their seat of power, and this pattern endlessly repeats itself in Chinese history.
In the West, things were vastly different. The Byzantine Empire lasted for nearly 60 years after Crusaders took their capital city of Constantinople. The American revolutionaries lost their capital of Philadelphia, but survived the blow.
Largest national capital cities
Some of the largest cities in the world are not national capitals. The largest national capitals on each continent, by urban/metropolitan area population, are:
- Africa: Cairo (11,146,000)
- Asia: Tokyo (35,237,000)
- Europe: Moscow (13,600,000)
- North America: Mexico City (17,809,471)
- Oceania: Wellington (367,600)
- South America: Buenos Aires (13,349,000)
Lists of capitals
- Lists of national capitals
- by name
- by country (with also the largest city)
- by continent and country
- List of historical national capitals
- List of capitals of subnational entities
- List of multiple capitals
- List of countries that have the name of their capital included in their name
- List of countries whose capital is not their largest city
Category:Capitals
Category:Political geography
als:Hauptstadt
ko:수도
ja:首都
ms:Ibu negara
simple:Capital (city)
th:เมืองหลวง
zh-min-nan:Siú-to·
Mississippi
Mississippi is a Southern state of the United States.
Postal abbreviation: MS. Official (long) name: State of Mississippi.
The state takes its name from the Mississippi River, which flows along the western boundary. The name itself probably means "big waters" in an old form of Ojibwe, a Native American language spoken around the river's headwaters. Other nicknames attached to Mississippi are the Magnolia State and the Hospitality State.
In research company Morgan Quitno's Most Liveable State Award, Mississippi has been in last place for seven years [http://www.morganquitno.com/srml.htm] ([http://www.morganquitno.com/sr05mlfac.htm factors]).
USS Mississippi was named in honor of this state.
History
Main article: History of Mississippi
Mississippi was part of the Mississippian culture in the early part of the second millennium AD; descendant Native American tribes include the Chickasaw and Choctaw. Other tribes who inhabited the territory of Mississippi (and gave their names to local towns) include the Natchez, the Yazoo, and the Biloxi.
The first expedition into the territory that became Mississippi was that of Hernando de Soto, who passed through in 1540. However, the first settlement was that of Ocean Springs (or Old Biloxi), settled by Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in 1699. In 1716, Natchez was founded on the Mississippi River (as Fort Rosalie); it became the dominant town and trading post of the area. After spending some time under Spanish, British, and French nominal jurisdiction, the Mississippi area was deeded to the United States after the French and Indian War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris.
The Mississippi Territory was organized on April 7, 1798, from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina; it was later twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain. Land was purchased (generally through unequal treaties) from Native American tribes from 1800 to about 1830.
Mississippi was the 20th state admitted to the Union, on December 10, 1817.
When cotton was king during the 1850s, Mississippi plantation owners—especially those of the Delta and Black Belt regions—became increasingly wealthy due to the high fertility of the soil and the high price of cotton on the international market. The severe wealth imbalances and the necessity of large-scale slave populations to sustain such income played a heavy role in both state politics and in the support for secession.
Mississippi was the second state to secede from the Union as one of the Confederate States of America on January 9, 1861. During the Civil War the Confederate States were defeated. Under the terms of Reconstruction, Mississippi was readmitted to the Union on February 23, 1870.
Mississippi was considered to typify the Deep South during the era of Jim Crow. A series of increasingly restrictive racial segregation laws enacted during the first part of the 20th century resulted in the emigration of almost half a million people, three-quarters of them black, in the 1940s. However, at the same time, Mississippi became a center of rich, quintessentially American music traditions: gospel music, jazz music, blues, and rock and roll all were invented, promulgated, or heavily developed by Mississippi musicians. Mississippi was also noted for its authors in the early twentieth century, especially William Faulkner and Tennessee Williams.
Mississippi was a center of the civil rights movement. While many in the state supported the effort to secure voting and other rights for African-Americans, the vocal opposition of many politicians and officials and the violent tactics of Ku Klux Klan members and sympathizers gave Mississippi a reputation as a reactionary state during the 1960s.
The state was the last to repeal prohibition and to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, in 1966 and 1995 respectively.
On August 17, 1969, Category 5 Hurricane Camille hit the Mississippi coast killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars).
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused even greater destruction across the entire 90 miles of Mississippi Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Alabama.
In recent years, Mississippi has been noted for its political conservatism, improved civil rights record, and increasing industrialization. In addition, a decision in 1990 to legalize riverboat gambling has led to economic gains for the state. However, an estimated $500,000 per day in tax revenue was lost following Hurricane Katrina's severe damage to several riverboat casinos in August 2005. Gambling towns in Mississippi include the Gulf Coast towns of Gulfport and Biloxi, and the river towns of Tunica, Greenville, Vicksburg and Natchez. Before Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, Mississippi was the second largest gambling state in the Union, ahead of New Jersey and behind Nevada.
On October 17, 2005, Governor Haley Barbour signed a bill into law that now allows casinos in Hancock and Harrison counties to rebuild on land (but within 800 feet of the water). The only exception is in Harrison County, where the new law states that casinos can be built to the southern boundary of U.S. Highway 90.
U.S. Highway 90 until its replacement in 1903.]]
Law and government
After the Civil War, mistreatment of Southerners during Reconstruction by the federally-appointed Republican governors led to considerable resentment toward the Republican Party. As a result, Mississippi's state government had a very long unbroken record of single-party dominance. For 116 years, from 1876 to 1992 Mississippians only elected Democratic governors. For most of that time period, Democrats also held the majority of seats in the state legislature (which they still do) not to mention most other elected offices, including the state's federal representation (although some Republicans began to win Congressional elections in the 1970s).
As with all other U.S. States and the federal government, Mississippi's government is based on the separation of legislative, executive and judicial power. Executive authority in the state rests with the Governor, currently Haley Barbour (Republican). The Lieutenant Governor, currently Amy Tuck (originally elected as a Democrat, she switched to the Republican Party in 2002), is elected on a separate ballot. Both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected to four-year terms of office. Unlike the federal government, but like many other U.S. States, most of the heads of major executive departments are elected by the citizens of Mississippi, rather than appointed by the governor.
(See: List of Governors of Mississippi)
(See: List of Lt. Governors of Mississippi)
(See: List of State Treasurers of Mississippi)
(See: Mississippi general election results, 2003)
Legislative authority resides in the state legislature, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate, while the House of Representatives selects their own Speaker. The state Constitution permits the legislature to establish by law the number of Senators and Representatives, up to a maximum of 52 Senators and 122 Representatives. Current state law sets the number of Senators at 52 and Representatives at 122. The term of office for Senators and Representatives is four years.
(See: List of state legislatures of the United States.)
Supreme Judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court, which has statewide authority. In addition, there is a statewide Court of Appeals, as well as Circuit Courts, Chancery Courts and Justice Courts, which have more limited geographical jurisdiction. The nine Judges of the Supreme Court are elected from three districts (three Judges per district) by the state's citizens in non-partisan elections to eight-year staggered terms. The ten Judges of the Court of Appeals are elected from five districts (two Judges per district) for eight-year staggered terms. Judges for the smaller courts are elected to four-year terms by the state's citizens who live within that court's jurisdiction.
At the federal level, Mississippi's two U.S. senators are Trent Lott (Republican) and Thad Cochran (Republican). As of the 2001 reapportionment, the state has 4 congressmen in the U.S. House of Representatives.
(See: List of United States Representatives from Mississippi)
Mississippi has 82 counties. Citizens of Mississippi counties elect the five members of their county Board of Supervisors from single-member districts, as well as other county officials.
(See: List of Mississippi counties)
Economics
List of Mississippi counties
[http://www.bea.gov/ The Bureau of Economic Analysis] estimates that Mississippi's total state product in 2003 was $72 billion. Per capital personal income in 2003 was $23,466, 51st in the nation (ranking includes the District of Columbia).
Mississippi's rank as the poorest state can be traced to the Civil War. Before the Civil War, Mississippi was the fifth-wealthiest state in the nation. The war cost the state 30,000 men. Plantaton owners who survived the war were virtually bankrupted by the emancipation of slaves, and Union troops left widespread destruction in their wake.
Transportation
Mississippi is served by six Interstate highways
- Interstate 10
- Interstate 20
- Interstate 55
- Interstate 59
- Interstate 110
- Interstate 220
and fourteen main U.S. Highways
- U.S. Highway 11
- U.S. Highway 45
- U.S. Highway 49
- U.S. Highway 51
- U.S. Highway 61
- U.S. Highway 65
- U.S. Highway 72
- U.S. Highway 78
- U.S. Highway 80
- U.S. Highway 82
- U.S. Highway 84
- U.S. Highway 90
- U.S. Highway 98
- U.S. Highway 278
as well as a system of State Highways.
For more information, visit the [http://www.gomdot.com/ Mississippi Department of Transportation] website.
Demographics
Population
- The 2000 Census reported Mississippi's population as 2,844,658 [http://www.censusscope.org/us/s28/chart_popl.html]. 2004 estimates show the population as having risen to 2,902,966. [http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2004-01.pdf]
Racial Makeup and Ancestry
The Census Bureau considers race and Hispanic origin to be two separate categories. This data, however, is only for non-Hispanic members of each group: non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, etc. For more information on race and the Census, see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 here.]
Until about 1940, Blacks made up a majority of Mississippians. Their share of the population has since declined, but has in recent years begun to increase, due mainly to a younger Black age structure caused by a relatively high Black birthrate, although this has subsided somewhat in recent years. In Mississippi's public school system, the majority of students are Black. [http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/states/profile.asp] Blacks currently predominate in the northwestern Yazoo Delta, the southwestern, and central parts of the state.
Nearly 10,000 Native Americans (mostly Choctaw) live in the east central section of the state. The small Chinese population found in the Delta is descended from farm laborers brought there from California in the 1870s. The Chinese did not adjust well to the Mississippi plantation system, however, and most of them became small merchants. The coastal fishing industry has attracted Southeast Asian refugees.
The white population of Mississippi is remarkably homogeneous and mostly of American ancestry. More than 98 percent native-born, predominantly of Northern European descent. According to the 2000 Census, the largest ancestries are American (14.2%), Irish (6.9%), English (6.1%), and German (4.5%). There are also French and Italian populations. French Creoles are the largest demographic group in Hancock County on the Gulf Coast. The black, Choctaw Indian (in Neshoba County), and Chinese segments of the population are also almost entirely native-born.
Religion
Mississippi's religious affiliations principally consist of evangelical Protestant denominations, particularly the Baptists (Southern Baptist, Missionary Baptist, etc.), along with Methodists and Presbyterians. The small Roman Catholic population is found primarily in urban areas and on the Gulf Coast, and the tiny Jewish population is also mainly concentrated in urban areas.
The current religious affiliations of the people of Mississippi are as follows:
- Christian – 92%
- Protestant – 86%
- Baptist – 58%
- Methodist – 10%
- Pentecostal – 3%
- Presbyterian – 2%
- Other Protestant – 13%
- Roman Catholic – 5%
- Other Christian – 1%
- Other Religions – <1%
- Non-Religious – 7%
Important cities and towns
Education
Colleges and universities
Miscellaneous information
State motto: "Virtute et Armis" (By Valor and Arms)
State song: "Go, Mississippi", adopted 1962
Patron saint: Our Lady of Sorrows
State flower and state tree: Magnolia
State bird: Mockingbird
State beverage: Milk
State fish: Largemouth Bass
State insect: Honeybee
State water mammal: Bottlenose Dolphin
State shell: Oyster
State fossil: A whale fossil nicknamed "ziggy"
State land mammals: White-tailed Deer and Red Fox
State waterfowl: Wood duck
State stone: Petrified wood
State wildflower: Coreopsis
State butterfly: Spicebush Swallowtail
State dance: Square Dance
Statehood Quarter was minted in 2002.
Pledge to the Flag: "I salute the flag of Mississippi and the sovereign state for which it stands with pride in her history and achievements and with confidence in her future under the guidance of Almighty God."
Famous Mississippians
Mississippi has produced a number of notable and famous individuals, including author William Faulkner, author Eudora Welty, musician Elvis Presley, blues musicians B.B. King, Muddy Waters, and Robert Johnson, novelist John Grisham, entertainer Oprah Winfrey, author Richard Wright, actor Morgan Freeman, playwright Tennessee Williams, and country music singer Faith Hill .
External links
- [http://www.ms.gov State of Mississippi]
- [http://www.olemiss.edu/mwp/ The Mississippi Writers Page]
- [http://www.yoyita.com Mississippi Arts]
-
Mississippi
ko:미시시피 주
ja:ミシシッピ州
simple:Mississippi
2000
This article is about the year 2000. For other uses of 2000, see 2000 (number) or 2000 (breakdancing move).
2000 (MM) is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, however, this distinction falls to the year 2001. This is due to the fact that the first century began with the year 1, and there does not exist a year zero. The first century (or first 100 years AD) was from January 1, in the year one (1 AD) through December 31, in the year one-hundred (100 AD). The second century began on January 1, in the year one-hundred and one (101 AD).
The year 2000 is also marked as:
- The International Year for a Culture of Peace.
- The World Mathematical Year.
See also Wikipedia's almanac of events for this year.
Events
- January 1 - Millennium celebrations take place throughout the world. Y2K passes without the serious, widespread computer failures and malfunctions that had been predicted.
- January 5-January 8 - The 2000 al-Qaida Summit
- January 6 - The last remaining Pyrenean Ibex is found dead.
- January 10 - America On-line announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion. This is the largest-ever corporate merger.
- January 11 - the armed wing of Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria.
- January 11 - The trawler Solway Harvester sinks off the Isle of Man.
- January 14 - A United Nations tribunal sentences five Bosnian Croats up to 25 years for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.
- January 16 - In Sacramento, California a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the state capitol building killing the driver.
- January 24 - God's Army, Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, take 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.
- January 30 - St. Louis Rams 23 defeat the Tennessee Titans 16 to win the Super_Bowl_XXXIV
- January 30 - Off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169. Within a day, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean, killing 88.
- January 31 - Dr. Harold Shipman in sentenced to life in prison for murder of at least 15 of his patients out of 365 suspected victims.
- February 4 - German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
- February 6 - Tarja Halonen is elected the first Finnish female president.
- February 13 - Final original Peanuts comic strip is published.
- February 14 - The spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around asteroid 433 Eros, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid.
- March 1 - The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.
- March 2 - Hans Blix assumes the position of Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
- March 8 - Tokyo train disaster.
- March 9 - FBI arrests suspected purveyor of art forgeries, Ely Sakhai, in New York City.
- March 10 - The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5048. ([http://dynamic.nasdaq.com/dynamic/IndexChart.asp?symbol=IXIC&desc=NASDAQ+Composite&sec=nasdaq&site=nasdaq&months=84])
- March 18 - 2000 Taiwanese presidential election: Chen Shui-bian is elected President of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- March 20 - Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, a former Black Panther, is captured after gun battle that left a sheriff's deputy dead.
- March 21 - Pope John Paul II began the first office visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.
- March 21 - US Supreme Court ruled the goverment lacked authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton administration's main anti-smoking initiative.
- March 26 - Presidential elections in Russia: Vladimir Putin elected President.
- March 30 - America's Cup 2000 retained by Team New Zealand near Auckland. Prada Challenge 2000 lost 0-5 in a "best-of-9".
April.]]
- April 1 - Japanese prime minister Keizo Obuchi suffers a stroke and falls into a coma.
- April 3 - United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.
- April 5 - Yoshiro Mori replaces Obuchi as prime minister of Japan.
- April 7 - Attack submarine ex-Trepang completes being recycled.
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, Raja of Perlis dies after a reign of 55 years. He was the longest reigning monarch in the world since the death of Prince Franz Joseph II of Liechtenstein.
- April 17 - Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.
- April 22 - In a predawn raid, federal agents seize six-year old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida and fly him to his Cuban father in Washington, DC ending one of the most publicized custody battles in US history.
- April 25 - The State of Vermont passes HB847, legalizing Civil Unions for same-sex couples.
- May 3 - A rare conjunction occurs on the New Moon including all seven of the traditional celestial bodies known from ancient times up until 1781 with the discovery of Uranus. The May 2000 conjunction consisted of: the Sun and Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
- May 3 - Computer pioneer Datapoint Corporation files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
- May 12 - The Tate Modern opens in London.
- May 13 - In Enschede a heavy fireworks explosion kills 20 and leaves an entire neighborhood in ruins.
- May 18 - Boo.com collapses due to lack of funds after six months.
- May 25 - Israel withdraws IDF troops from southern Lebanon after 22 years.
- May 28 - The volcano Mount Cameroon erupts.
- June 1 - Mark Mendlan, professional wrestler known by his ring name "Kid Gorgeous," is killed while wrestling at a show in New Hampshire.
- June 7 - U.S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson of the 4th circuit ordered the breakup of Microsoft Corp.
- June 10 - The New Jersey Devils defeat the Dallas Stars 4 games to 2 to win the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals.
- June 10 - The 2000 European Football Championship begins, hosted jointly by Belgium and the Netherlands.
- June 21 - Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.
- June 23 - Palace Backpackers Hostel fire in Childers, Queensland, Australia, kills 15 people.
- June 30 - During a set of the band Pearl Jam at the Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen, 9 die and 26 are injured in the crowd.
July
- July 2 - France beat Italy 2-1 to win the 2000 European Football Championship with a golden goal.
- July 2 - Presidential election of Mexico. Vicente Fox wins the Presidency as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party).
- July 10 - In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline
- July 10 - Death of Denis O Conor Donn, died 10th July 2000, aged 88; succeded by his son, Desmond as The O Connor Donn
- July 18 - Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party
- July 25 - A Concorde carrying Air France Flight 4590 crashes just after takeoff from Paris killing all 109 aboard and 5 on the ground.
- August 1 - The Santa Cruz Operation announced that it will sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, as well as UnixWare and OpenServer technologies, to Caldera Systems,Inc.
- August 8 - Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.
- August 12 - The Russian submarine Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.
- August 14 - The first comic of Megatokyo goes online. This webcomic will later become one of the most popular comics on the web (in terms of page views) and spawn numerous imitators.
- August 25 - the Emulex hoax - wire services publish fraudulent bad news about Emulex
- August 27 - The Ostankino Tower in Moscow catches fire, three people are killed.
- September 5 - Tuvalu joins the United Nations.
- September 6 - In New York City, the United Nations Millennium Summit begins with more than 180 world leaders present.
- September 6 - The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense
- September 7–14 - The UK fuel protests take place, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.
- September 8 - Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.
- September 15 - The 2000 Summer Olympics are opened in Sydney, Australia.
- September 16 - Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.
- September 24 - The American Family Association begins lobbying the U.S. Congress to eradicate the National Endowment for the Arts for funding the controversial book One of the Guys by Robert Clark Young
- September 26 - Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.
- September 28 - Ariel Sharon leads several hundred armed Israelis in a visit to the Temple Mount. Palestinian civil disorder increases into the Al-Aqsa Intifada.
- September 29 - The Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland is closed.
- October 2 NBC Today Show expanded it to three hours (7:00–10:00 A.M. Eastern Time/Pacific Time; 6:00–9:00 A.M. Central Time/Mountain Time)
- October 5 - President Slobodan Milošević leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia and the withdrawal of Russian support.
- October 11 - 250 million gallons of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky. Considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
- October 12 - In Aden, Yemen, the USS Cole is badly damaged by two suicide bombers who placed a small boat laden with explosives along-side the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
- October 21 15 Arab leaders convened in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in four years; the Libyan delegation walked out, angry over signs the summit would stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.
- October 22 – Mainichi Shinbun exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises of his findings.
- October 26 - Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparently ancient mummy of a persian princess in the province of Baluchistan. Iran, Pakistan and the Taliban all claim the mummy until Pa | | |
