Jacqueline Bisset

Jacqueline Bisset (born Winifred Jacqueline Fraser-Bisset on September 13, 1944) is a British actress, born in Weybridge, Surrey, England to Max Fraser Bisset, a Brit of Scottish descent and a General Practitioner from Reading, Berkshire and Arlette Alexander, a French attorney. Her mother taught her to speak French fluently, which has led many to erroneously believe she was born in France. When Bisset was a teenager, her mother was diagnosed with disseminating sclerosis. After her parents divorced, she moved in to help her mother. She had taken ballet lessons as a young child, and now began taking acting lessons, and fashion modelling to pay for them. In 1967, Bisset was cast in the critically acclaimed movie Two for the Road. Next, she participated in the James Bond spoof Casino Royale (1967), as "Miss Goodthighs." In 1968, Mia Farrow, who was having personal problems, dropped out of a movie named The Detective (1968), and her job was given to Bisset instead. She was cast opposite Steve McQueen in Bullitt in 1968. In 1973, she appeared in François Truffaut's movie Day for Night, where she earned the respect of European critics and moviegoers as a serious actress. In 1977, Bisset made great strides towards becoming a better known entertainer in America with her movie The Deep (1977), co-starring Robert Shaw, where her appearance swimming underwater wearing only a T-shirt made many to credit her with popularizing the wet T-shirt contest. At the time, Newsweek magazine declared her to be "the most beautiful film actress of all time." Soon thereafter she played in the movies Rich and Famous (1981) with Candice Bergen, and Under The Volcano (1982) with Albert Finney, which was made in 1984 and gave her a Golden Globe award nomination. In 1978 she had already earned her first nomination for Who is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?. In 1996, she was nominated for a César Award, France's version of the Oscars, for her role in La cérémonie. During her career, Bisset has worked with such legendary directors as François Truffaut, John Huston, George Cukor and Roman Polański, among others. Several of her movies are French or Italian productions. Bisset has also appeared in many made-for-TV movies, especially during the last 10 years, some of which have been quite successful. One of her later TV movies, released in 2003, was America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story, in which she portrayed Jacqueline Kennedy. Bisset has never been married, but she has had a number of well-publicized relationships with men. Bisset is the godmother to actress Angelina Jolie. She stared opposite Jolie in the film Mr. and Mrs. Smith(2005). The scenes never made the final cut.

Filmography

- Domino (2005)
- The Grooming (2005)
- Fascination (2004)
- Latter Days (2003)
- Swing (2003)
- New Year's Day (2001)
- The Sleepy Time Gal (2001)
- Les gens qui s'aiment (2000)
- Let the Devil Wear Black (1999)
- Dangerous Beauty (1998)
- Once You Meet a Stranger (1996)
- La cérémonie (1995)
- La classe américaine (1993)
- Crimebroker (1993)
- Hoffman's honger (1993)
- Les marmottes (1993)
- Est & Ouest: Les paradis perdus (1993)
- Rossini! Rossini! (1991)
- The Maid (1991)
- Wild Orchid (1990)
- Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills (1989)
- La maison de jade (1988)
- High Season (1987)
- Forbidden (1984)
- Under the Volcano (1984)
- Class (1983)
- Rich and Famous (1981)
- Inchon (1981)
- When Time Ran Out (1980)
- Amo non amo (1979)
- Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe? (1978)
- The Greek Tycoon (1978)
- The Deep (1977)
- La donna della domenica (1976)
- St. Ives (1976)
- Der Richter und sein Henker (1975)
- The Spiral Staircase (1975)
- Murder on the Orient Express (1974)
- Le magnifique (1973)
- La nuit américaine (1973)
- The Thief Who Came to Dinner (1973)
- The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972)
- Stand Up and Be Counted (1972)
- Believe in Me (1971)
- The Mephisto Waltz (1971)
- Secrets (1971)
- The Grasshopper (1970)
- Airport (1970)
- L'échelle blanche (1969)
- The First Time (1969)
- Bullitt (1968)
- The Sweet Ride (1968)
- The Detective (1968)
- The Cape Town Affair (1967)
- Casino Royale (1967)
- Two for the Road (1967)
- Drop Dead Darling (1966)
- Cul-de-sac (1966)

External links

- Bisset, Jacqueline Bisset, Jacqueline Bisset, Jacqueline Bisset, Jacqueline Bisset, Jacqueline Bisset, Jacqueline Bisset, Jacqueline ja:ジャクリーン・ビセット

September 13

September 13 is the 256th day of the year (257th in leap years). There are 109 days remaining in the year.

Events

- 509 BC - The temple of Jupiter on Rome's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September.
- 122 - The building of Hadrian's Wall begins.
- 533 - Belisarius and the Roman Empire defeat Gelimer and the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimium near Carthage, North Africa.
- 604 - Pope Sabinianus is consecrated.
- 1440 - Gilles de Rais is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by the Bishop of Nantes.
- 1609 - Henry Hudson reaches the river that will later be named after him - the Hudson River.
- 1743 - England, Austria and Savoy-Sardinia sign the Treaty of Worms (1743).
- 1759 - Battle of the Plains of Abraham: British defeat French near Quebec City in the Seven Years' War, known in the United States as the French and Indian War
- 1788 - The United States Constitutional Convention sets the date for the country's first presidential election, and New York City becomes the temporary capital of the U.S.
- 1791 - King Louis XVI of France accepts the new constitution
- 1813 - The British fail to capture Baltimore, Maryland. Turning point in the War of 1812.
- 1847 - Mexican-American War: Six teenage military cadets known as Niños Héroes die defending Chapultepec Castle in the Battle of Chapultepec. American General Winfield Scott captures Mexico City in the Mexican-American War.
- 1862 - Union soldiers find Robert E. Lee's battle plans in a field outside Frederick, Maryland.
- 1898 - Hannibal Williston Goodwin patents celluloid photographic film
- 1899 - Henry Bliss is the first person in the United States to be killed in an automobile accident.
- 1900 - Filipino resistance fighters defeat a larger American column in the Battle of Pulang Lupa, during the Philippine American War.
- 1906 - First airplane flight in Europe
- 1914 - During World War I, South African troops open hostilities in German SW Afica (Namibia) with an assault on the Ramansdrift police station.
- 1922 - The temperature (in the shade) at Al 'Aziziyah, Libya reaches a world record 136.4 °F (58 °C).
- 1923 - Military coup in Spain - Miguel Primo de Rivera takes over, setting up a dictatorship.
- 1939 - Canada enters World War II.
- 1940 - German bombs damage Buckingham Palace.
- 1940 - Italy invades Egypt.
- 1943 - Chiang Kai-shek elected president of the Republic of China.
- 1948 - Margaret Chase Smith is elected senator, and becomes the first woman to serve in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate.
- 1953 - Nikita Khrushchev appointed secretary-general of the Soviet Union.
- 1956 - The dyke around the Dutch polder East Flevoland is closed.
- 1965 - Baseball: Willie Mays becomes the fifth member of the 500 home run club with a home run at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas.
- 1968 - Albania leaves the Warsaw Pact.
- 1970 - First running of the New York City Marathon.
- 1971 - State police and National Guardsmen storm New York's Attica Prison to end a prison revolt. 42 people die in the assault.
- 1971 - Frank Robinson becomes the 11th member of the 500 home run club with a home run at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore, Maryland.
- 1978 - Italy's Men's Soccer Team Captain Fabio Cannavaro is born in Napoli, Italy.
- 1978 - Jose Theodore, Goalie for the Montreal Canadiens NHL Franchise is born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 1979 - South Africa grants independence to the "homeland" of Venda (not recognized outside South Africa).
- 1985 - The Super Mario Bros. video game is released by Nintendo.
- 1987 - Goiânia accident: A radioactive object is stolen from an abandoned hospital in Goiânia, Brazil, contaminating many people in the following weeks and leading some to die from radiation poisoning.
- 1988 - Hurricane Gilbert is the strongest recorded hurricane in the Western Hemisphere (based on barometric pressure).
- 1989 - Largest anti-Apartheid march in South Africa, led by Desmond Tutu.
- 1991 - A concrete beam weighing 55 tons fell in the Olympic Stadium, Montreal, Canada.
- 1993 - Public unveiling of the Oslo Accords, an Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement initiated by Norway.
- 1993 - Norwegian parliamentary election, 1993.
- 1994 - Ulysses probe passes the Sun's south pole.
- 1996 - After surviving for six days, U.S. rapper/actor Tupac Shakur dies after being shot four times in a drive by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada.
- 1999 - Bomb explodes in Moscow, Russia. At least 119 people are killed.
- 2001 - Civilian airplane traffic in the U.S., which had been grounded following the September 11, 2001 attacks, is allowed to resume.
- 2004 - The anime InuYasha finishes its run in Japan with episode 167.
- 2005 - The Israeli's abandon the Gaza Strip.
- 2005 - Major Japanese Pop group Do As Infinity announces their disbanding.

Births

- 1087 - John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1143)
- 1502 - John Leland, English antiquarian (d. 1552)
- 1520 - William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesman (d. 1598)
- 1604 - William Brereton, English soldier and politician (d. 1661)
- 1739 - Grigori Potemkin, Russian statesman (d. 1791)
- 1775 - Laura Secord, Canadian heroine of the War of 1812 (d. 1868)
- 1802 - Arnold Ruge, German philosopher and political writer (d. 1880)
- 1813 - John Sedgwick, American Civil War general (d. 1864)
- 1819 - Clara Schumann, German pianist and composer (d. 1896)
- 1830 - Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Austrian writer (d. 1916)
- 1842 - John H. Bankhead, U.S. Senator (d. 1920)
- 1851 - Walter Reed, American physician and biologist (d. 1902)
- 1857 - Milton S. Hershey, American chocolate entrepreneur (d. 1945)
- 1857 - Michał Drzymała, Polish peasant rebel (d. 1937)
- 1860 - John J. Pershing, American general (d. 1948)
- 1863 - Arthur Henderson, British politician and union leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)
- 1873 - Constantin Carathéodory, Greek mathematician (d. 1950)
- 1874 - Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian-born composer (d. 1951)
- 1876 - Sherwood Anderson, American writer (d. 1941)
- 1877 - Wilhelm Filchner, German explorer (d. 1957)
- 1885 - Wilhelm Blaschke, Austrian geometer
- 1886 - Sir Robert Robinson, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
- 1887 - Lavoslav Ruzicka, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
- 1893 - Larry Shields, American musician (d. 1953)
- 1894 - J.B. Priestley, English playwright and novelist (d. 1984)
- 1894 - Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (d. 1953)
- 1895 - Morris Kirksey, American athlete and rugby player (d. 1981)
- 1903 - Claudette Colbert, French-born actress (d. 1996)
- 1911 - Bill Monroe, American singer (d. 1996)
- 1916 - Roald Dahl, Welsh writer (d. 1990)
- 1918 - Dick Haymes, Argentine vocalist (d. 1980)
- 1917 - Robert Ward, American composer (d. 1994)
- 1922 - Charles Brown, American singer and pianist (d. 1999)
- 1923 - Edouard Boubat, French photographer
- 1924 - Maurice Jarre, French composer
- 1925 - Mel Torme, American singer (d. 1999)
- 1929 - Nicolai Ghiaurov, Bulgarian opera singer (d. 2004)
- 1932 - Barbara Bain, American actress
- 1936 - Stefano Delle Chiaie, Italian neo-Nazi
- 1937 - Don Bluth, American animator
- 1938 - Judith Martin, American etiquette writer
- 1939 - Richard Kiel, American actor
- 1940 - Óscar Arias, Costa Rican politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1941 - Tadao Ando, Japanese archictect
- 1941 - David Clayton-Thomas, singer (Blood, Sweat & Tears)
- 1944 - Jacqueline Bisset, actress
- 1944 - Peter Cetera, American singer and bass guitarist (Chicago)
- 1945 - Noël Godin, Belgian humorist
- 1948 - Nell Carter, American actress and singer (d. 2003)
- 1950 - Wlodzimierz Cimoszewicz, Polish politician
- 1952 - Randy Jones, American musician (The Village People)
- 1952 - Raymond O'Connor, American actor
- 1952 - Don Was, American singer and composer
- 1961 - Dave Mustaine, American musician (Megadeth)
- 1965 - Zak Starkey, British musician
- 1966 - Maria Furtwängler, German physician and television actress
- 1967 - Michael Johnson, American athlete
- 1968 - Emma Sjöberg, Swedish model and actress
- 1969 - Shane Warne, Australian cricketer
- 1971 - Goran Ivanisevic, Croatian tennis player
- 1971 - Stella McCartney, British fashion designer
- 1973 - Christine Arron, French runner
- 1976 - Craig McMillan, New Zealand cricketer
- 1977 - Fiona Apple, American singer
- 1978 - Jose Theodore, Canadian NHL player.
- 1978 - Fabio Cannavaro, Italian Soccer Player, current Men's Team captain.
- 1979 - Ivan Miljković, Serbian volleyball player, considered as the best attacker in the world, Olympic gold medalist in 2000 (with the team of Jugoslavia)
- 1980 - Viren Rasquinha, Indian hockey player
- 1980 - Ben Savage, American actor (Boy Meets World)
- 1982 - Nenê, Brazilian basketball player
- 1983 - James Bourne, Busted, Son Of Dork

Deaths

- 81 - Roman Emperor Titus (b. 39)
- 1321 - Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (b. 1265)
- 1438 - King Duarte of Portugal (b. 1391)
- 1506 - Andrea Mantegna, Italian painter
- 1557 - John Cheke, English classical scholar and statesman (b. 1514)
- 1592 - Michel de Montaigne, French writer (b. 1533)
- 1598 - King Philip II of Spain (b. 1526)
- 1632 - Archduke Leopold V of Austria, regent of the Tyrol (b. 1586)
- 1759 - James Wolfe, British general (b. 1727)
- 1766 - Benjamin Heath, English classical scholar (b. 1704)
- 1806 - Charles James Fox, English politician (b. 1749)
- 1808 - Saverio Bettinelli, Italian writer (b. 1718)
- 1847 - Nicolas Oudinot, French marshal (b. 1767)
- 1872 - Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach, German philosopher (b. 1804)
- 1881 - Ambrose Burnside, American Civil War general and politician (b. 1824)
- 1885 - Friedrich Kiel, Austrian composer (b. 1821)
- 1894 - Emmanuel Chabrier, French composer (b. 1841)
- 1912 - Maresuke Nogi, Japanese general (b. 1849)
- 1915 - Andrew L. Harris, American Civil War hero and Governor of Ohio (b. 1835)
- 1928 - Italo Svevo, Italian author (b. 1861)
- 1949 - August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1874)
- 1973 - Betty Field, American actress (b. 1913)
- 1977 - Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (b. 1882)
- 1987 - Mervyn LeRoy, American film director (b. 1900)
- 1996 - Tupac Shakur, American rapper and actor (b. 1971)
- 1998 - George Wallace, American politician (b. 1919)
- 1999 - Benjamin Bloom, American educational theorist (b. 1913)
- 2001 - Dorothy McGuire, American actress (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Frank O'Bannon, Governor of Indiana (b. 1930)
- 2005 - Julio César Turbay Ayala, Colombian politician (b. 1916)
- 2005 - Toni Fritsch, Austrian soccer and American football player (b. 1945)

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - epulum Iovis: banquet of Jupiter, on the ides during the Ludi Romani
- RC Saints - St John Chrysostom Also see September 13 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Fiction

- During the 1970s science fiction TV series Space: 1999, September 13, 1999, was the day when the Moon broke away its orbit around the Earth and began its voyage across the Universe, taking the inhabitants of Moon Base Alpha with it.
- In the television series Sliders, the Mallory character invented sliding (travel between alternative realities) on September 13.
- "Second Impact", a critical event in the popular anime series Neon Genesis Evangelion, was said to have occurred on September 13, 2000.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/13 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 12 · September 14 · August 13 · October 13 · more historical anniversaries ko:9월 13일 ja:9月13日 simple:September 13 th:13 กันยายน

United Kingdom

:For other meanings of the terms "United Kingdom" and "UK" , see United Kingdom (disambiguation) and UK (disambiguation). :For an explanation of terms like England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (usually shortened to the United Kingdom or the UK) is a country located off the north-western coast of continental Europe, surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is composed of four constituent parts: three constituent countries—England, Scotland, and Wales—on the island of Great Britain, and the province of Northern Ireland on the island of Ireland. The border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland forms the United Kingdom's principal international land border, although there is a nominal frontier with France in the middle of the Channel Tunnel. The UK has several overseas territories and the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands come under the UK's sovereignty. The UK also has close relationships with the fifteen other Commonwealth Realms, as they all share the same head of state. The UK is also one of the largest member states of the European Union and a founding partner of both the UN and NATO.
Terminology

- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: The official name for the sovereign state
- United Kingdom: an abbreviation of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Britain: an informal term that sometimes means United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and sometimes means Great Britain
- British: an informal term that sometimes means from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and sometimes means from Great Britain
- Great Britain (as a geographical term): the largest island of the British Isles
- Great Britain (as a political term): England + Wales + Scotland
- British Isles (as a geographical term): Great Britain + Ireland + many smaller surrounding islands. This term is disputed, please see below.
- Ireland (as a geographical term): the second largest island of the British Isles
- Ireland (as a political term): an abbreviation of the Republic of Ireland, a sovereign state on the island of Ireland
- Northern Ireland: a political region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Ulster (as a geographical term): Often used to refer to Northern Ireland. It is derived from the Irish Language term 'Ulad.' It was one of the ancient Irish provinces (the others were Connaught, Leinster and Munster.). Although it is normally used to refer to Northern Ireland, Ulster also (traditionally) includes Counties Cavan, Monaghan and Donegal, which lie in the Republic of Ireland. The term Ulster is often favoured by the Protestant community.
History
Protestant Today's state is the latest of several unions formed over the last 1000 years. Scotland and England have existed as separate unified entities since the 10th century. Wales, under English control since the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, became part of the Kingdom of England by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. With the Act of Union 1707, the separate kingdoms of England and Scotland, having shared the same monarch since 1603, agreed to a permanent union as the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Act of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been gradually brought under English control between 1169 and 1691, to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was formed in 1922, after bitter fighting which echoes down to the current political strife, the Anglo-Irish Treaty partitioned Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, with the latter remaining part of the United Kingdom. As provided for in the treaty, Northern Ireland, which consists of six of the nine counties of the Irish province of Ulster, immediately opted out of the Free State and to remain in the UK. The nomenclature of the UK was changed in 1927 to recognise the departure of most of Ireland, with the current name being adopted. 1927 The United Kingdom, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing Western world ideas of property, liberty, capitalism and parliamentary democracy - to say nothing of its part in advancing world literature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire stretched over one quarter of the Earth's surface and encompassed a third of its population. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted from the effects of World War I and World War II. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous nation. The UK has been a member of the European Union since 1973. Its attitude towards further integration is conservative, and there is significant Euroscepticism in UK politics. It has not chosen to adopt the Euro, owing to internal political considerations and the government's judgement of the prevailing economic conditions.
Government and politics
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, with executive power exercised on behalf of the Queen by the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, including the Prime Minister, and other ministers collectively make up Her Majesty's Government. These ministers are drawn from and are responsible to Parliament, the legislative body, which is traditionally considered to be "supreme" (that is, able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors). The UK is one of the few countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution, relying instead on customs and separate pieces of constitutional law. While the monarch is Head of State and holds all executive power, it is the Prime Minister who is the head of government. The government is answerable chiefly to the House of Commons and the Prime Minister is drawn from this chamber of Parliament by constitutional convention. The majority of cabinet members will be from the House of Commons, the rest from the House of Lords. Ministers do not, however, legally have to come from Parliament, though that is the modern day custom. The British system of government has been emulated around the world - a legacy of the United Kingdom's colonial past - most notably in the other Commonwealth Realms. The Prime Minister is chosen as the MP who can command a majority in the House of Commons - usually the leader of the largest party or, if there is no majority party, the largest coalition. The current Prime Minister is Tony Blair of the Labour Party, who has been in office since 1997. In the United Kingdom the monarch has extensive theoretical powers, but his or her role is mainly, though not exclusively, ceremonial. The monarch is an integral part of Parliament (as the "Crown-in-Parliament") and theoretically gives Parliament the power to meet and create legislation. An Act of Parliament does not become law until it has been signed by the Queen (being given Royal Assent), although no monarch has refused to assent to a bill that has been approved by Parliament since Queen Anne in 1708. Although the abolition of the monarchy has been suggested several times, the popularity of the monarchy remains strong in spite of recent controversies. Support for a British republic usually fluctuates between 15% and 25% of the population, with roughly 10% undecided or indifferent [http://www.mori.com/mrr/2000/c000616.shtml]. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. Parliament is the national legislature of the United Kingdom. It is the ultimate legislative authority in the United Kingdom, according to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. It is bicameral, composed of the elected House of Commons and the unelected House of Lords, whose members are mostly appointed. The House of Commons is the more powerful of the two houses. The House of Commons has 646 members who are directly elected from single-member constituencies based on population. The House of Lords has 724 members (though this number is not fixed): hereditary peers, life peers, and bishops of the Church of England. The Church of England is the established church of the state in England. established church]] The two largest political parties are the Labour Party and Conservative Party. The UK has long had a two-party system, but in the last 20 years the Liberal Democrats have re-emerged as a large third party. The electoral system used for general elections is first-past-the-post. The constitution of the United Kingdom is un-codified and partially unwritten, which means that no single document regulates how the government works, and unwritten constitutional conventions are used extensively. The constitution is based on the principle that Parliament is the ultimate sovereign body in the country. There has long been a widespread sense of national identity in the Celtic nations. Throughout the late 19th century the UK debated giving Ireland home rule. The Scottish National Party was founded in 1934, and Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales) in 1925. Referenda for devolution succeeded in 1997 for Scotland and Wales and in 1998 for Northern Ireland. In 1999, the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales were established, the former having primary legislative power. Proportional representation is used for the elections, which has resulted in a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government in Scotland. Due to internal disagreements, the Northern Ireland Assembly has been suspended since 2002.
Subdivisions
The United Kingdom is a country that is divided into four constituent parts:
- England
- Scotland
- Northern Ireland
- Wales The constituent parts of the United Kingdom have administrative subdivisions as follows:
- The regions and administrative counties of England
- The council areas of Scotland
- The counties and county boroughs of Wales
- The districts of Northern Ireland The Laws in Wales Act 1535 incorporated Wales and England into England and Wales for legal purposes. Although all four have historically been divided into counties, England's population is an order of magnitude larger than the others so in recent years it has for some purposes been divided into nine intermediate-level Government Office Regions. Each region is made up of counties and unitary authorities, apart from London, which consists of London boroughs. Although at one point it was intended that each or some of these regions would be given its own regional assembly, the plan's future is uncertain, as of 2004, after the North East region rejected its proposed assembly in a referendum. Scotland consists of 32 Council Areas. Wales consists of 22 Unitary Authorities, styled as 10 County Boroughs, 9 Counties, and 3 Cities. Northern Ireland is divided into 26 Districts. Also sometimes associated with the United Kingdom, though not constitutionally part of the United Kingdom itself, are the Crown dependencies (the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, and the Isle of Man) as self-governing possessions of the Crown, and a number of overseas territories under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.
Military
The armed forces of the United Kingdom are known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, officially the Armed Forces of the Crown. Their Commander-in-Chief is the Queen and they are managed by the Ministry of Defence. Ministry of Defence The British Armed Forces are charged with protecting the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, promoting the United Kingdom's wider security interests, and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. They are active and regular participants in NATO and other coalition operations. The United Kingdom fields one of the most powerful and comprehensive military forces in the World. Its global power projection capabilities are second only to those of the United States Armed Forces. The British Army had a reported strength of 112,700 in 2004, including 7,600 women, and the Royal Air Force a strength of 53,400. The 40,900-member Royal Navy is in charge of the United Kingdom's independent strategic nuclear arm, which consists of four Trident Ballistic Missile Submarines, while the Royal Marines provide infantry units for amphibious assault and for specialist reinforcement forces in and beyond the NATO area. This puts total active duty military troops in the 210,000 range, currently deployed in over 80 countries. The UK's special forces, principally the SAS, provides elite commandos trained for quick, mobile, military responses; often where secrecy or covert operations are required. The Royal Navy is the second largest navy in the World in terms of gross tonnage. Despite the United Kingdom's wide ranging capabilities, recent pragmatic defence policy has a stated assumption that any large operation would be undertaken as part of a coalition. Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq (Granby, No-Fly-Zones, Desert Fox and Telic) may all be taken as precedent - indeed the last true war in which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982, in which military action was initiated by Argentina and the UK was fighting a defensive, rather than offensive, campaign. The British army has been actively involved in the Troubles in Northern Ireland. However, a programme of demilitarisation is being gradually implemented.
Geography
Troubles World Factbook Map of the United Kingdom]] Most of England consists of rolling lowland terrain, divided east from west by more mountainous terrain in the Northwest (Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District) and north (the upland moors of the Pennines) and limestone hills of the Peak District by the Tees-Exe line. The lower limestone hills of the Isle of Purbeck, Cotswolds, Lincolnshire and chalk downs of the Southern England Chalk Formation. The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames, Severn and the Humber Estuary. The largest urban area is Greater London. Near Dover, the Channel Tunnel links the United Kingdom with France. There is no peak in England that is 1000 metres (3,300 ft) or greater. Wales is mostly mountainous, the highest peak being Snowdon at 1085 metres (3,560 ft) above sea level. North of the mainland is the island of Anglesey. The largest and capital city is Cardiff, located in South Wales. Scotland's geography is varied, with lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west, including Ben Nevis, the UK's highest mountain at 1343 metres (4,406 ft). There are many long and deep-sea arms, firths, and lochs. A multitude of islands west and north of Scotland are also included, notably the Hebrides, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands. The largest city is Glasgow. Northern Ireland, making up the north-eastern part of Ireland, is mostly hilly. The main cities are Belfast ('Beal Feirste' in Irish) and Londonderry / Derry ('Doire' in Irish). The province is home to one of the UK’s World Heritage Sites, the Giant's Causeway, which consists of more than 40,000 six-sided basalt columns up to 40 feett (12 m) high. In total it is estimated that the UK includes around 1098 small islands, some being natural and some being crannogs, a type of artificial island which was built in past times using stone and wood, gradually enlarged by natural waste building up over time.
Economy
artificial island The United Kingdom, a leading trading power and financial centre, has an essentially capitalist economy, the fourth largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. Over the past three decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership by means of privatisation programmes, and has contained the growth of the Welfare State. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labour force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial state. Services, particularly banking, insurance and business services, account for by far the largest proportion of GDP. Industry continues to decline in importance, although the UK is still Europe's largest manufacturer of armaments, petroleum products, personal computers, televisions, and mobile telephones. Tourism is also important: with over 24 million tourists a year, between China (33) and Austria (19.1), the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world. The Blair government has put off the question of participation in the Euro system, citing five economic tests that would need to be met before they recommend that the UK adopts the Euro, and hold a referendum.
Society

Demographics
At the April 2001 census, the United Kingdom's population was 58,789,194, the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and metropolitan France) and the twenty-first largest in the world. Its overall population density is one of the highest in the world. Almost one-third of the population lives in England's prosperous south-east and is predominantly urban and suburban--with about 7.2 million in the capital of London. The United Kingdom's high literacy rate (99%) is attributable to universal public education introduced for the primary level in 1870 and secondary level in 1900 (except in Scotland where it was introduced in 1696). Education is mandatory from ages five through sixteen. referendum The Church of England and the Church of Scotland function as the official national religions in their respective countries, but most religions found in the world are represented in the United Kingdom. Anglicanism is the state religion that has been established in England since 1534 during the reign of King Henry VIII. During his reign, England broke ties with the Roman Catholic church and established the Church of England as the offical religion of England. Reforms to the nature of the church's relationship to the state have been ongoing, especially concerning the nature of the House of Lords and the appointment of a fixed amount of the lordships going to Lords Temporal, bishops of the Church of England. A group of islands close to continental Europe, the British Isles have been subject to many invasions and migrations, especially from Scandinavia and the continent, including Roman occupation for several centuries. Contemporary Britons are descended mainly from the varied ethnic stocks that settled there before the eleventh century. The pre-Celtic, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Norse influences were blended on Great Britain under the Normans, Scandinavian Vikings who had lived in Northern France. Although Celtic languages persist in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, the predominant language is English, which is a West Germanic language descended from Old English, featuring a large amount of borrowings from Norman French.The other indigenous languages include the Celtic languages; Welsh, the closely related Irish and Scots Gaelic, and the Cornish language; as well as Lowland Scots, which is closely related to English; Romany; and British Sign Language (Northern Ireland Sign Language is also used in Northern Ireland). Celtic dialectal influences from Cumbric persisted in Northern England for many centuries, most famously in a unique set of numbers used for counting sheep. Recent immigrants, especially from the Commonwealth, speak many other languages, including Bengali, Cantonese, Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu. The United Kingdom has the largest number of Hindi speaking peoples outside of the Indian sub continent.
Culture
Urdu The United Kingdom contains many of the world's leading universities, including the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford and the University of London (which incorporates, amongst others, Imperial College and University College London), and has produced many great scientists and engineers including Sir Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin and Isambard Kingdom Brunel; the nation is credited with many inventions including the locomotive, vaccination, television, vacuum, and both the internal combustion and the jet engine. The English language has spread to all corners of the world (primarily because of the country’s empire) and is referred to as a ‘global language’. It is now taught as a second language more than any other around the world. Over the next few decades, it is estimated that approximately half the world’s population will be proficient in the language. Playwright William Shakespeare is arguably the most famous writer in the history of the English language; other well-known writers from the United Kingdom include the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily, and Anne), Jane Austen, William Thackeray, J. R. R. Tolkien, John Milton, H. G. Wells and Charles Dickens. Important poets include Lord Byron, Robert Burns, Lord Tennyson and William Blake. Notable composers from the United Kingdom have included William Byrd, John Taverner, William Lawes, John Dowland, Thomas Tallis, and Henry Purcell from the 16th and early 17th centuries, and, more recently, Sir Edward Elgar, Sir Arthur Sullivan (most famous for working with librettist Sir W. S. Gilbert), Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten in the 19th and 20th. George Frideric Handel spent most of his composing life in England. The BBC is the oldest and perhaps the most respected broadcasting network on the globe, with the BBC World Service radio channel and its news output held in particularly high regard. The other main television networks are ITV, Channel 4, five (TV) and Sky Television. Popular programmes in the UK include the three soaps Eastenders, Coronation Street and Emmerdale, as well as the comedy news quiz Have I Got News For You and Reality TV shows Big Brother and The X Factor. Various British TV formats have been exported to other nations, notably Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?, The Weakest Link and The Office. The UK was, with the US, one of the two main contributors in the development of rock and roll, and the UK has provided some of the most famous rock stars, including the Beatles, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, the Rolling Stones, The Who and many others. The UK was at the forefront of punk rock music in the 1970s with bands such as the Sex Pistols and The Clash, and the subsequent rebirth of heavy metal with bands such as Motörhead and Iron Maiden. In mid to late '90s, the Britpop phenomenon has seen bands such as Oasis, Blur, Radiohead and Coldplay gain international fame. The UK is also at the forefront of electronica, with British artists such as Aphex Twin, Talvin Singh, Nitin Sawhney and Lamb at the cutting edge. The United Kingdom was also associated with music from the Caribbean, with a large number of Jamaicans and other Caribbean nationals being present in the UK.
Sport
A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including football, golf, cricket, rugby, tennis and boxing. The national sport of the UK is association football, but the UK does not compete as a nation in any major football tournament. Instead, the home nations compete individually as England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It is because of this unique four-team arrangement that the UK currently does not compete in football events at the Olympic Games. However, a united team will probably take part in the 2012 Summer Olympic Games, as these are hosted in London. The English and Northern Irish football associations have confirmed participation in this team while the Scottish FA and the Welsh FA have declined to participate. The UK also hosts many world-renowned football clubs, such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea and Arsenal in England and Rangers and Celtic in Scotland. Clubs compete in national leagues and competitions and some go on to compete in European competitions. Both forms of rugby are national sports. Rugby League originates from and is generally played in the North of England, whilst Rugby Union is played all over Britain. In Rugby League the UK plays as one nation - Great Britain - whilst in union it is represented by the four nations. England are the current holders of the Rugby Union World Cup. Every four years the British and Irish Lions (comprising the best players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland) tour other countries. Cricket is also played in the UK, although it is focussed in England. The Wimbledon Championships are an international tennis event held in Wimbledon in south London every summer and are seen as the most prestigious of the tennis calendar. Golf is one of the most popular participation sports played in the UK and St Andrews in Scotland is the sport's home course.
Miscellaneous topics

External links

- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ BBC Nations] History of the nations within the UK.
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk.html CIA World Factbook: UK.]
- [http://www.direct.gov.uk Gateway to UK governmental services and websites.]
- [http://www.number-10.gov.uk Number 10 Downing Street]
- [http://www.statistics.gov.uk Office of National Statistics]
- [http://www.opsi.gov.uk Office of Public Sector Information] Source for all UK legislation 1987-present (successor to Her Majesty's Stationery Office).
- [http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/britishisles/ The British Isles] Independent view of the UK.
- [http://www.royal.gov.uk The British Monarchy]
- [http://www.parliament.uk/ The United Kingdom Parliament]
- [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=5703&Pos=&ColRank=1&Rank=272 Official Yearbook of the UK] factbook produced by the Office for National Statistics (years 2000 to 2005 available online).
- [http://www.ukcities.co.uk UK Cities] lists a variety of useful resources for every city in the UK.
- [http://www.justuk.org UK travel guide] United Kingdom for travellers.
- [http://www.world66.com/europe/unitedkingdom World66 Guide to United Kingdom] A travel guide written by its users.
- [http://www.multimap.co.uk www.multimap.co.uk] provides online maps and aerial photographs of the UK.
- [http://www.streetmap.co.uk www.streetmap.co.uk] an alternative to multimap.
- [http://www.freeworldmaps.net/europe/united-kingdom/map.html Physical map of United Kingdom.]
- [http://www.upmystreet.com www.upmystreet.com] detailed localised information about places in the United Kingdom.
- [http://www.parks.it/world/UK/Eindex.html UK Parks] National parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and other protected areas. ----
Category:British Isles Category:European countries Category:European Union member states Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Category:Monarchies A als:Grossbritannien und Nordirland zh-min-nan:Liân-ha̍p Ông-kok ko:영국 ms:United Kingdom ja:イギリス simple:United Kingdom th:สหราชอาณาจักร

Weybridge

Weybridge is a town in the Elmbridge district of Surrey in South East England. It is bounded to the North by the River Thames at the mouth of the River Wey, from which it gets its name.

History

The early history of Weybridge was simply as a river crossing. In 1537 it became the location of Oatlands Palace built by Henry VIII. When it was demolished in 1650, bricks from its walls helped to line the then new Wey Navigation. Part of the original site of the Palace is now occupied by Oatlands Park Hotel. At the bottom of Monument Hill, close to the town centre is a monument to the Duchess of York, erected by public subscription in 1820 from the remains of the original Seven Dials Monument that stood in St.Martin's Lane London until 1773. The famous former Brooklands Aerodrome and Race Circuit is located here, just south of the railway station. It is now the location for the Brooklands Museum. Brooklands was also the home of Vickers the aeroplane construction organisation. At the top of Monument Hill, adjacent to the cricket green is a World War I war memorial.

The railway

When the London and Southampton Railway opened its station here in 1838, development of what was only a village began. Large houses were built on St George's Hill; and gradually Weybridge became a town.

Other notes

In Weybridge heath many rare species of insects (particularly ants), rare birds and insectivorous plant formerly occurred. The heath was allowed to become vastly overgrown in recent years, but recently Surrey Wildlife Trust invoked a scrub clearance plan in an attempt to restore this valuable habitat. Weybridge is the UK headquarters of Toshiba Information Systems. In H. G. Wells' book The War of the Worlds, Weybridge was the location of a battle in which a Martian fighting machine was destroyed. The school for 11-18-year-olds, St George's College is in Weybridge. The Veterinary Laboratories Agency, an executive agency of DEFRA has it's central laboratories located near Weybridge. The laboratory is notable as being one of the principal test centres for the H5N1 virus, commonly known as Bird Flu.

Inhabitants

Famous current inhabitants of Weybridge include TV & Radio presenter Michael Aspel, singer/songwriter Cliff Richard, and golfer Nick Faldo. The latter two live on St Georges Hill, which was the founding place for the Diggers in the 17th century, whose early attempt at communal life heavily influenced the development of embryonic socialist thought. Famous past inhabitants of Weybridge include musicians John Lennon, Tom Jones and Engelbert Humperdinck the authors E. M. Forster and Warwick Deeping, the Formula 1 racing driver Jenson Button and the entomologist, Horace Donisthorpe.

Areas

Weybridge is made up of a number of distinct areas:
- Town Centre Shopping Area
- Monument Hill / Queens Road Shopping Area
- St George's Hill
- Brooklands
- Oatlands Village

External links

- [http://www.elmbridge-online.co.uk/weybridge/history.html History of Weybridge]
- [http://www.allaboutweybridge.co.uk/aaw/monument_green_York_history.htm The York Column Monument and Monument Green History]
- [http://www.brooklands.org.uk/ The Brooklands Society]
- [http://weybridge.rowing.org.uk Weybridge Rowing Club]

References

- [http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspublications.nsf/591f7dda55aad72a80256c670041a50d/1c602ea59c869c9180256e600054b26c/$FILE/Town%20populations.pdf Population figures (PDF)] Category:Towns in Surrey

Surrey, England

:For other places with the same name, see (disambiguation). Surrey is a county in southern England, part of the South East England region and one of the Home Counties.

Location and divisions

Surrey borders Berkshire, Greater London, Hampshire, Kent, East Sussex and West Sussex. It is divided into 11 boroughs and districts: Elmbridge, Epsom and Ewell, Guildford, Mole Valley, Reigate and Banstead, Runnymede, Spelthorne, Surrey Heath, Tandridge, Waverley, Woking.

Settlement

Surrey has a population of approximately one million. The traditional county town is Kingston upon Thames, which was lost to the county following the continued expansion of London. The present county town is Guildford, which despite having a cathedral is not a city, and which is home to the University of Surrey. Today, the council is still based in Kingston although there are plans to move the offices to Woking. Due to its proximity to London there are a great many commuter villages in Surrey, the population density is high and the residents of the county are more affluent, on average, than other UK citizens. Surrey contains a good deal of mature woodland (reflected in the official logo of Surrey County Council, a pair of interlocking oak leaves). Among its many notable beauty spots are Box Hill, Frensham Ponds and Puttenham Common. It is apparently the most wooded county in Great Britain and Box Hill has the oldest untouched area of natural woodland in the UK, one of the oldest in Europe. Much of Surrey is in the Green Belt and is rolling downland, the county's geology being dominated by the chalk hills of the North Downs. Agriculture not being intensive, there are many commons and access lands, together with an extensive network of footpaths and bridleways including the North Downs Way, a scenic long-distance path. Accordingly, Surrey provides much in the way of rural leisure activities, with a very large horse population. The highest point in Surrey is Leith Hill near Dorking at 968 ft (295 m) above sea level.

History

The name comes from the Old English suther-ge meaning southern district, and is first recorded in AD 722 as Suthrige. Surrey is known to have had at least one sub-king, Frithuwald, who died around the year 686. It is not known if he was from a native dynasty or was an appointee of East Saxons or Mercian overlords. Surrey was anciently divided into the 14 hundreds of Blackheath, Brixton, Copthorne, Effingham, Elmbridge, Farnham, Godalming, Godley, Kingston, Reigate, Tandridge, Wallington, Woking and Wotton. Until 1889 Surrey contained the area of the present-day London boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark and Wandsworth. In 1965 the area of the boroughs of Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Richmond and Sutton were made part of Greater London, and Spelthorne acquired from Middlesex. The 1974 local government reforms caused Gatwick Airport and some surrounding land to be transferred to West Sussex. Under the Local Government Act 1972 Horley and Charlwood were transferred, however fierce local opposition led to a reversal of this under the Charlwood and Horley Act 1974.

Timeline

Surrey's History starts in 480. 125,000,000 B.C. In 1983, plumber and amateur fossil hunter Bill Walker found a foot-long claw belonging to the 125 million years old flesh-eating dinoasaur at a clay pit in Surrey. 54 B.C. Second Roman attack on Britain. These spur local tribes to regroup. Tribal areas around our area at this time were Regni based around Chichester, Atrebates based around Silchester, Cantii based around Canterbury, Trinobantes based north of the Thames and Belgae based around Winchester. 50 B.C. Commius the Gaul flees to southern Britain from Gaul and his followers settle there. He is King of the Atrebates and Regni until 35 B.C. 35 B.C. Commius the Younger is King of the Atrebates and Regni until 20 B.C. Area covered is roughly modern Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire and Berkshire. 20 B.C. Tincommius is King of the Atrebates and Regni until A.D. 5. 5 Eppillus is King of the Atrebates and Regni until 10, then rules the Cantii (Kent) 10-25. 10 Verica is King of the Atrebates and Regni until A.D. 40, but from 25 there were other rulers in the area, see below. 25 Epaticcus is another ruler until 35. 35 Caratacus is another ruler until 40. 43 Roman invasion led by Aulus Plautius and colonisation of southern Britain begins. He becomes the first Roman governor of Britain (43-47). Claudius was Roman Emperor at the time (41-54). 50 Londonium (London) starts to become an important settlement. Principal Roman Settlements in Surrey, that develop later, are Staines, Merton, Ewell, Dorking and Southwark. Southwark was originally a series of islands in the River Thames. This was the best place to ford or bridge the river and it became an important part of Londinium when the Roman's built the first London Bridge. Two Roman roads, Stane Street and Watling Street, met here, in what is now Borough High Street. 60 Iceni led by Boudica (Boudicea) revolt and burn London amongst other towns. A counter attack defeats her and wipes out the rebels. The south is then garrisoned. 118 The south is by now settled. Towns have markets and industry. Also there are villages and farms. The basilica of London is built. The road system is extensive. 211 Roman Britain split into two provinces Britannia Superior (run from London and included Surrey area) and Britannia Inferior (run from York). Money is now beginning to be spent by the rich on themselves more (e.g. villas) and less on public works. Tiberius Julius Pollienus Auspex is the first Governor of Britannia Superior (211). 296 Britannia split into four provinces: Britannia Prima (South of the Thames, run from Cirencester and included our area), Britannia Secunda (Wales), Maxima Caesariensis (North of the Humber) and Flavia Caesariensis (North of the Thames). By now the spending of money on the villas has reached its peak. 313 Religious freedom granted by the Edict of Milan. 410 Roman's leave Britain. In the later years they may have been members of the small community of Christians in Britain. 'Romanised' Britons try to carry on living in the same style, but the towns and villas were starting a slow decline. Local British Tribes run by Kings, in our area it was mainly Regia (which spread down to Sussex area as well) and there were 3 tribes nearby Atrebatia (Hampshire and Berkshire), Londein (North of the Thames) and Cantia (Kent area). Owen is King of the 'Britains' (410-425). 420 Saxon mercaneries come to Britain to stop raids by Irish/Picts/Germanic tribes. First use of the 'English' Language, but it is called Old English and is very different from Modern English. 440 Saxons start to turn on the local British tribes. Saxon Kent gradually expands westward from 450 to 500 when it is controlling all of Kent (Cantia) and the north-east of Surrey. 449 Hengist is joint King of Kent (449-455). Horsa is joint King of Kent (449-455). 455 Aesc (Oeric)(Oisc) is King of West Kent. (455-488). Hengist is King of East Kent? (455-488). 477 Aella is King of Sussex (South Saxons) (477-514). 480 At around this time Surrey (Suth Rig) is formed (in Old English this meant South Ridge and probably indicates a link with the Middle Saxons (Middlesex). Saxons were forcing the 'Britons' westwards and northwards. 500 Local peace agreements. Saxons control only north and east of Surrey. Saxon Sussex expands west and northwards into Regia. 519 Cerdic is King of Wessex (West Saxons) (519-534). 550 Agreements end, 100 years of war which the Saxons win. Saxon kingdoms of Kent, Wessex, Sussex and Mercia fight to control Surrey which is a sub-kingdom. Surrey northern border is the River Thames. 568 Surrey's northern border is the River Thames and the eastern border with Kent consolidated by a ditch. Saxon Sussex expands into Regia, so by around 570 it controls most of modern Sussex. By 600 it controls the rest (modern West Surrey). Similarly Wessex is expanding into Atrebatia and Essex into Londein. Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate...... This year Ceawlin, and Cutha the brother of Ceawlin, fought with Ethelbert, and pursued him into Kent. And they slew two aldermen at Wimbledon, Oslake and Cnebba. 585 Creoda (Cryda) is King of Mercia (585-593). 587 Sledda is King of Essex (587-604). 600 Saxon kingdoms of Kent (moving westwards), Wessex (fanning out from Hampshire area) and possibly Essex (and later Mercia) fight to control Surrey which is often a sub-kingdom. Vandals moved up the River Thames westwards (River Wandle near Wandsworth showing the influence in their names). Sussex halted its advances by the Weald. There may have been pockets of British settlements around Chertsey and Walton areas for many years. 645 Wessex was under direct Mercian rule 645-648. 661 Mercia wins control of Surrey area from Wessex. 666 Chertsey Abbey formed and the first Roman Catholic Abbot was Erkenwald. 674 First recorded use of "Sudergeona" (Southern district - sub kingdom of Mercia), this later was corrupted to "Surrey". Surrey was described in the Tribal Hidage as a provincia which had a subregulus (sub-king) of its own. Frithuwold is King of Surrey (673-675). (Sub-King under Mercia rule) Wessex tribes in the Surrey area include Aeschingas, Godhelmingas (around Godalming), Tetingas and Woccingas. 675 Frithuric is King of Surrey (675?). (Sub-King under Mercia rule?) 685 Surrey is gained by Wessex. 688 Caedwalla King of Wessex converts to Christianity and abdicates. Mercia gains Kent, but Wessex still has control of Surrey. Wessex at some point after this year loses control of Surrey as in King Offa's (of Mercia) reign he has control see 775. 690 Surrey's western border consolidated. 693 King Ine creates West Saxon Law Codes. 705 Surrey transferred from the Roman Catholic Diocese of London to Diocese of Winchester. 722 Surrey is at this time known as Suthrige (in a charter). 775 Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... In the days of this same Offa was an alderman, of the name of Brorda, who requested the king for his sake to free his own monastery, called Woking, because he would give it to Medhamsted and St. Peter, and the abbot that then was, whose name was Pusa. Pusa succeeded Beonna; and the king loved him much. And the king freed the monastery of Woking, against king, against bishop, against earl, and against all men so that no man should have any claim there, except St. Peter and the abbot. 802 Ecgberht or Egbert is King of Wessex (802-839), controlled Mercia for a time and as such could claim the title King of England as could his successors at certain times(829-830). 823 Wessex win Surrey and other land back from Mercia. Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... Then sent he his son Ethelwulf into Kent, with a large detachment from the main body of the army, accompanied by his bishop, Elstan, and his alderman, Wulfherd; who drove Baldred, the king, northward over the Thames. Whereupon the men of Kent immediately submitted to him; as did also the inhabitants of Surrey, and Sussex, and Essex; who had been unlawfully kept from their allegiance by his relatives. 825 Aethelwulf (Ethelwulf) is King of Surrey, Essex, Kent and Sussex (825-839) . Sub-King under Wessex rule. 836 Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... Ethelwulf, the son of Egbert, succeeded to the West-Saxon kingdom; and he gave his son Athelstan the kingdom of Kent, and of Essex, and of Surrey, and of Sussex. 839 Surrey by now is locally ruled from Kent (though at this time Kent is a dependency of Wessex). Athelstan is King of Surrey, Kent, Essex and Sussex (839-851 or 856). Sub-King under Wessex rule. 851 Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... The same year King Athelstan and Alderman Elchere fought in their ships, and slew a large army at Sandwich in Kent, taking nine ships and dispersing the rest. The heathens now for the first time remained over winter in the Isle of Thanet. The same year came three hundred and fifty ships into the mouth of the Thames; the crew of which went upon land, and stormed Canterbury and London; putting to flight Bertulf, king of the Mercians, with his army; and then marched southward over the Thames into Surrey. Here Ethelwulf and his son Ethelbald, at the head of the West-Saxon army, fought with them at Ockley, and made the greatest slaughter of the heathen army that we have ever heard reported to this present day. There also they obtained the victory. 853 Huda is Alderman of Surrey (???-853) Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... The same year also Elchere with the men of Kent, and Huda with the men of Surrey, fought in the Isle of Thanet with the heathen army, and soon obtained the victory; but there were many men slain and drowned on either hand, and both the aldermen killed. 860 Kent and possibly Surrey merges with Wessex. 886 Around this time, the London Bridge was rebuilt. Earl Aethelred as the Governor of London established two defended Boroughs to defend the bridge. London (Lundenburgh) and Southwark (Suthringa Geworc, meaning defensive work of Surrey Men). 894 Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... The king had divided his army into two parts; so that they were always half at home, half out; besides the men that should maintain the towns. The army came not all out of their stations more than twice; once, when they first came to land, ere the forces were collected, and again, when they wished to depart from their stations. They had now seized much booty, and would ferry it northward over Thames into Essex, to meet their ships. But the army rode before them, fought with them at Farnham, routed their forces, and there arrested the booty. And they flew over Thames without any ford, then up by the Colne on an island. 899 Edward I (1st) is King of Wessex (899-924), first King crowned in Kingston. This was probably used as an attempt to unite Wessex and Mercia, divided by the Thames, against Danish raiders. 919 Mercia and Wessex merge. 921 Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... After this, a great force collected soon in harvest, from Kent, from Surrey, from Essex, and everywhere from the nighest towns; and went to Colchester, and beset the town, and fought thereon till they took it, and slew all the people, and seized all that was therein; except those men who escaped therefrom over the wall. 924 Aethelstan or Athelstan is King of Wessex (924-927), crowned in Kingston and is King of England (927-939) Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... This year died King Edward at Farndon in Mercia; and Elward his son died very soon after this, in Oxford. Their bodies lie at Winchester. And Athelstan was chosen king in Mercia, and consecrated at Kingston. 927 Kingdom of England proclaimed. 939 Eadmund or Edmund I (1st) is King of England (939-946), crowned in Kingston, gained York from the Norse. 946 Eadred or Edred is King of England (946-955), crowned in Kingston, but lost York to Eric Bloodaxe. 955 Eadwig or Edwy is King of England (955-959), crowned in Kingston, but lost Mercia and Northumbria to his brother Edgar I (957-959). 964 Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... This year drove King Edgar the priests of Winchester out of the old minster, and also out of the new minster; and from Chertsey; and from Milton; and replaced them with monks. And he appointed Ethelgar abbot to the new minster, and Ordbright (Ordbert) to Chertsey. 975 Edward II (2nd) is King of England (975-978), crowned in Kingston. 978 Aethelred or Ethelred II (2nd) is King of England (978-1013) and is the last King crowned in Kingston. Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... In this year was Ethelred consecrated king, on the Sunday fortnight after Easter, at Kingston. And there were at his consecration two archbishops, and ten diocesan bishops. 991 Viking Attacks on England. 993 Local Excert from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles - Remember that the year and data may be inaccurate ...... This year came Anlaf with three and ninety ships to Staines, which he plundered with