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Jacques Daguerre

Jacques Daguerre

Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (November 18, 1787 – July 10, 1851) was the French artist and chemist who is recognized for his invention of the Daguerreotype process of photography. He experimented on making pictures from 1824, showing dioramas around France, England and Scotland. A few years after Nicéphore Niépce produced the world's first photography, the two men started a four-year cooperation - until Niépce's death in 1833. Daguerre announced the latest perfection of the Daguerreotype, after years of experimentation, in 1839, with the French Academy of Sciences announcing the process on January 9 of that year. Daguerre's patent was acquired by the French Government, and, on August 19, 1839, the French Government announced the invention was a gift "Free to the World." However, Daguerre himself deposed the patent for England on August 12, and this greatly slowed the development of photography in Great Britain. Antoine Claudet was one of the few people legally able to take daguerreotypes there. Daguerre died on July 10, 1851 in Bry-sur-Marne, 12 km from Paris. A fine monument marks his grave there.

Named after Daguerre

- His invention, the daguerreotype
- 3256 Daguerre, a main belt asteroid
- Daguerre crater on the Moon

External links

-
- [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/collections/19c/daguerre.asp The Ruins of Holyrood Chapel] by Louis Daguerre Daguerre, Louis Daguerre, Louis Daguerre, Louis Daguerre, Louis Daguerre, Louis Daguerre, Louis ja:ルイ・ジャック・マンデ・ダゲール

November 18

November 18 is the 322nd day of the year (323rd in leap years), with 43 remaining.

Events

- 326 - The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated.
- 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land, begins.
- 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Unam sanctam ("The One Holy").
- 1307 - According to legend, William Tell shoots an apple off his son's head.
- 1421 - A seawall at the Zuider Zee dike breaks, flooding 72 villages and killing about 10,000 people in the Netherlands.
- 1477 - William Caxton produces Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, the first book printed on a printing press in England.
- 1493 - Christopher Columbus first sights what is now Puerto Rico.
- 1626 - St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated.
- 1686 - Charles Francois Felix operates on King Louis XIV's anal fistula after practicing the surgery on several peasants.
- 1865 - Mark Twain's story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County is published in the New York Saturday Press.
- 1883 - American and Canadian railroads institute five standard continental time zones, ending the confusion of thousands of local times.
- 1903 - The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the Americans exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone.
- 1904 - General Esteban Huertas steps down after the government of Panama fears he wants to stage a coup.
- 1905 - Prince Carl of Denmark becomes King Haakon VII of Norway.
- 1909 - Two United States warships are sent to Nicaragua after 500 revolutionaries (including two Americans) are executed by order of José Santos Zelaya.
- 1916 - World War I: First Battle of the Somme ends - In France, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle which started on July 1, 1916.
- 1918 - Latvia declares its independence from Russia.
- 1926 - George Bernard Shaw refuses to accept the money for his Nobel Prize, saying, "I can forgive Alfred Nobel for inventing dynamite, but only a fiend in human form could have invented the Nobel Prize."
- 1928 - Release of the animated short Steamboat Willie, the first fully synchronized sound cartoon, directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks, featuring the second appearances of cartoon stars Mickey and Minnie Mouse.
- 1929 - 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: Off the south coast of Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean, a Richter magnitude 7.2 submarine earthquake, centered on Grand Banks, breaks 12 submarine transatlantic telegraph cables and triggers a tsunami that destroys many south coast communities in the Burin Peninsula area.
- 1938 - Trade union members elect John L. Lewis as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
- 1940 - World War II: German leader Adolf Hitler and Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano meet to discuss Benito Mussolini's disastrous invasion of Greece.
- 1943 - World War II: 440 Royal Air Force planes bomb Berlin causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF lost nine aircraft and 53 air crew.
- 1959 - William Wyler's film Ben-Hur premieres at Loew's Theater in New York City.
- 1970 - US President Richard Nixon asks the U.S. Congress for US$155 million in supplemental aid for the Cambodian government.
- 1970 - Singer Jerry Lee Lewis divorces his third wife, Myra Gail, after 12 years.
- 1978 - Jonestown mass suicide: In Jonestown, Guyana, Jim Jones leads his People's Temple in a mass murder-suicide; 913 die, including 276 children.
- 1982 - Duk Koo Kim dies unexpectedly from injuries sustained during a 14-round match against Ray Mancini in Las Vegas, prompting reforms in the sport of boxing.
- 1985 - Calvin and Hobbes, a comic strip by Bill Watterson, is first published.
- 1985 - Washington Redskins quarterback Joe Theisman breaks his leg, ending his career.
- 1987 - Iran-Contra scandal: The U.S. Congress issues its final report on the Iran-Contra affair.
- 1987 - King's Cross fire: In London, 31 people die in a fire at the city's busiest underground station at King's Cross St Pancras.
- 1988 - War on Drugs: US President Ronald Reagan signs a bill into law providing the death penalty for murderous drug traffickers.
- 1990 - Boxing: Chris Eubank defeats Nigel Benn in their WBO world middleweight championship bout.
- 1991 - Shiite Muslim kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free.
- 1991 - After the 3-month siege, the Croatian city of Vukovar is invaded by Serbians
- 1993 - In South Africa, 21 political parties approve a new constitution.
- 1996 - A fire occurs in the Channel Tunnel soon after it opens.
- 1997 - Gary Glitter is arrested in the United Kingdom on child pornography charges.
- 1998 - Alice McDermott wins the National Book Award with her novel Charming Billy.
- 1999 - In College Station, Texas, 12 are killed and 28 injured at Texas A&M University when a huge bonfire under construction collapses.
- 1999 - In Jasper, Texas, 24-year old Shawn Allen Berry is sentenced to life in prison, becoming the third person convicted in the racially-motivated death of James Byrd, Jr..
- 2001 - The Nintendo GameCube is released in North America
- 2002 - Iraq disarmament crisis: United Nations weapons inspectors led by Hans Blix arrive in Iraq.
- 2003 - In the UK the Local Government Act 2003, repealing the controversial anti-gay amendment Section 28, becomes effective.
- 2003 - The congress of the Communist Party of Indian Union (Marxist-Leninist) decides to merge the party into Kanu Sanyal's CPI(ML).
- 2004 - Russia officially ratifies the Kyoto Protocol.
- 2005 - The film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is released.
- 2005 - Two policewomen in Bradford, UK are shot, one fatally, causing gridlock in and out of the city

Births

- 1522 - Lamoral, Count of Egmont, Flemish general and statesman (d. 1568)
- 1647 - Pierre Bayle, French philosopher (d. 1706)
- 1785 - David Wilkie, British artist (d. 1841)
- 1786 - Carl Maria von Weber, German composer (d. 1826)
- 1787 - Louis-Jacques Daguerre, French inventor and photographer (d. 1851)
- 1804 - Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora, Italian general and statesman (d. 1878)
- 1832 - Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Swedish explorer (d. 1901)
- 1836 - Sir William S. Gilbert, British dramatist (d. 1911)
- 1836 - Cesare Lombroso, Italian psychiatrist and founder of criminology (d. 1909)
- 1839 - August Kundt, German physicist (d. 1894)
- 1856 - Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia (d. 1929)
- 1861 - Dorothea Dix, American activist (d. 1887)
- 1870 - Dorothy Dix, pseudonym of US journalist, Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer (d. 1951)
- 1874 - Clarence Day, American author (d. 1935)
- 1882 - Jacques Maritain, French philosopher (d. 1973)
- 1883 - Carl Vinson, U.S. Congressman (d. 1981)
- 1897 - Patrick Blackett, British physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
- 1898 - Joris Ivens, Dutch filmmaker (d. 1989)
- 1899 - Eugene Ormandy, Hungarian-born conductor (d. 1985)
- 1901 - George Gallup, American statistician and opinion pollster (d. 1984)
- 1906 - Klaus Mann, German writer (d. 1949)
- 1906 - George Wald, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997)
- 1907 - Compay Segundo, Cuban musician (Buena Vista Social Club) (d. 2003)
- 1908 - Imogene Coca, American actress and comedienne (d. 2001)
- 1909 - Johnny Mercer, American lyricist (d. 1976)
- 1916 - Amelita Galli-Curci, Italian soprano (d. 1963)
- 1919 - Jocelyn Brando, American actress (d. 2005)
- 1922 - Luis Somoza Debayle, Nicaraguan president (d. 1967)
- 1923 - Alan Shepard, American astronaut (d. 1998)
- 1925 - Gene Mauch, American baseball manager (d. 2005)
- 1927 - Hank Ballard, American musician (d. 2003)
- 1935 - Rudolf Bahro, German dissident (d. 1997)
- 1939 - Margaret Atwood, Canadian writer
- 1939 - Brenda Vaccaro, American actress
- 1940 - Qaboos ibn Sa’id, Sultan of Oman
- 1941 - David Hemmings, British actor (d. 2003)
- 1942 - Linda Evans, American actress
- 1944 - Susan Sullivan, American actress
- 1946 - Alan Dean Foster, American author
- 1947 - Jameson Parker, American actor
- 1948 - Andrea Marcovicci, American singer and actress
- 1948 - Jack Tatum, American football player
- 1950 - Eric Pierpoint, American actor
- 1953 - Alan Moore, British comic book writer and novelist
- 1954 - John Parr, British pop singer
- 1956 - Warren Moon, American football player
- 1957 - Seán Mac Falls, Irish-born poet
- 1958 - Laura Miller, Mayor of Dallas, Texas
- 1960 - Kim Wilde, British singer
- 1962 - Kirk Hammett, American guitarist (Metallica)
- 1963 - Dante Bichette, baseball player
- 1963 - Peter Schmeichel, Danish footballer
- 1966 - Jorge Camacho, Spanish poet
- 1968 - Owen Wilson, American actor
- 1969 - Sam Cassell, American basketball player
- 1970 - Peta Wilson, Australian actress
- 1975 - David Ortiz, Dominican Major League Baseball player
- 1978 - Damien Johnson, Northern Irish footballer
- 1983 - Jon Johansen, Norwegian software developer

Deaths

- 1154 - Adélaide de Maurienne, queen of Louis VI of France (b. 1092)
- 1305 - John II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1239)
- 1559 - Cuthbert Tunstall, English churchman (b. 1474)
- 1590 - George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman (b. 1528)
- 1724 - Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Portuguese naturalist (b. 1685)
- 1785 - Louis Philip I, Duke of Orléans, French soldier and writer (b. 1725)
- 1797 - Jacques-Alexandre Laffon de Ladebat, French shipbuilder and merchant (b. 1719)
- 1814 - William Jessop, British civil engineer (b. 1745)
- 1886 - Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (b. 1829)
- 1889 - William Allingham, Irish author
- 1922 - Marcel Proust, French novelist (b. 1871)
- 1941 - Walther Nernst, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- 1941 - Chris Watson, third Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1867)
- 1952 - Paul Eluard, French poet (b. 1895)
- 1953 - Frank Olson, American scientist (suicide)
- 1962 - Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
- 1965 - Henry A. Wallace, Vice President of the United States (b. 1888)
- 1967 - Luis Somoza Debayle, Nicaraguan president (b. 1922)
- 1969 - Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr., American politician (b. 1888)
- 1976 - Man Ray, American artist (b. 1890)
- 1978 - Jim Jones, American cult leader (suicide) (b. 1931)
- 1978 - Leo Ryan, U.S. Congressman (b. 1905)
- 1982 - Duk Koo Kim, Korean boxer (b. 1959)
- 1986 - Gia Carangi, American model (AIDS) (b. 1960)
- 1987 - Jacques Anquetil, French cyclist (cancer) (b. 1934)
- 1991 - Gustáv Husák, President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1913)
- 1994 - Cab Calloway, American bandleader (b. 1907)
- 1999 - Paul Bowles, American novelist (b. 1910)
- 2002 - James Coburn, American actor (b. 1928)
- 2003 - Michael Kamen, American composer (b. 1948)

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - day 1 Dios dedicated to the sun god by emperor Licinius
- R.C. Saints - Dedication of the Basilicas of Saints Peter and Paul ; Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne ; also St Mawes, St Odo of Cluny, St Romanus of Antioch
- Also see November 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Latvia - Independence Day (1918)
- Oman - National Holiday
- Venezuela - Feast of the Virgen de Chiquinquirá, also known as la Chinita, in the western state of Zulia

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/18 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20051118.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- November 17 - November 19 - October 18 - December 18 -- listing of all days ko:11월 18일 ms:18 November ja:11月18日 simple:November 18 th:18 พฤศจิกายน

1787

1787 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

- In Britain, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharpthe "Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade" with support from John Wesley, Josiah Wedgwood and others.
- January 11 - William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, two moons of Uranus.
- February 4 - Shays' Rebellion fails
- May 13 - Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England with eleven ships full of convicts to establish a penal colony in Australia.
- May 14 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates begin to meet to write a new Constitution for the United States.
- May 25 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates begin to convene a Constitutional Convention intended to amend the Articles of Confederation. However, a new Constitution for the United States was eventually produced. George Washington presided over the Convention.
- June 6 - Franklin College, named for Benjamin Franklin, opens in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It later merges with Marshall College to become Franklin and Marshall College.
- July 13 - The U.S. Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery.
- August 27 - Launching a forty-five-foot craft on the Delaware River, John Fitch demonstrates the first US patent for his design.
- September 17 - United States Constitution is adopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
- October 27 - the first of the Federalist Papers, a series of essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, was published in a New York paper.
- December 7 - Delaware ratifies the Constitution and becomes the first U.S. state.
- December 12 - Pennsylvania becomes the second U.S. state.
- December 18 - New Jersey becomes the third U.S. state.

Births

- March 16 - Georg Ohm, German physicist (d. 1854)
- April 26 - Ludwig Uhland, German poet (d. 1862)
- December 10 - Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, American educator (d. 1851)

Deaths

- February 13 - Rudjer Boscovich, Croatian scientist and diplomat (b. 1711)
- February 13 - Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, French statesman and diplomat (b. 1717)
- April 1 - Floyer Sydenham, English classical scholar (b. 1710)
- April 2 - Thomas Gage, British general (b. 1719)
- May 10 - William Watson, English physician and scientist (b. 1715)
- May 28 - Leopold Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1719)
- June 20 - Karl Friedrich Abel, German composer (b. 1723)
- July 4 - Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise, Marshal of France (b. 1715)
- August 1 - Alphonsus Liguori, Italian founder of the Redemptionist order (b. 1696)
- October 7 - Henry Muhlenberg, German-born founder of the U.S. Lutheran Church (b. 1711)
- November 3 - Robert Lowth, English bishop and grammarian (b. 1710)
- November 15 - Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (b. 1714)
- December 18 - Francis William Drake, British admiral and Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1724)
- December 18 - Soame Jenyns, English writer (b. 1704) Category:1787 ko:1787년 ms:1787 simple:1787

July 10

July 10 is the 191st day (192nd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 174 days remaining.

Events

- 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia.
- 1584 - William I of Orange was assassinated in his home in Delft, Holland by Balthasar Gérard.
- 1778 - American Revolution: Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1789 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches Mackenzie River Delta.
- 1821 - The United States takes possession of its newly-bought territory of Florida from Spain.
- 1832 - President Andrew Jackson vetoes a bill that would re-charter the Second Bank of the United States.
- 1850 - Millard Fillmore is inaugurated as the 13th President of the United States.
- 1890 - Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.
- 1913 - Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), which is the highest temperature recorded in the United States (as of 2003).
- 1925 - The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS), the official news agency of the Soviet Union , is established.
- 1925 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.
- 1938 - Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.
- 1940 - World War II: Vichy France government established.
- 1940 - World War II: Battle of Britain - The German Luftwaffe begin to hit British convoys in the English Channel thus starting the battle (this start date is contested, though).
- 1943 - World War II: The launching of Operation Husky begins the Italian Campaign.
- 1951 - Korean War: At Kaesong, armistice negotiations begin.
- 1951 - Randy Turpin becomes the middleweight boxing champion after defeating Sugar Ray Robinson.
- 1962 - Telstar, the world's first communications satellite, is launched into orbit.
- 1967 - Uruguay becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1968 - Maurice Couve de Murville becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1973 - The Bahamas gain full independence within the British Commonwealth.
- 1978 - ABC News World News Tonight premieres.
- 1985 - Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior is bombed and sunk in Auckland, New Zealand Harbor by French DGSE agents.
- 1985 - In response to market demand, Coca-Cola re-introduces it's old formula cola as "Coca-Cola Classic" (see New Coke).
- 1991 - Boris Yeltsin begins his 5-year term as the first elected President of Russia.
- 1992 - In Miami, Florida, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.
- 1997 - London, scientists report their DNA analysis findings from a Neandertal skeleton which support the out of Africa theory of human evolution placing an "African Eve" at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.
- 1998 - The remains of United States Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie are returned to his family in St. Louis, Missouri from the Tomb of the Unknowns upon identification through DNA analysis. The remains had been in the first tomb since 1984.
- 1998 - Catholic priests' sex abuse scandal: The Diocese of Dallas agrees to pay $23.4 million to nine former altar boys who claimed they were sexually abused by former priest Rudolph Kos.
- 2000 - A leaking southern Nigerian petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers scavenging gasoline.
- 2000 - EADS, the world's second largest aerospace group is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, DASA, and CASA.
- 2002 - At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens' painting "The Massacre of the Innocents" is sold for £49.5million (US$76.2 million) to Lord Kenneth Thomson.
- 2003 - A Neoplan bus, owned by Kowloon Motor Bus, collides with a truck, falls off a bridge on Tuen Mun Road, Hong Kong, and plunges into the underlying valley, killing 21 people. This is the deadliest bus accident to date in Hong Kong.

Births

- 1419 - Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)
- 1452 - King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
- 1509 - John Calvin, French religious reformer (d. 1564)
- 1592 - Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (d. 1660)
- 1614 - Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (d. 1686)
- 1625 - Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)
- 1638 - David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)
- 1666 - John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (d. 1711)
- 1682 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (d. 1716)
- 1723 - William Blackstone, English jurist (d. 1780)
- 1830 - Camille Pissarro, French painter (d. 1903)
- 1832 - Alvan Graham Clark, American telescope maker and astronomer (d. 1897)
- 1834 - James McNeil Whistler, American painter (d. 1903)
- 1835 - Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (d. 1880)
- 1842 - Adolphus Busch, German-born brewer (d. 1913)
- 1856 - Nikola Tesla, Croatian physicist (d. 1943)
- 1871 - Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)
- 1888 - Giorgio de Chirico, Italian painter (d. 1978)
- 1895 - Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982)
- 1899 - John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936)
- 1902 - Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- 1903 - John Wyndham, British author (d. 1969)
- 1914 - Joe Shuster, Canadian-born cartoonist
- 1920 - David Brinkley, American television reporter (d. 2003)
- 1920 - Owen Chamberlain, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1921 - Harvey Ball, American inventor (d. 2001)
- 1921 - Jake LaMotta, American boxer
- 1921 - Eunice Kennedy Shriver, American activist
- 1923 - Earl Hamner Jr., American author and television producer
- 1923 - Jean Kerr, American author (d. 2003)
- 1925 - Mahathir bin Mohamad, Malaysian fourth Prime Minister
- 1926 - Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)
- 1928 - Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli Bible scholar
- 1931 - Nick Adams, American actor (d. 1968)
- 1931 - Alice Munro, Canadian writer
- 1934 - Olga Sebenik, Slovenian economist
- 1938 - Paul Andreu, French architect
- 1939 - Ahmet Taner Kışlalı, Turkish politician, journalist, and educator (d. 1999)
- 1940 - Helen Donath, American soprano
- 1942 - Ronnie James Dio, American musician
- 1942 - Pyotr Klimuk, cosmonaut
- 1943 - Arthur Ashe, American tennis player (d. 1993)
- 1945 - Virginia Wade, British tennis player
- 1946 - Sue Lyon, American actress
- 1947 - Arlo Guthrie, American musician
- 1951 - Cheryl Wheeler, American singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Neil Tennant, British musician
- 1959 - Janet Julian, American actress
- 1968 - Hassiba Boulmerka, Algerian athlete
- 1969 - Gale Harold, American actor
- 1980 - Thomas Ian Nicholas, American actor
- 1980 - Adam Petty, American race car driver (d. 2000)
- 1980 - Jessica Simpson, American singer
- 1982 - Alex Arrowsmith, American musician

Deaths

- 138 - Hadrian, Roman Emperor (b. 76)
- 1099 - El Cid, of Castile (b. 1044)
- 1103 - King Eric I of Denmark
- 1298 - King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (b. 1262)
- 1460 - Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)
- 1480 - King René I of Naples (b. 1410)
- 1559 - King Henry II of France (b. 1519)
- 1584 - William I of Orange (b. 1533)
- 1590 - Archduke Charles II of Austria (b. 1540)
- 1594 - Paolo Bellasio, Italian composer (b. 1554)
- 1621 - Karel Bonaventura Buquoy, French soldier (b. 1571)
- 1653 - Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (b. 1600)
- 1680 - Louis Moréri, French encyclopedist (b. 1643)
- 1683 - François-Eudes de Mézeray, French historian (b. 1610)
- 1686 - John Fell, English churchman (b. 1625)
- 1776 - Richard Peters, English-born clergyman (b. 1704)
- 1806 - George Stubbs, British painter (b. 1724)
- 1884 - Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
- 1908 - Phoebe Knapp, American hymn writer (b. 1839)
- 1920 - Jackie Fisher, British admiral (b. 1841)
- 1941 - Jelly Roll Morton, American musician (b. 1890)
- 1978 - John D Rockefeller III, American businessman (b. 1906)
- 1978 - Joe Davis, English snooker player (b. 1901)
- 1979 - Arthur Fiedler, American conductor (b. 1894)
- 1987 - John Hammond, American record producer (b. 1910)
- 1989 - Mel Blanc, American voice actor (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Hartley Shawcross, British prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials (b. 1902)
- 2005 - A.J. Quinnell, English writer (b. 1940)
- 2005 - Freda Wright-Sorce, American radio performer (b. 1955)
- 2005 - Freddy Soto, American comedian and actor (b. 1970)

Holidays and observances

- Bahamas - Independence Day
- Silence Day - celebrated by followers of Meher Baba
- Mauritania - Armed Forces Day
- Ancient Latvia - Septinu Bralu Diena observed
- New Zealand - Rainbow Warrior Commemmoration

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/10 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 9 - July 11 - June 10 - August 10 -- listing of all days ko:7월 10일 ms:10 Julai ja:7月10日 simple:July 10 th:10 กรกฎาคม

Photography

Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the action of light. It involves recording light patterns, as reflected from objects, onto a sensitive medium through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical, chemical or digital devices commonly known as cameras. The word comes from the Greek words φως phos ("light"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation by means of lines" or "drawing."

Photographic image forming devices

Most commonly a camera or camera obscura is the image forming device and photographic film or a digital storage card is the recording medium, although other methods are available. For instance, the photocopy or xerography machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static electrical charges rather than photographic film, hence the term electrophotography. The rayographs published by Man Ray in 1922 are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. And one can place objects directly on the glass of a scanner to produce pictures electronically. Photographers control the camera to expose the light recording material (usually film or a charge-coupled device) to light. After processing, this produces an image whose contents are acceptably sharp, bright and composed to achieve the objective of taking the photograph. The controls include:
- Focus
- Aperture of the lens
- Duration of exposure (or shutter speed)
- Focal length of the lens (telephoto, macro, wide angle, or zoom)
- Sensitivity of the medium to light intensity and color The controls are usually inter-related, for example brightness is aperture multiplied by shutter speed, and varying the focal length of the lens will allow greater control over the depth of field. Depth of field is the area of the image that is in focus. The larger the depth of field, the larger the area of the image that is in focus. The smaller the depth of field, the smaller the area that is in focus. A higher aperture setting, like f16 or f22, gives the photographer a smaller depth of field. A lower aperture setting, like f1.4 or f2.8, gives a larger depth of field.

Uses of photography

Photography can be classified under imaging technology and has gained the interest of scientists and artists from its inception. Scientists have used its capacity to make accurate recordings, such as Eadweard Muybridge in his study of human and animal locomotion (1887). Artists have been equally interested by this aspect but have also tried to explore other avenues than the photo-mechanical representation of reality, such as the pictorialist movement. Military, police and security forces use photography for surveillance, recognition and data storage.

History of photography

pictorialist pictorialist

Invention

Chemical photography

Projecting images onto surfaces has been done for centuries. The camera obscura and the camera lucida were used by artists to trace scenes as early as the 16th century. These early cameras did not fix an image in time; they only projected what was before an opening in the wall of a darkened room onto a surface. In effect, the entire room was turned into a large pinhole camera. Indeed, the phrase camera obscura literally means "darkened room," and it is after these darkened rooms that all modern cameras have been named. The first photograph is considered to be an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce on a polished pewter plate covered with a petroleum derivative called bitumen of Judea. It was produced with a camera, and required an eight hour exposure in bright sunshine. However, this process turned out to be a dead end and Niépce began experimenting with silver compounds based on a Johann Heinrich Schultz discovery in 1724 that a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light. Niépce, in Chalon-sur-Saône, and the artist Jacques Daguerre, in Paris, refined the existing silver process in a partnership. In 1833 Niépce died unexpectedly of a stroke, leaving his notes to Daguerre. While he had no scientific background, Daguerre made two pivotal contributions to the process. He discovered that by exposing the silver firstly to iodine vapour, before exposure to light, and then to mercury fumes after the photograph was taken, a latent image could be formed and made visible. By then bathing the plate in a salt bath the image could be fixed. In 1839 Daguerre announced that he had invented a process using silver on a copper plate called the Daguerreotype. A similar process is still used today for Polaroids®. The French government bought the patent and immediately made it public domain. Across the English Channel, William Fox Talbot had earlier discovered another means to fix a silver process image but had kept it secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention, Talbot refined his process, so that it might be fast enough to take photographs of people as Daguerre had done, and by 1840 he had invented the calotype process. He coated paper sheets with silver chloride to create an intermediate negative image. Unlike a daguerreotype, a calotype negative could be used to reproduce positive prints, like most chemical films do today. Talbot patented this process, which greatly limited its adoption. He spent the rest of his life in lawsuits defending the patent until he gave up on photography all together. But later this process was refined by George Eastman and is today the basic technology used by chemical film cameras. Hippolyte Bayard also developed a method of photography, but delayed announcing it and so was not recognized as its inventor. Hippolyte Bayard

Reference

- Coe, Brian. The Birth of Photography. Ash & Grant, 1976.

Social history

Popularization

The Daguerreotype proved popular as it responded to the demand for portraiture emerging from the middle classes during the Industrial Revolution. This demand, that could not be met in volume and in cost by oil painting, may well have been the push for the development of photography. But still daguerreotypes, while beautiful, were fragile and difficult to copy. A single photograph taken in a portrait studio could cost $1000 in 2005 dollars. Photographers also encouraged chemists to refine the process of making many copies cheaply, which eventually lead them back to Talbot's process. Ultimately, the modern photographic process came about from a series of refinements and improvements in the first 20 years. In 1884 George Eastman, of Rochester, New York, developed dry gel on paper, or film, to replace the photographic plate, so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic chemicals around. In July of 1888 Eastman's Kodak camera went on the market with the slogan "You press the button, we do the rest". Now anyone could take a photograph and leave the dangerous portions of the process to others. Photography became available for the mass-market in 1901 with the introduction of Kodak Brownie. Very little has changed in chemical photography since then, though color film has become the standard, as well as automatic focus and automatic exposure. Digital recording of images is becoming increasingly prevalent, as digital cameras allow instant previews on LCD screens among other benefits, and the resolution of top of the range models has exceeded high quality 35mm film while lower resolution models have become affordable. For the enthusiast photographer processing black and white film, little has changed since the introduction of the 35mm film Leica camera in 1925.

Economic history

In the nineteenth century, photography developed rapidly as a commercial service. In the U.S. in 1890, the number of professional photographers was about the same as the number of accountants, artists, and dentists, respectively, and about ten times greater than the number of authors. End-user supplies of photographic equipment accounted for only about 20% of industry revenue. Several trends characterize the photographic industry from the end of the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century. The ratio of revenue from end-user photographic supplies to revenue from professional services rose by an order of magnitude. The prevalence of personal cameras and the ratio of end-user photographs rose closely in tandem with the prevalence of telephone and the telephone conversation minutes. However, the ratio of photographic industry revenue to telephone industry revenue dropped sharply.[http://www.galbithink.org/sense-s6.htm#wpp1] Given the development of new digital technologies for creating and sharing images, and of new communications devices, e.g. camera phones, understanding the economics of image use are becoming increasingly important for understanding the evolution of the communications industry as a whole. Resources Jenkins, Reese V. Images & Enterprise: Technology and the American Photographic Industry 1839-1925. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975. The book provides a fine overview of the economics of photography and is especially strong on the growth and development of the Eastman Kodak Company.

Color photography

Main article: color photography Color photography was explored throughout the 1800s. Initial experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. The first permanent color photo was taken in 1861 by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell. One of the early methods of taking color photos was to use three cameras. Each camera would have a color filter in front of the lens. This technique provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image in a darkroom or processing plant. Practical application of the technique was held back by the very limited colour response of early film; however, in the early 1900s, following the work of photo-chemists such as H. W. Vogel, emulsions with adequate sensitivity to green and red light at last became available. The first color film, Autochrome, thus did not reach the market until 1907; it was based on a 'screen-plate' filter made of dyed dots of potato starch. The first modern ('integrated tri-pack') color film, Kodachrome, was introduced in 1935 based on three colored emulsions. Most modern color films, except Kodachrome, are based on technology developed for Agfacolor (as 'Agfacolor Neue') in 1936. Instant color film was introduced by Polaroid in 1963. Color photography may form images as a positive transparency, intended for use in a slide projector or as color negatives, intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography, owing to the introduction of automated photoprinting equipment.

Digital photography

Main article: digital photography digital photography Traditional photography was a considerable burden for photographers working at remote locations (such as press correspondents) without access to processing facilities. With increased competition from television, there was pressure to deliver their images to newspapers with greater speed. Photo-journalists at remote locations would carry a miniature photo lab with them, and some means of transmitting their images down the telephone line. In 1981, Sony unveiled the first consumer camera to use a CCD for imaging, and which required no film -- the Sony Mavica. While the Mavica did save images to disk, the images themselves were displayed on television, and therefore the camera could not be considered fully digital. In 1990, Kodak unveiled the DCS 100, the first commercially available digital camera. Its cost precluded any use other than photojournalism and professional applications, but commercial digital photography was born. Digital photography uses an electronic sensor such as a charge-coupled device to record the image as a piece of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. Some other devices, such as cell phones, now include digital photography features. In 10 years, digital cameras have become widespread consumer products. Digital cameras now outsell film cameras, and many include features not found in film cameras such as the ability to shoot video and record audio. Kodak announced in January 2004 that it would no longer produce reloadable 35-millimeter cameras after the end of that year. This was interpreted as a sign of the end of film photography. However, Kodak was at that time a minor actor on the reloadable film cameras market. The price of 35mm and APS compact cameras have dropped, probably due to direct competition from digital and the resulting growth of the offer of second-hand film cameras. However, "wet" photography may endure, as dedicated amateurs and skilled artists often prefer the use of traditional and familiar materials and techniques.

Commercial photography

The commercial photographic world is traditionally broken down to:
- Advertising photography: photographs done to illustrate a service or product. These images are generally done with an Advertising Agency, Design Firm or with an in-house Corporate design team.
- Editorial photography: photographs done to illustrate a story or idea within the context of a magazine. These are usually assigned by the magazine.
- Photojournalism: this can be considered a subset of Editorial. Photographs done in this context are accepted as a truthful documentation of a news story.
- Portrait and wedding photography: photographs done and sold directly to the end user of the images.
- Fine art photography: photographs created to fulfill a vision, and reproduced to be sold directly to the end user. The market for photographic services demonstrates the aphorism "one picture is worth a thousand words," which has an interesting basis in the history of photography. Magazines and newspapers, companies putting up Web sites, advertising agencies and other groups pay for photography. Many people take photographs for self-fulfillment or for commercial purposes. Organizations with a budget and a need for photography have several options: they can assign a member of the organization, hire someone, run a public competition, or obtain rights to stock photographs.

Terminology

Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph. The term photo is a convenient abbreviation. Many people also call them pictures. In digital photography, the term image has begun to replace photograph. This term is neither more nor less correct than photograph, either in film or digital photography. (The term image is traditional in geometric optics.) Although not viewed by all photographers as true photography, digital photography in fact meets all requirements to be called such. Even though there are no chemical processes, a digital camera captures a frame of whatever it happens to be pointed at, which can be viewed later.

Photography as an art form

stock photographs settings can achieve unusual results]] During the twentieth century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. In the USA, a small handful of curators spent their lives struggling to put it there, with Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen and John Szarkowski, and Hugh Edwards the most prominent among them. Yet the aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Is photography an art - or is it just the mechanical reproduction of an image? If photography is authentically art, what makes a photograph beautiful? Is there a kinship between the beauty of an Atget and a Rembrandt? The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light": [http://www.nicephore-niepce.com/pagus/pagus-bio.html Niépce], [http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/daguerr.htm Daguerre], and others among the very earliest photographers were met with wonder, but some questioned if it was really art. Clive Bell in his classic essay "Art" states that only one thing can distinguish art from what is not art: "significant form." Bell wrote: "There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality? What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions? What quality is common to Sta. Sophia and the windows at Chartres, Mexican sculpture, a Persian bowl, Chinese carpets, Giotto's frescoes at Padua, and the masterpieces of Poussin, Piero della Francesca, and Cezanne? Only one answer seems possible - significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions." [http://www.csulb.edu/~jvancamp/361r13.html Text of Bell's essay].

Aesthetic realism and photography

Clive Bell Others have since examined if this criterion be applied to photography. This question has been examined by the aesthetic realism understanding of beauty. Some of the most important writing on this subject is to be found on the web sites of Len Bernstein, [http://www.dienes-and-dienes.com/Atget.html Louis Dienes], [http://www.dienes-and-dienes.com/Cartier-Bresson.html Amy Dienes], and [http://www.mindspring.com/~davidmbernstein/Dorothea_Lange.html David M. Bernstein]: photographers and critics. Len Bernstein has described the [http://www.lenbernstein.com/ Aesthetic Realism understanding of photography as an art form] in essays which have been published for example in [http://www.apogeephoto.com/apr2001/bernstein4_2001.shtml Apogee Photo Magazine] and in [http://lenbernstein.com/Pages/RiisArticle.html Photographica World: The Journal of the Photographic Collectors Club of Great Britain]. On his web site he introduces the subject as follows: "When I began to photograph more than 25 years ago, I felt I found a way of expressing myself that met something so deep inside me that I wanted to do it for the rest of my life. Walking with my camera, the city streets seemed transformed - friendlier, more interesting - and I spent hours searching for dramatic situations, trying to capture the right moment. Looking through the viewfinder, what I saw had new value for me, boredom and loneliness seemed to vanish, and I wished I could feel that way all the time. And hoping to learn what made a photograph successful, I avidly studied the history and technique of photography. "My hopes were met when I first heard this magnificent statement by Eli Siegel, the American critic and founder of the philosophy Aesthetic Realism: [http://www.terraingallery.org/IsBeauty.html 'All beauty is a making one of opposites, and the making one of opposites is what we are going after in ourselves.'] This is the criterion for beauty that centuries of artists, philosophers, people in all walks of life, have searched for; the explanation of what makes a photograph good and how our personal questions are the questions of art - dignified and cultural! I've had the thrill of testing it in thousands of instances, from the first known photograph taken by Nicéphore Niépce in 1826-27 to the most modern work of today." [http://lenbernstein.com/PagesLargeImages/peopleparkbench.html For an online exhibition of Bernstein's photographs click here.] Likewise, important articles (referred to above) on photography as an art form, written from the Aesthetic Realism point of view, will be found on the David M. Bernstein web site [http://www.mindspring.com/~davidmbernstein/Dorothea_Lange.html "What Does a Person Deserve? The Answer Found in a Great Photograph"] and the "Dienes & Dienes" web site. See, for example Amy Dienes' [http://www.dienes-and-dienes.com/Cartier-Bresson.html "The Self Alone & The Self Going Out; or, Cartier-Bresson's Photo of a Leaping Man"]; Louis Dienes' [http://www.dienes-and-dienes.com/Atget.html "On a Photograph by Eugene Atget"] and his illustrated poem "Black and White," originally composed for his own exhibition of photographs, which begins: [http://www.dienes-and-dienes.com/Photographs-and-A-Poem-1st.html "The day black and white got a break..."] An often neglected form of art in photography is that of portrait photography. A portrait is the basic rendering of someone’s likeness. A good portrait photographer not only wants to capture the true likeness, but also the personality of the individual. The photographer needs to be proficient not only in the workings and setting of the camera, but also needs to understand form and lighting. Great lighting and positioning can make someone appear at their best form if used correctly. Lighting and camera placement can also aid in correcting defects such as shortening a nose, making someone appear slimmer, etc. In this form of art, portrait photography takes on many roles, and can help create various moods that the individual is seeking.

Reference

Tom Ang, Dictionary of Photography and Digital Imaging, The Essential Reference for the Modern Photographer (Argentum 2001)

Additional reading

- Freeman Patterson, Photography and The Art of Seeing, 1989, Key Porter Books, ISBN 1550130994.
- The Oxford Companion to the Photograph, ed. by Robin Lenman, Oxford University Press 2005

External links

- [http://www.digitalkb.com/digital_photography/knowledge_base/exposure/ Understanding Exposure and Digital Cameras (Image Sensors)]
- [http://www.dofmaster.com Depth of Field Calculators]
- [http://www.dpreview.com dpreview.com] digital camera reviews
- [http://www.photopermit.org PhotoPermit.Org] discussion on copyright law for photographers
- [http://www.luminous-landscape.com/ The Luminous Landscape] - photography techniques and camera reviews
- [http://photoinf.com/ Photography Composition Articles]
- [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/VQ_P3_2_EN.html Instant Memories] — the origins of amateur photography
- [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/VQ_P2_7_EN.html In the Eye of the Camera] — The limits of photography in 19th century
- [http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/photographic-processes/index.cfm Daguerreotype to Digital: A Brief History of the Photographic Process] From the State Library & Archives of Florida. Category:Arts Category:News Category:Photography ja:写真 th:การถ่ายภาพ

Nicéphore Niépce

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (March 7, 1765 – July 5, 1833) was a French inventor, most noted as a pioneer in photography. His surname is often spelled Niepce (without the accent) even in French, and this may in fact be a more correct version. It is also occasionally seen as Nièpce, but this seems to be an error. He also worked on improved designs of pumps and early internal combustion engines. He was born in Chalon-sur-Saône. The first successful permanent photograph was produced by Niépce. He began experimenting with processes to set optical images in 1793. Some of his early experiments produced images, but they faded rapidly. He was said to have first produced long lasting images in 1824. The earliest known surviving example of a Niépce photograph (or any other photograph) was created in June or July of 1827 (or 1826, according to some sources). Niépce called his process "heliography", meaning "sun writing". It was a slow process which required perhaps some 8 hours of bright sunlight to affix the image; therefore it was used to photograph buildings and inanimate objects, but could not be used to photograph people. Starting in 1829 he began collaborating on improved photographic processes with Louis Daguerre. Niépce died suddenly of a stroke in 1833. As of 2004 Niépce's photograph, View from the Window at Le Gras, is on display in the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin.

External link

- [http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/ University of Texas exhibition site on "The First Photograph"] Niépce, Nicéphore Niépce, Nicéphore Niépce, Nicéphore Niépce, Nicéphore Niépce, Nicéphore

French Academy of Sciences

The French Academy of Sciences (Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries.

History

The Academy of Sciences owes its origin to Colbert's plan to create a general academy. He chose a small group of scholars who met on December 22, 1666 in the King's library, and thereafter held twice-weekly working meetings there. The first 30 years of the Academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution. On January 20, 1699, Louis XIV gave the Company its first rules. The Academy received the title of Royal Academy of Sciences and was installed in the Louvre in Paris. On August 8, 1793, the National Convention abolished all the academies. On August 22, 1795, a National Institute of Sciences and Arts was put in place, bringing together the old academies of the sciences, literature and arts. In 1816, the Academy of Sciences became autonomous, while forming part of the Institute of France; the head of State remained its patron.

The Academy today

Today the Academy is one of five academies comprising the French Institute. Its members are elected for life. Currently there are 150 full members, 300 corresponding members, and 120 foreign associates. They are divided into two scientific groups: the Mathematical and Physical sciences and their applications and the Chemical, Biological, Geological and Medical sciences and their applications.

Current Members

Jacques Daguerre

Named after Daguerre

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November 18

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1787

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July 10

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Photography

Photographic image forming devices

Uses of photography

History of photography

Invention

Chemical photography

Reference

Social history

Popularization

Economic history

Color photography

Digital photography

Commercial photography

Terminology

Photography as an art form

Aesthetic realism and photography

Reference

Additional reading

See also

Basic topics in photography

Photographers

Photographs

Historical

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Other

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Nicéphore Niépce

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