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Jaffrey, New Hampshire

Jaffrey, New Hampshire

Jaffrey is a town located in Cheshire County, New Hampshire. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 5,476. Jaffrey is a venerable resort area.

History

2000] First granted in 1736 to soldiers from Rowley, Massachusetts returning from the war in Canada, the town was known as "Rowley-Canada." In 1749, the town was re-chartered by Colonial Governor Benning Wentworth as "Monadnock No. 2," sometimes called "Middle Monadnock" or "Middletown." It was one of the first towns established under the New Hampshire proprietors' purchase of undivided lands under the Masonian claim. Settled about 1758, the town was regranted in 1767. It would be incorporated in 1773 by Governor John Wentworth, and named for George Jaffrey, member of a prominent Portsmouth family. Jaffrey's son was a life trustee of Dartmouth College, and designer of the official college seal. The Contoocook River provided water power for mills. Village prosperity would be expressed in fine antique architecture, including the Town House, built in 1775. 1775] Beginning in the 1840s, the area's scenic beauty attracted tourists, and several summer hotels were built at the base of Mount Monadnock, enduringly popular with hikers. Some who scaled the summit were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau and Rudyard Kipling. The experience inspired Emerson in 1845 to write the poem, "Monadnoc." Jaffrey was the setting for a 1950 biography by Elizabeth Yates entitled "Amos Fortune, Free Man," winner of the 1951 Newbery Award. Amos Fortune was an African-born slave who purchased his freedom and that of his wife, and established a tannery in the village. He is buried in the local cemetery, together with bandbox craftswoman, Hannah Davis, and author, Willa Cather, who was a summer resident.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 103.7 km² (40.0 mi²). 99.2 km² (38.3 mi²) of it is land and 4.5 km² (1.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.32% water. Jaffrey is drained by the Contoocook River. Thorndike Pond is in the north, and Contoocook Lake is on the southern boundary. Mount Monadnock, elevation 3,165 feet (965 meters), is in the northwest.

Demographics

This article describes the town of Jaffrey as a whole. Additional demographic details are available that describe only the main settlement within the town, although those details are included in the aggregate values reported here. See: Jaffrey (CDP), New Hampshire. Jaffrey (CDP), New Hampshire As of the census of 2000, there are 5,476 people, 2,120 households, and 1,464 families residing in the town. The population density is 55.2/km² (143.0/mi²). There are 2,352 housing units at an average density of 23.7 persons/km² (61.4 persons/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.32% White, 0.42% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.69% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.04% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. 0.57% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,120 households out of which 33.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% are married couples living together, 11.3% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 30.9% are non-families. 24.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 2.98. Latino] In the town the population is spread out with 26.0% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.3 males. The median income for a household in the town is $45,033, and the median income for a family is $48,703. Males have a median income of $35,349 versus $26,773 for females. The per capita income for the town is $21,412. 7.8% of the population and 3.8% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 10.2% are under the age of 18 and 10.0% are 65 or older.

External links


- [http://town.jaffrey.nh.us/ Town of Jaffrey, New Hampshire Official Website]
  - [http://www.keenenh.com/jaffrey/library.asp Jaffrey Public Library]
  - [http://www.nhstateparks.org/ParksPages/Monadnock/Monadnock.html Monadnock State Park] Category:Cheshire County, New Hampshire Category:Towns in New Hampshire

Cheshire County, New Hampshire

Cheshire County is a county located in the state of New Hampshire. As of 2000, the population is 73,825. Its county seat is Keene6. Cheshire was one of the five original counties identified for New Hampshire in 1769, and is named for Cheshire in England. It was organized in 1771 at Keene.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,888 km² (729 mi²). 1,832 km² (707 mi²) of it is land and 56 km² (22 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.98% water.

Demographics

As of the census2 of 2000, there are 73,825 people, 28,299 households, and 18,790 families residing in the county. The population density is 40/km² (104/mi²). There are 31,876 housing units at an average density of 17/km² (45/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 97.75% White, 0.37% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. 0.72% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 28,299 households out of which 30.60% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.50% are married couples living together, 9.00% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.60% are non-families. 25.50% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.60% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.47 and the average family size is 2.96. In the county the population is spread out with 23.30% under the age of 18, 11.70% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 24.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 94.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.70 males. The median income for a household in the county is $42,382, and the median income for a family is $51,043. Males have a median income of $33,821 versus $25,328 for females. The per capita income for the county is $20,685. 8.00% of the population and 4.40% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 8.50% of those under the age of 18 and 6.30% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Cities and towns


- Alstead
- Chesterfield
- Dublin
- Fitzwilliam
- Gilsum
- Harrisville
- Hinsdale
- Jaffrey
- Keene
- Marlborough
- Marlow
- Nelson
- Richmond
- Rindge
- Roxbury
- Stoddard
- Sullivan
- Surry
- Swanzey
- Troy
- Walpole
- West Swanzey
- Westmoreland
- Winchester

External links


- [http://co.cheshire.nh.us/ Official Cheshire County web site]
- [http://www.ceinfo.unh.edu/Counties/Cheshire.htm Cheshire information pages at the University of New Hampshire]
- [http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/NH/Cheshire/districts.html National Register of Historic Places listing for Cheshire Coounty] Category:New Hampshire counties

Rowley, Massachusetts

Rowley is a town located in Essex County, Massachusetts. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 5,500. For geographic and demographic information on the census-designated place Rowley, please see the article Rowley (CDP), Massachusetts.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 53.3 km² (20.6 mi²). 48.5 km² (18.7 mi²) of it is land and 4.8 km² (1.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 9.08% water.

Demographics

As of the census2 of 2000, there are 5,500 people, 1,958 households, and 1,468 families residing in the town. The population density is 113.4/km² (293.8/mi²). There are 2,004 housing units at an average density of 41.3/km² (107.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 98.38% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. 0.85% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 1,958 households out of which 39.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% are married couples living together, 7.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% are non-families. 20.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.77 and the average family size is 3.23. In the town the population is spread out with 28.0% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $62,130, and the median income for a family is $75,527. Males have a median income of $49,970 versus $32,500 for females. The per capita income for the town is $27,413. 4.1% of the population and 3.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 5.8% of those under the age of 18 and 11.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links


- [http://www.rowley-ma.com/ www.rowley-ma.com] Category:Towns in MassachusettsCategory:Essex County, Massachusetts

1749

Events


- While in debtor's prison, John Cleland writes Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure). Released from prison, the book was published in London. Immediately, the Church of England asked the British Secretary of State to "stop the progress of this vile Book, which is an open insult upon Religion and good manners." As a result, Cleland was arrested and charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
- April 27 - The first official performance of George Frideric Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks finished early due to the outbreak of fire.
- May 19 - King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
- July 9 - Naval settlement of Halifax, Nova Scotia founded as British answer to Louisbourg.
- September 15 - According to mathematical calculations, Pluto moved outside Neptune's orbit to remain the outermost planet until 1979.

Births


- January 13 - Friedrich Müller, painter, narrator, lyricist and dramatist (d. 1825)
- January 17 - Vittorio Alfieri, Italian dramatist (d. 1803)
- January 24 - Charles James Fox, English politician (d. 1806)
- January 29 - King Christian VII of Denmark (d. 1808)
- March 9 - Honore Mirabeau, French politician (d. 1791)
- March 10 - Lorenzo da Ponte, Italian librettist (d. 1838)
- March 23 - Pierre Simon de Laplace, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1827)
- May 17 - Edward Jenner, English physician (d. 1823)
- April 11 - Adelaide Labille-Guiard, French portrait painter (d. 1803)
- June 15 - Georg Joseph Vogler, German composer (d. 1814)
- August 28 - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer (d. 1832)
- 30 September - Comte Siméon Joseph Jérôme, French jurist and politician
- November 23 - Edward Rutledge, American statesman (d. 1800)
- December 17 - Domenico Cimarosa, Italian composer (d. 1801)
- Abraham Gottlob Werner, German geologist (d. 1817)

Deaths


- February 8 - Jan van Huysum, Dutch painter (b. 1682)
- May 24 - Graf Valentin Potocki, Polish nobleman
- June 19 - Ambrose Philips, English poet (b. 1675)
- July 3 - William Jones, Welsh mathematician (b. 1675)
- July 12 - Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois, Governor of New France
- August 13 - Johann Elias Schlegel, German critic and poet (b. 1719)
- September 10 - Emilie du Chatelet, French mathematician and physicist (b. 1706)
- September 14 - Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, English soldier and politician (b. 1675)
- October 4 - Franz Freiherr von der Trenck, Austrian soldier (b. 1711)
- December 5 - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye, French-Canadian explorer and trader (b. 1685)
- December 19 - Francesco Antonio Bonporti, Italian priest and composer (b. 1672) Category:1749 ko:1749년 simple:1749

Benning Wentworth

Benning Wentworth (1696–1770) was the colonial governor of New Hampshire from (1741-1766). He was born and died in Portsmouth. He was the son of the John Wentworth who had been Lieutenant Governor. His nephew John Wentworth succeeded him. Wentworth enriched himself by a clever scheme of selling land now in the state of Vermont to developers, in spite of jurisdictional claims for this region by the Colony of New York. He often named the new townships after famous contemporaries in order to gain support for his enterprises (e.g. Rutland after John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland; Bennington he named after himself). Ultimately, this scheme led to a great deal of contention between New York, New England, and the settlers in Vermont. It created friction between the northeast colonies, and the dispute was hardly settled by the formation of Vermont as a state. Wentworth also gave important government positions to relatives and gave them extensive grants of land. He was allowed to retire from office in 1766.

References

Swift, Esther Munroe; (1977). Vermont Place Names: Footprints of History Stephen Green Press. ISBN 0828902917.

External link


- [http://www.johnjhenderson.com/Notables/Biographies/benning_wentworth.htm New Hampshire Individuals of Note: Benning Wentworth (1696–1770)] Wentworth, Benning Wentworth, Benning Wentworth, Benning Wentworth, Benning

John Mason

John Mason was the name of two prominent figures in colonial New England prior to 1640. See John Mason (disambiguation) ---- Captain John Mason (1586 – 1635) was born in Norfolk. He was a sailor, explorer, cartographer and colonizer and appointed the second Proprietary Governor of Newfoundland's Cuper's Cove colony in 1615, succeeding John Guy. Mason arrived on the island in 1616 and explored much of the territory, mapping the island for the first time and writing a book on his findings. Mason drew up the first known English map of the island of Newfoundland. Published in William Vaughan's Cambrensium Caroleia in 1625, the [http://www.mun.ca/rels/hrollmann/relsoc/texts/pics/map.gif map] included previously established placenames as well as new ones such as Bristol's Hope and Butter Pots, near Renews. His book entitled [http://www.mun.ca/rels/hrollmann/relsoc/texts/mason.html A Briefe Discourse of the New-Found-Land with the situation, temperature, and commodities thereof, inciting our nation to go forward in the hopefull plantation begunne] was published in 1620 by Mason while in England. He returned to New England after becoming tired of mediating disputes between and among settlers and migratory fishermen. Mason ceased to be Cuper's Cove governor in 1621 and was not replaced. The colony was ultimately abandoned by its settlers, possibly as late as the early 18th century. In 1621 Mason moved to New England and consulted with Sir William Alexander about possibly colonizing Nova Scotia. In 1622, Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges received a patent from the Council for New England for all the territory lying between the Merrimack and Kennebec rivers. In 1629 they divided the grant along the Piscataqua River, with Mason receiving the southern portion. The colony was recharted as the Province of New Hampshire. It included most of the southeastern part of the current state of New Hampshire, as well as portions of present-day Massachusetts north of the Merrimack. Mason was appointed first vice-admiral of New England in 1635 but died in December of the same year as he was about to return to his plantations there. |width="25%" align="center"|Preceded by:
John Guy |width="25%" align="center"|Governor of Newfoundland
1615-1621 |width="25%" align="center"|Followed by:
Admiral Robert Hayman |- |

1758

1758 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events


- April 29 - Battle of the Bay of Bengal - A French fleet under Sir George Pocock engages the French fleet of Anne Antoine d'Aché indecisively near Madras.
- May 21 - Mary Campbell is abducted from her home in Pennsylvania by Lenape during the French and Indian War.
- June 12 - French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg - James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commences.
- June 23 - Seven Years' War: Battle of Krefeld - Anglo-Hanoverian forces under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French.
- July 8 - French and Indian War: French forces hold Fort Carillon against British at Ticonderoga, New York.
- July 25 - French and Indian War: The island battery at Fortress Louisbourg is silenced and all French warships are destroyed or taken.
- August 3 - Battle of Negapatam - Off the coast of India, Admiral Pocock again engages d'Aché's French fleet, this time with more success.
- August 25 - Battle of Zorndorf - Frederick defeats the Russian army of Count Wilhelm Fermor near the Oder.
- September 3 - the Tavora affair - attempted assassination of Joseph I of Portugal
- September 14 - French and Indian War: a British attack on Fort Duquesne is defeated.
- October 14 - Battle of Hochkirch - Frederick loses a hard-fought battle against the Austrians under Marshal Leopold von Daun, who besieges Dresden.
- November 25 - French and Indian War: French forces abandon Fort Duquesne to British control.
- December 25 - Halley's Comet appears for the first time after Halley's discovery of it.
- First European settlement in what is now Erie County by the French at the mouth of Buffalo Creek.
- Pope Clement XIII ascends to papacy
- Rudjer Boscovich publishes his atomic theory in Theoria philosophiae naturalis redacta ad unicam legem virium in nalura existentium
- James Abercromby replaces the earl of Loudoun as supreme commander in the American colonies. He is replaced himself after failing to take the fort at Ticonderoga.

Ongoing events


- French and Indian War (1754-1763)
- Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

Births


- April 28 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (d. 1831)
- May 6 - André Masséna, French marshall (d. 1817)
- May 6 - Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary (executed) (d. 1794)
- May 17 - John St Aubyn, British fossil collector (d. 1839)
- August 5 - Emperor Go-Momozono of Japan (d. 1779)
- September 29 - Horatio Nelson, British admiral (d. 1805)
- October 16 - Noah Webster, American lexicographer (d. 1843)
- Charles d'Abancourt, French statesman (murdered in prison) (d. 1792)
- Kamehameha I, King of Hawaii

Deaths


- January 7 - Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet (b. 1686)
- February 10 - Thomas Ripley, English architect
- March 2 - Pierre Guérin de Tencin, French cardinal (b. 1679)
- March 6 - Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington, English politician
- March 22 - Jonathan Edwards, American minister (b. 1703)
- March 22 - Richard Leveridge, English bass and composer (b. 1670)
- April 22 - Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (b. 1686)
- April 30 - François d'Agincourt, French composer (b. 1684)
- May 3 - Pope Benedict XIV (b. 1675)
- June 12 - Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (b. 1722)
- July 6 - George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe, British general (killed in battle)
- October 12 - Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth, British field marshal (b. 1680)
- October 14 - Francis Edward James Keith, Scottish soldier and Prussian field marshal (b. 1696)
- November 5 - Hans Egede, Norwegian Lutheran missionary (b. 1686)
- November 20 - Johan Helmich Roman, Swedish composer (b. 1694)
- November 22 - Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe, English politician (b. 1680)
- December 5 - Johann Friedrich Fasch, German composer (b. 1688)
- December 25 - James Hervey, English clergyman and writer (b. 1714) Category:1758 ko:1758년

1767

1767 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).

Events


- The Burmese army captures the Thai capital of Ayutthaya, and destroys the city.
- North Carolina woodsman Daniel Boone goes through the Cumberland Gap and reaches Kentucky - in defiance of a decree from King George III. He discovers a rich hunting ground, contested by several Native American tribes.
- American Whalers venture into the Antarctic for the first time, and begin to commercially exploit it.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau settles in England.
- The first known competition of the winter sport biathlon takes place, in Norway
- The final volume of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne is published.
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his first true opera, Apollo et Hyacinthus.
- June - Jean Chastel kills the infamous Beast of Gévaudan by firing 2 silver bullets at it because he thought it was a werewolf. The Beasts Reign of Terror began in 1764.
- June 29 - The Townshend Acts are passed by British Parliament, placing a tax on common products, such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea.
- First use of the term 'Fine art'

Births


- January 1 - Maria Edgeworth, Irish novelist (d. 1849)
- March 15 - Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States (d. 1845)
- March 25 - Joachim Murat, French marshal and King of Naples (d. 1815)
- April 25 - Nicolas Oudinot, French marshal (d. 1847)
- May 12 - Manuel de Godoy, Spanish statesman (d. 1851)
- July 11 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (d. 1848)
- October 25 - Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer (d. 1830)
- November 22 - Andreas Hofer, Austrian national hero (d. 1810)

Deaths


- January 7 - Thomas Clap, first president of Yale University (b. 1703)
- January 22 - Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German minerologist and geologist (b. 1719)
- March 7 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (b. 1680)
- April 7 - Franz Sparry, composer (b. 1715)
- June 25 - Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (b. 1681)
- September 4 - Charles Townshend, English politician (b. 1725)
- December 1 - Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (b. 1710)
- December 22 - John Newbery, English publisher (b. 1713)
- Firmin Abauzit, French scientist (b. 1679) Category:1767 ko:1767년 ms:1767 simple:1767 th:พ.ศ. 2310

1773

1773 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 12 - The first American museum open to the public is opened in (Charleston, South Carolina).
- January 17 - Captain James Cook becomes the first European explorer to cross the Antarctic Circle
- April 27 or May 10 - The British Parliament passes the Tea Act, designed to save the British East India Company by granting it a monopoly on the North American tea trade.
- May 8 - Ali Bey dies of wounds received in a skirmish with Ottoman rebels
- October 12 - America's first insane asylum opens for 'Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds' in Williamsburg, Virginia
- October 14 - Commission of National Education (Polish Komisja Edukacji Narodowej) formed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is considered to be the first ministry of education in the history of mankind
- December 16 - Boston Tea Party
- Antigua Guatemala is destroyed by an earthquake and the capital of Guatemala is moved to Guatemala City
- Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II expels Jesuits from the Empire, and Pope Clement XIV orders the dissolution of the Society of Jesus.
- Baron de Morveau experiments with chlorine as a disinfectant
- Daniel Boone leads some pioneers into Kentucky. "Native American Indians" attack, and Boone's son is killed
- Hilaire Rouelle discovers urea
- Istanbul Technical University is established (under the original name of Royal School of Naval Engineering) as the world's first comprehensive institition of higher learning dedicated to engineering education.

Births


- January 27 - Prince Augustus of Great Britain, Duke of Sussex (d. 1843)
- February 9 - William Henry Harrison, American military leader and 9th President of the United States (d. 1841)
- March 14 - John Holmes, American politician (d. 1843)
- March 16 - Juan Ramón Balcarce, Argentine military leader and politician (d. 1836)
- March 26 - Nathaniel Bowditch, American mathematician (d. 1836)
- April 9 - Étienne Aignan, French writer, librettist, and playwright (d. 1824)
- May 3 - Giuseppe Acerbi, Italian explorer (d. 1846)
- May 15 - Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Austrian statesman (d. 1859)
- May 19 - Arthur Aikin, English chemist and mineralogist (d. 1854)
- May 31 - Ludwig Tieck, German writer (d. 1853)
- June 13 - Thomas Young, English scientist (d. 1829)
- July 23 - Thomas Brisbane, Scottish astronomer and Governor of New South Wales (d. 1860)
- August 22 - Aimé Bonpland, French explorer and botanist (d. 1858)
- October 6 - Louis Philippe, King of the French (d. 1850)
- December 9 - Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt, French general and diplomat (d. 1827)
- December 21 - Robert Brown, Scottish botanist (d. 1858)
- December 27 - Sir George Cayley, English aviation pioneer
- William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, British ambassador to China and Governor-General of India (d. 1854)
- Anne Hill Carter, wife of Light Horse Harry Lee and mother of Robert E. Lee (d. 1829)
- Henry Hunt, British politician (d. 1835)

Deaths


- January 21 - Alexis Piron, French writer (b. 1689)
- February 20 - King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (b. 1701)
- March 1 - Luigi Vanvitelli, Italian architect (b. 1700)
- March 24 - Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield, English statesman and man of letters (b. 1694)
- May 8 - Ali Bey Al-Kabir, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt (b. 1728)
- May 15 - Alban Butler, English Catholic priest and writer (b. 1710)
- July 5 - Francisco José Freire, Portuguese historian and philologist (b. 1719)
- July 12 - Johann Joachim Quantz, German flutist and composer (b. 1697)
- July 23 - George Edwards, English naturalist (b. 1693)
- August 3 - Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (b. 1700)
- August 27 - Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, Prussian general (b. 1721)
- September 23 - Johan Ernst Gunnerus, Norwegian bishop and botanist (b. 1718)
- August 20 - Enrique Florez, Spanish historian (b. 1701)
- October 30 - Philippe de La Guêpière, French architect (b. 1725)
- November 16 - John Hawkesworth, English writer
- November 19 - James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, Irish politician (b. 1722)
- Ahmad Shah, Afghani founder of the Durrani Empire (cancer) (b. 1724) Category:1773 ko:1773년 ms:1773 simple:1773

John Wentworth (governor)

]] Sir John Wentworth (9 August 1737 – 8 April1820) was the British colonial governor of New Hampshire at the time of the American Revolution. He followed his uncle, Benning Wentworth, as governor in 1767. During his term, he was instrumental in the creation of Dartmouth College. Although he was born in Portsmouth, NH and was generally sympathetic to the colonists in their early disagreements with the crown, he remained loyal and was forced to leave in 1775. He later served as the royal governor of Nova Scotia from 1792 to 1808. Wentworth was knighted in 1795.

External links


- [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=36832 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online] Wentworth, John Wentworth, John Wentworth, John Wentworth, John Wentworth, John

Portsmouth, New Hampshire

beside the Piscataqua River. Raleigh was first to fly the American flag into naval battle.]] Portsmouth, New Hampshire is the largest city in Rockingham County in the State of New Hampshire in the United States of America. Its location is 43°3' North, 70°47' West. The city had a total population of 20,784 as of the 2000 census. The city is served by Pease International Airport.

Geography

Pease International AirportPortsmouth is located at 43°4'1" North, 70°46'22" West (43.067038, -70.772838). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 43.5 km² (16.8 mi²). 40.4 km² (15.6 mi²) of it is land and 3.1 km² (1.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 7.03% water.

History

mi²] Portsmouth, New Hampshire was settled in 1623 and first given the name "Strawbery Banke" because of plentiful wild strawberries growing beside the deep so-called Piscataqua River (actually an estuary). Located between industries upstream (particularly logging) and commercial interests abroad, Strawbery Banke was well situated for fishing, trade, shipbuilding, and growth. In time it would not only acquire a new name (in 1653), but also the role of colonial capital, formerly belonging to the harbor island of New Castle. Portsmouth's vulnerablity during the American Revolution to British warships, which on October 18, 1775 burned Falmouth (now Portland, Maine), helped justify moving the capital inland to Exeter. Portsmouth's mercantile wealth would be expressed in fine architecture; it contains significant examples of Colonial, Georgian, and Federal style houses, some of which are now museums. Portsmouth's heart contains stately brick Federalist stores and townhouses, built all of a piece after devastating early 19th century fires. The city is also noted for boldly veneered Federalist furniture, particularly that crafted by Langley Boardman. The Industrial Revolution era, however, would leave Portsmouth in the shadow of New Hampshire mill towns like Dover, Keene, Laconia, Manchester and Nashua. The effect of this shift was to preserve old Portsmouth. Now, with the protection of an Historic District Commission, much of the city's architectural legacy survives -- to the delight of tourists. John Paul Jones' ship Ranger was built in Portsmouth, and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, located across the river in Kittery, Maine, was established in 1800 -- the nation's first. Portsmouth is also known as the site where President Theodore Roosevelt arranged the Treaty of Portsmouth, signed at 3:47 p.m. on September 5, 1905 at the shipyard by diplomats of both Russia and Japan, ending the Russo-Japanese War. The occasion was marked by an honor guard, the firing of a 19-gun salute and the ringing of area church bells. In 2005, there was a re-enactment of the signing of the [http://www.portsmouthpeacetreaty.com/ Portsmouth Peace Treaty].

Strawbery Banke Museum

Located in the "South End," one Portsmouth's oldest neighborhoods, [http://www.strawberybanke.org/index.cfm Strawbery Banke Museum] [sic] features an extensive collection of restored Colonial, Georgian, and Federal style architecture, saved from 1950s urban renewal by the efforts of Dorothy M. Vaughan and others. Guests learn local history from guides dressed in era costume. Across the street from the museum are the riverside gardens and entertainments of Prescott Park.

Historic House museums

urban renewal
- [http://www.historicnewengland.org/visit/homes/jackson.htm Jackson House] (1664)
- [http://www.portsmouthhistory.org/jpjhouse.html John Paul Jones House] (1758)
- [http://www.historicnewengland.org/visit/homes/langdon.htm Gov. John Langdon House] (1784)
- [http://www.volunteersolutions.org/uwgs/org/221127.html Tobias Lear House] (1740)
- [http://www.nscda.org/museums/newhampshire.htm Moffatt-Ladd House] (1763)
- [http://www.historicnewengland.org/visit/homes/rundlet.htm Rundlet-May House] (1807)
- [http://www.warnerhouse.org/ Warner House] (1716)
- [http://nhstateparks.org/ParksPages/WentworthCoolidge/WentCoolHom.html Wentworth-Coolidge Mansion] (c. 1741)
- [http://www.volunteersolutions.org/uwgs/org/221127.html Wentworth-Gardner House (also, "Wentworth House")] (1760)

Notable Inhabitants

1760
- Thomas Bailey Aldrich, poet and novelist
- William Badger, master shipbuilder
- Langley Boardman, architect and furniture-maker
- Charles Warren Brewster, journalist and historian
- Joseph Stevens Buckminster, Unitarian minister and writer
- Frank Jones, alemaker
- John Paul Jones, "father" of U.S. Navy
- John Langdon, governor, first acting president of the U.S. until George Washington assumed office
- Tobias Lear, secretary to George Washington
- Celia Thaxter, poetess and writer
- Benning Wentworth, royal governor
- Sir John Wentworth, last royal governor
- William Whipple, signer of Declaration of Independence
- Dorothy Mansfield Vaughan, historian and historical preservationist

Demographics

Declaration of Independence As of the census of 2000, there are 20,784 people, 9,875 households, and 4,858 families residing in the city. The population density is 514.1/km² (1,331.3/mi²). There are 10,186 housing units at an average density of 251.9/km² (652.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 93.55% White, 2.13% African American, 0.21% Native American, 2.44% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. 1.35% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 9,875 households out of which 20.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% are married couples living together, 8.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 50.8% are non-families. 38.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.04 and the average family size is 2.75. married couples In the city the population is spread out with 17.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 36.2% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $45,195, and the median income for a family is $59,630. Males have a median income of $41,966 versus $29,024 for females. The per capita income for the city is $27,540. 9.3% of the population and 6.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 14.3% of those under the age of 18 and 8.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links


- [http://www.cityofportsmouth.com/ City of Portsmouth, New Hampshire Official Website]
  - [http://www.cityofportsmouth.com/prescottpark/ Prescott Park Website]
- [http://www.portsmouthnh.com/ Guide to Portsmouth and the Seacoast Region]
- [http://www.seacoastrep.org/ The Seacoast Repertory Theatre] Category:Cities in New Hampshire Category:Rockingham County, New Hampshire ja:ポーツマス (ニューハンプシャー州)

Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College is a small private university in Hanover, New Hampshire, and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, with funds partially raised by the efforts of a Native American preacher named Samson Occom, it is the ninth-oldest college in the United States. In addition to its liberal arts undergraduate program, Dartmouth has medical, engineering, and business schools, as well as 18 graduate programs in the arts and sciences; hence it would tend to be called a university in standard American usage. For the sake of tradition and in order to emphasize the central importance it gives to undergraduate education, however, it refers to itself as a college. With a total enrollment of about 5,700, Dartmouth is the smallest school in the Ivy League. In 2005 Booz Allen Hamilton selected Dartmouth College as one of the "World's Ten Most Enduring Institutions," recognizing its ability to overcome crises that threatened its survival (most famously Dartmouth College v. Woodward). Dartmouth is recognized as one of the most unwired colleges in the U.S. thanks to its wireless campus. Dartmouth alumni are famously involved in their college, from Daniel Webster to the many donors in the 19th and 20th centuries. Over many generations, Dartmouth has had one of the very highest alumni donor participation rates.

The College

Daniel Webster Dartmouth was made the ninth colonial college when it was given a royal charter by King George III in 1769, mostly as a result of the efforts of Eleazar Wheelock, a Puritan minister, and his patron, Royal Governor John Wentworth. Dartmouth's original purpose was to provide for the christianization, instruction, and education of "Youth of the Indian Tribes in this Land...and also of English Youth and any others." Ministers Nathaniel Whittaker and Samson Occom (an early Native American clergyman) raised funds for the college in England through an English trust among whose benefactors and trustees were prominent English statemen, including King George III's Secretary of State for the Colonies in North America, William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth, for whom Dartmouth College is named. The fundraising was meant to support Wheelock's ongoing Connecticut institution of the 1740s, Moor's Indian Charity School (chartered 1754), but Wheelock instead applied the funds to the establishment of Dartmouth College, the ninth and last colonial college. Classes began in 1770 and the College granted its first degrees in 1771. Dejected and betrayed, Samson Occom went on to form his own community of New England Indians called Brothertown in Oneida country in upstate New York (currently known as Deansboro). The Brothertown Indians were displaced yet again in the early 1800s to what is today Wisconsin. Brothertown In 1819, Dartmouth College was the subject of the historic Dartmouth College case, in which the State of New Hampshire attempted to amend the College's royal charter to make the school a public university. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the college buildings and began operating in Hanover, though the College continued teaching classes in rented rooms nearby. Daniel Webster, an alumnus of the class of 1801, presented the College's case to the United States Supreme Court, which found the amendment of Dartmouth's charter to be an illegal impairment of a contract by the state and prevented New Hampshire from taking over the college. Webster concluded his peroration with the words, : It is, Sir, as I have said, a small college. And yet there are those who love it. Dartmouth's motto is Vox Clamantis in Deserto, "The voice of one crying out in the wilderness" (a reference to John the Baptist as well as to the college's location on what was once the frontier of European settlement). The school's color is "Dartmouth Green", a forest green. Richard Hovey's Men of Dartmouth was elected as the best of all the songs of the College in 1896, and today it serves as the school's alma mater, although it now goes by the more sex-neutral name of Dear Old Dartmouth. The sports teams go by the name "Big Green", a nickname dating to the early twentieth century. The teams' former mascot, the Dartmouth Indian, no longer is used, though proposals for a new mascot have included one devised by the college humor magazine, the [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~jacko/ Jack-O-Lantern]: the notorious '[http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2004021601020 Keggy]' is a lively beer keg who makes frequent appearances at college sporting events and has received unofficial approval by the student government. Dartmouth was a men's college until 1972, when women were first admitted as full-time students and undergraduate degree candidates. At about the same time as coeducation, Dartmouth adopted its unique "D Plan", a schedule of year-round operation that allowed an increase in the enrollment (with the addition of females) without enlarging campus accommodations. The year is divided into four terms corresponding with the seasons; students are required to be in residence for at least one summer during their college career, and spend at least one autumn, winter, or spring term on leave. One wag described it as a way to put 4,000 students into 3,000 beds. Although new dormitories have been built since, the number of students has also increased and the D Plan remains in effect. Dartmouth is governed by a Board of Trustees. The board includes the college President (ex officio), the state Governor (ex officio), seven other (Charter) trustees elected by the board itself, and seven (Alumni) trustees nominated for board appointment by members of the Association of Alumni of Dartmouth College, a body created in 1854 that represents over 60,000 alumni. (Specifically, trustee candidates may be nominated by an alumni council or by alumni petition, then an election is held, and finally the winner is, by longstanding agreement, appointed to the board by all Trustees. Several recent petition candidates have become Trustees in this manner.) Association of Alumni of Dartmouth College The centerpiece of today's Dartmouth College is its undergraduate college of roughly 4,200 students, constituting one of the most selective undergraduate institutions in the world. Throughout the most recent admissions cycle, 12,757 students applied for 1,050 places in the class, and only 16.8% of applicants were admitted. The median SAT score of enrolled students in the freshman class is 1470, of whom 88% were in the top ten percent of their high school class. Alongside the undergraduate college lie a small graduate school and three professional institutes, the Dartmouth Medical School (1797), the Thayer School of Engineering (1867), and the Tuck School of Business (1900). With these graduate programs, conventional American usage would accord Dartmouth the label of "university"; but for historical and nostalgic reasons (such as the Dartmouth College case) the school uses "Dartmouth College" for the entire institution. Famous graduates and students include US Senator Daniel Webster, Chief Justice of the United States Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, Theodor Seuss Geisel (renowned children's author Dr. Seuss), poet Robert Frost, and Vice President Nelson Rockefeller of New York. The screenplay for the film Animal House was cowritten by Chris Miller '63 and is based loosely on a series of 1974 fictional stories he wrote about his fraternity days at Dartmouth, including "The Night of the Seven Fires." In a CNN interview, John Landis said the movie was "based on Chris Miller's real fraternity at Dartmouth," Alpha Delta. In an interview with The Dartmouth, Miller said that at least one incident in the film—one in which a Delta Tau Chi brother skis down the stairs as the band plays "Shout"—occurred at an Alpha Delta party at Dartmouth. The names of "Otter" and "Pinto" may be found in the yearbooks of the period, such as the 1963 Aegis. The movie was filmed at the University of Oregon. The Simpsons have also made light of Dartmouth's alleged party atmosphere by having a born-again Christian recollect her times, "drinking like a Dartmouth boy" as well as Duff Man's boast that a trick pouring contest would count as course credit at Dartmouth College. Duff Man In January, 2001, two Dartmouth professors, Half Zantop (b. January 24, 1938) and Suzanne Zantop (b. August 12, 1945), were found stabbed to death in their Etna, New Hampshire home. After an intense nationwide manhunt, two teenagers from Chelsea, Vermont, Robert Tulloch and James Parker, were arrested in Newcastle, Indiana and extradited back to New Hampshire. Both defendants eventually pled guilty to murder charges and were sentenced to life imprisonment.

Presidents of Dartmouth College (the Wheelock Succession)

Facilities

The Hopkins Center

The [http://hop.dartmouth.edu/ Hopkins Center] ("the Hop") houses the college's drama, music, film, and studio arts departments, as well as a woodshop, pottery studio, and jewelry studio which are open for use by students and the public. Its front façade is similar to that of Manhattan’s Lincoln Center, a later design by the famed architect Wallace Harrison. Facilities include two recital halls and one large auditorium. It is also the location of all student mailboxes and the Courtyard Café dining facility. The Hop is connected to the Hood Museum of Art and the Loew Auditorium, where films are shown. The Hopkins Center is an important New Hampshire performance venue.

Nelson A. Rockefeller Center

The Nelson A. Rockefeller Center is a center for interaction and discussion on public policy. Dedicated in 1983, the center stands in tribute to Nelson A. Rockefeller (Class of 1930). Known on campus as Rocky, the Center provides students, faculty and community-members opportunities to discuss and learn about public policy, law, and politics. Sponsoring lunch and dinner discussions with prominent faculty and visitors, the Center aides provides close interaction and discussion. The Rockefeller Center has established a Public-Policy Minor at Dartmouth College and an exchange program on political economy with Oxford University (Keble College). In addition, the Center provides grants to students engaged in public-policy research and/or activities.

John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding

The John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding was established in 1982 to honor Dartmouth's twelfth president (1945-70), John Sloan Dickey. The purpose of the Dickey Center is to "coordinate, sustain, and enrich the international dimension of liberal arts education at Dartmouth." To this end, the Dickey Center is committed to helping Dartmouth students prepare for a world in which local, national and global concerns are more strongly linked than ever. It strives to promote quality scholarly research at Dartmouth concerning international problems and issues, with an emphasis on work that is innovative and cross-disciplinary. And it seeks to heighten public awareness and to stimulate debate on pressing international issues. The Dickey Center also hosts several student-run organizations, such as the Dartmouth World Affairs Council (WAC), fostering undergraduate awareness of international affairs.

Aquatic facilities

Alumni Gym hosts two pools, the Karl Michael Competition Pool and the Spaulding Pool. Together they comprise a total of fifteen 25-yard lanes and two 50-meter lanes. The Karl Michael Pool, constructed in 1962, was designed by former Dartmouth College Men's Varsity Swim Team captain R. Jackson Smith, class of 1936. In 1970, it was formally named the Karl Michael Pool, after the coach of the men's varsity swim team from 1939-1970. The pool features eleven 25-yard lanes, with a special bulkhead that can be lowered to create two 50 meter lanes. The pool area has a seating area for 1,200 spectators. The Michael Pool hosted the 1968 Men's [http://www.ncaa.org/ NCAA] Championships, in which several American records were set. The pool also features one and three meter diving boards, with a water well 12 to 14 feet deep. Adjacent is the Spaulding Pool. Spaulding Pool is a 10 by 25 yard pool constructed during 1919 and 1920 and designed by Rich & Mathesius, Architects. The Spaulding Pool is one of the oldest continuously operating pools in the United States. The pool's interior walls feature original encaustic tiles apparently designed by noted ceramist Leon Victor Solon. The pool has seating for several hundred spectators. Both pools are currently used by the Men's and Women's Varsity Swim Teams, as well as a host of other programs within the college.

Housing clusters

As opposed to ungrouped dormitories or residential colleges as employed at such institutions as Yale, Princeton, Cambridge, and Oxford, Dartmouth utilizes "housing clusters." Housing clusters are groups of two to three dormitories (although some one-dorm clusters exist) that are located physically near one another. Student tend to associate with their housing cluster more than their individual dormitory.

Student Life

Student groups

Dartmouth hosts a large number of student groups, covering a wide range of interests. Literary publications include the humor magazine the Dartmouth Jack O'Lantern as well as the Daily Dartmouth (the nation's oldest daily college paper) and the off-campus conservative newspaper The Dartmouth Review. As of 2005 student musical groups include the Barbary Coast Jazz Ensemble, the Dartmouth Glee Club, the Christian acapella group [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~xado X.Ado], the Dartmouth Chamber Singers, [http://www.dartmouthaires.com the Dartmouth Aires], the Dartmouth Final Cut, [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~cords/ the Dartmouth Cords], the Dartmouth Dodecaphonics, the Dartmouth Gospel Choir, the Handel Society of Dartmouth College, the Dartmouth College Marching Band, the Dartmouth Rockapellas, the Dartmouth Symphony Orchestra, the Dartmouth Wind Symphony, the Dartmouth Brass Society, and the World Music Percussion Ensemble. For more information on individual groups, both in the performing arts and other fields, please see Dartmouth College student groups.

Winter Carnival

Dartmouth College student groups Winter Carnival is, as of 2004, a 94-year-old tradition at Dartmouth College and was particularly famous during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s. The Dartmouth Outing Club, founded in 1909, organized a winter weekend "field day" in 1910. This was an athletic event centered on skiing, a sport which the Outing Club helped to pioneer and publicize on a national scale. In 1911 the event was named Winter Carnival, social events were added, and women were invited to attend. By 1919 the emphasis had shifted to dances organized by fraternities. Special trains made runs to transport women guests to Dartmouth, and National Geographic Magazine referred to it as "the Mardi Gras of the North." The event became famous, much as Spring Break in Fort Lauderdale was to be during the 1950s and 1960s. Carnival was the subject of the frothy 1939 motion picture comedy Winter Carnival, starring Ann Sheridan, who plays a former Winter Carnival Queen of the Snows who has made a bad marriage to a European duke and revisits Dartmouth in an attempt to save her younger sister, the current Queen, from repeating her mistake with a European count. The movie is remembered mostly for its extracinematic associations; F. Scott Fitzgerald and Dartmouth alumnus Budd Schulberg were hired to write the screenplay. While gathering background in Hanover during Carnival, Fitzgerald became scandalously drunk at fraternities and was forced to leave the project. Although portions of his work were used, he was not given a writer's credit. The events and personalities bear a resemblance to those recounted in Schulberg's novel, The Disenchanted. Winter Carnival takes place each year on a weekend in February and include such events as ski competitions at the Dartmouth Skiway; a polar bear swim; a cappella and jazz concerts; a human dogsled race; a drag ball; and a showing of the 1939 movie. Students build a large Carnival-themed snow sculpture on the college Green. The 1987 sculpture held the Guinness record for the "tallest snowman." The sculpture in 2004 reflected the famous character 'The Cat in the Hat,' in honor of the 100th birthday of Dartmouth alumnus and creater of the character, Dr. Seuss. Numerous parties are thrown by the campus's fraternities and sororities. In 1999, students cancelled their parties to protest other administration policies.

Dartmouth Night

Dartmouth Night starts the college's traditional "Homecoming" weekend with an evening of speeches, a parade, and a bonfire. Traditionally, the freshman class builds the bonfire and then runs around it a set number of times in concordance with their class year; the class of 2009 performed 109 circuits, the class of 1999 performed 99, etc. President William Jewett Tucker introduced the ceremony of Dartmouth Night in 1895. The evening of speeches celebrated the accomplishments of the college's alumni. Originally the event took place in the Old Chapel in Dartmouth Hall, but over time other events began to become more important and popular and Dartmouth Night moved outdoors. The focus of Dartmouth Night is the bonfire. Students had built bonfires during the late nineteenth century to celebrate sports victories, including one in 1888 that recognized a baseball victory over Manchester. An editorial in The Dartmouth criticized that fire, saying: :It disturbed the slumbers of a peaceful town, destroyed some property, made the boys feel that they were being men, and in fact did no one any good. The students nevertheless continued to build bonfires before and after athletic events, and by the mid-twentieth century, bonfires were firmly associated with Dartmouth Night. In 1904, the Earl of Dartmouth visited the campus on Dartmouth Night with New Hampshire politician and author Winston Churchill and marched around the Green with the students. Early on, the tradition of reading out telegrams (later e-mail messages) sent that night from alumni clubs around the country began. Football first began to be associated with Dartmouth Night during the 1920s. Memorial Field was dedicated on Dartmouth Night in 1923. For decades the raucous pre-football rallies remained separate from the dignified official activities. In 1936, the College first began the tradition of football games during this weekend; ten years later the formal College events and the rally were combined in a single grand event, and for the first time Dartmouth Night was intentionally scheduled on what is called Dartmouth Night Weekend. During the 1950s, students adopted a star-hexagon-square structure for the bonfire. Following the tragic bonfire accident at Texas A&M in 1999, the school hired professionals to do some of the building; nevertheless the night still remains a highlight of the school year.

Athletics

1999 As of 2004 Dartmouth College hosts 34 varsity sports: sixteen for men, sixteen for women, and coeducational sailing and equestrian programs. This place it among the top United States colleges and universities in this regard. In addition, there are twenty-three club sports and twenty-four intramural sports. Nicknamed "The Big Green," [http://athletics.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth's varsity athletic teams] compete in [http://www.ncaa.org/ NCAA] Division 1 as well as in the eight-member Ivy League conference, which includes [http://www.harvard.edu/ Harvard], [http://www.princeton.edu/ Princeton], [http://www.yale.edu/ Yale], [http://www.brown.edu/ Brown], [http://www.columbia.edu/ Columbia], [http://www.cornell.edu Cornell] and the [http://www.upenn.edu/ University of Pennsylvania]. Some teams also participate in the [http://www.ecac.org/index ECAC] (Eastern Collegiate Athletic Conference). Dartmouth athletics have earned several high honors, excelling in NCAA championships ranging from track and field to basketball, cross country to soccer, as well as skiing, golf, lacrosse and diving. Dartmouth hosts many athletic venues. Dartmouth College Alumni Gymnasium, the center of athletic life at Dartmouth, is home of the Dartmouth College Aquatic facilities, basketball courts, squash and racket ball courts, indoor track, fencing lanes as well as a rowing training center. The college also maintains both indoor and outdoor track facilities, hockey arena, football stadium, rowing boat house, and tennis complex. As is true of all Ivy League schools, Dartmouth College does not offer athletic scholarships, yet is home to many student athletes. Currently many as three-quarters of Dartmouth undergraduates participate in some form of athletics, and one-quarter of Dartmouth students play a varsity sport at some point during their undergraduate years. The actual numbers of varsity athletes and varsity sports are thus much larger than at schools ten times Dartmouth's size. In addition to official varsity sports, Dartmouth students participate in several "club" teams, such as those for rugby. Dartmouth's original sports field is the Green, where students played cricket during the late eighteenth century and Old Division Football during the 1800s; some intramural games still take place there. For more information on certain individual athletic teams, please see Dartmouth College athletic teams.

Native Americans at Dartmouth

Native Americans at Dartmouth College

See also


- List of notable Dartmouth alumni
- Dartmouth College Greek organizations
- The Dartmouth Review
- The Dartmouth
- The Dartmouth Beacon
- Dartmouth pong
- BuzzFlood

External links


- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth College website]
- [http://www.dartmouthindependent.com/ The Dartmouth Independent] — Dartmouth's only online publication, spanning a spectrum of political views.
- [http://www.thedartmouth.com/ The Dartmouth] — the United States' oldest independent college newspaper
- [http://www.dartmouthbeacon.com/ The Dartmouth Beacon] — Dartmouth's only college recognized conservative publication.
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~thepress/ The Dartmouth Free Press] — Dartmouth's only liberal publication
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~news/releases/2003/april/041603.html Remembering Maurice Rapf]
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~hop/0304_pages/dfs-description.html Dartmouth Film Society]
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/alumni/leadership/constit.htm Dartmouth's Alumni Association]
- [http://web.dartmouth.edu/~webcams/tower/ Dartmouth webcam]
- [http://www.buzzflood.org/books.php Books] — Faculty book publication list
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~skiway Dartmouth Skiway]
- [http://www.dartreview.com/issues/2.7.00/carnival.html The Mardi Gras of the North] History of the Winter Carnival
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~carnival/ 2004 Winter Carnival Celebration]: "Oh! The Places It Snows: A Seussentennial"
- [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032132/ IMDb: Winter Carnival]
- [http://hop.dartmouth.edu Dartmouth's Hopkins Center for the Arts]
- [http://www.dartmo.com/index.html Dartmo.: The Buildings of Dartmouth College]
- [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_010702_dartmouthcol.htm Encyclopedia of North American Indians]
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nas/html/napmain.html Native American Programs at Dartmouth]
- [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~nap/powwow/ The Dartmouth Pow-Wow]
- [http://www.marksverylarge.com/people/miller.html Chris Miller] Bio of Chris Miller, Dartmouth '63, cowriter of Animal House
- [http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2004051401080&action=print Alpha Delta Lawn Party], cites Chris Miller
- [http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0308/29/se.09.html John Landis interview], Animal House based on Dartmouth
- [http://www.crimelibrary.com/notorious_murders/young/dartmouth_murders/1.html All about the Dartmouth Murders (Half and Suzanne Zantop)(www.crimelibrary.com)]
- [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6227362341282113891&q=dartmouth Moosilauke, Dartmouth and the Ravine Camp 1909-1939 ] Video on the Construction of the Ravine Lodge Category:Universities and colleges in New Hampshire Category:Ivy League Category:Dartmouth College Category:Colonial colleges ja:ダートマス大学

Water power

. ]] Hydropower is energy obtained from flowing water. Energy in water can be harnessed and used, in the form of motive energy or temperature differences. The most common application is the dam, but it can be used directly as a mechanical force or a thermal source/sink. Prior to the widespread availability of commercial electricity, hydropower was widely used for milling, textile manufacture, and the operation of sawmills. In the 1830s, at the height of the canal-building era, hydropower was used to transport barge traffic up and down steep hills using the technology of inclined plane railroads.

Types of water power

There are many forms of water power:
- Hydroelectric energy, a term usually reserved for hydroelectric dams.
- Tidal power, which captures energy from the tides in horizontal direction
- Tidal stream power, which does the same vertically
- Wave power, which uses the energy in waves
- Ocean thermal energy conversion, which uses the temperature difference between the warmer surface of the ocean and the cool (or cold) lower recesses.
- Deep lake water cooling, not technically an energy generation method. It uses submerged pipes to cool things.

Hydroelectric power

Main article: Hydroelectricity Aside from dams, the term also refers to a number of systems in which flowing water drives a water turbine or waterwheel. Hydroelectric power from potential energy of the elevation of waters, now supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity, and large dams are still being designed. Apart from a few countries with an abundance of it, hydro power is normally applied to peak-load demand, because it is so readily stopped and started. Nevertheless, hydroelectric power is probably not a major option for the future of energy production in the developed nations because most major sites within these nations with the potential for harnessing gravity in this way are either already being exploited or are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations. Hydroelectric energy produces essentially no carbon dioxide, in contrast to burning fossil fuels or gas, and so is not a significant contributor to global warming through CO2. Recent reports have linked hydroelectric power to methane, which forms out of decaying submerged plants which grow in the dried up parts of the basis in times of drought. Methane is a greenhouse gas. Hydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuel or nuclear energy. Areas with abundant hydroelectric power attract industry with low cost electricity. Recently, increased environmental concerns surrounding hydroelectric power, have begun to outweigh cheap electricity in some countries. The chief advantage of hydroelectric dams is their ability to handle seasonal (as well as daily) high peak loads. When the electricity demands drop, the dam simply stores more water. Some electricity generators use water dams to store excess energy (often during the night), by using the electricity to pump water up into a basin. The electricity can be re-generated when demand increases. In practice the utilization of stored water in river dams is sometimes complicated by demands for irrigation which may occur out of phase with peak electrical demands.

Tidal power

Main article: Tidal power Harnessing the tides in a bay or estuary has been achieved in France (since 1966), Canada and Russia, and could be achieved in certain other areas where there is a large tidal range. The trapped water can be used to turn turbines as it is released through the tidal barrage in either direction. Worldwide this technology appears to have little potential, largely due to environmental constraints. See: tidal power. Another possible fault is that the system would generate electricty most efficiently if it were to generate electricity in bursts, every six hours (once every tide). Obviously, this limits the applications for which tidal energy can be used.

Tidal stream power

A relatively new technology development, tidal stream generators draw energy from underwater currents in much the same way that wind generators are powered by the wind. The much higher density of water means that there is the potential for a single generator to provide significant levels of power. Tidal stream technology is at the very early stages of development though and will require significantly more research before it becomes a significant contributor to electrical generation needs. Several prototypes have however shown some promise. For example, in the UK in 2003, a 300 kW Seaflow marine current propeller type turbine was tested off the north coast of Devon, and a 150 kW oscillating hydroplane device, the Stingray, was tested off the Scottish coast. Another British device, the Hydro Venturi, is to be tested in San Fransisco Bay. The Canadian company Blue Energy has plans for installing very large arrays tidal current devices mounted in what they call a 'tidal fence' in various locations around the world, based on a vertical axis turbine design.

Wave power

Main article: Wave power Harnessing power from ocean surface wave motion is a possibility which might yield much more energy than tides. The feasibility of this has been investigated, particularly in the UK. Generators either coupled to floating devices or turned by air displaced by waves in a hollow concrete structure would produce electricity for delivery to shore. Numerous practical problems have frustrated progress. A prototype shore based wave power generator is being constructed at Port Kembla in Australia and is expected to generate up to 500 MWh per annum. The Wave Energy Converter has been constructed (as of July 2005) and initial test results have exceeded expectations in terms of energy production during times of low wave energy. The energy of waves crashing against the shore is absorbed by an air driven generator and converted to electricity. For countries with large coastlines and rough sea conditions the energy density of breaking waves offers the possibility of generating electricity in utility volumes. Excess power in periods of rough sea could be used to generate renewable hydrogen.

Ocean thermal energy conversion

Main article: Ocean thermal energy conversion Ocean thermal energy conversion is a relatively unproven technology, though it was first used by the French engineer Jacques Arsene d'Arsonval in 1881. The difference in temperature between water near the surface and deeper water can be as much as 20 °C. The warm water is used to make a liquid such as ammonia evaporate, causing it to expand. The expanding gas forces its way through turbines, after which it is condensed using the colder water and the cycle can begin again. Read the Millennial Project for more information.

Deep lake water cooling

Main article: Deep lake water cooling Deep lake water cooling is the use of cold water piped from a lake bottom and used for cooling. Energy measures work or heat exchange; although this technology doesn't generate energy that can do work, water-cooling is a form of heat exchange. That is, this technology is an efficient, renewable substitute for expensive air conditioning which requires expensive, peak demand electrical generation which, typically uses Fossil fuels. Like geothermal energy and unlike many other forms of renewable energy, water-cooling taps a reliable supply because lake-bottom water is a year-round constant 4 °C.

Physics

A hydropower resource can be measured according to the amount of available power, or energy per unit time. The power of a given situation is a function of the hydraulic head or rate of fluid flow. When dealing with water in a reservoir, the head is the height of the water level in the reservoir relative to its height after it has left, since hydrostatic pressure at the base is a function of height only. The amount of energy E released by lowering an object of mass m by a height h in a gravitational field is :E = mgh where g is the acceleration due to gravity. The energy available to hydroelectric dams is the energy that can be liberated by lowering water in a controlled way. In these situations, the power is related to the mass flow rate. :\frac = \fracgh Substituting P for E/t and expressing m/t in terms of the volume of liquid moved per unit time (the rate of fluid flow \phi) and the density of water, we arrive at the usual form of this expression: :P = \rho \phi g \cdot h For P in watts, \rho is measured in kg/m³, \phi is measured in m³/s, g (gee) is measured in m/s², and h is measured in metres. Some hydropower systems such as water wheels can draw power from the flow of a body of water without necessarily changing its height. In this case, the available power is the kinetic energy of the flowing water. :P = \frac\rho\phi v^2 where v is the velocity of the water, or with \phi = A \cdot v where A is the area through which the water passes, also :P = \frac\rho A v^3. Over-shot water wheels can efficiently capture both types of energy.

Small scale hydro power

Small scale hydro or micro-hydro power has been increasingly used as an alternative energy source, especially in remote areas other power sources are not viable. Small scale hydro power systems can be installed in small rivers or streams with little or no discernable environmental effect on things such as fish migration. Most small scale hydro power systems make no use of a dam or major water diversion, but rather use water wheels with little environmental impact. There are some major factors to consider when installing a micro-hydro system. First, the amount of water flow available on a consistant ba