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James A. Garfield

James A. Garfield

James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States (1881), and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. His term was the second shortest in U.S. history, after William Henry Harrison's. Holding office from March to September of 1881, President Garfield was in office for a total of just six months and fifteen days.

Early life

Born in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, southeast of Cleveland to Abram Garfield and Eliza Ballou, he was named for his older brother James Ballou Garfield, who died in infancy, and his father, who died in 1833, when James Abram was 18 months old. He grew up cared for by his mother and an uncle. 1833 From 1851 to 1854 he attended the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later named Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio. He then transferred to Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856, as an outstanding student who enjoyed all subjects except chemistry. He then taught at the Eclectic Institute. He was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year, and was made president of the Institute from 1857 to 1860. Remarkably, the ambidextrous Garfield could simultaneously write in Greek with one hand and in Latin with the other. On November 11, 1858, he married Lucretia Rudolph. They had eight children. A son, James Rudolph Garfield, followed him into politics and became Secretary of the Interior under Theodore Roosevelt. Garfield decided that the academic life was not for him, and studied law privately. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1860. Even before admission to the bar, he entered politics. He was elected an Ohio state senator in 1859, serving until 1861. He was an enthusiastic Republican all his political life. Notably, Garfield found a new proof for the Pythagorean theorem in 1876.

Military career

With the start of the Civil War, Garfield enlisted in the Union Army, and was assigned to command the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Gen. Don Carlos Buell assigned Garfield the task of driving Confederate forces out of eastern Kentucky in November 1861, giving him the 18th Brigade for the campaign. In December, he departed Catlettsburg, Kentucky, with the 40th and 42nd Ohio and the 14th and 22nd Kentucky infantry regiments, as well as the 2nd (West) Virginia Cavalry and McLoughlin's Squadron of Cavalry. The march was uneventful until Union forces reached Paintsville, Kentucky, where Garfield's cavalry engaged the Confederate cavalry at Jenny's Creek on January 6, 1862. The Confederates withdrew to the forks of Middle Creek, two miles from Prestonsburg, Kentucky, on the road to Virginia. Garfield attacked on January 9. At the end of the day's fighting, the Confederates withdrew from the field, but Garfield did not pursue them. He ordered a withdrawal to Prestonsburg, so he could resupply his men. His victory brought him early recognition.

Later political career

Prestonsburg In 1863, he re-entered politics, being elected to the United States House of Representatives that year. He succeeded in gaining re-election every two years up through 1878. In the House during the Civil War and the following Reconstruction era, he was one of the most hawkish Republicans, seeking to defeat and later weaken the South at every opportunity. In 1876, when James G. Blaine moved from the House to the United States Senate, Garfield became the Republican Floor Leader of the House. In 1876 Garfield was a Republican member of the Electoral Commission that awarded 22 hotly-contested electoral votes to Rutherford B. Hayes in his contest for the Presidency against Samuel J. Tilden. That year, he also purchased the property in Mentor that reporters later dubbed Lawnfield, and from which he would go on to conduct the first successful front porch campaign for the Presidency. The home is now maintained by the National Park Service as the James A. Garfield National Historic Site.

Presidency

In 1880, Garfield's life underwent tremendous change with the publication of the Morey letter, and the end of Democratic U.S. Senator Allen Granberry Thurman's term. The Ohio legislature, which had recently again come under Republican control, chose Garfield as his supporters (Grant's supporters remained unanimously behind the former President), and on the 36th ballot Garfield was nominated, with virtually all of Blaine and Sherman's delegates breaking ranks to vote for the dark horse nominee. Ironically, the U.S. Senate seat to which Garfield had been chosen ultimately went to John Sherman, whose presidential candidacy Garfield had gone to the convention to support. Garfield defeated the Democratic candidate, Winfield Scott Hancock, another distinguished former Union Army general, by 214 electoral votes to 155. (The popular vote was much closer; see U.S. presidential election, 1880). President Garfield took office on March 4, 1881. During his administration, Garfield did his best to mediate Republican Party infighting. Garfield was a leader of the "Half-Breeds," who supported civil service reform and Hayes's relatively lenient treatment of the postwar South. His Vice President, Chester A. Arthur of New York, was a member of the "Stalwarts," who advocated the retention of the patronage system and a tougher stance regarding the former Confederate states.

Cabinet


Supreme Court appointments

In his brief term in office, Garfield appointed a single Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- Stanley Matthews - 1881

Assassination

1881 Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881, less than four months after taking office. The President was walking through the Sixth Street Station of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad (Pennsylvania Railroad) in Washington, D.C., accompanied by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. As he was being arrested after the shooting, Guiteau excitedly said, "I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts! I did it and I want to be arrested! Arthur is President now," which briefly led to unfounded suspicions that Arthur or his supporters had put Guiteau up to the crime. Guiteau was upset because of the rejection of his repeated attempts to be appointed as the United States consul in Paris--a position for which he had absolutely no qualifications--and was mentally ill as well. Garfield's assassination was instrumental to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act on January 16, 1883. The second bullet that struck Garfield lodged in his back and could not be found. Alexander Graham Bell devised a metal detector in an attempt to find the bullet, but the metal bedframe Garfield was lying on confused the instrument. This was not realized at the time, bedframes being relatively rare. Garfield became increasingly ill over a period of several weeks due to infection which caused his heart to weaken and died 80 days after he was shot, of a massive heart attack or a ruptured aortic aneurism, following blood poisoning and bronchial pneumonia at 10:35 p.m. on Monday September 19, 1881 in Elberon, New Jersey. The ailing President had been moved to Elberon, a seaside community, in the vain hope that the fresh air and quiet there might aid his recovery. Most historians and medical experts now believe that Garfield probably would have survived his wound, had the doctors attending him been more capable. Several inserted their unsterilized fingers into the wound to probe for the bullet, and one doctor punctured Garfield's liver in doing so. Guiteau was found guilty of assassinating Garfield, despite his lawyers raising an insanity defense. He insisted (with some validity, as is now recognized) that incompetent medical care had really killed the President. Guiteau was sentenced to death, and was executed by hanging on June 30, 1882 in Washington, D.C.. Washington, D.C. Garfield was buried, with great and solemn ceremony, in a mausoleum in Lakeview Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio. The monument is decorated with five terra cotta bas relief panels by sculptor Caspar Buberl depicting various stages in Garfield's life. James Garfield was the last person elected President directly from the United States House of Representatives.

Trivia


- Garfield could simultaneously write in Latin with one hand, and Ancient Greek with the other.
- Of the 256 proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem in the "Pythagorean Proposition" by Elisha Scott Loomis, one is attributed to Garfield.
- Garfield was also a minister for the Church of Christ, making him the first preacher and only member of the Church of Christ to serve as President. He is also claimed as a member of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), as the different branches did not split until the 20th Century.
- Garfield was a member of the Delta Upsilon International Fraternity.
- Garfield was the first person to move directly from the House of Representatives to the presidency.
- In the famous drawing of Guiteau shooting Garfield, it is actually believed that the color of their suits at the time was reversed.

See also


- U.S. presidential election, 1880
- History of the United States (1865-1918)
- 1860 US Census showing Garfield
- 1870 US Census showing Garfield
- 1880 US Census showing Garfield

External links


- [http://www.lewrockwell.com/bonner/bonner84.html Garfield, Harding, and Arthur]
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jg20.html Official whitehouse.gov biography]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/inaugural/garfield.html Inaugural Address]
- [http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/garfield/index.html Article about assassination and "treatment" by doctors]
- [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566237/James_Garfield.html Encarta]
- [http://www.americanpresident.org/history/jamesgarfield/ AmericanPresident.org]
- [http://www.blastbooks.com/RAWDEAL/Garfield/fr2gar.htm Raw Deal]
- [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PythagoreanTheorem.html MathWorld: Pythagorean Theorem]
- [http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jtbrown/coc/COC1306.HTM Biography from John T. Brown's Churches of Christ (1904)]
- [http://www.nps.gov/jaga/index.htm James A Garfield National Historic Site]
- [http://www.morelandhills.com/historical.html James A. Garfield Birthplace]
- [http://www.deadohio.com/garfieldmonument.htm Garfield Tomb] Garfield, James A. Garfield, James A. Garfield, James A. Garfield, James Garfield, James A. Garfield, James A. Garfield, James A. Garfield, James A. Garfield, James A. Garfield, James A. Garfield, James A. ko:제임스 A. 가필드 ja:ジェームズ・ガーフィールド simple:James A. Garfield

November 19

November 19 is the 323rd day of the year (324th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 42 days remaining.

Events


- 461 - St. Hilarius becomes Pope.
- 1493 - Christopher Columbus goes ashore on an island he first saw the day before. He names it San Juan Bautista (later renamed Puerto Rico).
- 1794 - The United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain sign Jay's Treaty, which attempts to clear up some of the lingering problems left over from the American Revolutionary War.
- 1816 - Warsaw University is established.
- 1850 - Alfred Lord Tennyson becomes Poet Laureate, a position he held until his death in 1892.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Union President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
- 1881 - A meteorite lands near the village of Großliebenthal, southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
- 1916 - Samuel Goldfish (later renamed Samuel Goldwyn) and Edgar Selwyn establish Goldwyn Company (the company later became one of the most successful independent filmmakers.)
- 1924 - In Los Angeles, California, famous silent film director Thomas Ince ("The Father of the Western") dies of a heart attack in his bed (rumors soon surface that he was shot dead by publishing tycoon William Randolph Hearst.)
- 1941 - World War II: Battle between HMAS Sydney and HSK Kormoran. The two ships sink each other off the coast of Western Australia, with the loss of 645 Australians and about 77 German seamen.
- 1942 - World War II: Battle of Stalingrad - Soviet Union forces under General Georgy Zhukov launch the Operation Uranus counterattacks at Stalingrad, turning the tide of the battle in the USSR's favor.
- 1944 - World War II: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces the 6th War Loan Drive, aimed at selling US$14 billion in war bonds to help pay for the war effort.
- 1946 - Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden join the United Nations.
- 1954 - Sammy Davis, Jr. loses his left eye in an automobile accident in San Bernardino, California.
- 1959 - Ford Motor Company announces the discontinuation of the unpopular Edsel.
- 1961 - Michael Rockefeller, son of New York governor Nelson Rockefeller, disappears in the jungles near Atsj, Papua New Guinea.
- 1967 - The Establishment of TVB, the first wireless commercial television station in Hong Kong.
- 1969 - Apollo program: Apollo 12 astronauts Charles Conrad and Alan Bean land at Oceanus Procellarum ("Ocean of Storms") and become the third and fourth humans to walk on the Moon.
- 1973 - American football player Lance Rentzel is arrested for exposing himself to a ten-year-old girl; he is later sentenced to five years' probation.
- 1977 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to officially visit Israel, when he meets with Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and speaks before the Knesset in Jerusalem, seeking a permanent peace settlement.
- 1977 - Transportes Aereos Portugueses Boeing 727 crashes in Madeira islands killing 130
- 1979 - Iran hostage crisis: Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini orders the release of 13 female and black American hostages being held at the US Embassy in Tehran.
- 1984 - A series of explosions at the PEMEX petroleum storage facility at San Juan Ixhuatepec in Mexico City ignites a major fire and kills about 500 people.
- 1985 - Cold War: In Geneva, US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.
- 1985 - Pennzoil wins a US$10.53 billion verdict against Texaco, in the largest civil verdict in U.S. history, stemming from Texaco establishing a signed contract to buy Getty Oil after Pennzoil had entered into an unsigned, yet still binding, buyout contract with Getty.)
- 1990 - Pop group Milli Vanilli are stripped of their Grammy Award because the duo did not sing at all on the “Girl You Know It’s True” album. Session musicians had provided all the vocals.
- 1994 - In Britain, the first National Lottery draw was held. A £1 ticket gives a one-in-14-million chance of correctly guessing the winning six out of 49 numbers.
- 1996 - Lt. Gen. Maurice Baril of Canada arrives in Africa to lead the multi national force in Zaire.
- 1997 - In Des Moines, Iowa, Bobbi McCaughey gives birth to septuplets in the second known case where all seven babies were born alive.
- 1998 - Lewinsky scandal: The United States House of Representatives Judiciary Committee begins impeachment hearings against US President Bill Clinton.
- 1998 - Vincent van Gogh's Portrait of the Artist Without Beard sells at auction for US$71.5 million.
- 1999 - Shenzhou 1: The People's Republic of China launches its first Shenzhou spacecraft.
- 1999 - In Istanbul, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ends a two-day summit by calling for a political settlement in Chechnya and adopting a Charter for European Security.
- 2004 - The Malice at The Palace brawl between the Detroit Pistons and the Indiana Pacers occurs.

Births


- 1464 - Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (d. 1526)
- 1563 - Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (d. 1626)
- 1600 - King Charles I of England (d. 1649)
- 1600 - Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (d. 1669)
- 1617 - Eustache Le Sueur, French painter (d. 1655)
- 1700 - Jean-Antoine Nollet, French abbot and physicist (d. 1770)
- 1711 - Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian writer and polymath (d. 1765)
- 1722 - Leopold Auenbrugger, Austrian physician (d. 1809)
- 1722 - Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania (d. 1810)
- 1805 - Ferdinand de Lesseps, French diplomat and Suez Canal engineer (d. 1894)
- 1831 - James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (d. 1881)
- 1833 - Wilhelm Dilthey, German philosopher (d. 1911)
- 1843 - Richard Avenarius, German philosopher (d. 1896)
- 1859 - Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer (d. 1935)
- 1862 - Billy Sunday, American evangelist (d. 1935)
- 1875 - Mikhail I. Kalinin, President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (d. 1946)
- 1883 - Ned Sparks, Canadian actor (d. 1957)
- 1887 - James B. Sumner, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1955)
- 1888 - José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player (d. 1942)
- 1889 - Clifton Webb, American actor (d. 1966)
- 1893 - René Voisin, French classical trumpet player
- 1897 - Quentin Roosevelt, son of United States President Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1918)
- 1898 - Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (d. 2003)
- 1899 - Allen Tate, American poet and critic (d. 1979)
- 1900 - Mikhail Lavrentyev, Russian scientist (d. 1980)
- 1900 - Anna Seghers, German writer (d. 1983)
- 1905 - Tommy Dorsey, American bandleader (d. 1956)
- 1907 - Jack Schaefer, American author (d. 1991)
- 1909 - Peter Drucker, American management theorist (d. 2005)
- 1912 - George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1915 - Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr., American physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
- 1917 - Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984)
- 1919 - Alan Young, British-born American actor (Mister Ed)
- 1920 - Gene Tierney, American actress (d. 1991)
- 1921 - Roy Campanella, baseball player (d. 1993)
- 1922 - Yuri Knorosov, Russian epigrapher (d. 1999)
- 1924 - William Russell, British actor
- 1926 - Jeane Kirkpatrick, U. S. Ambassador to the United Nations
- 1929 - Slavko Avsenik, Slovenian musician
- 1929 - Norman Cantor, Canadian medieval scholar (d. 2004)
- 1933 - Larry King, American television interviewer
- 1935 - Bob Gibson, baseball player
- 1935 - Rashad Khalifa, Egyptian imam (d. 1990)
- 1936 - Dick Cavett, American talk show host
- 1936 - Yuan T. Lee, Taiwanese-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1938 - Ted Turner, American businessman
- 1939 - Tom Harkin, U.S. Senator
- 1941 - Dan Haggerty, American actor
- 1942 - Calvin Klein, American clothing designer
- 1942 - Sharon Olds, American poet
- 1943 - Aurelio Monteagudo, Cuban-born Major League Baseball player (d. 1990)
- 1947 - Bob Boone, baseball player and manager
- 1947 - Lamar S. Smith, American politician
- 1949 - Ahmad Rashad, American football player and sportscaster
- 1951 - Lord Falconer, British lawyer and politician
- 1953 - Robert Beltran, American actor
- 1953 - Tom Villard, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1956 - Ann Curry, American journalist
- 1957 - Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (d. 2000)
- 1958 - Michael Wilbon, Sports Analyst
- 1960 - Elizabeth Hulette, American professional wrestler (d. 2003)
- 1960 - Allison Janney, American actress
- 1961 - Meg Ryan, American actress
- 1962 - Jodie Foster, American actress
- 1963 - Terry Farrell, American actress
- 1963 - Jon Potter, British field hockey player
- 1965 - Laurent Blanc, French footballer
- 1966 - Gail Devers, American athlete
- 1966 - Rocco DiSpirito, American chef
- 1966 - Jason Scott Lee, American actor
- 1969 - Terrence Carson, American actor
- 1972 - Sandrine Holt, Canadian actress
- 1973 - Savion Glover, American choreographer, actor, and dancer
- 1975 - Sushmita Sen, Indian beauty queen and actress
- 1976 - Jun Shibata, Japanese singer and songwriter
- 1985 - Chris Eagles, British footballer

Deaths


- 498 - Pope Anastasius II
- 1478 - Emperor Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (b. 1448)
- 1492 - Jami, Persian poet (b. 1414)
- 1557 - Bona Sforza, Queen of Sigismund I of Poland (b. 1494)
- 1577 - Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510)
- 1598 - Yi Sun-sin, Korean admiral (killed in battle) (b. 1545)
- 1630 - Johann Schein, German composer (b. 1586)
- 1649 - Caspar Schoppe, German scholar (b. 1576)
- 1665 - Nicolas Poussin, French painter (b. 1594)
- 1672 - John Wilkins, English Bishop of Chester (b. 1614)
- 1682 - Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (b. 1619)
- 1692 - Thomas Shadwell, English poet and playwright
- 1723 - Antoine Nompar de Caumont, French courtier and soldier (b. 1632)
- 1772 - William Nelson, American colonial governor of Virginia (b. 1711)
- 1773 - James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, Irish politician (b. 1722)
- 1785 - Bernard de Bury, French composer (b. 1720)
- 1798 - Wolfe Tone, Irish republican (b. 1763)
- 1804 - Pietro Guglielmi, Italian composer (b. 1728)
- 1810 - Jean-Georges Noverre, French dancer and ballet master (b. 1725)
- 1822 - Johann Georg Tralles, German mathematician and physicist (b. 1763)
- 1828 - Franz Schubert, Austrian composer (b. 1797)
- 1850 - Richard Mentor Johnson, American politician (b. 1780)
- 1883 - William Siemens, German engineer (b. 1823)
- 1887 - Emma Lazarus, American poet (b. 1859)
- 1897 - William Seymour Tyler, American educator and historian (b. 1810).
- 1915 - Joe Hill, American labor activist (executed) (b. 1879)
- 1918 - Joseph Fielding Smith, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1838)
- 1924 - Thomas Ince, American film director (b. 1882)
- 1938 - Lev Shestov, Russian philosopher (b. 1866)
- 1942 - Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (shot) (b. 1892)
- 1960 - Phyllis Haver, American actress (b. 1899)
- 1967 - Charles Watters, US Army chaplain (b. 1927)
- 1974 - George Brunies, American musician (b. 1902)
- 1976 - Sir Basil Spence, British architect (b. 1907)
- 1985 - Stepin Fetchit, American actor and dancer (b. 1907)
- 1988 - Christina Onassis, daughter of billionaire, Aristotle Onassis. (b. 1950)
- 2004 - Piet Esser, Dutch sculptor (b. 1914)
- 2004 - John Robert Vane, British pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1927)
- 2005 - Erik Balling, Danish TV and film director (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances


- Church of England - Hilda of Whitby
- Also see November 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Mali - Liberation Day
- Monaco - Monegasque National Day
- Oman - Birthday of Sultan Qaboos bin Said
- Puerto Rico - Discovery of Puerto Rico (1493)
- United States - Equal Opportunity Day;
- United Arab Emirates - Pilgrimage
- World Toilet Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/19 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20051119.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- November 18 - November 20 - October 19 - December 19 -- listing of all days ko:11월 19일 ms:19 November ja:11月19日 simple:November 19 th:19 พฤศจิกายน

1831

1831 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events


- February-March - Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops
- February 14 - Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray and defeats and kills the warlord Sabagadis in the Battle of Debre Abbay.
- February 20 - Battle of Grochow. Polish rebel forces divide a Russian army.
- March 1 - Democrat Samuel Smith becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate until December 4
- March 9 – French Foreign Legion founded
- March 19 - City Bank of New York is the site of the first bank robbery in United States history ($245,000 taken).
- April 7 - Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as emperor of Brazil in favor of his son Pedro II of Brazil.
- April 21 - New York University is founded in New York City, New York.
- May 26 - Battle of Ostroleka. The Poles fight another indecisive battle.
- June 1 - James Clark Ross discovers the position of the North Magnetic Pole on the Boothia Peninsula.
- July 21 - Inauguration of Léopold I of Belgium, first king of the Belgians
- August 2 - Dutch invasion of Belgium. It is repelled by a French army
- August 21 - Outbreak of Nat Turner's slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia. Approximately 55 whites stabbed, shot and clubbed to death.
- September 6-8 - Battle of Warsaw - The Russians take the Polish capital and crush resistance.
- September 22 - UK House of Commons passes the Reform Bill - it is later defeated in the House of Lords
- October 26 – Cholera epidemic begins in Sunderland, England
- October 30 - In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave revolt in United States history.
- October 31 - Rioters burn down 100 houses in Bristol, UK - intervention by 14th Dragoons leads to death of hundreds
- November 11 - In Jerusalem, Virginia, Nat Turner is hanged after inciting a violent slave uprising.
- December 27 - Charles Darwin embarks on his historic journey aboard the HMS Beagle.
- The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper is first published.
- Cholera in Hamburg

Births


- January 7 - Heinrich von Stephan, German postal union organizer (d. 1897)
- January 26 - Mary Mapes Dodged, writer (d. 1907)
- March 3 - George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (d. 1897)
- March 6 - Friedrich von Bodelschwingh, theologian (d. 1910)
- March 12 - Clement Studebaker, American automobile pioneer (d. 1901)
- March 20 - Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (d. 1881)
- June 1 - John Bell Hood, American Confederate general (d. 1879)
- June 13 - James Clark Maxwell, Scottish physicist (d. 1879)
- June 28 - Joseph Joachim, Austrian violinist (d. 1907)
- July 22 - Emperor Komei of Japan (d. 1867)
- 12 August - Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Russian-born author and theosophist (d. 1891)
- September 18 - Siegfried Marcus, German-Austrian automobile pioneer (d. 1898)
- October 6 - Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (d. 1916)
- October 18 - Emperor Frederick III of Germany (d. 1888)
- October 31 - Romualdo Pacheco, Governor of California (d. 1899)

Deaths


- January 21 - Achim von Arnim, German poet (b. 1781)
- February 14 - Vincente Guerrero, Mexican revolutionary leader (b. 1782)
- February 17 - Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b. 1785)
- February 25 - Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, German writer (b. 1752)
- April 20 - John Abernethy (surgeon) (b. 1764)
- April 27 - Charles Felix of Savoy, King of Sardinia (b. 1765)
- June 27 - Sophie Germain, French mathematician (b. 1776)
- July 4 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)
- July 16 - Louis Alexandre Andrault Graf Langeron, Russian general (b. 1763)
- August 24 - August von Gneisenau, Prussian field marshal (b. 1760)
- November 11 - Nat Turner, American slave rebel (b. 1800)
- November 14 - Georg Hegel, German philosopher (b. 1770)
- November 16 - Carl von Clausewitz, German military strategist (b. 1780)
- Sabagadis - Ethiopian warlord Category:1831 ko:1831년 ms:1831 ja:1831年 simple:1831

1881

1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April


- January 16-January 24 - Siege of Geok Tepe - Russian troops under general Skobeleff defeat Turkomans
- January 24 - William Edward Forster, the chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill - it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2
- January 25 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company
- February 5 - Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated.
- February 13 - First issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published by Hubertine Auclert.
- February 19 - Kansas became the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.
- March 4 - Rutherford Birchard Hayes is succeeded as President of the United States by James Abram Garfield.
- March 12 - Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the world's first black international football player and captain.
- March 13 - Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III.
- March 16 - Fenian dynamiters hit Mansion House in London.
- April 21 - The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.
- April 25 - Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
- April 28 - Billy the Kid escapes from New Mexico jail.

May - August


- May 12 - In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.
- May 21 - The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton.
- May 21 - The United States Tennis Association is established by a small group of tennis club members.
- June 12 - The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.
- July 1 - General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organisation, came into effect.
- July 2 - James Abram Garfield, President of the United States is shot by lawyer Charles Julius Guiteau. He survives the assassination attempt but he suffers from infection of his wound.
- July 4 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
- July 20 - Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.

September - December


- September 5 - The Thumb Fire in the U.S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people.
- September 19 - James Abram Garfield, President of the United States dies due to an infected wound caused by an assassin's bullet and is succeeded by Vice President Chester Alan Arthur.
- October 26 - Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.
- October 29 - The Judge (US magazine) first published.
- November 19 - A meteorite struck earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
- December 8 - At least 620 die in fire at Ring Theatre, Vienna

Unknown date


- Founding of the Pali Text Society
- University College Dublin is established in Ireland
- The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. Tennis Championships are played.
- Founding of the League of the Three Emperors
- London Evening News begins publication
- Some Vatican archives opened to scholars for the first time
- Abilene, Texas is founded.
- Leyton Orient F.C. is Founded

Births


- January 6 - Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961)
- January 9 - Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (d. 1938)
- January 17 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
- January 31 - Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
- February 12 - Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (d. 1931)
- March 17 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- March 23 - Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- March 23 - Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
- March 25 - Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (d. 1945)
- March 25 - Mary Gladys Webb, English writer (d. 1927)
- May 1 - Mary MacLane, Canadian-born feminist writer (d. 1929)
- June 17 - Tommy Burns, Canadian-born boxer (d. 1955)
- July 4 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (d. 1968)
- July 27 - Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945)
- July 30 - Smedley Butler, U.S. general (d. 1940)
- August 6 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1955)
- August 19 - Georges Enescu, Romanian composer (d. 1955)
- August 20 - Edgar Guest, English poet (d. 1959)
- September 8 - Harry Hillman, American athlete (d. 1945)
- September 16 - Clive Bell, English art critic (d. 1964)
- September 17 - Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, English soldier (d. 1955)
- October 1 - William Boeing, American engineer and airplane manufacturer (d. 1956)
- October 11 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian legal theorist (d. 1973)
- October 15 - P. G. Wodehouse, English-born writer (d. 1975)
- October 22 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- October 25 - Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter (d. 1973)
- November 14 - Nicholas Schenck, Russian-born film studio executive (d. 1969)
- November 24 - Al Christie, Canadian-born director and producer (d. 1951)
- November 25 - Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)
- December 24 - Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- Antoni Józef Śmieszek, Polish Egyptologist and linguist (d. 1943)
- William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1944)
- Hiram Wesley Evans, American leader of KKK and prohibitionist, (d. 1966)
- Kemal Atatürk, founder and the first President of Turkey (d. 1938)

Deaths


- January 3 - Anna McNeill Whistler, Whistler's mother (b. 1804)
- January 21 - Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1802)
- February 5 - Thomas Carlyle, Scottish writer and historian (b. 1795)
- February 9 - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russian novelist (b. 1821)
- March 13 - Czar Alexander II of Russia (b. 1818)
- March 28 - Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (b. 1839)
- April 19 - Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
- May 24 - Samuel Palmer, English artist (b. 1805)
- June 6 - Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (b. 1820)
- July 17 - Jim Bridger, American explorer and trapper (b. 1804)
- July 18 - Billy the Kid, American gunslinger (b. 1859)
- September 7 - Sidney Lanier, American writer (b. 1842)
- September 19 - James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1831)
- September 22 - Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. 1831)
- October 3 - Orson Pratt, American religious leader (b. 1811)
- October 31 - George DeLong, American naval officer and explorer (starvation) (b. 1844)

Trivia

1881 was the only year in which three different U.S. Presidents occupied the White House: Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, and Chester A. Arthur. Category:1881 ko:1881년 ms:1881 simple:1881 th:พ.ศ. 2424

1881

1881 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April


- January 16-January 24 - Siege of Geok Tepe - Russian troops under general Skobeleff defeat Turkomans
- January 24 - William Edward Forster, the chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill - it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2
- January 25 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company
- February 5 - Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated.
- February 13 - First issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published by Hubertine Auclert.
- February 19 - Kansas became the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.
- March 4 - Rutherford Birchard Hayes is succeeded as President of the United States by James Abram Garfield.
- March 12 - Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the world's first black international football player and captain.
- March 13 - Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III.
- March 16 - Fenian dynamiters hit Mansion House in London.
- April 21 - The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.
- April 25 - Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
- April 28 - Billy the Kid escapes from New Mexico jail.

May - August


- May 12 - In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.
- May 21 - The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton.
- May 21 - The United States Tennis Association is established by a small group of tennis club members.
- June 12 - The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.
- July 1 - General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organisation, came into effect.
- July 2 - James Abram Garfield, President of the United States is shot by lawyer Charles Julius Guiteau. He survives the assassination attempt but he suffers from infection of his wound.
- July 4 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
- July 20 - Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.

September - December


- September 5 - The Thumb Fire in the U.S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people.
- September 19 - James Abram Garfield, President of the United States dies due to an infected wound caused by an assassin's bullet and is succeeded by Vice President Chester Alan Arthur.
- October 26 - Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.
- October 29 - The Judge (US magazine) first published.
- November 19 - A meteorite struck earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
- December 8 - At least 620 die in fire at Ring Theatre, Vienna

Unknown date


- Founding of the Pali Text Society
- University College Dublin is established in Ireland
- The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. Tennis Championships are played.
- Founding of the League of the Three Emperors
- London Evening News begins publication
- Some Vatican archives opened to scholars for the first time
- Abilene, Texas is founded.
- Leyton Orient F.C. is Founded

Births


- January 6 - Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961)
- January 9 - Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (d. 1938)
- January 17 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
- January 31 - Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
- February 12 - Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (d. 1931)
- March 17 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- March 23 - Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- March 23 - Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
- March 25 - Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (d. 1945)
- March 25 - Mary Gladys Webb, English writer (d. 1927)
- May 1 - Mary MacLane, Canadian-born feminist writer (d. 1929)
- June 17 - Tommy Burns, Canadian-born boxer (d. 1955)
- July 4 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (d. 1968)
- July 27 - Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945)
- July 30 - Smedley Butler, U.S. general (d. 1940)
- August 6 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1955)
- August 19 - Georges Enescu, Romanian composer (d. 1955)
- August 20 - Edgar Guest, English poet (d. 1959)
- September 8 - Harry Hillman, American athlete (d. 1945)
- September 16 - Clive Bell, English art critic (d. 1964)
- September 17 - Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, English soldier (d. 1955)
- October 1 - William Boeing, American engineer and airplane manufacturer (d. 1956)
- October 11 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian legal theorist (d. 1973)
- October 15 - P. G. Wodehouse, English-born writer (d. 1975)
- October 22 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- October 25 - Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter (d. 1973)
- November 14 - Nicholas Schenck, Russian-born film studio executive (d. 1969)
- November 24 - Al Christie, Canadian-born director and producer (d. 1951)
- November 25 - Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)
- December 24 - Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- Antoni Józef Śmieszek, Polish Egyptologist and linguist (d. 1943)
- William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1944)
- Hiram Wesley Evans, American leader of KKK and prohibitionist, (d. 1966)
- Kemal Atatürk, founder and the first President of Turkey (d. 1938)

Deaths


- January 3 - Anna McNeill Whistler, Whistler's mother (b. 1804)
- January 21 - Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1802)
- February 5 - Thomas Carlyle, Scottish writer and historian (b. 1795)
- February 9 - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russian novelist (b. 1821)
- March 13 - Czar Alexander II of Russia (b. 1818)
- March 28 - Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (b. 1839)
- April 19 - Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
- May 24 - Samuel Palmer, English artist (b. 1805)
- June 6 - Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (b. 1820)
- July 17 - Jim Bridger, American explorer and trapper (b. 1804)
- July 18 - Billy the Kid, American gunslinger (b. 1859)
- September 7 - Sidney Lanier, American writer (b. 1842)
- September 19 - James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1831)
- September 22 - Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. 1831)
- October 3 - Orson Pratt, American religious leader (b. 1811)
- October 31 - George DeLong, American naval officer and explorer (starvation) (b. 1844)

Trivia

1881 was the only year in which three different U.S. Presidents occupied the White House: Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, and Chester A. Arthur. Category:1881 ko:1881년 ms:1881 simple:1881 th:พ.ศ. 2424

William Henry Harrison

:This article is about the general and president. For the congressman, see William H. Harrison (1896-1990). William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. He served as the first Governor of the Indiana Territory and later as a U.S. Representative and Senator from Ohio. Harrison first gained national fame as a war hero, defeating American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 and earning the nickname "Tippecanoe" (or "Old Tippecanoe"). As a general in the subsequent War of 1812, his most notable contribution was a victory at the Battle of the Thames, which brought the war in his region to a successful conclusion. When Harrison took office in 1841 at the age of 68, he was the oldest man to be elected President, a record that stood for 140 years, until Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980. Harrison died exactly one month into his term—the briefest presidency in the history of the office. He was also the first U.S. president to die in office.

Early years and military career

Harrison was born into a prominent political family at the Berkeley Plantation in Charles City County Virginia, the third son of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Basset. His father was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress (1774–1777), signed the Declaration of Independence (1776), and was Governor of Virginia (1781–1784). William Henry Harrison's brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, later became a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Virginia. United States House of Representatives Harrison briefly attended several colleges, including Hampden-Sydney College, with the intention of becoming a physician. His father's death in 1791 left Harrison without money for further schooling and so, at the age of 18, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Army. He was sent to the Northwest Territory, where he spent much of his life. Harrison served as aide-de-camp to General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, from whom he learned how to successfully command an army on the American frontier. Harrison participated in Wayne's decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, which brought the Northwest Indian War to a close. Lieutenant Harrison was one of the signers of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which opened much of present-day Ohio to settlement by white Americans. white clothes as the Congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory in 1800, but the uniform was added after he became famous in the War of 1812.]] Harrison resigned from the Army in 1798 to become Secretary of the Northwest Territory, and acted as governor when Governor Arthur St. Clair was absent. In 1799, Harrison was elected as the first delegate representing the Northwest Territory in the Sixth United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1799, to May 14, 1800. As delegate, he successfully promoted the passage of the Harrison Land Act, which made it easier for people to purchase land for settlement in the Northwest Territory. Harrison resigned from Congress to become governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory, a post he held for twelve years, until 1813. A primary responsibility as territorial governor was to obtain title to Native American lands so that white settlement could expand in the area and the region could attain statehood. Harrison oversaw numerous treaties, purchasing much of present-day Indiana from Native American leaders. Tensions, always high on the frontier, became much greater after the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, in which Harrison secured the purchase of more than 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km²) of American Indian land. An Indian resistance movement against U.S. expansion had been growing around the Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"). Tecumseh called upon Harrison to nullify the Treaty of Fort Wayne, warned against any whites moving onto the land, and continued to widen his Indian confederation (see "Tecumseh's War"). In 1811, Harrison was authorized to march against the confederacy, winning his famous victory at Prophetstown next to the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. During the War of 1812, Harrison took command of the Army of the Northwest. He won victories in Indiana and Ohio before invading Canada and crushing the British at the Battle of the Thames, in which Tecumseh was killed. Harrison subsequently resigned from the army because of ongoing disagreements with Secretary of War John Armstrong.

Post-war political career

After the war, he was elected to various political offices, including the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio, serving from October 8, 1816, to March 3, 1819. He was defeated as a candidate for governor of Ohio in 1820, but s