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James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye And Sele

James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele

The title Baron Saye and Sele was created in the Peerage of England in 1447, when letters patent granted the title to James Fiennes (c.1395-1450) for his services in the Hundred Years War. In 1423 James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele became the Baron of Hever Castle from Sir Roger Fiennes who first obtained the castle. James Fiennes' son, William Fiennes, 2nd Baron Saye and Sele (c. 1428-1471) inherited the castle and barony in 1430. At the death of his son, the 2nd Baron, the title became dormant. Lord Saye and Sele was lord chamberlain and lord treasurer under King Henry VI of England but was beheaded by the rebels in London under Captain Jack Cade on July 4 1450. Fiennes, James Fiennes, James Fiennes, James

Peerage

The Peerage is a system of titles of nobility that exists in the United Kingdom and is one part of the British honours system. The term can be used to refer to the entire body of titles in a collective sense, or to a specific title. All British honours, including peerage dignities, spring from the Sovereign, who is considered the fount of honour. The Sovereign him or herself cannot belong to the Peerage as "the fountain and source of all dignities cannot hold a dignity from himself" (opinion of the House of Lords in the Buckhurst Peerage Case). If one is neither a peer nor the Sovereign, then one is a commoner. Members of a peer's family are also commoners; the British system thus fundamentally differs from the continental European one, where entire families, rather than individuals, were ennobled. Even members of the Royal Family who do not hold peerage dignities are considered commoners, since they do not have special legal status distinct from other members of society.

Divisions of the Peerage

There are various parts to the Peerage which convey slightly different benefits: the Peerage of England pertains to all titles created by the Kings and Queens of England prior to the Act of Union in 1707. The Peerage of Scotland, similarly, pertains to all titles created by the Kings and Queens of Scotland before 1707. The Peerage of Ireland includes titles created for the Kingdom of Ireland before the Act of Union of 1801, and some titles created after that year, whilst the Peerage of Great Britain pertains to titles created for the Kingdom of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801. Finally, the Peerage of the United Kingdom pertains to most titles created since 1801. After the Union with Scotland, it was provided that the Scottish peers would not all sit in the House of Lords; rather, they would elect sixteen representative peers. After the Union of 1801, similarly, Ireland was allowed to elect twenty-eight representative peers. Irish elections ceased in 1922, when the Irish Free State became a separate country. Scottish elections ceased in 1963, when all Scottish peers were granted the right to sit in the House of Lords. Members of the Peerages of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom all attended the House of Lords, and no elections were necessary.

Ranks

Peers are of five ranks: duke, marquess, earl, viscount and baron. In Scotland, the fifth rank is called a lord of Parliament, as "barons" in Scotland are not peers, but holders of feudal dignities. Baronets, while holders of a hereditary title, are not peers. The word "duke" traces its origin to the Latin word dux, meaning leader. "Marquess" comes from the Germanic word "Mark" (for "border"), referring to the border ("marches") between England and either Wales or Scotland; the relationship is more evident in the feminine form: Marchioness. The term "earl" derives from eorl, signifying a military leader in the Old English language, or Anglo-Saxon. The meaning of this word may have been affected by the Old Norse jarl, meaning free-born warrior or nobleman, during the time of the Danelaw, to give rise to the modern sense of earl. Since there was no Old English or Old Norse feminine equivalent for the term, the word "countess" is used, which itself derives from the Latin comes, or "Count" (the equivalent of an earl in continental Europe). Similarly, the term "viscount" comes from the Latin vicecomes, or vice-count. Finally, "baron" comes ultimately from the Old Germanic Baro, meaning freeman. The various titles are in the form of Rank Name or Rank of Name. The name of the title can either be a place name or a surname. The precise usage depends on the rank of the peerage and on certain other general considerations. Dukes always use of. Marquesses and earls whose titles are based on place names normally use of, while those whose titles are based on surnames normally do not. Viscounts, barons and lords of Parliament do not use of. However, there are several exceptions to the rule. For instance, Scottish viscomitial titles theoretically include of, though in practice, it is most often dropped. (Thus, the "Viscount of Falkland" is commonly known as "Viscount Falkland.") Also, of is normally not used when the place in question is outside British territory, as using of might imply that the nation has sovereignty over such a place. For instance, the title Marquess Douro is based on the River Douro in Portugal, over which the British monarch has neither sovereignty nor suzerainty. Often, a territorial designation is added to the main peerage title, especially in the case of barons and viscounts: for instance, Baroness Thatcher, of Kesteven, County Lincoln or Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, of Hindhead, County Surrey. In such cases, any designation following the first comma generally does not form a part of the main title and is dropped, leaving, in the aforementioned cases, Baroness Thatcher and Viscount Montgomery of Alamein. Territorial designations in titles are not updated with local government reforms, but new creations do take them into account. Thus there is a Baroness Airey, of Abingdon in the County of Oxford, and a Baron Johnston of Rockport, of Caversham in the Royal County of Berkshire. It was once the case that a peer administered the place associated with his title. However, such has not been true since the Middle Ages. The only remaining peerage with associated lands controlled by the holder is the Duchy of Cornwall, which is associated with the Dukedom of Cornwall, a dukedom held by the eldest son and heir to the Sovereign.

Hereditary peers

Main article: Hereditary peer A hereditary peer is a peer whose dignity may be inherited. Hereditary peerage dignities may be created by the Sovereign with writs of summons or by letters patent, the former method now being obsolete. Writs of summons summon an individual to Parliament, in the old feudal tradition, and merely imply the existence or creation of an hereditary peerage dignity, which is automatically inherited, presumably according to the traditional mediæval rules (male-preference primogeniture, similar to the succession of British crown). Letters patent, however, explicitly create a dignity and specify its course of inheritance (usually agnatic succession, like the Salic Law). Once created, a peerage dignity continues to exist as long as there are surviving descendants of the first holder. Once the heirs of the original peer die out, the peerage dignity is said to have become extinct. In former times, peerage dignities were often forfeit by Acts of Parliament, usually when peers were found guilty of treason. Often, however, the felonious peer's descendants successfully petitioned the Sovereign to restore the dignity to the family. Some dignities, such as the Dukedom of Norfolk, have been forfeit and restored several times. It is now also possible for an individual to disclaim his own peerage dignity within one year of inheriting it under the Peerage Act 1963. The Sovereign is incapable of holding a peerage dignity; when the holder of a peerage succeeds to the Crown, the dignity merges in the Crown and ceases to exist. Hereditary peers were all once entitled to sit in the House of Lords, subject only to qualifications such as age and citizenship. (Scottish and Irish peers, as noted above, were not automatically entitled to seats.) Under the House of Lords Act 1999, however, hereditary peers lost their automatic right to sit in the Upper House. The Act did provide that ninety-two hereditary peers—those exercising the offices of Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl Marshal, as well as ninety hereditary peers elected by other peers—could remain in the House of Lords in the interim.

Life peers

Main article: Life peer Two acts—the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 and the Life Peerages Act 1958—authorise the regular creation of life peerages. Life peers created under both acts are of baronial rank. They are always created under letters patent, and not by writs of summons. While succession to hereditary peerage dignities is mostly restricted to males, many women hold life peerage dignities. Life peers created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act are known as "lords of Appeal in Ordinary." They perform the judicial functions of the House of Lords and serve on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. They remain peers for life, but cease to receive judicial salaries at the age of seventy-five. At most, there may be twelve Lords of Appeal in Ordinary under the age of seventy-five at one time. Under the Life Peerages Act, however, there is no limit on the number of peerages the Sovereign may create. Unlike lords of Appeal, such peers have no judicial duties. Normally, life peerages are granted to individuals nominated by the various political parties or by the House of Lords Appointments Commission. Furthermore, they are normally granted to honour important government figures—such as the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Prime Minister—upon their retirement.

Styles and titles

Main articles: Forms of Address in the United Kingdom; Courtesy title Peers and peeresses are entitled to certain styles and titles. Dukes use His Grace, Marquesses use The Most Honourable and other peers (whether hereditary or for life) use The Right Honourable. Peeresses (whether they hold peerages in their own right or are wives of peers) use equivalent styles. In speech, any peer or peeress except a duke or duchess is referred to as Lord X or Lady X. (For instance, the Earl of Derby is known as Lord Derby.) Confusion is possible here, for though the wife of an Earl and a suo jure Countess (that is, one holding the dignity in her own right) are both officially titled Countess and are known in speech as Lady, the wife of a Baron is officially titled Lady, while a woman holding that rank in her own right (usually a life peeress) is officially titled Baroness but is also commonly referred to in speech as Lady. Hence, Margaret Thatcher, a suo jure life peeress, may be correctly referred to as either "Baroness Thatcher" or "Lady Thatcher". "Baroness" is not used for female holders of Scottish lordships of Parliament; for example, Flora Fraser is known as "Lady Saltoun" as opposed to "Baroness Saltoun." Children of peers also use special titles called courtesy titles. The eldest son of a duke, a marquess, or an earl may generally use his father's second-highest peerage dignity as his own. Hence, the Duke of Devonshire's son is called Marquess of Hartington. An eldest son who uses his father's second-highest title is called a courtesy peer, and does not normally sit in the House of Lords or enjoy any privileges associated with the Peerage. In law, courtesy peers remain commoners. The daughters and younger sons of dukes and marquesses prefix Lord or Lady to their first names. These terms are also known as courtesy titles. All children of viscounts, barons and lords of Parliament use The Honourable. Children of earls do not use equivalent styles; daughters of earls use Lady, but younger sons of earls use The Honourable. Thus, individuals who use the style Lord or Lady are not necessarily peers, but it is usually possible to distinguish them by a knowledge of which subsidiary hereditary titles (such as "Marquess of Hartington") are in use and by a proper observation of whether Lord or Lady are used with or without the first name. The younger son of a duke, such as Lord Randolph Churchill, is addressed as "Lord Randolph" - "Lord Churchill" or "Mr. Churchill" would both be incorrect. But a suo jure peer is referred to by his peerage even if it is the same as his surname. Thus Baron Owen is correctly referred to as "Lord Owen". It is incorrect to call him "Lord David Owen", though such incorrect forms are very commonly used. A quasi-exception to this comes with life peers with common surnames who choose to combine their first and last names in their peerage title. Thus George Brown was ennobled as Baron George-Brown. Some peers, particularly life peers who were well-known before their ennoblement, do not use their peerage titles at all in authorial bylines or other ordinary usage, but go by their proper names. Others use a combination: thus the author John Julius Norwich is actually named John Julius Cooper and is the second Viscount Norwich.

Privilege of Peerage

John Julius Norwich Main article: Privilege of Peerage The Privilege of Peerage is the body of privileges that belongs to peers, their wives and their unremarried widows. While the Privilege of Peerage was once extensive, only three privileges survived into the twentieth century. Peers had the right to be tried by fellow peers in the Lord High Steward's Court and in the House of Lords; this privilege was abolished in 1948. Peers have the right to personally access the Sovereign, but this privilege has long been obsolete. Finally, peers have the right to be exempt from civil arrest. This privilege has only been used twice since 1945. Peers enjoy several rights that do not formally form a part of the Privilege of the Peerage. For instance, peers and their families have positions in the order of precedence. Peers and peeresses wear special coronets at coronations of Sovereigns; depictions of these coronets also appear atop peers' armorial achievements. They have distinctive robes for use at coronations and in the House of Lords (if a member of the latter).

History

Main article: History of the Peerage When William of Normandy conquered England, he divided the nation into many "manors", the owners of which came to be known as barons; those who held many manors were known as "greater barons", while those with fewer manors were the "lesser barons". When Kings summoned their barons to Royal Councils, the lesser barons were summoned through sheriffs, while the greater barons were summoned individually by the Sovereign. In 1254, the lesser barons ceased to be summoned; the body of greater barons, meanwhile, evolved into the House of Lords. Since the Crown was itself an hereditary dignity, it seemed natural for seats in the upper House of Parliament to be so as well. By the beginning of the fourteenth century, the hereditary characteristics of the Peerage were well developed. The ranks of baron and earl date to feudal, and perhaps Anglo-Saxon, times. The ranks of duke and marquess were introduced in the fourteenth century, and that of viscount in the fifteenth century. While life peerages were often created in the early days of the Peerage, their regular creation was not provided for under an Act of Parliament until 1876, with the passage of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act.

References

- [http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/ Blackstone, W. (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.]
- [http://www.geocities.com/noelcox/Peerage_Law.htm Cox, N. (1997). "The British Peerage: The Legal Standing of the Peerage and Baronetage in the overseas realms of the Crown with particular reference to New Zealand." New Zealand Universities Law Review. (Vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 379–401).]
- [http://home.freeuk.com/don-aitken/emayvols.html Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron. (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.]
- "Peerage." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
- [http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/peer63.htm Peerage Act 1963. (1963 c. 48). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.]
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1447

Events

- March 6 - Nicholas V becomes Pope.
- Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated. Vladislav II succeeds him with the assistance of John Hunyadi.
- According to ryūs own sources, Iizasa Ienao founds Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu, the earliest historically verifiable Japanese koryū martial art that is still extant today.
Births

- December 9 - Chenghua Emperor of China (died 1487)
- Beyazid II, Ottoman Sultan (died 1512)
- Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (died 1496)
- Philippe de Commines, Flemish historian (died 1511)
Deaths

- February 23 - Pope Eugenius IV (born 1383)
- February 23 - Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (born 1390)
- March 12 - Shah Rukh, ruler of Persia and Transoxonia (born 1377)
- April 11 - Henry Cardinal Beaufort, Lord Chancellor of England (born 1377)
- John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter (born 1395)
- Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (born 1392)
- Vlad II Dracul, Prince of Wallachia Category:1447 ko:1447년

1450

Events

- March - French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, in Caen
- April 15 - Battle of Formigny. French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough which was attempting to relieve Caen
- May 8 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.
- June 18 - Battle of Seven Oaks. Jack Cade's rebels are driven from London by loyal troops, bringing about the collapse of the rebellion
- July 6 - Surrender of Caen to the French
- August 12 - Surrender of Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, to the French
- Universitat de Barcelona founded.
- Charles VIII of Sweden who was also serving as Carl I of Norway is declared deposed from the later throne in favor of Christian I of Denmark.

Births

- August 18 - Marko Marulic, Croatian poet (died 1524)
- William Catesby, English politician (died 1485)
- Gaspar Corte-Real, Portuguese explorer (died 1501)
- Heinrich Isaac, Franco-Flemish composer (died 1517)
- Bartolommeo Montagna, Italian painter (died 1523)
- Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter
- Pandolfo Petrucci, tyrant of Siena (died 1512)
- Arnolt Schlick, German composer and organist
- Piero Soderini, Florentine statesman (died 1513)
- Pietro Antonio Solari, Italian architect (died 1493)

Deaths

- February 9 - Agnès Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France (b. 1421)
- May 2 - William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English military leader (born 1396)
- May 18 - Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (born 1397)
- June 10 - William Tresham, English politician
- August 27 - Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (b. 1395)
- Louis Aleman, French cardinal
- James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele
- Francis I, Duke of Brittany (born 1414)
- Thomas Occleve, English poet (born 1368)
- 'Abd al-Latif, ruler of Transoxonia Category:1450 ko:1450년

1423

Events

- July 31 - Hundred Years War: Battle of Cravant - The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
- August 23 - English with Burgundian soldiers defeat the French, who were supported by the Scots, at Verneuil. The English-Burgundian alliance was strengthened by the marriage of the Duke of Bedford to Anne of Burgundy. Anne was sister of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgandy. Philip the Good had allied Burgundy with England after his father was murdered in 1419 by the French Dauphin, son of Charles VI of France.
- According to the 1421 theory, the return of Zheng He's fleets to China.

Births

- May 30 - Georg Purbach, German astronomer and mathematician (died 1461)
- July 3 - King Louis XI of France (died 1483)
- Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Master of the order of St John of Jerusalem (died 1503)
- Ferdinand I of Naples (died 1494)
- Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (died 1500)

Deaths

- Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (born 1328)
- Roger Whelpdale, Bishop of Carlisle
- Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (born 1358) Category:1423 ko:1423년

Hever Castle

Hever Castle, in Kent, England, was the seat of the Boleyn family. Originally a farmhouse, it was built in the 13th century and converted into a manor in 1462 by Geoffrey Boleyn, who served as Lord Mayor of London. The remains of the timber dwelling can still be seen within the stone walls of the fortification. Some time after 1505, the Boleyn family moved in, and Anne Boleyn, though not born here, grew up here and lived here until her marriage to King Henry VIII of England. After Anne and her brother George were executed (1536) and her father Thomas Boleyn died (1539), the property came into the possession of King Henry VIII of England. He bestowed it on Anne of Cleves when he divorced her (1540), but she probably spent little time there. The building subsequently passed through various owners, including the Waldergrave family in 1557, and the Meade Waldo family from 1749-1903. During this latter period of ownership, the castle fell into a poor state of repairs, during which time it was leased to various private tennants, until it was acquired and completely restored by the American millionaire William Waldorf Astor, who used it as a family residence. The estate is now run as a conference centre, but the castle is open to the public and is particularly well known for its maze. The garden is large and of the highest quality with a large range of features including an Italinate garden, rose gardens and a lake.

External links

[http://www.hever-castle.co.uk Hever Castle] Official website. [http://www.britishtours.com/360/hevercastle.html Hever Castle Quicktime image.] Category:Historic houses in Kent Category:Visitor attractions in Kent Category:Castles in England Category:Gardens in England Category:The Astors

1428

Events

- October 12 - English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury besiege Orléans. Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans, commands the defenders.
- October 24 - Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful assault on Orléans. He is succeeded in command by the Earl of Suffolk
- Emperor Go-Hanazono ascends to the throne of Japan
- Itzcóatl becomes ruler of the Aztecs. He eventually begins the construction of Tenochtitlan.

Births

- May 3 - Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (died 1495)
- September 21 - Jingtai Emperor of China (died 1457)
- Donato Acciaiuoli, Italian scholar (died 1478)
- Abulkhair Khan, Uzbek leader (died 1468)
- Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date)
- Leonor of Viseu, Princess and later Queen of Portugal (died 1525)
- Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English kingmaker (died 1471)

Deaths

- February 3 - Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shogun (born 1386)
- June 15 - Paulus Venetus, Catholic theologian
- August 27 - Jan Piast, Duke of Ziebice (born 1370)
- August 30 - Emperor Shoko of Japan (born 1401)
- November 3 - Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (born 1388)
- Zawisza Czarny, Polish knight and diplomat
- Elizabeth Lackovic, Croatian-Hungarian noblewoman
- Tommaso Masaccio, Italian painter (born 1401)
- Maxtla, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
- John Purvey, English theologian (born 1353) Category:1428 ko:1428년

1430

Events

- May 23 - Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica from the Venetians
- First use of optical methods in the creation of Art
- Janissaries created Venetians

Year in topics

- 1430 in art

Births

- October 16 - King James II of Scotland (died 1460)
- October 28 - Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English politician (died 1475)
- Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord
- Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (died 1505)
- John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (died 1485)

Deaths

- August 14 - Philip I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1404)
- August 18 - Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)
- October 27 - Vytautas the Great, Grand Prince of Lithuania (born 1352)
- Andrei Rublev, Russian iconographer (born 1360)
- Thomas Fitzalan, English nobleman
- Hugo de Lantins, Flemish composer

Jack Cade

Jack Cade (possibly named John Mortimer) was the leader of a popular revolt in late medieval Europe in the 1450 Kent rebellion which took place in the time of King Henry VI in England. Some sources suggest Cade was of Irish origin but raised in Sussex where he is alleged to have murdered a woman in 1449. He escaped to France but returned to live in Kent under an assumed name. In the spring of 1450, Kent peasants protested against what they saw as the weak leadership of King Henry, unfair taxes, corruption and the damaging effect of the loss of France, and in a clever move issued The Complaint of the Poor Commons of Kent, a manifesto listing grievances against the government. Grievances not only of the people, but of several PMs, lords and magnates. In early June, around 20,000 rebels - mostly peasants but their numbers were swelled by shopkeepers, craftsmen and unfortunately for Henry a fair amount of soldiers and sailors returning from the French wars via Kent, and a few landowners(the list of pardoned shows the presence of one knight, two MPs and eighteen squires as well) - gathered at Blackheath, south-east of London. While the King sought refuge in Warwickshire, the rebels advanced to Southwark. They set up headquarters in The White Hart before crossing London Bridge on 3 July. The Lord Treasurer was captured and beheaded, along with a few other favourites of the King. Many of the rebels, including Cade himself, then proceeded to loot London, although Cade had made frequent promises not to do so during the march to the capital. When the army returned to Southwark for the night the London officials made preparations to stop Cade reentering the city. The next day, at about ten in the evening a battle broke out on London bridge, lasting until eight next morning, when the rebels retreated having suffered heavy casualties. After the battle, Archbishop John Kemp, the Lord Chancellor persuaded Cade to call off his followers by issuing official pardons and promises to fufil the demands written in Cade's manifesto. However, after the peasant forces disbanded, a week later, Cade learned that the government regarded him as a traitor and had issued a reward for him dead or alive. He was subsequently killed in a skirmish on the Kent/Sussex border, after which his body was taken to London and quartered for display in different cities, his head ending up on a pike on London Bridge (along with other leaders of the rebellion). Despite all the rebels being pardoned, thirty four were executed after Cade's death. Cade appears as a character William Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 2. It is one of Cade's followers, in discussion with Cade himself, who has the well-known line, "The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers."

References

- I.M.W. Harvey, Jack Cade's Rebellion of 1450, Oxford UP, 1991. ISBN 0198201605
- Reviewed by Joel T. Rosenthal, Speculum, Vol. 69, No. 1. (Jan., 1994), pp. 161-163. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-7134%28199401%2969%3A1%3C161%3AJCRO1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A Available online] at JSTOR. Category:Medieval popular revolt Category:Middle Ages Category:1450

1450

Events

Births

Deaths

Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports

Category:Ceremonial officers in the United Kingdom Category:English politicians

Category:1450 deaths

Triathlon equipment

The special needs of triathlon competitions - three-stage races including swimming, cycling, and running in the same event - have led to the development of a whole range of specialized clothing and equipment.

Triathlon clothing

In the early days of triathlon, transition areas often included tents where the athletes changed clothes between stages. However, since transition time is included in an athlete's total time, triathletes quickly started trying to gain an advantage on their competitors by wearing the same clothing in two or more events. This inevitably led to the development of specialized clothing which could be used for all three disciplines yet still be comfortable enough for each.

Triathlon shorts

Triathlon shorts come in two varieties. Trunks, which resemble swim trunks or jogging shorts but which contain a padded liner for comfort on the bicycle, or form-fitting (spandex or lycra) shorts which resemble typical cycling shorts. In both cases, the padding in the crotch area is thinner than that in cycling shorts, trading off some comfort on the bike for increased comfort on the run and reduced water absorbance. Of the two types, the latter is seen more frequently because of the increased drag a loose short provides during the swim and cycling stages.

Triathlon suits

Triathlon suits are available in one- or two-piece varieties for both men and women, and generally consist of a form fitting triathlon short and a sleeveless top resembling a singlet or cycling jersey. They are made out of fabrics which do not hold much water and which dry quickly to reduce the weight the athlete is carrying while running or cycling. They are tight-fitting both to reduce drag and to allow them to be worn under a wetsuit, and have no sleeves to improve comfort while swimming.

Triathlon-specific swim equipment

Because most triathlon swim stages are conducted in open waters (lakes or oceans) which are often cold, many early races allowed wetsuits. However, typical wetsuits manufactured for snorkeling or water skiing are not optimal for triathlon, because the sleeves generally restrict the range of motion too much for comfortable stroking during the swim. Modern triathlon wetsuits are customized to the needs triathletes, and generally incorporate the following features:
- thinner and/or more pliable rubber near the shoulders, sleeveless versions are also available
- long zippers and sometimes wrist/ankle zippers to facilitate quick removal during transition In addition, tri wetsuits have a very smooth, but often fragile, surface. This slick surface helps to reduce water friction and allow a faster swim, but it would be totally destroyed by contact with a sandy surfboard. Rules vary by event, but typically wetsuits are allowed only if the water temperature is below a specified threshold on the day of the event (e.g. 78 degrees F.). Any athlete has the option of wearing another style of swimsuit allowed by the rules at any temperature.

Triathlon-specific cycling equipment

Triathlon bicycles

Triathlon bicycles are a variant of road-racing bicycles, designed primarily to optimize aerodynamics. Since in most triathlons, cyclists do not draft as in many other forms of road racing, triathletes can gain a significant advantage by riding a bicycle which reduces wind resistance. The most obvious feature of a triathlon bicycle is the handlebars, commonly known as aero-bars (see below). In addition, many components of a triathlon bicycle are designed with an aerodynamic profile: frame tubes have an oval or teardrop (instead of circular) cross-section; handlebars may be flat instead of round; wheels may have fewer spokes, or even be carbon fiber tri-spokes or discs rather than conventional spoked wheels. Also, tri bikes generally have a very "aggressive" geometry, meaning steep (close to vertical) tube angles and a low neck and handlebars relative to the saddle. This position helps to improve aerodynamics by lowering the cyclist's torso and creating a smaller overall "wind profile". In addition, many triathletes feel cycling in this position helps preserve the muscles used in running by emphasizing pedaling with non-running muscle groups. Tri bikes are generally very similar to bikes used in time trial races. Some extreme forms of triathlon bicycles alter the shape and geometry of the frame to such a degree that they do not even resemble bicycles to the casual eye.

Aerobars

Aerobars, also called tri-bars, are handlebars designed to reduce the cyclist's wind profile. They were originally designed for use in triathlons, but have since expanded into other forms of cycling, such as time trials and some events in track cycling. Instead of the familiar curved "drop bars" of road bicycles, aerobars have a smaller pair of "horns" reaching out to the sides, and a pair of bars stretching straight forward from the neck of the bicycle. Padded cups in the middle of the bars support the athlete's elbows and/or forearms while the hands are stretched forward to hold the center bars. This position keeps the rider's elbows in close to the body and lowers his or her torso compared to the usual upright position. The side horns mount the brakes; the rider will hold these instead of the center bars when braking or maneuvering is required.

Triathlon shoes

Triathlon shoes are similar to other forms of cycling shoe used in racing, with automatic binding clips (clipless) that snap the cyclist's feet to the pedals. However, many competitive triathletes choose to leave their shoes clipped onto the pedals for the entire duration of the race in order to save time during transitions. This means the athlete is jumping onto the bicycle with wet, bare feet after the swim, and will pedal up to a reasonable speed, with his feet sitting on top of the shoes, before pausing to slip his feet inside the shoes and fasten them. Likewise, he will pull his feet out of the shoes while coasting up to the bike-run transition area and run barefoot into the transition corral rather than attempt to run on the awkward metal cycling cleats. As a result, tri shoes are often optimized for this approach: they may be padded to allow comfortable use without socks, have holes to allow water from the swim to drain easily, and have only one or two velcro straps for ease of fastening rather than the three straps, laces, or ratcheting buckles found on road racing shoes.

Hydration systems

As with everything else, triathletes often strive to make their water bottles as aerodynamic as possible, and often to reduce the need to reach for a water bottle - which may interrupt pedalling and slow the racer down. Triathletes have tried placing water bottles in unusual location, such as in a bracket behind the saddle, on the theory that the bottles are shielded from the wind by the body. However, a recent wind-tunnel study by [http://www.triathletemag.com Triathlete Magazine] discovered that this approach is actually counterproductive because it interrupts the laminar flow of air down the athlete's curved back. A number of products have been created to satisfy triathlete's demands for aerodynamic hydration systems. Example include the Aerodrink system by [http://www.profile-design.com/ Profile Design], an aero bottle that hangs from the handlebars with a straw so the athlete can drink without using his hands; and the Neverreach system [http://www.neverreach.com/page/page/276159.htm], a teardrop-shaped reservoir mounted behind the seat with a tube running up to the handlebars.

Wheels

A vast array of low-weight and/or aerodynamic wheels exist for racing bicycles. Some (such as wheels with an aerodynamic ring, flat spokes, and fewer spokes than the traditional 32) are legal for use in most cycling events, while others such as carbon-fiber tri-spokes (wheels with only three large, rigid spokes) generally are only legal in triathlons and time-trials. Sometimes solid discs are used as well, though in outdoor settings these are generally not used on the front wheel because they are difficult to handle in crosswinds. Some triathlon bikes use 650c wheels (a nominal diameter of 65 centimeters) rather than the conventional 700c wheels used on nearly all road bikes. The smaller wheels weigh less, have a smaller cross-sectional area (reducing wind resistance), and reduce the overall wind resistance of the bicycle by bringing the frame and cyclist closer to the ground. A potential drawback is that the smaller diameter means a higher curvature at the tire's surface, which increases rolling resistance, or friction with the ground. Which effect is more prominent depends on the cyclist and the windiness and steepness of the course.

Other components

Many triathletes can be quite fixated (some would say "obsessed") with improving the aerodynamics and lowering the weight of their bicycles. As a result, the triathlon industry has developed a whole host of components which improve one characteristic or the other of the bicycle. Examples include chain rings and cogs which have no holes or gaps (increasing aerodynamics a minuscule amount at the cost of a few grams of weight), brake and shifter cables which run inside the bicycle frame, and components of all sorts made from carbon fiber composite rather than steel or aluminum, in order to save weight.

Triathlon-specific running equipment

Elastic shoelaces

Triathletes often lace their shoes with elastic shoelaces. This allows them to pre-set the tension of the laces but then to pull on the shoes without stopping to tie the laces. This saves a few seconds of time during the bike-to-run transition.

External links

- http://www.trifuel.com/ TriFuel - a great resource for all things triathlon.
- http://www.xtri.com/ XTri.com - triathlon tech articles, training tips and equipment reviews Category: Triathlon Category: Multi-sport competitions

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