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James II Of England

James II of England

James II of England and VII of Scotland ( 14 October 1633–16 September 1701 ) became King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, or Kingdom of Ireland. His subjects distrusted his religious policies and alleged despotism, leading a group of them to depose him in the Glorious Revolution. He was replaced not by his Roman Catholic son, James Francis Edward, but by his Protestant daughter and son-in-law, Mary II and William III, who became joint Sovereigns. James II was the last monarch of Scotland to use the title King of Scots, which had been in use since the first monarch of a united Scotland, Kenneth I of Scotland in 843; his successors, Mary II, William III and Anne I used the style "of Scotland" rather than "of Scots". The belief that James—not William III or Mary II—was the legitimate ruler became known as Jacobitism (from Jacobus or Iacobus, Latin for James). James did not himself attempt to return to the Throne, instead living the rest of his life under the protection of King Louis XIV of France. His son James Francis Edward Stuart and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) attempted to restore the Jacobite line after James's death, but failed.

Early life

James, the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France, was born at St. James's Palace in 1633 and created Duke of York in 1644. During the English Civil War—in which his father fought Parliamentary and Puritan forces—he stayed in Oxford, a Royalist stronghold. When the city surrendered in 1646, the Duke of York was confined in St James's Palace by parliamentary command. In 1648, he escaped from the Palace, whence he went to The Hague in disguise. When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchists proclaimed the Duke of York's elder brother, Charles, as King Charles II. Charles II was recognised by the Parliaments of Scotland and Ireland, and was crowned at Scone, in Scotland, in 1651. He was, however, unable to secure the Crown of England, and consequently fled to France. Like his brother, the Duke of York sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under Turenne. In 1656, when his brother, Charles, entered into an alliance with Spain—an enemy of France—he joined the Spanish army under Louis, Prince of Condé. Both Turenne and Condé praised the Duke of York's abilities. In 1660, with Oliver Cromwell dead, Charles II was restored to the English Throne, the Duke of York returning to England with him. Though he was the heir-presumptive, it seemed unlikely that the Duke of York would actually inherit the Crown, for Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children. In September 1660, the Duke of York (who was also created Duke of Albany in Scotland) married the Lady Anne Hyde, the daughter of Charles's chief minister, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. The Duke of York was appointed Lord High Admiral and commanded the Royal Navy during the Second (1665–1667) and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674). Following its capture by the English in 1664, the Dutch territory of New Netherland was named New York in his honour, as was the town of New Amsterdam. Fort Orange, 150 miles up the River Hudson, was renamed Albany in his honour as well. The Duke of York also headed the Royal African Company, which participated in the slave trade.

Religion

The Duke of York was admitted to the Roman Catholic Church in 1668 or 1669. His Protestant enemies in Parliament, led by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, ensured the passage of the Test Act; under the Act, all civil and military officials were required to take an oath (in which they were required not only to disavow the doctrine of transubstantiation, but also denounce certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church as "superstitious and idolatrous") and receive communion under the auspices of the Church of England. The Duke of York refused to perform both actions, instead choosing to relinquish the post of Lord High Admiral. Charles II opposed the conversion, ordering that the Duke of York's children be raised as Protestants. Nevertheless, in 1673, he allowed York (whose first wife had died in 1671) to marry the Catholic Mary of Modena. The English people distrusted Catholicism and regarded the new Duchess of York as an agent of the Pope. In 1677, the Duke of York attempted to appease Protestants by allowing his daughter, Mary, to marry the Protestant Prince of Orange, William III (who was also his nephew). Despite the concession, fears of a Catholic monarch persisted, intensified by the failed pregnancies of Charles II's wife, Catherine of Braganza. A defrocked Anglican clergyman, Titus Oates, falsely spoke of a "Popish Plot" to kill Charles and put the Duke of York on the Throne. The fabricated plot caused a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria to sweep across the nation. The Duke of York wisely decided to leave England for Brussels. In 1680, the Duke of York was appointed Lord High Commissioner of Scotland and took up his residence at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. In England, attempts were made by Lord Shaftesbury and others to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. Some even proposed that the Crown go to Charles II's illegitimate son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. When, in 1679, the Exclusion Bill was in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament. (The Exclusion Bill crisis contributed to the development of the English two-party system; the Whigs were those who supported the Bill, whilst the Tories were those who opposed it.) Two further Parliaments were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, no further Parliaments were called. Charles, whose popularity was very high at the time, allowed the Duke of York to return to England in 1682. The Rye House Plot of 1683, a Protestant conspiracy to assassinate both Charles and the Duke of York, failed utterly; it increased popular sympathy for the King and his brother. York once again found himself influential in government, becoming the leader of the Tory Party; his brother restored him to the office of Lord High Admiral in 1684.

Reign

Charles died sine prole legitima (without legitimate offspring) in 1685, converting to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed. He was succeeded by his brother, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II, and in Scotland as James VII. James was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1685. At first, there was little overt opposition to the new Sovereign; many conservative Anglicans even supported him. The new Parliament which assembled in May 1685 seemed favourable to James, agreeing to grant him a large income. James, however, faced the Monmouth Rebellion (led by Charles II's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth). James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth declared himself King on 20 June 1685, but was afterwards defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor. Monmouth was executed at the Tower of London soon afterwards. Despite the lack of popular support for Monmouth, James began to distrust his subjects. His judges—most notably, George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys (the "Hanging Judge")—punished the rebels brutally. Judge Jeffreys' Bloody Assizes led the public to see their King as a cruel and barbarous ruler. To protect himself from further rebellions, James sought to establish a large standing army. By putting Roman Catholics in charge of several regiments, the King was drawn into a conflict with Parliament. Parliament was prorogued in November 1685, never to meet again during James's reign. Religious tension intensified in 1686. In the collusive case of Godden v. Hales, a panel of judges of the Court of King's Bench were coerced by the King into declaring that the King could dispense with the religious restrictions imposed by the Test Acts. Taking advantage of the dispensing power, James controversially allowed Roman Catholics to occupy the highest offices of the Kingdom. He received at his court the papal nuncio, Ferdinando d'Adda, the first representative from Rome to London since the reign of Mary I. James's Jesuit confessor, Edward Petre, was a particular object of Protestant ire. These policies caused the King to lose the support of his former allies, the Tories. James then ordered the suspension of Henry Compton, the anti-Catholic Bishop of London; several other Anglicans in political office were dismissed. In the Declaration of Indulgence (1687), he suspended laws punishing Roman Catholics and other religious dissenters. (It is unclear if James issued the Declaration to gain the political support of the dissenters, or if he was truly committed to the principle of freedom of religion). James also dissolved Parliament in 1687, afterwards reforming the government so as to reduce the power of the nobility. The King also provoked opposition by his policies relating to the University of Oxford. He offended Anglicans by allowing Catholics to hold important positions in Christ Church and University College, two of Oxford's largest colleges. Even more unpopularly, he dismissed the Protestant Fellows of Magdalen College, appointing a wholly Roman Catholic board in their place. Controversially, James accredited the Papal Nuncio and granted public offices to four Catholic bishops. James granted three Londoners and Virginia Catholic George Brent rights of religious freedom for the settlement of French Huguenots on the 30,000 acre (121 km²) Brenttown (Brenton) tract in old Prince William County, Virginia in 1687. Richard Foote, nephew of Nicholas Hayward (one of the founding partners), settled at Chotank in King George County, Virginia to manage the project. Nicholas Hayward marketed Brenttown to English Catholics after the Glorious Revolution eliminated most political reasons for French Protestants to leave England.

Glorious Revolution

In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence, subsequently ordering Anglican clergymen to read it in their churches. When the Archbishop of Canterbury William Sancroft and six other bishops (known as the Seven Bishops) submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for seditious libel, but were acquitted. Public alarm increased with the birth of a Catholic son and heir, James Francis Edward, to Queen Mary in June, 1688. (Some charged that the son was "suppositious", having been substituted for a stillborn child. There is, however, no reliable evidence to support such an allegation.) Threatened by a Catholic dynasty, several influential Protestants entered into negotiations with William III, Prince of Orange, who was James's son-in-law. William had been hailed as a Protestant champion, having fought with the powerful Roman Catholic King of France, Louis XIV. On 30 June 1688—the same day the bishops were acquitted—a group of Protestant nobles, known as the Immortal Seven, requested the Prince of Orange to come to England with an army. By September, it had become clear that William sought to invade; yet, James refused the assistance of Louis XIV, fearing that the English would oppose French intervention. James, furthermore, believed that his own army would be adequate, but proved too complacent; for when the Prince of Orange arrived on 5 November 1688, all of the King's Protestant officers defected. His own daughter, Anne, joined the invading forces, leading to considerable anguish on the part of the King. On 11 December, James attempted to flee to France, first throwing the Great Seal of the Realm into the River Thames. He was, however, caught in Kent. Having no desire to make James a martyr, the Prince of Orange let him escape on 23 December. James was received by Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a generous pension. When James left the Realm, no Parliament was in session. Although a Parliament could normally be called by the reigning monarch, the Prince of Orange convened an irregular Convention Parliament. (The procedure of calling a Convention Parliament had been previously used when succession to the Throne was unclear; it was a Convention Parliament which restored Charles II to the Throne following the English Civil War.) The Convention declared, on 12 February 1689, that James's attempt to flee on 11 December constituted an abdication of the government, and that the Throne had then become vacant (instead of passing to James II's son, James Francis Edward). James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William III. The Scottish Estates followed suit on 11 April of the same year. William and Mary subsequently granted their assent to an Act commonly referred to as the Bill of Rights. The Act confirmed the earlier Declaration of Right, in which the Convention Parliament had declared that James's flight constituted an abdication, and that William III and Mary II were to be King and Queen. The Bill of Rights also charged James II with abusing his power; amongst other things, it criticised the suspension of the Test Acts, the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for merely petitioning the Crown, the establishment of a standing army and the imposition of cruel punishments. The Act, furthermore, settled the question of succession to the Crown. First in the line of succession were the children of William and Mary (if any), to be followed by the Princess Anne and her children, and finally by the children of William by any subsequent marriage.

Later years

With a French army on his side, James landed in Ireland in March 1689. The Irish Parliament did not follow the example of the English Parliament; it declared that James remained King. He was, however, defeated at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690. He fled to France after the defeat departing from Kinsale, his cowardice leading to the dissolution of much of his support and earning him the nickname Séamus á Chaca ("James the Shit") in Ireland. In France, James was allowed to live in the royal château of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. An attempt was made to restore him to the Throne by assassinating William III in 1696, but the plot failed. Louis XIV's offer to have James elected King of Poland in the same year was rejected, for James feared that acceptance of the Polish Crown might (in the minds of the English People) render him incapable of being King of England. Thereafter, Louis ceased to offer assistance to James; his decision was formalised by the Treaty of Ryswick (an agreement with William III) in 1697. During his last years, James lived as an austere penitent. He died of a brain hemorrhage in 1701 at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, where he was buried.

Legacy

James's younger daughter Anne succeeded to the throne when William III died in 1702. (Mary II had died in 1694.) The Act of Settlement 1701 provided that, if the line of succession established in the Bill of Rights were to be extinguished, then the Crown would go to a distant German cousin, Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and to her Protestant heirs. Thus, when Anne died in 1714 (shortly after Sophia), the Crown was inherited by George I, Sophia's son. The son of James II, James Francis Edward Stuart (known to his supporters as "James III and VIII" and to his opponents as the "Old Pretender"), took up the Jacobite cause. He led a rising in Scotland in 1715 shortly after George I's accession, but was defeated. Further risings were also defeated; since the rising of 1745, no serious attempt to restore the Stuart heir has been made, although some individuals still adhere to the philosophy of Jacobitism. James Francis Edward died in 1766, when he was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles Edward Stuart (known to his supporters as "Charles III" and to his opponents as the "Young Pretender"). Charles in turn was succeeded by his younger brother Henry Benedict Stuart, a cardinal of the Catholic Church. Henry was the last of James II's legitimate descendants. At his death in 1807 the Jacobite claim devolved upon the senior descendant of King Charles I, King Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia. Presently, James II's heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria. Although the Duke of Bavaria has not claimed the throne, he is recognised by Jacobites as "Francis II."

Style and arms

The official style of James II was "James the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." (The claim to France was only nominal, and was asserted by every English King from Edward III to George III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) His arms as King were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland).

Issue

Miscellaneous

James was responsible for the last major redevelopments at the Palace of Whitehall prior to its destruction by fire.

References

- Clarke, James S. (Editor). (1816). The Life of James II. London.
- [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/wcpa/ow/3401f99806cb2c2c.html Davis, Richard B. (Editor). (1963). William Fitzhugh and His Chesapeake World, 1676-1701. Chapel Hill: The Virginia Historical Society by University of North Carolina Press.]
- "James II." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
- Miller, John (2000). James II, 3d. ed. Yale University Press.
- [http://jacobite.ca/kings/james2.htm McFerran, Noel S. (2003). "James II and VII."]
- Turner, Francis C. (1948). James II. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. |- Category:1633 births Category:1701 deaths Category:Londoners Category:House of Stuart Category:Heirs to the English & British thrones Category:English monarchs Category:Scottish monarchs Category:Roman Catholic monarchs Category:History of Catholicism in Britain Category:Lord High Admirals Category:Knights of the Garter Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports Category:Dukes in the Peerage of England Category:Dukes in the Peerage of Scotland Category:Earls in the Peerage of Ireland CategoRY:Fellows of the Royal Society ja:ジェームズ2世 (イングランド王)

14 October

October 14 is the 287th day of the year (288th in Leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 78 days remaining.

Events

- 530 - Antipope Dioscorus ends his reign as Catholic Pope
- 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill, seven miles from Hastings, the forces of William the Conqueror defeat the Saxon army and kill King Harold II of England.
- 1322 - Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's independence
- 1582 - Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
- 1586 - Mary I of Scotland goes on trial for conspiracy against Elizabeth I of England
- 1651 - Laws are passed in Massachusetts forbidding poor people from adopting excessive styles of dress.
- 1656 - Massachusetts enacts the first punitive legislation against the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). The marriage of church-and-state in Puritanism makes them regard the ritual-free Quakers as spiritually apostate and politically subversive.
- 1758 - Battle at Hochkirk, Saksen: Austrian army defeats Prussia
- 1773 - The first recorded ministry of education, the Commission of National Education, is formed in Poland.
- 1773 - Revolutionary War: Britain's East India Company tea ships' cargo are burned at Annapolis, Maryland.
- 1806 - Battle of Jena-Auerstädt France defeats Prussia
- 1812 - A digest of Pennsylvania laws could not bring itself to print the word "buggery," instead printing it as "B_GG__Y."
- 1812 - Work on London's Regent's Canal starts.
- 1834 - In Philadelphia, Whigs and Democrats stage a gun, stone and brick battle for control of a Moyamensing Township election, resulting in one death, several injuries, and the burning down of a block of buildings.
- 1834 - Henry Blair is the first African American to obtain a US patent. The patent was for a corn planter.
- 1835 - John Templeton, John Moore, Stanley Cuthbart and Ellen Ritchie were charged in Wheeling, Virginia with illegally teaching blacks to read.
- 1840 - Maronite leader Bashir II surrenders to the British forces and goes into exile in Malta.
- 1843 - The British arrest Irish nationalist Daniel O'Connell for conspiracy.
- 1867 - The 15th and last Shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate resigns in Japan.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Bristol Station - Confederate General Robert E. Lee forces fail to drive the Union Army out of Virginia.
- 1865 - The Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes signed a treaty with the U.S. at a camp on the Little Arkansas River in Kansas. However, none of the parties to the treaty abided by it.
- 1884 - George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film
- 1912 - While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former president Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper William Schrank. With a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt still delivers his scheduled speech.
- 1913 - The New Mexico Supreme Court upholds a sodomy conviction. Ex Parte DeVore, 136 P. 47.
- 1914 - German troops occupy Bruges
- 1916 - Sophomore tackle and guard Paul Robeson is excluded from the Rutgers football team when Washington and Lee Universities refuse to play against a black person.
- 1920 - Part of Petsamo province ceded by Soviet Union to Finland
- 1925 - Anti-French uprising in Damascus (French inhabitants flee)
- 1926 - The children's book Winnie-the-Pooh, by A.A. Milne, is first published.
- 1927 - The California Court of Appeals, in upholding a sodomy conviction, rules that corroborative evidence could be circumstantial in nature.
- 1933 - Nazi Germany withdraws from The League of Nations
- 1938 - Nazis plan Jewish ghettos for all major cities
- 1939 - German U-47 sinks British battleship HMS Royal Oak
- 1942 - A German U-boat sinks the ferry SS Caribou, killing 137.
- 1942 - Japanese battleship strikes Henderson Field
- 1943 - Japan declares Philippine "Independence"
- 1943 - U.S. 8th Air Force loses 60 B-17 Flying Fortresses during assault on Schweinfurt
- 1944 - Allied troops land in Corfu
- 1944 - British troops march into Athens
- 1944 - World War II: Given the choice between a public treason trial and a certain death by firing squad or suicide with honor, German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel chooses the latter.
- 1946 - Netherlands and Indonesia sign cease fire
- 1947 - Chuck Yeager flies a Bell X-1 faster than the speed of sound, the first man to do so in level flight.
- 1949 - Eleven leaders of the U.S. Communist Party are convicted, after a nine-month trial, of conspiring to advocate the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. Ten defendants are sentenced to 5 years in prison each, and the eleventh to 3 years. The Supreme Court upheld the convictions on June 4, 1951.
- 1949 - Chinese Red Army occupies Canton (Guangzhou)
- 1953 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower promised to fire as a Communist any federal worker invoking the Fifth Amendment.
- 1953 - WTEN TV channel 10 in Albany, NY (American Broadcasting Company) begins broadcasting
- 1958 - The Anshai Emath Reform Jewish Temple in Peoria, Illinois was damaged by a crude bomb.
- 1958 - The U.S. conducts an underground nuclear weapon test at the Nevada Test Site.
- 1958 - The District of Columbia Bar Association votes to accept black Americans as members.
- 1959 - WMUB (now WPTO) TV channel 14 in Oxford, OH (Public Broadcasting Service) begins broadcasting
- 1960 - U.S. presidential candidate John F. Kennedy first suggests the idea for the Peace Corps.
- 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis begins: A U-2 flight over Cuba takes photos of Soviet nuclear weapons being installed.
- 1962 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk
- 1963 - The term "Beatlemania" is coined by the British press to describe the scene at the previous night's performance by The Beatles on the TV show "Val Parnell's Sunday Night at the London Palladium," a top-rated program that was the British equivalent to "The Ed Sullivan Show."
- 1963 - Algeria and Morocco border conflict
- 1964 - Leonid Brezhnev becomes general secretary of the CPSU and leader of the Soviet Union, ousting Nikita Khrushchev.
- 1964 - Philips begins experimenting with color Television
- 1964 - American civil rights movement leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr becomes the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
- 1966 - The city of Montreal inaugurates its metro system (see Montreal Metro).
- 1966 - 175 U.S. airplanes bomb North Vietnam
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Folk singer Joan Baez is arrested in a blockade of the military induction center in Oakland, California.
- 1968 - Vietnam War: 27 soldiers are arrested at the Presidio in San Francisco for their peaceful protest of stockade conditions and the Vietnam War. Charged with mutiny, their long prison sentences are later reduced to two years.
- 1968 - Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will be sending about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours.
- 1968 - First live telecast from a manned U.S. spacecraft Apollo 7
- 1968 - A 6.8 earthquake wrecked the Australian town of Meckering, and also ruptured all major roads and railways nearby
- 1969 - A race riot occurs in Springfield, Massachusetts.
- 1969 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya.
- 1969 - Britain introduces the 50p (fifty-pence) coin, replacing the ten-shilling note, in anticipation of the decimalisation of the currency in 1971.
- 1970 - The U.S. conducts an underground nuclear weapon test at the Nevada Test Site.
- 1971 - Two people are killed in a Memphis, Tennessee race riot.
- 1973 - Thailand's University Students protest for a democratic government; 77 are killed and 857 Injured
- 1978 - The People's Republic of China performs nuclear test at Lop Nor
- 1979 - The first Gay Rights March on Washington, D.C. demands "an end to all social, economic, judicial, and legal oppression of lesbian and gay people," drawing 200,000 people.
- 1979 - 100,000 demonstrate in Bonn against nuclear energy
- 1981 - Citing official misconduct in the investigation and trial, Amnesty International charges the U.S. government with holding Richard Marshall of the American Indian Movement as a political prisoner.
- 1981 - Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt one week after Anwar Sadat was assassinated.
- 1982 - U.S. President Ronald Reagan proclaims war against drugs
- 1983 - Grenada leftist coup under Vice-Premier Coard
- 1985 - U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese says in U.S. News & World Report, "If a person is innocent of a crime, then he is not a suspect."
- 1987 - 18-month-old Jessica McClure ("Baby Jessica") falls down an abandoned well in Midland, Texas (her nationally televised rescue takes 58 hours).
- 1994 - Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres share the Nobel peace prize.
- 1994 - The movie, Pulp Fiction, directed by Quentin Tarantino and written by Tarantino and Roger Avary, opened in theaters.
- 1996 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 40.62 to 6,010.00, closing above 6,000 for the first time ever.
- 1998 - Eric Robert Rudolph is charged with 6 bombings including the 1996 Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta, Georgia.
- 1999 - The South Carolina Supreme Court rules that the video poker machines in the state must be unplugged by June 30, 2000.
- 2001 - Delta Flight 458 from Atlanta, Georgia to Newark, New Jersey, is diverted to Charlotte-Douglas International Airport, and passengers are taken off the flight while officials investigate a report of two "Middle Eastern men" making threats in a foreign tongue. It turned out to be two Orthodox Jews who were praying peacefully.
- 2005 - The First World Day for Organ Donation and Transplantation organised under the patronage of the Council of Europe and in association with ESOT/ETCO and World Health Organisation.
- 2005 - Daniel Craig is announced by EON Productions to be the sixth actor to appear in an official James Bond film, Casino Royale.

Births

- 1257 - King Przemysl II of Poland (d. 1296)
- 1493 - Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese warlord (d. 1568)
- 1499 - Claude of France, queen of Louis XII of France (d. 1524)
- 1574 - Anne of Denmark, queen of James I of England (d. 1619)
- 1630 - Sophia of Hanover (d. 1714)
- 1633 - James II of England and VII of Scotland (d. 1701)
- 1643 - Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1712)
- 1644 - William Penn, English founder of Pennsylvania (d. 1718)
- 1687 - Robert Simson, Scottish mathematician (d. 1768)
- 1712 - George Grenville, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1770)
- 1726 - Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham, English sailor and politician (d. 1813)
- 1733 - François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (d. 1798)
- 1784 - King Ferdinand VII of Spain (d. 1833)
- 1806 - Preston King, U.S. Senator from New York (d. 1865)
- 1842 - Joe Start, baseball player (d. 1927)
- 1857 - Elwood Haynes, American automobile pioneer (d. 1925)
- 1861 - Artur Gavazzi, Croatian geographer (d. 1944)
- 1869 - Joseph Duveen, British art dealer (d. 1939)
- 1873 - Ray Ewry, American athlete (d. 1937)
- 1882 - Eamon de Valera, Irish politician and patriot (d. 1975)
- 1882 - Charlie Parker, English cricketer (d. 1959)
- 1888 - Katherine Mansfield, New Zealand writer (d. 1923)
- 1890 - Dwight D. Eisenhower, U.S. general and 34th President of the United States (d. 1969)
- 1892 - Sumner Welles, American diplomat (d. 1961)
- 1893 - Lillian Gish, American actress (d. 1993)
- 1894 - E. E. Cummings, American poet (d. 1962)
- 1904 - Christian Pineau, French World War II resistance fighter (d. 1995)
- 1906 - Hannah Arendt, German political theorist and writer (d. 1975)
- 1906 - Imam Hassan al Banna, Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (d. 1949)
- 1908 - Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (d. 2003)
- 1908 - Allan Jones, American actor and singer (d. 1992)
- 1910 - John Wooden, American basketball coach
- 1911 - Le Duc Tho, Vietnamese general and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1990)
- 1914 - Raymond Davis Jr., American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1914 - Dick Durrance, American skier (d. 2004)
- 1916 - C. Everett Koop, United States Surgeon General
- 1927 - Roger Moore, English actor
- 1930 - Joseph Mobutu, President of Zaire (d. 1997)
- 1931 - Nikhil Banerjee, Indian classical musician (d.1986)
- 1935 - La Monte Young, American composer
- 1938 - John W. Dean III, American White House counsel and Watergate figure
- 1938 - Empress Farah Diba of Iran
- 1939 - Ralph Lauren, American fashion designer
- 1940 - Perrie Mans, South African snooker player
- 1940 - Cliff Richard, British singer
- 1940 - Christopher Timothy, British actor
- 1944 - Udo Kier, German actor
- 1946 - Justin Hayward, English musician (Moody Blues)
- 1946 - Craig Venter, American biologist
- 1947 - Lukas Resetarits, Austrian cabaret artist and actor
- 1948 - Harry Anderson, American actor
- 1949 - Katy Manning, British actress
- 1958 - Thomas Dolby, British musician
- 1960 - Steve Cram, British track athlete
- 1962 - Jaan Ehlvest, Estonian chess player
- 1964 - Olu Oguibe, American artist
- 1965 - Constantine Koukias, Australian composer
- 1968 - Matthew Le Tissier, English footballer
- 1969 - David Strickland, American actor (d. 1999)
- 1971 - Jorge Costa, Portuguese footballer
- 1976 - Nataša Kejžar, Slovenian swimmer
- 1977 - Kelly Schumacher, Canadian basketball player
- 1978 - Paul Hunter, English snooker player
- 1978 - Usher Raymond, American singer and actor
- 1979 - Stacy Keibler, American professional wrestler
- 1980 - Terrence McGee, American football player
- 1989 - Bethanie Muska, Descendant of Martin Van Buren, 8th President of the United States of America

Deaths

- 1066 - Harold Godwinson, King of England
- 1092 - Nizam al-Mulk, Persian vizier (b. 1018)
- 1256 - Kujo Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (b. 1239)
- 1318 - Edward Bruce, High King of Ireland
- 1552 - Oswald Myconius, Swiss protestant reformer (b. 1488)
- 1565 - Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (b. 1521)
- 1568 - Jacques Arcadelt, Flemish composer
- 1610 - Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1540)
- 1619 - Samuel Daniel, English poet (b. 1562)
- 1637 - Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (b. 1552)
- 1660 - Thomas Harrison, English Puritan soldier (b. 1606)
- 1669 - Antonio Cesti, Italian composer (b. 1623)
- 1703 - Thomas Hansen Kingo, Danish poet (b. 1634)
- 1711 - Tewoflos, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1708)
- 1758 - Francis Edward James Keith, Scottish soldier and Prussian field marshal (b. 1696)
- 1911 - John Marshall Harlan, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1833)
- 1944 - Erwin Rommel, German field marshall (b. 1891)
- 1959 - Errol Flynn, Australian actor (b. 1909)
- 1976 - Dame Edith Evans, English actress (b. 1888)
- 1977 - Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (b. 1903)
- 1984 - Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1918)
- 1985 - Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (b. 1916)
- 1986 - Keenan Wynn, American actor (b. 1916)
- 1990 - Leonard Bernstein, American composer and conductor (b. 1918)
- 1997 - Harold Robbins, American novelist (b. 1915)
- 1998 - Cleveland Amory, American writer and animal rights activist (b. 1917)
- 1998 - Frankie Yankovic, American musician (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Patrick Dalzel-Job, English soldier and inspiration for James Bond (b. 1913)

Holidays and observances

- RC Saints - Pope Callistus I
- Also see October 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- World Standards Day (from ISO, IEC, ITU)
- World Organ Donation Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/14 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 13 - October 15 - September 14 - November 14 - more historical anniversaries ko:10월 14일 ms:14 Oktober ja:10月14日 simple:October 14 th:14 ตุลาคม

1633

Events

- February 13 - Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
- March 1 - Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.
- June 22 - Catholic church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the solar system. Eppur si muove.
- Jews of Poznan are granted a privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter.
- In Ethiopia, Negus Fasilidas expels foreign missionaries.
- Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan outlaws Christianity and begins a policy of extreme isolationism.

Births

- February 23 - Samuel Pepys, English civil servant and diarist (d. 1703)
- April 20 - Emperor Go-Komyo of Japan (d. 1654)
- June 1 - Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer (d. 1687)
- June 16 - Jean de Thévenot, French traveler and scientist (d. 1667)
- June 19 - Philipp van Limborch, Dutch protestant theologian (d. 1712)
- July 1 - Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (d. 1698)
- September 8 - Ferdinand IV of Germany (d. 1654)
- October 14 - King James II of England and Ireland/King James VII of Scotland (d. 1701)
- November 3 - Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (d. 1714)
- November 11 - George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English writer and statesman (d. 1695)
- Willem Drost, Dutch painter and printmaker (d. 1659) See also :Category:1633 births.

Deaths

- March 1 - George Herbert, English poet and orator (b. 1593)
- August 5 - Archbishop George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1562)
- August 10 - Anthony Munday, English writer (b. 1553)
- August 12 - Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (b. 1561)
- October 25 - Jean Titelouze, French organist
- October 26 - Horio Tadaharu, Japnese warlord (b. 1596)
- November 7 - Cornelius Drebbel, Dutch inventor (b. 1572)
- November 14 - William Ames, English philosopher (b. 1576)
- December 1 - Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (b. 1566)
- Meletius Smotrytsky, Ruthenian religious activist and author (b. 1577) See also :Category:1633 deaths. 1633 is also the title of an alternative history science fiction novel by David Weber and Eric Flint. The continued saga of the town of Grantiville, West Virginia, in the middle of the Thirty Years War in Germany. Sequel to 1632. Category:1633 ko:1633년

1701

Events

- January 18 - Frederick I becomes King of Prussia.
- May 23 - After being convicted of murdering William Moore and for piracy, Captain William Kidd is hanged in London.
- July 24 - Detroit, Michigan founded.
- September 16 - Prince James Francis Edward Stuart becomes the new claimant to the thrones of Scotland as King James VIII and England as King James III.
- October 9 - The Collegiate School of Connecticut (later renamed Yale University) is chartered in Old Saybrook, Connecticut.
- Philharmonic Society (Academia philharmonicorum) established in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- In Japan, the young daimyo Asano Naganori is ordered to commit seppuku (ritual suicide). 47 samurai of his service begin planning to avenge his death.
- The English Parliament passes the Act of Settlement 1701, passing the crown of Great Britain to Sophia, Electress of Hanover and her descendants on the death of Princess Anne, the heiress presumptive to the throne after her brother in law, King William III.

Births

- January 27 - Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, German historian and theologian (d. 1790)
- January 28 - Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (d. 1774)
- February 14 - Enrique Florez, Spanish historian (d. 1773)
- March 18 - Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish merchant and philanthropist (d. 1776)
- April 27 - King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (d. 1773)
- May 14 - William Emerson, English mathematician (d. 1782)
- August 4 - Thomas Blackwell, Scottish classical scholar (d. 1757)
- October 15 - Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, Canadian saint (d. 1771)
- October 18 - Charles le Beau, French historian (d. 1778)
- November 27 - Anders Celsius, Swedish astronomer (d. 1744)

Deaths

- January 14 - Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese warlord (b. 1628)
- March 15 - Jean Renaud de Segrais, French writer (b. 1624)
- April 4 - Joseph Haines, English entertainer and author
- April 21 - Asano Naganori, Japanese warlord (b. 1667)
- May 23 - Captain Kidd, Scottish pirate (b. 1645)
- June 2 - Madeleine de Scudéry, French writer (b. 1607)
- July 7 - William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (b. 1631)
- August 20 - Charles Sedley, English playwright
- August 22 - John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English royalist statesman (b. 1628)
- September 15 - Edmé Boursault, French writer (b. 1638)
- September 16 - King James II of England/James VII of Scotland (b. 1633)
- October 3 - Joseph Williamson, English politican (b. 1633)
- November 5 - Charles Gerard, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, French-born English politician Category:1701 ko:1701년 simple:1701

King of England

The Kingdom of England was first unified as a state by Athelstan of Wessex. It ceased to exist as an independent kingdom following the Act of Union in 1707, when it was merged with the Kingdom of Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Today, England exists as one of the constituent countries and nations of the United Kingdom, alongside Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, "Her (or His) Majesty's Peculiars", and a number of colonial holdings. See also: English monarchs family tree.

The Saxon kings

- Ælfred (Alfred) the Great (871-899)
- Edward the Elder (899-924)
- Ethelweard (924)
- Athelstan (924-939)
- Edmund I (939-946)
- Edred (946-955)
- Edwy (955-959)
- Edgar (959-975)
- Edward the Martyr (975-978)
- Ethelred II (978-1013)

Danish Kings

- Sweyn I of Denmark (1013-1014)

The Saxon Kings

- Ethelred II (Restored) (1014-1016)
- Edmund II "Ironside" (1016)

Danish Kings

- Canute I (1016-1035)
- Harold I (1035-1040)
- Canute II (1040-1042)

The Saxon restoration

- Edward the Confessor (1042-1066)
- Harold II (1066)
- Edgar Ætheling, uncrowned (1066)

The Norman kings

After the Norman Conquest in 1066, numbering of kings began anew; this affected only the Edwards.
- William I (1066-1087)
- William II (1087-1100)
- Henry I (1100-1135)
- Stephen (1135-1154)

The Angevins or Plantagenets

- Henry II (1154-1189)
- Richard I (1189-1199)
- John (1199-1216)
- Henry III (1216-1272)
- Edward I (1272-1307)
- Edward II (1307-1327)
- Edward III (1327-1377)
- Richard II (1377-1399)

The House of Lancaster

- Henry IV (1399-1413)
- Henry V (1413-1422)
- Henry VI (1422-1461 and 1470-1471)

The House of York

- Edward IV (1461-1470 and 1471-1483)
- Edward V, uncrowned (1483)
- Richard III (1483-1485)

The House of Tudor

- Henry VII (1485-1509)
- Henry VIII (1509-1547)
- Edward VI (1547-1553)¹
- Mary I (1553-1558)
- Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

The House of Stuart

- James I, (1603-1625), also from an earlier date King James VI of Scots
- Charles I (1625-1649), also King of Scots

Interregnum

There was no reigning king between Charles I's execution in 1649 and the restoration in 1660. See English Interregnum.

The Stuart restoration

- Charles II (1660-1685), also King of Scots
- James II (1685-1688), also King James VII of Scots
- William III and Mary II (1689-1694), as co-monarchs, also King and Queen of Scotland
- William III (1694-1702), continued as single monarch, also King of Scotland
- Anne (1702-1707), also Queen of Scotland, then Queen of Great Britain after 1707 until her death in 1714 William III, Mary II and Anne used the style "of Scotland" rather than "of Scots". From 1707, the terms "King of England" and "Queen of England" are incorrect. Hence, this list runs up to 1707; for monarchs after that date, see List of British monarchs.

Footnotes

¹Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen on the death of Edward VI; however, Mary I deposed her after 9 days, and so she is not included in the list as she is not considered to have been de jure Queen.

External link

- [http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/ English Monarchs] England, Monarchs Category:History of England
- England Monarchs of England Monarchs of England Monarchs of England

King of Ireland

The designation King of Ireland has been used during three periods of Irish history. In the centuries prior to 1169 Ireland had coalesced into a national kingdom under a High King of Ireland. In the aftermath of an Anglo-Norman incursion into Ireland in 1169 Henry II and his successors became "Lord of Ireland". The Treaty of Windsor (1175) in 1175 recognised the last native king as overlord of all Ireland outside Anglo-Norman control but further Anglo-Norman incursions weakened his authority and after his abdication the office fell dormant. After Henry VIII made himself head of the Church of England, he also requested and got legislation through the Irish Parliament, in 1541 (effective 1542), naming him King of Ireland and head of the Church of Ireland (which today, both in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, remains a member of the Anglican communion but is no longer an established church like the Church of England or the Church of Scotland). The title "King of Ireland" was then used until 1 January 1801, the effective date of the second Act of Union, which merged Ireland and Great Britain to create the United Kingdom. After creation of the Irish Free State as a dominion of the British Empire in 1922, the question whether the King reigned in Ireland as "King of the United Kingdom" or as "King of Ireland' took on important constitutional significance that would have later ramifications for the entire British Empire as it was transformed into the Commonwealth of Nations. King George V continued to reign in Northern Ireland as King of the United Kingdom, because Northern Ireland had opted to remain within U.K.; but this provided no answer for the Free State. The question was solved in that regard in 1927, when the old Anglo-Irish title "King of Ireland" was revived. So the question began to arise in the other dominions of the British Empire — especially after the Statute of Westminster 1931 made them fully independent of Britain — whether the King-Emperor was king of Canada, Australia, etc., because he was head of the British Empire, or because he was head of state of each individual country. At the centre of the issue was the notion of the indivisibility of the Crown, with constitutional experts across the Empire, but especially in London, pondering the question of how the Crown could be indivisible on the head of one sovereign if that person were separately king (or queen regnant) of each division of the one Empire. This grand question was finally put to bed in 1952, when Elizabeth II was proclaimed Queen separately by the parliaments of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa(since 1961 the Republic of South Africa), Pakistan (became a republic in 1954), and Ceylon (since 1971, the Republic of Sri Lanka). Revival of the title King of Ireland in 1927 thus turned out to be a catalyst for reforming the concept of the indivisibility of the Crown, by elevating the concept of "The Crown" from concrete physicality (the literal crown, as presentation) to abstract principle (the crown as representation). This followed upon the other important development by which the British Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations, namely the provision to allow India to become a republic in 1950 and still remain in the Commonwealth; thus paving the way for then-Princess Elizabeth to become, in 1952, the first "Head of the Commonwealth." Meanwhile, in 1949, the last link with the monarch was severed in Dublin when Ireland (Eire) (as the Irish Free State had been renamed in 1937) became the Republic of Ireland, thereby leaving the Commonwealth and laying the title "King of Ireland" well and truly to rest.

History

Kingdom of Ireland (1542-1801)

The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the Irish Parliament in 1541, to replace the Lordship of Ireland which had existed since 1171 with the Kingdom of Ireland. The Crown of Ireland Act established a personal union between the English and Irish crowns, providing that whoever was king of England was to be king of Ireland as well, and so its first holder was King Henry VIII of England. For a brief period in the seventeenth century, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, from the impeachment and execution of Charles I in 1649 to the Restoration of the monarch in England in 1660, there was no 'King of Ireland' in effect — only in name. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics, organised in Confederate Ireland recognised Charles I and then Charles II as legitimate monarchs in opposition to the claims of the English Parliament. They signed a formal treaty with Charles I shortly before his execution in 1649. However England had become a republic, or "Commonwealth" when the Rump Parliament, victorious in the English Civil War, executed Charles I, and the Parliamentarian general, Oliver Cromwell, came across the Irish sea, to put an end to any plans to restore the new king to the English throne by temporarily — albeit illegally — uniting England, Scotland and Ireland under one government. See Also Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Cromwell subsequently made himself "Lord Protector" of the Three Kingdoms. After Cromwell's death in 1658, however, his son, Richard, was the only person to emerge as a leader of this pan-British Isles republic, and he was not sufficiently competent to maintain any of it. Parliament at London voted to restore the monarch, an Charles II returned from exile in France, as King of England, Scotland and Ireland. When the first Act of Union took effect in 1707, merging England and Scotland into the semi-federal Kingdom of Great Britain, the person union between the Irish, Scottish, and English crowns became a personal union between the Irish and British crowns. The Kingdom of Ireland was then merged to Great Britain on 1 January 1801 when the second Act of Union took effecting, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (since 1922, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).

Irish Free State (1927-1936)

Main article: Monarchy in the Irish Free State Monarchy in the Irish Free State and Queen Mary in 1911.
Within a decade it was the seat of the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State.]] Twenty-six of Ireland's thirty-two counties left the United Kingdom in 1922 (the six northeastern counties of Ireland opted to remain British), as the Irish Free State (renamed Éire in 1937), a self-governing dominion of the British Empire. As a dominion, the Free State was a constitutional monarchy with the British monarch as its head of state. However, until 1927, King George V was still formally styled "King of the United Kingdom". It was five years before the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 revived the title "King of Ireland" as a separate position to the British crown. As before 1801, the two crowns existed in a personal union. In conjunction with the change, the Free State achieved greater autonomy within the British Empire. For example, the British cabinet could no longer advise the King on matters pertinent to the Irish Free State but the king, through his governor general (after 1937, through the President of Ireland) took the advice of his Irish prime ministers. The Free State was also granted its own Great Seal and began to sign treaties in its own right, instead of through Britain. That last item — the right of British dominions to sign treaties on their own behalf without the imperial oversight of London — dates to the First World War and the insistence of the then-Dominion of Canada that she be represented at the Versailles Peace Talks and sign the treaty under her own name, though within the context of the British Empire. Canada had already managed to reserve this right to herself in an earlier treaty negotiation with the United States. Canadian insistence on the right to sign the Treaty of Versailles independently effectively secured this right to all British dominions, including post-bellum dominions like the Irish Free State.

1936-1949

Main article: Irish head of state from 1936-1949 From 1936 to 1949 the role of the King of Ireland in the Irish state was greatly reduced and ambiguous. An amendment to the Free State constitution in 1936 all but eliminated all of the King's official duties but one. Under the External Relations Act of the same year he continued to represent the Free State in international affairs. This purely external role continued when the new Constitution of Ireland was introduced in 1937. The position of King of Ireland ceased with the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act, which came into force in April 1949. This act, as the name suggested, declared the state to be a republic. The Crown of Ireland Act was eventually repealed in the Republic of Ireland by the Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act, 1962. The monarchy continues in Northern Ireland, which remains a province of the United Kingdom. The Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1952, Elizabeth II, numbers an assortment of pre-Norman High Kings of Ireland among her ancestors, through her mother, the late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.

List of Lords, Kings and Queens of Ireland (Non-Native)

1171-1541

- Prince Henry (I), Lord of Ireland 1171–1189 (King of England as Henry II, and Duke of Normandy, from 1154)
- Prince Richard (I) (King of England as Richard I "Lion-Heart")
- Prince John (In England, King John; in Normandy, Duke John; etc.)
- Prince Henry (II) (King of England as Henry III)
- Prince Edward (I) (King of England as Edward I)
- Prince Edward (II) (King of England as Edward II)
- Prince Edward (III) (King of England as Edward III)
- Prince Richard (II) (King of England as Richard II)
- Prince Henry (III) (King of England as Henry IV)
- Prince Henry (IV) (King of England as Henry V)
- Prince Henry (V) (King of England as Henry VI)
- Prince Edward (IV) (King of England as Edward IV)
- Prince Edward (V) (King of England as Edward V)
- Prince Richard (III) (King of England as Richard III)
- Prince Henry (VI) (King of England as Henry VII)
- Prince Henry (VII), (1509–1542) (King of England as Henry VIII)

1541-1801

- Henry VIII and I, King of Ireland (1542–1547; previously Prince Henry (VII), Lord of Ireland, 1509–1542. (Although universally known as "Henry VIII," he was technically Henry I in Ireland, as the first of the English kings Henry to be King of Ireland; and the same principle applies to his successors until 1801.)
- Edward VI and I (Edward VI of England, I of Ireland)
- Jane
- Mary I
- Elizabeth I
- James VI & I (James VI of Scotland, I of England and Ireland)
- Charles I
- Charles II
- James VII & II
- William III, II & I & Mary II (William III of England and the Netherlands, II of Scotland, I of Ireland; and Mary II of England, Scotland and Ireland).
- Anne
- George I
- George II
- George III (1760–1801)
1801-1927
Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which see. The first of these was George III, (1801-1820). The last was George V, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (and Emperor of India, etc.), 1910-1927; thereafter, King of Ireland, 1927-1936, and King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
1927-1949
1936
- George V (1927–1936)
- Edward VIII (1936)
- George VI (1936–1949) Kings George I, II, and III had reigned as "King of Ireland"; a constitutional change had occurred and Georges III & IV had reigned as "King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." As the governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom were separate from 1922 and the royal titles from 1927, it might be supposed that George V, once again called "King of Ireland", should be numbered "IV" as the 4th of that name to be "King of Ireland." This would be incorrect, however; regnal numerals are always fully cumulative and do not depend on the precise wording of actual titles; if they did, George III would have suddenly become "George I of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" at that constitutional change. Edward VIII was the first monarch to accede to the British throne with the Northern Irish designation attached to his title. His brother, George VI was the first actually so crowned, and the last to be crowned King of Ireland. George VI's daughter, Elizabeth II, currently Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, has in common with the former American presidents John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan that all three of them are descendants of the pre-Norman Cennétig kings of Munster in southwestern Ireland. In the Queen's case, her descent from Brian Boru and other native Irish kings is through her mother, the late Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.
See also

- British monarchy
- List of British monarchs
- Style of the British Sovereign
- History of Ireland
- The King of Ireland's Son — a novel published in 1962
- Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Category:High Kings of Ireland Category:History of Ireland King Monarchs Ireland

1685

Events

- F