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James Naismith

James Naismith

Doctor James Naismith, (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was the inventor of the sport of basketball and the first to introduce the use of a helmet in American football. He was also the first basketball coach assembling a team of 5 players He was born in Almonte, Canada West, the older son of Scottish immigrants who had arrived in the area in 1851. Naismith was a graduate of Montreal's McGill University in 1887, where he studied philosophy and Presbyterian College, Montreal in 1890. He also earned a physical education degree from Springfield College, the YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1891. In 1898, he received a medical degree from Gross Medical College in Denver (which merged in 1911 with the University of Colorado in Boulder ), and the Doctor of Divinity degree, honoris causa, from Presbyterian College in 1938. In 1891, while working as a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, he was asked to look for a way to relieve his students' boredom during indoor winter gym classes. Inspired in part by a game he played as a child in Ontario called Duck-on-a-Rock, Naismith's basketball started December 15, 1891 with thirteen rules, a peach basket nailed to either end of the school's gymnasium, and two teams of nine players. On January 15, 1892 Naismith published the rules for basketball. The original rules did not include what we know today as the dribble initially only allowing the ball to be moved up the court via a pass. Following each "goal" a jump ball was taken in the middle of the court. Also interesting was the rule surrounding balls out of bounds - the first player to retrieve the ball received possession. Basketball became a popular men's sport in the United States very quickly, and spread to other countries as well. Additionally, there were several efforts to establish (under modified rules) a women's version; this met with great resistance in some circles and was consequently far slower to become truly widespread. The men's sport was officially added to the Olympic Games program at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. There, Naismith handed out the medals to three North American teams; United States, who defeated Canada 19-8 for the Gold Medal, in a game that was played outdoors in rain, and Mexico, the Bronze medal. Women's basketball finally became an Olympic event in Montreal during the 1976 Summer Olympics. Previously, there had been a men's basketball competition, in connection with the 1904 Games at St. Louis, USA. Naismith moved to the University of Kansas, in 1898, following his studies in Denver, becoming a professor, and the school's first basketball coach. U of Kansas went on to develop one of the nation's most storied college basketball programs. Ironically, Naismith is the only Kansas coach to have a losing record (55-60) during his tenure at the school. However, Naismith coached Forrest "Phog" Allen, who then became one of winningest coaches in U.S. college basketball history, and his eventual successor. In the late 1930s he played a role in the formation of the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball, which later became the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. In August 1936, while attending the Berlin Olympics, he was named honorary President of the International Basketball Federation. Naismith married Maude Sherman in 1894. They had five children. Naismith became a naturalized American citizen on May 4, 1925. After Maude's death in 1937, he remarried Florence Kincade on June 11 1939, less than six months before his own death, in Lawrence, Kansas, of a cerebral hemorrhage. He is buried there alongside his first wife in Lawrence, the hometown of the University of Kansas where he taught. On February 17, 1968 the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, named in his honor, opened in Springfield, Massachusetts. He was the founding inductee. He has also been honored in other nations, including Canada.

External links and references

- [http://www.hoophall.com/halloffamers/Naismith.htm Naismith's biography] from the website of the Basketball Hall of Fame
- [http://collections.ic.gc.ca/naismith/ Naismith Foundation's website]
- [http://www.hoophall.com/history/original_13rules.htm Original 13 basketball rules by Dr. James Naismith]
- [http://kuathletics.collegesports.com/sports/m-baskbl/ Kansas University Men's Basketball]
- [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?ID=10186 Heritage Minutes: Dr. James Naismith] Naismith, James Naismith, James Naismith, James Naismith, James Naismith, James Naismith, James Naismith, James Naismith, James Naismith, James Naismith, James ko:제임스 네이스미스 ja:ジェームズ・ネイスミス

November 6

November 6 is the 310th day of the year (311th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 55 days remaining. With 88 days between the equinox on September 23 and the solstice on 21 December, we are considered halfway through the relevant seasons (Autumn or Fall in the northern hemisphere; Spring in the southern hemisphere) on November 6.

Events

- 1528 - Shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first known European to set foot on Texas.
- 1789 - Pope Pius VI appoints Father John Carroll as the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States.
- 1844 - The first constitution of the Dominican Republic was adopted.
- 1860 - U.S. presidential election, 1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America.
- 1869 - In New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University defeats Princeton University, 6-4, in the first official intercollegiate American football game .
- 1873 - The Halifax Rugby League Football Club is formed.
- 1888 - U.S. presidential election, 1888: Democrat incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the overall popular vote, but is voted out of office because he loses in the Electoral College to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison.
- 1889 - Nintendo Koppai (Later Nintendo Company, Limited) founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce and market the playing card game Hanafuda.
- 1900 - U.S. presidential election, 1900: Republican incumbent William McKinley is re-elected by defeating Democrat challenger William Jennings Bryan.
- 1913 - Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
- 1917 - World War I: Third Battle of Ypres ends: After three months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Ypres in Belgium.
- 1918 - The Second Polish Republic is proclaimed in Poland.
- 1928 - Swedes start a tradition of eating Gustavus Adolphus pastries to commemorate the king.
- 1928 - U.S. presidential election, 1928: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin over Democrat Alfred E. Smith.
- 1935 - Before the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers, Edwin Armstrong presents his paper "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation" (see: FM radio).
- 1939 - World War II: Sonderaktion Krakau
- 1939 - The Hedda Hopper Show debuts with Hollywood gossip Hedda Hopper as host. The show would run until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure in the Hollywood elite.
- 1941 - World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule. He states that even though 350,000 troops were killed in German attacks so far, that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a wild exaggeration) and that Soviet victory was near.
- 1947 - Meet The Press makes its television debut (the show went to a weekly schedule on September 12, 1948).
- 1956 - U.S. presidential election, 1956: Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower is re-elected by defeating Democrat challenger Adlai E. Stevenson in a rematch of their contest four years earlier.
- 1957 - Félix Gaillard becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1962 - Apartheid: The United Nations General Assembly passes a resolution condemning South Africa's racist apartheid policies and calls for all UN member states to cease military and economic relations with the nation.
- 1963 - Vietnam War: Following the November 1 coup and execution of President Ngo Dinh Diem, coup leader General Duong Van Minh takes over leadership of South Vietnam.
- 1965 - Freedom Flights begin: Cuba and the United States formally agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States. By 1971, 250,000 Cubans will take advantage of this program.
- 1971 - The AEC tests the largest U.S. underground hydrogen bomb, code-named Cannikin, on Amchitka Island in the Aleutians.
- 1975 - Green March begins: 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converge on the southern city of Tarfaya and wait for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.
- 1975 - The Sex Pistols play their first concert at St. Martin's School of Art in London.
- 1977 - The Kelly Barnes Dam, located above Toccoa Falls Bible College near Toccoa, Georgia, fails, killing 39.
- 1984 - Ronald Reagan defeats Walter Mondale to be re-elected in one of the largest electoral landslides in United States election history.
- 1985 - In Colombia, leftist guerrillas of the April 19 Movement seize control of the Palace of Justice in Bogotá, eventually killing 115 people, 11 of them Supreme Court justices.
- 1985 - "Irangate" scandal: The American press reveals that US President Ronald Reagan had authorized the shipment of arms to Iran.
- 1988 - Beatle Ringo Starr checks into an alcohol rehabilitation centre.
- 1989 - Kitty Dukakis, wife of presidential candidate and Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis, is hospitalised for drinking rubbing alcohol.
- 1996 - The family of Eduardo Quihua Maquixtle from Vicente Guerrero, Mexico, including his four children, are stabbed by three men accusing them of witchcraft.
- 1998 - Hugo Chávez is elected president of Venezuela
- 1999 - Australians vote to keep the British monarch as their head of state in the Australian republic referendum..
- 2001 - Belgians national airline Sabena is declared bankrupt.
- 2001 - Michael Bloomberg is elected mayor of New York City.
- 2001 - David Trimble is re-elected prime minister of Northern Ireland
- 2002 - 12 people are killed in a fire on board a train headed for Vienna from Paris
- 2002 - Winona Ryder is found guilty of shoplifting after stealing items worth $5,500 from a New York boutique.
- 2004 - An express train collides with a stationary car near the village of Ufton Nervet, England, killing 6 and injuring 150.
- 2004 - Official Guided by Voices Day in Dallas, Texas.
- 2005 - The 2005 French Riots continue for a tenth day.
- 2005 - Manchester United beats Chelsea FC at a football game at Old Trafford, Manchester to end the defending champion's 40-match unbeaten run in the English Premier League.
- 2005 - The Evansville Tornado of November 2005 kills 22 in Indiana and Kentucky.

Births

- 1391 - Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
- 1479 - Joanna of Castile, queen of Philip I of Castile (d. 1555)
- 1494 - Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1566)
- 1510 - John Caius, English physician (d. 1573)
- 1661 - King Charles II of Spain (d. 1700)
- 1692 - Louis Racine, French poet (d. 1763)
- 1814 - Adolphe Sax, Belgian inventor (d.1894)
- 1833 - Jonas Lie, Norwegian author (d.1908)
- 1841 - Nelson W. Aldrich, U.S. Senator from Rhode Island (d. 1915)
- 1841 - Armand Fallières, French president (d. 1931)
- 1851 - Charles Dow, American journalist and economist (d.1902)
- 1854 - John Philip Sousa, American composer (d. 1932)
- 1855 - Ezra Seymour Gosney, American philanthropist and eugenicist (d. 1942)
- 1860 - Ignace Paderewski, Polish pianist, composer, and President of Poland (d.1941)
- 1861 - James Naismith, Canadian inventor of basketball (d. 1939)
- 1880 - Robert Musil, Austrian novelist (d. 1942)
- 1887 - Walter Johnson, baseball player (d. 1946)
- 1892 - Harold Ross, American editor (d.1951)
- 1914 - Jonathan Harris, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1916 - Ray Conniff, American composer and conductor (d.2002)
- 1921 - James Jones, American writer (d. 1977)
- 1931 - Mike Nichols, American film director
- 1938 - Mack Jones, baseball player (d. 2004)
- 1938 - P.J. Proby, American-born singer and actor
- 1939 - Michael Schwerner, American civil rights activist (d. 1964)
- 1946 - Sally Field, American actress
- 1948 - Glenn Frey, American singer (Eagles)
- 1949 - Brad Davis, American actor (d. 1991)
- 1949 - Arturo Sandoval, Cuban-born trumpeter
- 1955 - Maria Shriver, American journalist
- 1957 - Klaus Kleinfeld, German industrialist
- 1957 - Lori Singer, American actress
- 1965 - Greg Graffin, American singer (Bad Religion)
- 1966 - Paul Gilbert, American guitarist and singer
- 1966 - Christian Lorenz, German keyboardist (Rammstein)
- 1967 - Rebecca Schaeffer, American actress (d. 1989)
- 1970 - Ethan Hawke, American actor
- 1972 - Garry Flitcroft, English footballer
- 1972 - Thandie Newton, Zambian actress
- 1972 - Rebecca Romijn, American actress
- 1973 - Nell McAndrew, British model
- 1976 - Mike Herrera, American singer and bassist (mxpx)
- 1976 - Pat Tillman, American football player (d. 2004)
- 1979 - Lamar Odom, American basketball player
- 1987 - Ana Ivanović, Serbian tennis player

Deaths

- 1231 - Emperor Tsuchimikado of Japan (b. 1196)
- 1406 - Pope Innocent VII
- 1492 - Antoine Busnois, French composer
- 1550 - Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1487)
- 1632 - King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (killed in battle) (b. 1594)
- 1656 - King John IV of Portugal (b. 1603)
- 1692 - Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux, French writer (b. 1619)
- 1752 - Ralph Erskine, Scottish minister (b. 1685)
- 1771 - John Bevis, English physician and astronomer (b. 1695)
- 1790 - James Bowdoin, American Revolutionary leader and politician (b. 1726)
- 1796 - Catherine II of Russia (b. 1729)
- 1816 - Gouverneur Morris, American lawmaker and diplomat (b. 1752)
- 1822 - Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist (b. 1748)
- 1836 - King Charles X of France (b. 1757)
- 1846 - Karol Marcinkowski, Polish physician and social activist (b. 1800)
- 1893 - Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (b. 1840)
- 1910 - Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer (b. 1838)
- 1925 - Khai Dinh, Emperor of Vietnam
- 1964 - Hans von Euler-Chelpin, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1863)
- 1965 - Edgar Varèse, French composer (b. 1883)
- 1965 - Clarence Williams, American musician (b. 1898)
- 1968 - Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (b. 1891)
- 1978 - Harry Bertoia, Italian artist and designer (b. 1915)
- 1984 - Gastón Suárez, Bolivian novelist and dramatist (b. 1929)
- 1985 - Joel Crothers, Soap Opera Actor (b. 1941)
- 1986 - Elisabeth Grümmer, Alsatian soprano (b. 1911)
- 1989 - Yusaku Matsuda, Japanese actor (b. 1949)
- 1991 - Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920)
- 2000 - David R. Brower, American environmentalist (b. 1912)
- 2000 - L. Sprague De Camp, American writer (b. 1907)
- 2001 - Anthony Shaffer, English dramatist (b. 1926)
- 2002 - Sid Sackson, American board game designer (b. 1920)
- 2003 - Crash Holly, American professional wrestler (b. 1971)
- 2003 - Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (b. 1919)
- 2003 - Eduardo Palomo, Mexican actor (b. 1962)
- 2004 - Fred Dibnah, English television personality (b. 1938)
- 2004 -Johnny Warren, Australian footballer (b. 1943)
- 2005 - Minako Honda, Japanese singer and musical actress (b. 1967)

Holidays and Observances

- R.C. Saints - November 6th is the feast day of the following Roman Catholic Saints:
- St. Atticus
- St. Barlaam
- St. Christine of Stommeln
- St. Demetrian
- St. Edwen
- St. Efflam
- St. Emil
- St. Felix of Fondi
- St. Felix of Thynissa
- St. Illtud
- St. Joseph Khang
- St. Leonard
- St. Leonard of Noblac
- St. Leonard of Reresby
- St. Leonianus
- St. Pinnock
- St. Winoc
- Also see November 6 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Dominican Republic - Constitution Day (1844)
- Finland - Day of the Swedish Identity an official flag day
- Morocco - Anniversary of the Green March
- Sweden - Death of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden an official flag day
- Tajikistan - Constitution Day (1994)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/6 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 5 - November 7 - October 6 - December 6 - more historical anniversaries ko:11월 6일 ms:6 November ja:11月6日 simple:November 6 th:6 พฤศจิกายน

1861

1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday.

Events

January

- January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City
- January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I
- January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States
- January 9 - Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union, preceding the American Civil War.
- January 10 - American Civil War: Florida secedes from the United States
- January 11 - American Civil War: Alabama secedes from the United States
- January 18 - American Civil War: Georgia joins the Confederacy
- January 21 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate
- January 26 - American Civil War: Louisiana secedes from the Union.
- January 29 - Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state.

February

- February 1 - American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States.
- February 4 - American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United States.
- February 8 - American Civil War: The Confederate States of America are formed.
- February 9 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Confederate convention at Montgomery, Alabama.
- February 11 - American Civil War: US House unanimously passes resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.
- February 13 - Capture of Gaeta, last stronghold of the Neapolitan King Francis II, by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.
- February 18 - American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America.
- February 18 - Victor Emmanuel of Savoy becomes King of Italy. See: Kingdom of Italy
- February 19 - Serfdom is abolished in Russia.
- February 23 - President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, DC after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.
- February 27 - A crowd in Warsaw protesting Russian rule over Poland is fired upon by Russian troops killing five protesters.
- February 28 - Colorado is organized as a United States territory.

March-April

- March 2 - Nevada is organized as a United States territory.
- March 3 - Formal emancipation of the serfs in Imperial Russia
- March 4 - End of term for President of the United States James Buchanan. He is succeeded by Abraham Lincoln.
- March 4 - American Civil War: The "Stars and Bars" is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.
- March 11 - American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.
- March 17 - Proclamation of the kingdom of Italy with Victor Emanuel II as its king
- March 19 - First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand
- March 30 - Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of Thallium (see Discovery of the chemical elements)
- April 12 - American Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, South Carolina
- April 27 - American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in the United States.
- April 27 - American Civil War: West Virginia secedes from Virginia.

May-June

- May 6 - American Civil War: Arkansas secedes from the Union.
- May 7 - American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.
- May 8 - American Civil War: Richmond, Virginia is named the capital of the Confederate States of America.
- May 13 - American Civil War: Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.
- May 13 - Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of 1861") discovered in Australia.
- May 14 - The Canellas meteorite, an 859 gram chondrite type meteorite struck earth near Barcelona, Spain.
- May 20 - American Civil War: Kentucky proclaims its neutrality which will last until September 3 when Confederate forces enter the state. North Carolina secedes from the United States
- June 8 - American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.
- June 9 - Lebanon separated from Syrian administration and reunited under Ottoman governor with the approval of European powers
- June 15 - Benito Juárez formally elected president of Mexico; he temporarily stops the payments of foreign debt
- June 25 - Abd-ul-Mejid, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839-1861) dies and is succeeded by Abd-ul-Aziz (1861-1876).

July-August

- July 1 - First issue of Vatican's newspaper L'Osservatore Romano was published.
- July 2 - Ioan Kasatkin lands on Hakodate and introduces the Eastern Orthodox church into Japan.
- July 21 - American Civil War: First Battle of Bull Run - At Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war begins (Confederate victory).
- July 25 - American Civil War: The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.
- July 26 - American Civil War: George McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
- August 5 - American Civil War: In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872).
- August 5 - US Army abolishes flogging
- August 27 - Last execution in Britain for attempted murder - Martin Doyle in Chester

September-October

- September 3 - American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.
- September 6 - American Civil War: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly capture Paducah, Kentucky, which gives the Union control the mouth of the Tennessee River.
- October 21 - American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff - Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
- October 24 - The HMS Warrior, the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armoured battleship was completed and commisioned.
- October 31 - American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.

November

- November 1 - American Civil War: US President Abraham Lincoln appoints George McClellan as commander of the Union Army, replacing the aged General Winfield Scott.
- November 2 - American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.
- November 6 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America.
- November 7 - American Civil War: Battle of Belmont - In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant overrun a Confederate camp but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.
- November 8 - American Civil War: The "Trent Affair" - The USS San Jacinto stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US.
- November 21 - American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin secretary of war.
- November 25 - Tenement collapses in the Old Town of Edinburgh and buries 50 - rescues find 15 of them alive

Unknown dates

- News of Henri Mouhot's discovery of Angkor Wat published.
- In Britain, the death penalty is limited to murder, embezzlement, piracy and to acts of arson perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots.
- British Empire establishes bases in Lagos to stop the slave trade.

Births

- January 14 - Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1926)
- January 30 - Charles Martin Loeffler, American composer (d. 1935)
- February 12 - Lou Andreas-Salome, Russian-born author (d. 1937)
- February 15 - Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1938)
- February 26 - King Ferdinand of Bulgaria (d. 1948)
- February 27 - Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher (d. 1925)
- April 8 - Son, Byong-Hi, Korean nationalist (d. 1922)
- April 15 - Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (d. 1929)
- May 7 - Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
- June 12 - William Attewell, English cricketer (d. 1927)
- June 19 - Doctor Jose Rizal, Philippine national hero (d. 1896)
- June 20, Frederick Hopkins, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (d. 1947)
- October 16 - J. B. Bury, British historian (d. 1927)
- October 30 - Antoine Bourdelle, French sculptor (d. 1929)
- December 4 - Lillian Russell, American singer and vaudeville star (d. 1922)
- November 6 - James Naismith, Canadian inventor of basketball (d. 1939)
- December 8 - Georges Méliès, French film director (d. 1938)
- December 15 - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1944)
- December 16 - Antonio de La Gandara, French painter (d. 1917)
- December 10 - Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize d. 1930)
- December 20 - Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (d. 1926)
- William H. Stayton, American founder of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment

Deaths

- January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia (b. 1795)
- January 17 - Lola Montez, Irish-born Spanish dancer and mistress of King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1821)
- May 29 - Joachim Lelewel, Polish nationalist historian (b. 1786)
- June 3 - Stephen A. Douglas, U.S. Senator from Illinois and Presidential candidate (b. 1813)
- June 25 - Abd-ul-Mejid, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1823)
- June 29 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet (b. 1806)
- July 25 - Jonas Furrer, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1805)
- August 24 - Pierre Berthier, French geologist (b. 1782)
- October 5 - Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish bishop (b. 1778)
- December 14 - Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, husband of Queen Victoria (b. 1819) Category:1861 ko:1861년 ms:1861 simple:1861 th:พ.ศ. 2404

November 28

November 28 is the 332nd day (333rd on leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 33 days remaining.

Events

- 1095 - On the last day of the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse to lead the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
- 1443 - Skanderbeg and his forces liberate Kruja, in Middle Albania and raise the Albanian flag.
- 1520 - After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
- 1582 - In Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway pay a £40 bond for their marriage licence.
- 1660 - At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray decide to found what is later known as the Royal Society.
- 1729 - Natchez Indians massacre 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie, near the site of modern-day Natchez.
- 1785 - The Treaty of Hopewell is signed
- 1821 - Panama Independence Day. Panama separates from Spain and joins the Great Colombia.
- 1843 - Ka Lahui: Hawaiian Independence Day - The Kingdom of Hawaii is officially recognized by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.
- 1862 - American Civil War: In the Battle of Cane Hill, Union troops under General John Blunt defeat General John Marmaduke's Confederates.
- 1895 - The first American automobile race takes place over the 54 miles from Chicago's Jackson Park to Evanston, Illinois. Frank Duryea wins in approximately 10 hours.
- 1905 - Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin as a political party whose goal is the independence of Ireland.
- 1907 - In Haverhill, Massachusetts, scrap-metal dealer Louis B. Mayer opens his first movie theater.
- 1912 - Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- 1914 - World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.
- 1919 - Lady Astor is elected to be the first female member of parliament in the UK.
- 1920 - The Mark of Zorro, starring Douglas Fairbanks opens.
- 1925 - Country-variety show Grand Ole Opry makes its radio debut on station WSM.
- 1942 - In Boston, Massachusetts, a fire in the Cocoanut Grove nightclub kills 491 people.
- 1943 - World War II: Tehran Conference - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran to discuss war strategy.
- 1944 - Albania is liberated by the Albanian partisans.
- 1958 - Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French Community.
- 1960 - Mauritania becomes independent of France.
- 1964 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 4 probe toward Mars.
- 1964 - Vietnam War: National Security Council members agree to recommend that US President Lyndon B. Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for "more flags" in Vietnam, Philippines President Elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.
- 1969 - The final episode of BBC soap-opera The Newcomers is broadcast.
- 1969 - The Rolling Stones release the album Let It Bleed.
- 1975 - East Timor declares its independence from Portugal.
- 1975 - As the World Turns and The Edge of Night, the final two American soap operas that had resisted going to pre-taped broadcasts, air their last live episodes.
- 1979 - The Mount Erebus disaster: an Air New Zealand DC-10 crashes into Mount Erebus on a sightseeing trip, killing all 257 people on board.
- 1980 - Mark Morris, choreographer, puts on the Mark Morris Dance Group's first show at the Merce Cunningham Studios.
- 1982 - Representatives from 88 countries gather in Geneva to discuss world trade and ways to work toward aspects of free trade.
- 1984 - Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made honorary citizens of the United States.
- 1987 - South African Airways flight 295 crashes into the Indian Ocean, killing all 159 people on-board.
- 1987 - Tawana Brawley is allegedly raped by six white men, some of them police officers, in Wappingers Falls, New York.
- 1989 - Cold War: Velvet Revolution - In the face of protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power.
- 1990 - Margaret Thatcher formally tenders her resignation to The Queen and leaves Downing Street for the last time. John Major is elected her successor.
- 1994 - Voters in Norway reject European Union membership (see Norwegian EU referendum, 1994).
- 1994 - In Portage, Wisconsin, convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is clubbed to death by an inmate in the Columbia Correctional Institute gymnasium.
- 1995 - U.S. President Bill Clinton signs a highway bill that ends the federal 55 mph speed limit.
- 1997 - Kosovo Liberation Army, Albanian guerrilla group fighting for freedom of Kosovo, presents in front of the people of Kosovo.
- 2000 - Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz begins the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.
- 2000 - The eighth tar drop falls in the University of Queensland pitch drop experiment.
- 2002 - 13 people are killed in a hotel bombing in Mombasa.
- 2005 - The Official Opposition (Conservative Party of Canada , New Democratic Party, and Bloc Quebecois) bring down the 38th Minority Liberal Government of Canada in a vote of non-confidence forcing immediate campaigning for the 39th Federal Election.

Births

- 1489 - Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland (d. 1541)
- 1570 - James Whitelocke, English judge (d. 1632)
- 1598 - Hans Nansen, Danish statesman (d. 1667)
- 1628 - John Bunyan, English cleric and author (d. 1688)
- 1632 - Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer (d. 1687)
- 1640 - Willem de Vlamingh, Flemish sea captain
- 1661 - Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, British Governor of New York and New Jersey (d. 1723)
- 1681 - Jean Cavalier, French protestant rebel leader (d. 1740)
- 1700 - Nathaniel Bliss, Astronomer Royal (d. 1764)
- 1757 - William Blake, British poet and artist (d. 1827)
- 1772 - Luke Howard, British meteorologist (d. 1864)
- 1785 - Achille Charles Léon Victor, duc de Broglie, Prime Minister of France (d. 1870)
- 1792 - Victor Cousin, French philosopher (d. 1867)
- 1793 - Carl Jonas Love Almqvist, Swedish romantic poet (d. 1866)
- 1805 - John Stephens, American archeologist (d. 1852)
- 1810 - William Froude, British engineer and naval architect (d. 1879)
- 1820 - Friedrich Engels, German philosopher (d. 1895)
- 1821 - Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Russian poet (d. 1878)
- 1829 - Anton Rubinstein, Russian composer, pianist, and conductor (d. 1894)
- 1837 - John Wesley Hyatt, American inventor of celluloid (d. 1920)
- 1853 - Helen Magill White, first American woman to earn a Ph.D. (d. 1944)
- 1864 - Lindley M. Garrison, American lawyer, U.S. Secretary of War from 1913 through 1916 (d. 1932)
- 1866 - Henry Bacon, American architect (d. 1924)
- 1881 - Stefan Zweig, Austrian writer (d. 1942)
- 1887 - Ernst Röhm, Nazi official (d. 1934)
- 1895 - José Iturbi, Spanish pianist (d. 1980)
- 1896 - Lilia Skala, Austrian actress (d. 1994)
- 1902 - Victor Jory, Canadian actor (d. 1982)
- 1904 - Nancy Mitford, British essayist and satirist (d. 1973)
- 1907 - Alberto Moravia, Italian writer (d. 1990)
- 1908 - Claude Lévi-Strauss, French anthropologist
- 1916 - Mary Lilian Baels, Princess of Rethy, Belgium (d. 2002)
- 1925 - Gloria Grahame, American actress (d. 1981)
- 1925 - József Bozsik, Hungarian international footballer (d. 1978)
- 1927 - Chuck Mitchell, American actor (d. 1992)
- 1929 - Berry Gordy Jr., American record company owner and founder of Motown (d. 1992)
- 1931 - Hope Lange, American actress (d. 2003)
- 1931 - Tomi Ungerer, French graphic artist, and author
- 1936 - Gary Hart, American politician
- 1941 - Laura Antonelli, Italian actress
- 1942 - Paul Warfield, American football player
- 1943 - Randy Newman, American composer and musician
- 1949 - Alexander Godunov, Russian composer and ballet dancer (d. 1995)
- 1949 - Paul Shaffer, Canadian orchestra leader and musician
- 1950 - Ed Harris, American actor
- 1950 - Russell Alan Hulse, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1952 - S. Epatha Merkerson, American actress
- 1955 - Adem Jashari, Albanian freedom fighter
- 1957 - David Van Day, British singer (Dollar)
- 1958 - Dave Righetti, American baseball player
- 1959 - Judd Nelson, American actor
- 1961 - Martin Clunes, British actor
- 1961 - Alfonso Cuarón, Mexican film director
- 1961 - Jane Sibbett, American actress
- 1962 - Jon Stewart, American comedian, actor, and television host
- 1963 - Walt Weiss, American baseball player
- 1964 - Cornelia Guest, American debutante
- 1965 - Erwin Mortier, Belgian author
- 1965 - Matt Williams, American baseball player
- 1967 - Anna Nicole Smith, American model and television personality
- 1967 - Stephnie Weir, American actress and comedienne
- 1968 - Dawn Robinson, R&B singer (En Vogue)
- 1969 - Robb Nen, American baseball player
- 1969 - Lexington Steele (Clifton Britt), American adult film actor
- 1973 - Rob Conway, American professional wrestler
- 1974 - András Tölcséres, Hungarian footballer
- 1974 - Styles P (David Styles), American rapper
- 1977 - DeMya Walker, American basketball player
- 1978 - Freddie Mitchell, American football player
- 1978 - Mehdi Nafti, Tunisian footballer
- 1979 - Chamillionaire (Hakeem Seriki), American rapper
- 1979 - Joel Maximo (Kelvin Ramirez), American professional wrestler
- 1980 - Stuart Taylor, British footballer
- 1984 - Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player
- 1988 - Scarlett Pomers, American actress

Deaths

- 741 - St. Gregory III
- 1170 - Owain Gwynedd, Prince of Gwynedd
- 1262 - Shinran, Japanese religious leader (b. 1173)
- 1290 - Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I of England (b. 1241)
- 1574 - Georg Major, German protestant theologian (b. 1502)
- 1585 - Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (b. 1532)
- 1667 - Jean de Thévenot, French traveller and scientist (b. 1633)
- 1675 - Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, English Civil War soldier
- 1675 - Leonard Hoar, American President of Harvard University (b. 1630)
- 1680 - Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian baroque sculptor (b. 1598)
- 1680 - Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1606)
- 1694 - Matsuo Basho, Japanese poet (b. 1644)
- 1695 - Giovanni Paolo Colonna, Italian composer
- 1695 - Anthony Wood, English antiquarian (b. 1632)
- 1698 - Louis de Buade de Frontenac, Governor of New France (b. 1622)
- 1794 - Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian army officer (b. 1730)
- 1815 - Johann Peter Salomon, German violinist, impresario, and composer (d. 1745)
- 1859 - Washington Irving, American writer (b. 1783)
- 1870 - Frédéric Bazille, French painter (b. 1841)
- 1872 - Mary Fairfax Somerville, British scientific writer (b. 1780)
- 1878 - Orson Hyde, American religious leader (b. 1805)
- 1907 - Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, poet, painter, and architect (b. 1869)
- 1912 - Walter Benona Sharp, American oil tycoon (b. 1870)
- 1921 - `Abdu'l-Bahá, Persian leader of the Bahá'í Faith (b. 1844)
- 1935 - Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1877)
- 1939 - James Naismith, Canadian creator of basketball (b. 1861)
- 1945 - Dwight F. Davis, U.S. Secretary of War and donor of the Davis cup (b. 1879)
- 1954 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- 1960 - Richard Wright, American author (b. 1908)
- 1962 - Queen Mother Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (b. 1880)
- 1963 - Karyn Kupcinet, American actress (b. 1941)
- 1968 - Enid Blyton, British children's author (b. 1897)
- 1972 - Havergal Brian, British composer (b. 1875)
- 1973 - Marthe Bibesco, Romanian writer (b. 1886)
- 1976 - Rosalind Russell, American actress (b. 1907)
- 1977 - Trevor Bardette, American actor (b. 1902)
- 1983 - Christopher George, American actor (b. 1929)
- 1986 - Herb Vigran, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Choh Hao Li, Chinese biochemist (b. 1913)
- 1994 - Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer (b. 1960)
- 1994 - Jerry Rubin, American activist (b. 1938)
- 2000 - Liane Haid, Austrian actress (b. 1895)
- 2001 - William Kienzle, American author (b. 1928)
- 2003 - Antonia Forest, British children's author (b. 1915)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. Saints - Pope Gregory III
- Also see November 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Bahá'í Faith: Holy Day - Ascension of `Abdu'l-Bahá
- Episcopal Diocese of Hawaii: Feast of the Holy Sovereigns in honor of the founders of the Anglican Church of Hawaii
- Albania - Albanian Independence day (from Turkey, 1912); also known as Albanian Flag Day due to other National events that correspond to this day
- Mauritania - Independence Day (from France, 1960)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/28 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20051128.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- November 27 - November 29 - October 28 - December 28 -- listing of all days ko:11월 28일 ms:28 November ja:11月28日 simple:November 28 th:28 พฤศจิกายน

1939

1939 (MCMXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-March

- January 2 - End of term for Frank Finley Merriam, 28th Governor of California. He is succeeded by Culbert Levy Olson.
- January 13 - Black Friday: 71 people die across Victoria in one of Australia's worst ever bushfires.
- January 24 - Earthquake kills 30.000 in Chile – about 50.000 sq mi razed
- January 26 - Spanish Civil War: Troops loyal to Francisco Franco and aided by Italy take Barcelona.
- February 2 - Hungary joins Anticomintern Pact
- February 10 - Falangists take Catalonia
- February 27 - United Kingdom and France recognize Franco's government
- February 27 - Borley Rectory burns
- February 27 - Sit-down strikes are outlawed by the Supreme Court of the United States.
- March 2 - Pius XII becomes Pope
- March 3 - In Bombay, Mohandas Gandhi begins to fast in protest of the autocratic rule in India.
- March 14 - Slovak provincial assemble proclaims independence - priest Jozef Tiso becomes the president of independent Slovak government
- March 15 - German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist; beginning hostilities leading to WWII
- March 16 - Marriage of Princess Fawzia of Egypt to Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran
- March 22 - Germany takes Memel from Lithuania
- March 28 - Dictator Francisco Franco conquers Madrid, ending the Spanish Civil War
- March 28 - The last message from an adventurer Richard Halliburton - he disappears later
- March - End of the Great Arab Revolt in the British mandate of Palestine (started 1936)

April-June

- April 4 - Faisal II becomes King of Iraq.
- April 7 - Italy invades Albania - King Zog flees
- April 11 - Hungary leaves the League of Nations
- May 2 - Lou Gehrig's streak of 2130 consecutive Major League Baseball games played comes to an end. The record will stand for 56 years before Cal Ripken, Jr. breaks it.
- May 7 - Spain leaves the League of Nations
- May 22 - Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel.
- June 4 - Holocaust: The SS St. Louis, a ship carrying a cargo of 963 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida after already having been turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, most of its passengers later die in Nazi concentration camps.
- June 17 - Last public execution in France - murderer Eugene Weidmann is decapitated by the guillotine.
- June 23 - Turkey annexes Hatay

July-August

Hatay]
- July 4 - The concentration camp Neuengamme becomes autonomous.
- July 6 - Holocaust: The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed.
- August 2 - Albert Einstein writes President Franklin Roosevelt about developing the Atomic Bomb using Uranium. This led to the creation of the Manhattan Project.
-