Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
James V Of Scotland

James V of Scotland

James V (April 10, 1512 – December 14, 1542) was king of Scotland (September 9, 1513 – December 14, 1542). The son of King James IV of Scotland, he was born in April 10, 11 or 15, 1512, at Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian, and was still an infant when his father was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field on September 9, 1513. He was crowned in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on September 21 1513. During his childhood, the country was ruled by regents, first by his mother, Margaret Tudor (sister of King Henry VIII of England), until she remarried in the following year, and thereafter by John, Duke of Albany, who was himself next in line for the throne after James and his younger brother, the posthumously-born Alexander, Duke of Ross. However, when war broke out again between England and France, the 6th Earl of Angus, the young king's stepfather, drove out Albany and kept James confined at Edinburgh Castle. Margaret, having divorced Angus, rescued James, and in 1528 he assumed the reins of government. His first action as king was to remove Angus from the scene, and he then subdued the Border rebels and the chiefs of the Western Isles. James V increased his royal income by tightening control over the royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights. He also gave his illegitimate sons lucrative benefices, thereby diverting substantial church wealth into his coffers. James spent a large amount of his wealth on building work at Stirling, Falkland, Linlithgow and Holyrood. James renewed the Auld Alliance with France, and on January 1, 1537, he married Madeleine de Valois, the daughter of King Francis I of France. Following her death a few months later, he proceeded to marry Marie of Guise, the daughter of Claude, 1st Duke of Guise and the widow of Louis of Orleans, Duke of Longueville. Although Mary already had two children from her first marriage, both her sons by James died in infancy. King James V did not tolerate heresy, and during his reign a number of outspoken supporters of church reform were executed. The most famous of the reformers sentenced to death was Patrick Hamilton who was burned at the stake as a heretic at St Andrews in 1528. The death of his mother in 1541 removed any incentive for keeping peace with England, and James was defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss in 1542. The setback affected his health, which had been poor for some time, and he was on his deathbed at Falkland Palace on December 14 when his only living heir, a girl, was born. Before he died, he is reported to have said, "It began with a lass and it will end with a lass". This was a reference to the Stewart dynasty, and how it had come to the throne through Marjorie, the daughter of Robert the Bruce. As it happened, the House of Stewart retained the throne despite its passing through an heiress, due to Mary's marriage to Lord Darnley, a distant Stewart cousin. James was succeeded by his infant daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots. He was buried at Holyrood Abbey alongside Madeleine and his sons by Marie de Guise. James V fathered seven known illegitimate children, three before the age of twenty. James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, his son by his favourite mistress, went on to play an important part in the reigns of Mary, Queen of Scots and James VI. James would disguise himself and walk about in Edinbugh at night, using the made-up name Goodman of Ballengeich.

References

Donaldson, Gordon (1965). Scotland: James V to James VII. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. James V of Scotland James V of Scotland Category:Natives of West Lothian Category:House of Stuart Category:Scottish monarchs Category:Knights of the Garter Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece Category:Dukes in the Peerage of Scotland

April 10

April 10 is the 100th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (101st in leap years). There are 265 days remaining.

Events


- 1741 - Prussia defeats Austria in the Battle of Mollwitz
- 1815 - Mount Tambora eruption covers several islands with ash in Indonesia.
- 1816 - The U.S. government approved the creation of a Second Bank of the United States.
- 1865 - American Civil War: A day after his surrender to Union forces, Confederate General Robert E. Lee addresses his troops for the last time.
- 1866 - The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh.
- 1906 - The Four Million, O. Henry's second short story collection, is published.
- 1912 - The RMS Titanic leaves port in Southampton, England.
- 1916 - The Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) is created in New York City by 82 charter members.
- 1919 - Mexican Revolution leader Emiliano Zapata is ambushed and shot dead by government forces in Morelos.
- 1933 - New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps is created.
- 1938 - Édouard Daladier becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1939 - Dr. I.Q., the Mental Banker debuts.
- 1941 - World War II: The Axis Powers in Europe establish the Independent State of Croatia from occupied Yugoslavia with Ante Pavelić's Ustase fascist insurgents in power.
- 1944 - Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler escape from Auschwitz II death camp.
- 1944 - Henry Ford II is named executive vice president of Ford Motor Company.
- 1953 - The House of Wax opens at New York City's Paramount Theater (it was the first color feature in 3-D).
- 1957 - The Suez Canal is reopened for all shipping after being closed for three months.
- 1959 - Akihito, future Emperor of Japan, weds Michiko (née Michiko Shoda), a commoner.
- 1963 - The submarine USS Thresher is lost at sea, with all hands (129 officers, crewmen and civilian technicians)
- 1968 - Shipwreck of the Wahine outside Wellington harbour.
- 1970 - Paul McCartney announces that The Beatles have broken up.
- 1970 - Vietnam War: 48 percent of the Americans polled in a Gallup Poll approve of U.S. President Richard M. Nixon's Vietnam policy, while 41 percent disapprove.
- 1971 - Cold War: In an attempt to thaw relations with the United States, the People's Republic of China host the U.S. table tennis team for a weeklong visit.
- 1972 - 20 days after he was kidnapped in Buenos Aires, Oberdan Sallustro is executed by communist guerrillas.
- 1972 - Vietnam War: For the first time since November 1967 American B-52 bombers reportedly begin bombing North Vietnam.
- 1973 - A British Vanguard turboprop crashes during a snowstorm at Basel, Switzerland killing 104.
- 1979 - On the day known to meteorologists as "terrible Tuesday", a tornado hits in Wichita Falls, Texas killing 42 people. (see Wichita Falls, Texas Tornado).
- 1988 - The comic strip Fox Trot débuts.
- 1991 - Italian ferry "Moby Prince" collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy killing 140
- 1991 - A rare tropical storm develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola; the first of its kind to be documented by Satelites.
- 1998 - The Belfast Agreement is signed.

Births

1389 to 1899


- 1389 - Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1464)
- 1583 - Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (d. 1645)
- 1651 - Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, German mathematician (d. 1708)
- 1704 - Benjamin Heath, English classical scholar (d. 1766)
- 1713 - John Whitehurst, English clockmaker and scientist (d. 1788)
- 1755 - Samuel Hahnemann, German physician (d. 1843)
- 1778 - William Hazlitt, English writer (d. 1830)
- 1783 - Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland as wife of Louis Bonaparte (d. 1837)
- 1794 - Matthew Perry, American commodore (d. 1858)
- 1829 - William Booth, English founder of the Salvation Army (d. 1912)
- 1847 - Joseph Pulitzer, American journalist and publisher (d. 1911)
- 1864 - Eugen d'Albert, German composer (d. 1932)
- 1867 - George William Russell, Irish nationalist (d. 1935)
- 1868 - George Arliss, English actor (d. 1946)
- 1870 (O.S.) - Vladimir Lenin, Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1924)
- 1880 - Montague Summers, English writer (d. 1948)
- 1882 - Frances Perkins, American politician (d. 1965)
- 1887 - Bernardo Houssay, Argentine physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
- 1894 - Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla, Indian industrialist (d. 1983)

1900 to 1999


- 1910 - Eddy Duchin, American musician (d. 1951)
- 1910 - Paul Sweezy, American economist and editor (d. 2004)
- 1913 - Stefan Heym, German-born author (d. 2001)
- 1915 - Harry Morgan, American actor
- 1917 - Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
- 1918 - Jørn Utzon, Danish architect
- 1921 - Chuck Connors, American actor and baseball player (d. 1992)
- 1921 - Sheb Wooley, American actor and singer (d. 2003)
- 1926 - Junior Samples, American musician (d. 1983)
- 1927 - Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1929 - Max von Sydow, Swedish actor
- 1930 - Claude Bolling, French jazz composer and pianist
- 1932 - Omar Sharif, Egyptian actor
- 1934 - David Halberstam, American writer
- 1934 - Vladimir Posner, Russian journalist
- 1936 - John Madden, American football coach and broadcaster
- 1937 - Bella Akhmadulina, Russian poet
- 1938 - Don Meredith, American football player and broadcaster
- 1941 - Paul Theroux, American author
- 1943 - Andrzej Badeński, Polish athlete
- 1946 - David Angell, American television producer (d. 2001)
- 1947 - Bunny Wailer, Jamaican musician
- 1950 - Ken Griffey, Sr., baseball player
- 1950 - Eddie Hazel, American guitarist (P-Funk and The Temptations) (d. 1992)
- 1951 - David Helvarg, American journalist and environmental activist
- 1951 - Steven Seagal, American actor
- 1954 - Peter MacNicol, actor
- 1955 - Lesley Garrett, British soprano
- 1958 - Yefim Bronfman, Russian-born pianist
- 1958 - Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, American music producer, musician, and film producer
- 1960 - Afrika Bambaataa, American musician and activist
- 1960 - Katrina Leskanich, American singer (Katrina and the Waves)
- 1960 - Brian Setzer, American musician
- 1962 - Steve Tasker, American football player
- 1965 - Tim Alexander, American musician
- 1968 - Orlando Jones, American actor and comedian
- 1969 - Billy Jayne, American actor
- 1970 - Kenny Lattimore, American singer
- 1973 - Roberto Carlos da Silva, Brazilian footballer
- 1973 - Christopher Simmons, American designer
- 1975 - Chris Carrabba, American singer (Dashboard Confessional)
- 1979 - Shemekia Copeland, American singer
- 1979 - Rachel Corrie, American activist (d. 2003)
- 1979 - Tsuyoshi Domoto, Japanese artist
- 1979 - Sophie Ellis-Bextor, English singer
- 1980 - Charlie Hunnam, British actor
- 1980 - Ewan McDougall, British artist
- 1983 - Ryan Merriman, American actor
- 1984 - Mandy Moore, American singer
- 1987 - Hayley Westenra, New Zealand soprano
- 1988 - Haley Joel Osment, American actor
- 1990 - Alex Pettyfer, English actor
- 1991 - Amanda Michalka, American actress and singer

Deaths

879 to 1899


- 879 - Louis the Stammerer, King of the West Franks (b. 846)
- 1512 - King James V of Scotland (d. 1542)
- 1533 - King Frederick I of Denmark (b. 1471)
- 1545 - Costanzo Festa, Italian composer
- 1585 - Pope Gregory XIII (b. 1502)
- 1599 - Gabrielle d'Estrée, mistress of King Henry IV of France (b. 1571)
- 1601 - Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish poet (b. 1562)
- 1640 - Agostino Agazzari, Italian composer (b. 1578)
- 1646 - Santino Solari, Swiss architect and sculptor (b. 1576)
- 1704 - William Egon of Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strassburg (b. 1629)
- 1706 - Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (b. 1666)
- 1756 - Giacomo Antonio Perti, Italian composer (d. 1661)
- 1760 - Jean Lebeuf, French historian (b. 1687)
- 1786 - John Byron, British naval officer (b. 7123)
- 1813 - Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian-born mathematician (b. 1736)
- 1823 - Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Austrian philosopher (b. 1757)
- 1862 - W.H.L. Wallace, American Union general (b. 1821)
- 1882 - Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (b. 1828)

1900 to 1999


- 1904 - Queen Isabella II of Spain (b. 1930
- 1909 - Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet (b. 1909)
- 1919 - Emiliano Zapata, Mexican revolutionary (b. 1879)
- 1931 - Khalil Gibran, Lebanese poet and painter (b. 1883)
- 1945 - Charles Nordhoff, English-born writer (b. 1887)
- 1954 - Auguste Lumière, French film pioneer (b. 1862)
- 1954 - Oscar Mathisen, Norwegian speed skater (b. 1888)
- 1962 - Michael Curtiz, Hungarian-born director (b. 1886)
- 1962 - Stuart Sutcliffe, English musician (The Beatles) (b. 1940)
- 1965 - Linda Darnell, American actress (b. 1923)
- 1966 - Evelyn Waugh, English writer (b. 1903)
- 1968 - Gustavs Celmins, Latvian politician (b. 1899)
- 1969 - Harley J. Earl, American automobile designer (b. 1893)
- 1975 - Josephine Baker, American dancer (b. 1906)
- 1975 - Marjorie Main, American actress (b. 1890)
- 1979 - Nino Rota, Italian composer (b. 1911)
- 1986 - Linda Creed, American songwriter (b. 1949)
- 1991 - Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955)
- 1991 - Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900)
- 1992 - Sam Kinison, American comedian (b. 1953)
- 1993 - Chris Hani, South African activist (b. 1942)
- 1994 - Sam B. Hall, American politician (b. 1924)
- 1995 - Morarji Desai, Indian activist (b. 1896)
- 1997 - Michael Dorris, American author (b. 1945)
- 1999 - Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, German-born biochemist (b. 1910)

2000 onwards


- 2000 - Peter Jones, English comedian and scriptwriter (b. 1920)
- 2000 - Larry Linville, American actor (b. 1939)
- 2002 - Yuji Hyakutake, Japanese astronomer (b. 1950)
- 2003 - Little Eva, American singer (b. 1943)
- 2005 - Norbert Brainin, Austrian violinist (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances


- Holy Saturday (2004)
- Good Friday (1998)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/10 BBC: On This Day] ---- There is also a song called "April Tenth" by Garbage. ---- April 9 - April 11 - March 10 - May 10 -- listing of all days ko:4월 10일 ja:4月10日 simple:April 10 th:10 เมษายน

December 14

December 14 is the 348th day of the year (349th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 17 days remaining.

Events


- 867 - Adrian II becomes Pope
- 872 - John VIII becomes Pope
- 1287 - Zuider Zee sea wall collapses, killing over 50,000 people
- 1542 - Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen Mary I of Scotland.
- 1790 - Alexander Hamilton proposes creation of a Bank of the United States
- 1819 - Alabama becomes the 22nd U.S. state
- 1896 - Glasgow Underground Railway, third in the world, opens (an accident closes it the same day and it only reopens in 1897),
- 1900 - Max Planck publishes his study of quantum theory (The birth of Quantum Theory)
- 1902 - First telegraph cable laid across the Pacific Ocean
- 1911 - First expedition reaches the South Pole, led by Roald Amundsen
- 1918 - Friedrich Karl von Hessen, a German prince elected by the Parliament of Finland to become King Väinö I, renounced the Finnish throne.
- 1932 - Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom
- 1939 - USSR expelled from the League of Nations
- 1946 - UN General Assembly votes to establish its headquarters in New York City
- 1947 - NASCAR founded
- 1958 - 3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition becomes the first ever to reach The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility
- 1959 - Motown record label is founded in Detroit, Michigan.
- 1962 - Mariner 2 became the first spacecraft to fly by Venus.
- 1962 - The Mona Lisa was assessed at US$100 million, the highest insurance valuance for a painting in history.
- 1964 - Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 379 US 241 1964 decided by U.S. Supreme Court
- 1979 - Punk rock band The Clash release the influential double album London Calling.
- 1981 - Israel annexes the Golan Heights
- 1989 - Chile holds its first free election in 16 years. Patricio Aylwin was elected president.
- 1991 - A rock slide takes off 10 metres of Mount Cook's elevation in New Zealand.
- 1995 - The Dayton Agreement was signed in Paris to end the Yugoslav wars.
- 1996 - A massive freightliner hits the Riverwalk mall and hotel complex in New Orleans, Louisiana, injuring 116.
- 1999 - Charles M. Schulz, creator of the comic strip Peanuts, announced his retirement.
- 2000 - The Texas 7 rob a Radio Shack in Pearland, Texas. They stole police scanners that would be used in their following infamous heist.
- 2003 - The news of the former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's capture is finally announced.
- 2003 - Celebration of the reopening of the Fenice Theater in Venice, Italy.
- 2004 - The Millau viaduct, the highest bridge in the world, is officially opened.

Births


- 1009 - Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (d. 1045)
- 1503 - Nostradamus, French astrologer and mathematician (d. 1566)
- 1546 - Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)
- 1625 - Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville, French orientalist (d. 1695)
- 1631 - Anne Conway, Viscountess Conway, English philosopher (d. 1679)
- 1640 (baptism date) - Aphra Behn, playwright and novelist (d. 1689)
- 1678 - Daniel Neal, English historian (d. 1743)
- 1720 - Justus Möser, German statesman (d. 1794)
- 1775 - Philander Chase, American founder of Kenyon College (d. 1852)
- 1775 - Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral (d. 1860)
- 1824 - Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter (d. 1898)
- 1866 - Roger Fry, English artist and art critic (d. 1934)
- 1870 - Karl Renner, President of Austria (d. 1950)
- 1884 - Jane Cowl, American actress and playwright (d. 1950)
- 1895 - Paul Eluard, French poet (d. 1952)
- 1895 - King George VI of the United Kingdom (d. 1952)
- 1896 - Jimmy Doolittle, American general (d. 1993)
- 1897 - Margaret Chase Smith, American politician (d. 1995)
- 1902 - Frances Bavier, American actress (d. 1989)
- 1908 - Morey Amsterdam, American comedian and actor (d. 1996)
- 1909 - Edward Tatum, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1975)
- 1911 - Spike Jones, American comedian and musician (d. 1965)
- 1913 - Dan Dailey, American actor (d. 1978)
- 1914 - Karl Carstens, President of Germany (d. 1992)
- 1914 - Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (d. 2003)
- 1918 - James T. Aubrey, American television executive (d. 1994)
- 1918 - B.K.S. Iyengar, Indian yoga advocate
- 1919 - Shirley Jackson, American writer (d. 1965)
- 1922 - Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist, Noble Prize laureate (d. 2001)
- 1923 - Gerard Reve, Dutch writer
- 1932 - Charlie Rich, American musician (d. 1995)
- 1935 - Lee Remick, American actress (d. 1991)
- 1938 - Leonardo Boff, Brazilian theologian
- 1946 - Jane Birkin, English-born actress
- 1946 - Patty Duke, American actress
- 1946 - Michael Ovitz, American film producer
- 1946 - Stan Smith, American tennis player
- 1947 - Christopher Parkening, American guitarist
- 1949 - Bill Buckner, baseball player
- 1951 - Jan Timman, Dutch chess player
- 1953 - René Eespere, Estonian composer
- 1954 - Alan Kulwicki, American race car driver (d. 1993)
- 1954 - James Horan, American actor
- 1959 - Dana Childs, American radio personality and basketball coach.
- 1962 - Ginger Lynn, American actress
- 1963 - Cynthia Gibb, American actress
- 1965 - Craig Biggio, baseball player
- 1966 - Bill Ranford, Canadian hockey player
- 1967 - Ewa Białołęcka, Polish writer
- 1973 - Tomasz Radzinski, Canadian footballer
- 1974 - Billy Koch, baseball player
- 1977 - KaDee Strickland, American actress
- 1979 - Michael Owen, English footballer
- 1982 - Anthony Way, British singer and actor

Deaths


- 1460 - Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist and translator (b. 1370)
- 1510 - Friedrich of Saxony (b. 1473)
- 1542 - King James V of Scotland (b. 1512)
- 1591 - Saint John of the Cross, Spanish friar and poet (b. 1542)
- 1624 - Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English statesman (b. 1536)
- 1651 - Pierre Dupuy, French scholar (b. 1582)
- 1713 - Thomas Rymer, English historian (b. 1641)
- 1715 - Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1636)
- 1735 - Thomas Tanner, English bishop and antiquarian (b. 1674)
- 1741 - Charles Rollin, French historian (b. 1661)
- 1788 - Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, German composer (b. 1714)
- 1788 - King Charles III of Spain (b. 1716)
- 1799 - George Washington, first President of the United States (b. 1732)
- 1861 - Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria (b. 1819)
- 1873 - Louis Agassiz, Swiss-born zoologist and geologist (b. 1807)
- 1947 - Edward Higgins, English Salvation Army general (b. 1864
- 1963 - Dinah Washington, American singer (b. 1924)
- 1964 - William Bendix, American actor (b. 1906)
- 1984 - Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
- 1985 - Roger Maris, baseball player (b. 1934)
- 1989 - Andrei D. Sakharov, Russian physicist and activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (declined) (b. 1921)
- 1990 - Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (b. 1921)
- 1993 - Myrna Loy, American actress (b. 1905)
- 1998 - Norman Fell, American actor (b. 1924)
- 1998 - Annette Strauss, philanthropist and Mayor of Dallas, Texas (b. 1924)
- 2003 - Jeanne Crain, American actress (b. 1925)
- 2003 - Blas Ople, foreign minister of the Philippines (b. 1927)
- 2004 - Rod Kanehl, baseball player (b. 1934)
- 2004 - Fernando Poe, Jr., Filipino actor (b. 1939)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Memorial of Saint John of the Cross
- Also see December 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- USA - admission of Alabama as 22nd state (1819)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/14 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/this_day_in_history/this_day_December_14.php The History Channel: This day in History] ---- December 13 - December 15 - November 14 - January 14 -- listing of all days ko:12월 14일 ms:14 Disember ja:12月14日 simple:December 14 th:14 ธันวาคม

Scotland

Scotland (Alba in Gaelic) is a nation in northwest Europe and a constituent country of the United Kingdom. The name originally meant Land of the Gaels (see below). The country occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain and shares a land border to the south with England and is bounded by the North Sea on the east and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Its capital city is Edinburgh. Despite no longer being an independent sovereign state, Scotland is still considered a country in its own right. Scotland existed as an independent Kingdom until 1 May 1707, when the Act of Union 1707 merged Scotland with the Kingdom of England to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. The flag of Scotland — the Saltire — is thought to be the oldest national flag still in use. The patron saint of Scotland is Saint Andrew, and Saint Andrew's Day is the 30 November. There are currently attempts to create an additional national holiday on this day.

Etymology

The English language name Scotland could date from at least the first half of the 10th century, when it was used in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The word Scot- was borrowed from Latin. We cannot assume Scotland was being used here to mean anything other than Land of the Gaels, just like Latin Scotia. Scottish kings adopted the title Basileus/Rex Scottorum (= High King/King of the Gaels) and Rex Scotiae (King of Gael-Land) some time in the 11th century. The earliest attribution of the latter Latin title was by the Germany-based Irish writer Marianus Scotus, recording the death of King Máel Coluim mac Cináeda as Moelcoluim Rex Scotiae, for the year 1034. In taking this title, they were likely influenced by the style Imperator Scottorum known to have been employed by Brian Bóruma in 1005. In the early 13th century, the Scotto-Norman author of de Situ Albanie protested that Scotia was a corrupt word for what should be called Albania; but by then Scotia was becoming the norm in Latin, French and English; and hence Scotia and its derivitives prevailed in all languages except the Celtic ones. The Kingdom of Scotland has traditionally been regarded as being united in 843, by Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts, the man who is known to the modern English-speaker as King Kenneth I of Scotland.

History

See also the main article: History of Scotland. The written history of Scotland largely began with the arrival of the Roman Empire in Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now England and Wales, administering it as a Roman province called Britannia. To the north was territory not governed by the Romans—Caledonia, peopled by the Picts. From a classical historical viewpoint Scotland seemed a peripheral country, slow to gain advances filtering out from the Mediterranean fount of civilisation, but as knowledge of the past increases it has become apparent that some developments were earlier and more advanced than previously thought, and that the seaways were very important to Scottish history. The country's lengthy struggle with England, its more powerful neighbour to the south, was the cause of the Wars of Scottish Independence, forcing Scotland to rely on trade, cultural and often strategic ties with a number of European powers, most notably France. In these, the Scots repudiated the English king's assertions of paramountcy. They fought firstly under the leadership of Sir William Wallace and Andrew de Moray in support of John Balliol, and later under that of Robert the Bruce. Bruce, crowned as King Robert I in 1306, won a decisive victory over the English at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Battle of Bannockburn From roughly the end of the 14th century, Scotland began to show a split into two cultural areas — the mainly Scots, or English, speaking Lowlands, and the mainly Gaelic-speaking Highlands. Gaelic persisted in remote parts of the southwest, which had formed part of the rival kingdom of Galloway during the early medieval period, probably up until the late 1700s. Historically, the Lowlands were closer to the mainstream European culture, and adopted a variant of the feudal system after the Norman Conquest of England. A number of major families of Norman ancestry, such as the Bruce, Douglas, and Stewart families, provided most of the monarchs after approximately 1100. By comparison, the clan system of the Highlands formed one of the region's more distinctive features, with a number of powerful clans remaining dominant until after the Act of Union. It is worth noting that the Western Isles, along with Orkney and Shetland, were part of Norway until 1266 and 1468 respectively; the culture of these islands, in many ways, remained distinct from the rest of Scotland until the modern period. In 1603, the Scottish King James VI inherited the throne of England, and became James I of England. James moved to London, only returning to Scotland once. Although he subsequently styled himself as the King of Great Britain, this was a personal union: the two nations shared a head of state but remained separate kingdoms, with the exception of a brief period when Oliver Cromwell overthrew the monarchy and Scotland was under English military occupation. In 1707, the Scottish and English Parliaments enacted the Acts of Union, which merged the Kingdom of Scotland with the Kingdom of England, creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Union dissolved both the English and the Scottish Parliaments, and transferred all their powers to a new Parliament sitting in London which then became the Parliament of the United Kingdom. However, most of Scotland's institutions remained separate, notably the country's legal system and its established church; these distinctions remain to the present day. In 1801, Scotland became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, when the Kingdom of Great Britain merged with the Kingdom of Ireland. Since 1922, Scotland has been one of the four constituent nations (along with England, Northern Ireland and Wales) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In 1997 the people of Scotland voted to create a new devolved Scottish Parliament, subsequently established by the UK government under the Scotland Act 1998. Following the Act of Union and the subsequent Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Its industrial decline following the Second World War was particularly acute, but in recent decades the country has enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance, fuelled in part by a resurgent financial services sector, the proceeds of North Sea oil and gas, and latterly the devolved parliament.

Geography

Clan Grant Main article: Geography of Scotland. Scotland comprises the northern part of the island of Great Britain; it is bordered on the south by England. Scotland's territorial extent is generally that established by the 1237 Treaty of York between Scotland and England and the 1266 Treaty of Perth between Scotland and Norway. Exceptions include the Isle of Man, which is now a crown dependency outside the United Kingdom, Orkney and Shetland, which are Scottish rather than Norwegian, and Berwick-upon-Tweed, which was defined as subject to the laws of England by the 1746 Wales and Berwick Act. The country consists of a mainland area plus several island groups, including Shetland, Orkney, and the Hebrides, divided into the Inner Hebrides and Outer Hebrides. Three main geographical and geological areas make up the mainland: from north to south, the generally mountainous Highlands containing Ben Nevis, Britain's highest mountain, the low-lying Central Belt, and the hilly Southern Uplands. The majority of the Scottish population resides in the Central Belt, which contains three of the country's six largest cities (Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Stirling) and many large towns. Most of the remaining population lives in the North-East Lowlands, where two of the remaining three cities (Aberdeen and Dundee) are situated. The final city, Inverness, is situated where the River Ness meets the Moray Firth, on the Great Glen Fault between the North-West Highlands and the Cairngorms. Highest maximum temperature: 32.9°C (91.2°F) at Greycrook, near Newtown St. Boswells, Borders on 9 August 2003. Lowest minimum temperature: -27.2°C (-17.0°F) at Braemar, Aberdeenshire on 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982 and at Altnaharra, Highland on 30 December 1995. [http://www.metoffice.com/climate/uk/location/scotland/#temperature]

Major cities

The six designated cities in descending order of population size:
- Glasgow
- Edinburgh, the capital
- Aberdeen
- Dundee
- Inverness
- Stirling Scottish towns:
- List of burghs in Scotland

Waterways


- Major Rivers:
  - The Clyde, The Dee, The Don, The Forth, The Tay, The Tweed, The Spey, ...
- Firths:
  - Solway, Clyde, Cromarty, Dornoch, Forth, Lorne, Moray, Tay
- Sea Lochs (fjords):
  - Loch Linnhe, Loch Fyne, Loch Long, Loch Etive, Loch Sunart, Loch Nevis, Loch Hourn, Loch Broom, Loch Eil
- Freshwater Lochs (lakes) include:
  - Loch Ness, Loch Lomond, Loch Morar, Loch Tay, Loch Rannoch, Loch Awe, Loch Shiel, Loch Maree, The Lake of Menteith
- Artificial & Enhanced waterways include:
  - Caledonian Canal, Crinan Canal, Forth and Clyde Canal, Union Canal
    - See Also Falkirk Wheel

Geology

When vulcanism actively occurred in East Lothian, 350 million years ago, the rocks which now comprise Scotland lay close to the equator, and formed part of the newly amalgamated supercontinent of Pangaea. The continental plates making up Pangaea continued to converge, and a major collision occurred with the continent of Gondwana. The northern and southern parts of the island of Great Britain became adjoined only 75 million years before the onset of vulcanism in East Lothian. Before then, Scotland lay on the margin of the Laurentian continent, which included North America and Greenland. England and Wales lay some 40° of latitude further south, adjacent to Africa and South America in the Gondwanan continent. In the Early Ordovician, approximately 475 million years ago, England and Wales, on the Avalonian plate, rifted away from Gondwana and drifted northward towards Laurentia. The Iapetus Ocean, which separated the two land masses, began to close. By the mid-Silurian, about 420 million years ago, its margins had become attached along the Iapetus Suture, which roughly follows a line running West to East from the Solway Firth to Northumberland. When the later episode of vulcanism occurred, approximately 270 million years ago, Scotland still comprised part of Pangaea, but had drifted northward. East Lothian stood at about 8°North. Consolidation of Pangaea had continued so that the nearest ocean, the Tethys seaway, lay between Eurasia and Africa. Siccar Point in Berwickshire, Scotland, is where James Hutton (the "father" of modern geology) first observed this classic unconformity and recognized the meaning of stratigraphy.

Government and politics

Government

As one of the constituent parts of the United Kingdom, Scotland is represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom in London. The Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh has the power to govern the country on Scotland-specific matters and has a limited power to vary income tax. The United Kingdom Parliament retains responsibility for Scotland's defence, international relations and certain other areas. The Scottish Parliament is not a sovereign authority, and the UK Parliament could, in theory, overrule or even abolish it at any time. For the purposes of local government, Scotland is divided into 32 unitary authority districts. Popular folk-memory continues to divide Scotland into 33 traditional counties.

Head of state

traditional counties]] Queen Elizabeth II, head of state of the United Kingdom, is descended from King James VI, King of Scots, the first Scottish monarch to also be King of England (James I, King of England from 1603). While great controversy has simmered amongst the Scottish public over her official title since her coronation (many believe that, being the first Queen Elizabeth of Great Britain, she should use the regnal name "Elizabeth I"), the courts of Scotland have confirmed "Elizabeth II" as her official title. She has said that in the future monarchs will follow the international ordinal tradition that, where a monarch reigns in a number of non-independent territories (or independent territories that agree to share a monarch) that each have a differing number of previous monarchs of the same name, the highest ordinal used in any of the territories is the one used across all (see List of regnal numerals of future British monarchs). Monarchs between 1603 and 1707, such as James VI and I and James VII and II, reigned over separate states and hence used a dual ordinal (see Personal union). Properly, the Scottish monarch was known as King of Scots or Queen of Scots, and referred to as "your Grace", rather than "your Majesty".

Scots Law

Scotland retains its own unique legal system, based on Roman law, which combines features of both civil law and common law. The terms of union with England specified the retention of separate systems. The barristers being called advocates, and the judges of the high court for civil cases are also the judges for the high court for criminal cases. Scots Law differs from England's common law system. Formerly, there were several regional law systems in Scotland, one of which was Udal Law (also called allodail or odal law) in Shetland and Orkney. This was a direct descendant of Old Norse Law, but was abolished in 1611. Despite this, Scottish courts have acknowledged the supremacy of udal law in some property cases as recently as the 1990s. There is a movement to restore udal law[http://www.udallaw.com/] to the islands as part of a devolution of power from Edinburgh to Shetland and Orkney. The laws regarding the nobility are also different in Scotland. Lords known as "Barons" in England are known as "Lords of Parliament." Gentlemen known as "Barons" in Scotland are not members of the House of Lords, as their titles (although still legitimate) are based on the old system of feudal baronies. Various systems based on common Celtic or Brehon Laws also survived in the Highlands until the 1800s.

Politics

See main article: Politics of Scotland, also Politics of the United Kingdom Politics of the United Kingdom Historically the politics of Scotland have reflected those of the UK as a whole, although with some differences. For example, besides the main UK-wide political parties (Labour, Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats) a number of Scottish-specific parties operate. These include the Scottish National Party (SNP) which is Scotland's second largest party and forms the main opposition in Parliament to the Labour-Liberal Democrats coalition, as well as the Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) and the Scottish Green Party. These parties became more of a force in Scottish politics after the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1998. Unlike England, which has a more of a left/right split politically, the political right in Scotland is actually amongst the smallest political groupings with the four main Parties all coming from a mix of far-left to moderate-left philosophies. The traditional political divides of left and right have also intersected with arguments over devolution, which all the UK-wide parties have supported to some degree throughout their history (although both Labour and the Conservatives have swithered a number of times between supporting and opposing it). However, now that devolution has occurred, the main argument about Scotland's constitutional status remains between those who support Scottish independence and those who oppose it. Recent trends indicate, according to the Joseph Rowntree [http://www.jrrt.org.uk/FINDINGS.pdf Reform Trust "State of the Nation Poll"] 2004, that 66% of Scots would like the Scottish Parliament to have more powers, while only 2% would like to see the powers returned to the House of Commons and Whitehall, with 21% happy with the status quo.

Language

Scotland has three distinct languages: English, Gaelic, and Scots. Almost all Scots speak Scottish Standard English. It is estimated by the General Register Office for Scotland that 30% of the population are also fluent in Scots, a West Germanic language sister to the English language. Slightly more than 1% of the population are native Gaelic speakers, a Celtic language similar to Irish. Eilean Siar is the only unitary council region of Scotland where Gaelic is spoken by a majority of the population and that fact is reflected in the use of Gaelic in its official name. Almost all Gaelic speakers also speak fluent English. By the time of James VI's accession to the English throne, the old Scottish Court and Parliament spoke and wrote in Scots, also known as Lowland Scots or Lallans (although strictly speaking Lallans is a literary dialect of the Scots language). Scots is widely believed to have developed from the Northumbrian form of Anglo-Saxon, spoken in Bernicia which, in the 6th century, conquered the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin (modern-day Lothian) and renamed its capital, Dunedin, to Edinburgh. The influence of settlers from the Low Countries and Norway in the east coast burghs founded from the reign of David I onwards was also an important factor in the development of the language, however. Scots contains a number of loanwords from Gaelic. Equally, there is a strong movement in the Aberdeen area to have Doric, the dialect of Scots spoken around Aberdeen, recognised as a language. In addition, there is a movement to revive Norn, a dialect of Old Norse which died out in the 19th century, on Orkney and Shetland. Town names on signs in Shetland are written in both languages. The Scottish Parliament recognises both English and Gaelic as official languages of Scotland, both receiving "equal respect" although not equal validity. Gaelic received official recognition through the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005. The Scots language was also officially recognised as a "regional or minority language" under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratified by the United Kingdom in 2001, and the Scottish Executive, has promised to provide support in their Partnership Agreement 2003. The [http://www.scotsdictionaries.org.uk/ Scottish Language Dictionaries] receive some state funding via the Scottish Arts Council.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Scotland Scotland has a civic and ethnic culture distinct from that of the rest of the British Isles. It originates from various differences, some entrenched as part of the Act of Union, others facets of nationhood not readily defined but readily identifiable.

Scottish education

The system of Education in Scotland is also separate, and has a distinctive history as the first country since Sparta in classical Greece to implement a system of general public education. The early roots were in the Education Act of 1496 which first introduced compulsory education for the eldest sons of nobles, then the principle of general public education was set with the Reformation establishment of the national Kirk which in 1561 set out a national programme for spiritual reform, including a school in every parish. In 1633 the Parliament of Scotland introduced a tax on local landowners to fund this, subsequently strengthened with the Education Act of 1696 which remained in force until 1872. The Act of Union guaranteed the rights of the Scottish universities and confirmed the position of the Kirk, maintaining Scotland's pre-eminence in public education. Education finally came under the control of the state rather than the Kirk and became compulsory for all children from the implementation of the Education Act of 1872 onwards. As a result, for over two hundred years Scotland had a higher percentage of its population educated at primary, secondary and tertiary levels than any other country in Europe. The differences in education have manifested themselves in different ways, but most noticeably in the number of Scots who went on to become leaders in their fields during the 18th and 19th centuries. The then-Deputy First Minister Jim Wallace stated in October 2004 that Scotland still produces a higher number of university and college graduates per head than anywhere else in Europe. School students in Scotland sit Standard Grade exams while students in England sit GCSE exams, and then a broad range of Higher Grade exams rather than becoming more specialised under the English A-level system. Following this, a Scottish university's honours degree takes four years of study as opposed to three in the rest of the UK. The university systems in several Commonwealth countries show marked affinities with the Scottish rather than the English system.

Banking and currency

Finance in Scotland also features unique characteristics. Although the Bank of England remains the central bank for the UK Government, three Scottish corporate banks still issue their own banknotes: (the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank of Scotland and the Clydesdale Bank). These notes have no status as legal tender in England, Wales or Northern Ireland; but in practice they are universally accepted throughout the UK (including in Northern Ireland, where Irish banks also issue their own banknotes), as well as in the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands). The Royal Bank of Scotland still produces a £1 note, unique amongst British banks. The full range of notes commonly accepted are £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 and £100. Bank of England currency is also accepted as legal currency in Scotland. (See British banknotes for further discussion) The only legal tender, by a strict definition, in Scotland is coinage of the Royal Mint (including gold); by statute, Bank of England notes below the value of £5 are legal tender, but none are currently circulating. No Bank of England notes in use, or any of the Scottish banknotes, are legal tender in Scotland. In practice this has little effect, as creditors are obliged to accept any "reasonable" attempt to settle a debt under Scots law. All four sets of banknotes are freely accepted in Scotland, and can be considered legal currency, though it is unusual for notes over £20 to be used in normal business. The pound Scots, which ceased being used with the Act of Union, is still sometimes invoked. Originally the same value as the pound sterling, today it is treated as being worth one-twelfth of a pound sterling, or eight and a third pence, the value it had in 1707. It only exists in a legal sense; generally in archaic laws or bequests, with values given either in pounds Scots or in merks, another archaic unit of currency. The merk, or mark, was worth around thirteen or fourteen shillings Scots — just over one English shilling. Both the Bank of Scotland and the Bank of England were founded by William Paterson of Dumfries. In addition the modern system of branch banking (in which banks maintain a nationwide system of offices rather than one or two central offices) originated in Scotland. Only strong political pressure during the 19th century prevented the resultant strong banking system from taking over banking in England. However, although Scottish banks proved unwelcome in England at the time, their business model became widely copied, firstly in England and later in the rest of the world. The Savings Bank movement was created in Scotland in 1810 by the Reverend Henry Duncan as a means of allowing his parishioners to save smaller amounts of money than the major banks would accept as deposits at that time. His model for the Ruthwell Parish Bank was adopted by well-to-do sponsors throughout the world, with most of the British savings banks eventually amalgamating to form the Trustee Savings Bank - more recently merged with the commercial bank, Lloyds Bank, to form Lloyds TSB - and the American examples becoming a Savings and Loan Association. See [http://www.savingsbanksmuseum.co.uk/] for further information.

Sport

Savings and Loan Association Scotland also has its own sporting competitions distinct from the rest of the UK, such as the Scottish Football League and the Scottish Rugby Union. This gives the country independent representation at many international sporting events such as the football World Cup and various rugby tournaments such as the Six Nations. Scotland cannot compete in the Olympic Games independently however, and Scottish athletes must compete as part of the Great Britain team if they wish to take part. Scotland does however send its own team to compete in the Commonwealth Games. Association Football is the most popular sport in the country, both played and watched. Innovations such as a passing style of play, a team working as a unit, half-time and free-kicks were introduced by Queen's Park F.C., all of which were later incorporated and remain in the modern game. Their Hampden Park home, the world's first and oldest international football stadium, holds several European attendance records including 149,415 watching a Scottish international. The Scottish Football Association is the second oldest national football association in the world, with the Scottish national football team playing and hosting the world's first ever international football match. The Scottish Cup is the world's oldest national trophy. The oldest professional football club in Scotland is Kilmarnock FC, founded in 1869. Scotland is considered the "Home of Golf", and is well known for its many courses, including the Old Course that is synonymous with the game. Established in 1754, The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews also codified the rules of golf. As well as its world famous Highland Games, where several traditional events such as the McGlashan stones are now common in world strongman events, Scotland has also given the world curling, and shinty, a stick game related to Ireland's hurling, and similar to England's field hockey. Whilst stereotypically seen as an English game, Scottish cricket has always had a large following throughout the country. Scottish cricketScottish professional rugby clubs compete in the Celtic League, along with teams from Ireland and Wales. However, the country retains a national league for amateur and semi-pro clubs. Shinty is run by the Camanachd Association and is played primarily in its Highland heartland, but also in most universities and cities. Kingussie have the distinction of appearing in the Guinness Book of Records as the most successful sporting team of all time, having won the league for twenty years in a row.

Media

Scotland has distinct media from the rest of the UK. For example, it produces many national newspapers such as Daily Record (Scotland's leading tabloid), The Herald broadsheet, based in Glasgow, and The Scotsman in Edinburgh. The Herald, formerly known as the Glasgow Herald, changed its name to promote a national rather than a regional identity, while The Scotsman, which used to be a broadsheet, recently switched to tabloid format. Sunday newspapers include the tabloid Sunday Mail (published by Daily Record parent company Trinity Mirror) and the Sunday Post, while the Sunday Herald and Scotland on Sunday have associations with The Herald and The Scotsman respectively. Regional dailies include The Courier and Advertiser in Dundee in the east, and The Press and Journal serving Aberdeen and the north. Scotland has its own BBC services which include the national radio stations, BBC Radio Scotland and Gaelic language service, BBC Radio nan Gaidheal. There are also a number of BBC and independent local radio stations throughout the country. In addition to radio, BBC Scotland also runs two national television stations. Much of the output of BBC Scotland Television, such as news and current affairs programmes, and the Glasgow-based soap opera, River City, are intended for broadcast within Scotland, whilst others, such as drama and comedy programmes, aim at audiences throughout the UK and further afield. Sports coverage also differs, reflecting the fact that the country has its own football leagues, separate from those of England. Three independent television stations (Scottish TV, Grampian TV and ITV1 Border) also broadcast in Scotland. Although they previously had independent existences, Scottish TV (serving the Central Lowlands) and Grampian (serving the Highlands and Islands) now belong to the same company (The Scottish Media Group) and resemble each other closely, apart from local news coverage. English-based ITV1 Border has had a more complex position, as it serves communities on both sides of the border with England, as well as the Isle of Man, and it now has separate news programs for each side of the border. Most of the independent television output equates to that transmitted in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, with the exception of news and current affairs, sport, cultural and Gaelic language programming.

Other facets of Scottish culture

Isle of Man Scotland retains its own distinct sense of nationhood. Academic research consistently shows that people in Scotland feel Scottish, whilst not necessarily feeling the need to see that translated into the establishment of a fully-independent Scottish nation-state. Scotland also has its own unique family of languages and dialects, helping to foster a strong sense of "Scottish-ness". See Scots language and Scottish Gaelic language. An organisation called Iomairt Cholm Cille (http://www.colmcille.net) has been set up to support Gaelic-speaking communities in both Scotland and Ireland and to promote links between them. Scotland retains its own national church, separate from that of England. See Church of Scotland and the section on "Religion" below. These factors combine together to form a strong, readily identifiable Scottish civic culture.

Religion

The Church of Scotland (sometimes referred to as The Kirk) is the national church, but it is not subject to state control nor is it "established" in the same manner as the Church of England within England. It is, however, recognised as the national church by Act of Parliament - Church of Scotland Act 1921. The Church of Scotland differs from the Church of England in several key respects, most notably in terms of not having a prescriptive liturgy and also in that it has a Presbyterian rather than Episcopalian form of church governance. Presbyterian church government was guaranteed by the Act of Union in 1707. The Scots are proud of the fact that the Scottish Reformation took place at a grassroots level, unlike the English experience, where the reformation, at least in its first thrust under Henry VIII, was a politically motivated top-down reform. The Scottish Reformation, initiated in 1560 and led by John Knox, was Calvinist, and throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the Church of Scotland maintained a strict theology and kept a tight control over the morality of the population. The Church had an overwhelming influence on the cultural development of Scotland in early modern times. Because Calvinism does not adhere to the Liturgical Year, for example, Christmas was not widely celebrated in Scotland until the mid-20th century. The intellectual nature of Calvinism contributed greatly to the predominance of Scottish thinkers in the age of Enlightenment (see Scottish Enlightenment), but the Church's distrust of the sensual is seen as the reason why Scotland contributed little to classical music and art before the 19th century. Since the mid-19th century, however, the Church of Scotland has developed into a generally tolerant and heterogenous church with an interest in ecumenism. A number of other Christian denominations exist in Scotland, foremost amongst them Roman Catholicism, which survived the reformation especially on islands like Uist and Barra despite the suppression of the 16th to late 18th centuries, and was strengthened in the 19th century by immigration from Ireland. It has now become the largest Christian denomination after the Church of Scotland, and is strongest in the West of Scotland (although roadside shrines can be seen in the South Isles of the Outer Hebrides, similar to those in Ireland). Much of Scotland (particularly the West Central Belt around Glasgow) has experienced problems caused by the religious divide between Presbyterians and Roman Catholics. Some Scots maintain that sectarianism is still deeply rooted in Scottish society. This problem has historically manifested itself in a number of ways, particularly in discrimination in employment and in football fanaticism. The problems associated with sectarianism in Scotland have diminished markedly in recent years, although some issues remain. The Scottish police have recently moved to restrict the number of Orange Order parades and the state funding of separate Roman Catholic primary and secondary schools remains a controversial issue. As well as the Church of Scotland there are various other Protestant churches, including the Scottish Episcopal Church, which forms a full part of the Anglican Communion, and the Free Church of Scotland, a Presbyterian off-shoot from the Church of Scotland adhering to a more conservative style of Calvinism. Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in Scotland, although its numbers remain small. There are also significant Jewish (though higher in past decades) and Sikh communities, especially in Glasgow (Nancy Morris is Scotland's first woman rabbi). Scotland has a high proportion of persons who regard themselves as belonging to 'no religion'. Indeed, this was the second most common response in the 2001 census.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Scotland Most Scottish industry and commerce is concentrated in a few