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January 14

January 14

January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 351 days remaining (352 in leap years). It is celebrated as New Year's Day by those still following the Julian calendar.

Events

- 1301 - Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Arpad dynasty in Hungary.
- 1501 - Martin Luther, 17, enters the University of Erfurt.
- 1514 - Pope Leo X issues a papal bull against slavery.
- 1539 - Spain annexes Cuba.
- 1639 - The "Fundamental Orders", the first written constitution that created a government, was adopted in Connecticut.
- 1690 - The clarinet is invented in Nuremberg, Germany.
- 1724 - King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne.
- 1784 - American Revolutionary War: The United States ratifies a peace treaty with England.
- 1814 - Treaty of Kiel: Frederick VI of Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden in return for Pomerania.
- 1858 - Napoleon III of France escapes an assassination attempt.
- 1900 - Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca premieres in Rome.
- 1907 - An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000.
- 1939 - Norway claims Queen Maud Land in Antarctica.
- 1943 - Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to travel via airplane while in office (Miami, Florida to Morocco to meet with Winston Churchill to discuss World War II).
- 1951 - The National Football League has its first Pro Bowl Game (Los Angeles, California).
- 1952 - The Today show premieres on NBC.
- 1954 - Marilyn Monroe weds Joe DiMaggio.
- The Hudson Motor Car Company merges with Nash-Kelvinator forming the American Motors Corporation.
- 1963 - George Wallace becomes governor of Alabama.
- 1969 - An explosion aboard the USS Enterprise near Hawaii kills 25 people.
- 1970 - Sato Eisaku is elected to his third term as Prime Minister of Japan.
- 1972 - Queen Margrethe II of Denmark accends the throne, the first Queen of Denmark since 1412 and the first Danish monarch not named Frederick or Christian since 1513.
- Sanford & Son premieres on NBC.
- 1973 - Super Bowl VII: The Miami Dolphins defeat the Washington Redskins. The Dolphins become the first NFL team to go undefeated in a season.
- 1975 - Teenage heiress Lesley Whittle is kidnapped by the Black Panther.
- 1978 - Johnny Rotten quits the Sex Pistols after the final show of their American tour, at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco.
- 1984 - Ray Mancini defeats Bobby Chacon by a knockout in three to retain his WBA boxing world Lightweight title in Reno.
- 1985 - Martina Navratilova wins her 100th tennis tournament.
- 1993 - David Letterman announces he is moving his television talk show from NBC to CBS.
- 1994 - President of the United States Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles to targets and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in Ukraine.
- 1996 - Jorge Sampaio is elected president of Portugal.
- 1998 - Researchers in Dallas, Texas present findings about an enzyme that slows aging and cell death (apoptosis).
- An Afghan cargo plane crashes into a mountain in southwest Pakistan killing more than 50 people.
- 2000 - A United Nations tribunal sentences five Bosnian Croats to up to 25 years for the 1993 killing of over 100 Muslims in a Bosnian village.
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista wins Vasco da Gama, on the final match for the FIFA Club World Championship.
- The Dow Jones Industrial Average reached a record high of 11,722.98.
- David Letterman undergoes quintuple heart bypass surgery.
- 2004 - Goatse.cx is suspended by the Christmas Island Technology Corporation following a massive grassroots movement to close the site forever.
- Amartya Sen steps down as Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.
- The national flag of Georgia, the so-called "five cross flag", was restored to official use after a hiatus of some 500 years.
- 2005 - Landing of the Huygens probe on Saturn's moon Titan.

Births

1451 to 1899

- 1451 - Franchinus Gaffurius, Italian composer (d. 1522)
- 1477 - Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (d. 1552)
- 1551 - Alberico Gentili, Italian jurist (d. 1608)
- 1615 - John Biddle, English theologian (d. 1662)
- 1684 - Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (d. 1745)
- 1702 - Nakamikado Emperor of Japan (d. 1737)
- 1705 - Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, French governor of the Mascarene Islands (d. 1786)
- 1741 - Benedict Arnold, American general and traitor (d. 1801)
- 1792 - Christian Julius De Meza, Danish general (d. 1865)
- 1798 - Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (d. 1872)
- 1800 - Ludwig Alois Ferdinand Köchel, Austrian researcher on music (d. 1877)
- 1818 - Zacharias Topelius, Finnish-Swedish writer (d. 1898)
- 1836 - Henri Fantin-Latour, French painter (d. 1904)
- 1841 - Berthe Morisot, French painter (d. 1895)
- 1850 - Pierre Loti, French writer (d. 1923)
- 1861 - Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1926)
- 1875 - Albert Schweitzer, Alsatian physician, missionary, and musician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1965)
- 1886 - Hugh Lofting, English author (d. 1947)
- 1889 - Ema Puksec, Croatian singer (b. 1834)
- 1892 - Hal Roach, American film producer (d. 1992)
- 1896 - John Dos Passos, American author (d. 1970)
- 1896 - Martin Niemöller, German theologian and pacifist (d. 1984)

1900 to 1999

- 1904 - Emily Hahn, American writer (d. 1997)
- 1905 - Cecil Beaton, English photographer (d. 1980)
- 1906 - William Bendix, American actor (d. 1964)
- 1908 - Russ Columbo, American singer, bandleader, and composer (d. 1934)
- 1914 - Harold Russell, Canadian-born actor (d. 2002)
- 1915 - Mark Goodson, American game show producer (d. 1992)
- 1919 - Giulio Andreotti, Italian politician
- 1919 - Andy Rooney, American journalist
- 1924 - Guy Williams, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1925 - Yukio Mishima, Japanese writer (d. 1970)
- 1926 - Tom Tryon, American actor and novelist (d. 1991)
- 1932 - Don Garlits, American race car driver
- 1933 - Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (d. 2003)
- 1934 - Richard Briers, English actor
- 1937 - Ken Higgs, English cricketer
- 1938 - Jack Jones, American singer and actor
- 1938 - Allen Toussaint, American singer
- 1940 - Julian Bond, American civil rights activist
- 1941 - Faye Dunaway, American actress
- 1941 - Milan Kučan, Slovenian statesman
- 1943 - Shannon Lucid, American astronaut
- 1944 - Marjoe Gortner, American evangelist and actor
- 1944 - Nina Totenberg, American journalist
- 1946 - Harold Shipman, British serial killer (d. 2004)
- 1947 - Bill Werbeniuk, Canadian snooker player (d. 2003)
- 1948 - T-Bone Burnett, American producer and musician
- 1948 - Carl Weathers, American actor
- 1949 - Lawrence Kasdan, American director and screenwriter
- 1952 - Sydney Biddle Barrows, American author
- 1956 - Ben Heppner, Canadian tenor
- 1957 - Suzanne Danielle, English actress
- 1959 - Geoff Tate, American musician (Queensr%C3%BFche)
- 1962 - Michael McCaul, American politician
- 1963 - Steven Soderbergh, American director
- 1964 - Shepard Smith, American news anchor
- 1965 - Marc Delissen, Dutch field hockey player
- 1967 - Kerri Green, American actress
- 1967 - Emily Watson, English actress
- 1967 - Zakk Wylde, American musician (Black Label Society)
- 1968 - LL Cool J, American rapper and actor
- 1969 - Jason Bateman, American actor
- 1969 - David Grohl, American drummer and composer
- 1971 - Lasse Kjus, Norwegian skier
- 1972 - Predrag Gosta, Yugoslav-born conductor, musicologist, and harpsichordist
- 1972 - Kyle Brady, National Football League tight end
- 1973 - Giancarlo Fisichella, Italian race car driver
- 1980 - Cory Gibbs, American soccer player
- 1980 - Byron Leftwich, American football player
- 1981 - Rosa López, Spanish singer
- 1988 - Mikalah Gordon, American singer

Deaths

1331 to 1899

- 1331 - Odoric, Italian explorer
- 1640 - Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, English lawyer and judge (b. 1578)
- 1676 - Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (b. 1602)
- 1701 - Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese warlord (b. 1628)
- 1742 - Edmond Halley, English scientist (b. 1656)
- 1753 - George Berkeley, Irish theologian (b. 1685)
- 1786 - Meshech Weare, Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1713)
- 1788 - François Joseph Paul, marquis de Grasetilly, comte de Grasse, French admiral (b. 1722)
- 1825 - George Dance the Younger, English architect (b. 1741)
- 1876 - Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, French painter (b. 1780)
- 1898 - Lewis Carroll, English writer and mathematician (b. 1832)

1900 to 1999

- 1905 - Ernst Abbe, German physicist (b. 1840)
- 1942 - Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian writer (b. 1883)
- 1949 - Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (b. 1882)
- 1957 - Humphrey Bogart, American actor (b. 1899)
- 1965 - Jeanette MacDonald, American actress and singer (b. 1903)
- 1966 - Bill Carr, American athlete (b. 1909)
- 1966 - Barry Fitzgerald, Irish actor (b. 1888)
- 1966 - Sergei Korolev, Russian rocket scientist (b. 1906)
- 1970 - William Feller, Croatian mathematician (b. 1906)
- 1972 - King Frederick IX of Denmark (b. 1899)
- 1977 - Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1897)
- 1977 - Peter Finch, English-born actor (b. 1916)
- 1977 - Anaïs Nin, French author (b. 1903)
- 1978 - Harold Abrahams, British athlete (b. 1899)
- 1978 - Kurt Gödel, Austrian mathematician (b. 1906)
- 1978 - Blossom Rock, American actress
- 1980 - Robert Ardrey, American author (b. 1908)
- 1984 - Ray Kroc, American fast food entrepreneur (b. 1902)
- 1986 - Donna Reed, American actress (b. 1921)
- 1988 - Georgi Malenkov, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party (b. 1902)
- 1999 - Bryn Jones, British musician (b. 1961)

2000 onwards

- 2001 - Burkhard Heim, German physicist (b. 1925)
- 2004 - Uta Hagen, American actress (b. 1919)
- 2004 - Ron O'Neal, American actor (b. 1937)
- 2004 - Valfar, Norwegian musician (Windir)
- 2005 - Charlotte MacLeod, American writer (b. 1922)
- 2005 - Conroy Maddox, English painter (b. 1912)
- 2005 - Rudolph Moshammer, German fashion designer (b. 1940)
- 2005 - Jesús-Rafael Soto, Venezuelan kinetic artist (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances

- New Year's Day in Eastern Orthodoxy, see Julian Calendar.
- Makar Sankranti in India. The event is marked by flying kites. Also Pongal in South India.
- Day of St. Basil the Great in Eastern Orthodoxy, January 1 on the Julian Calendar.
- Festum Asinorum, medieval burlesque festival celebrating the Flight into Egypt. No longer observed.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/14 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 13 - January 15 - December 14 - February 14 — listing of all days ko:1월 14일 ms:14 Januari ja:1月14日 simple:January 14 th:14 มกราคม

January 14

January 14 is the 14th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 351 days remaining (352 in leap years). It is celebrated as New Year's Day by those still following the Julian calendar.

Events

Births

1451 to 1899

1900 to 1999

Deaths

1331 to 1899

1900 to 1999

2000 onwards

Holidays and observances

External links

14 (number)

14 (fourteen) is the natural number following 13 and preceding 15.

In mathematics

Fourteen is a composite number, its proper divisors being , and . In base fifteen and higher bases (such as hexadecimal), fourteen is represented as E. Fourteen is the sum of the first three squares, which makes it a square pyramidal number. This number is the lowest even n for which the equation φ(x) = n has no solution, making it the first even nontotient (see Euler's totient function). It is a Catalan number. Take a set of real numbers and apply the closure and complement operations to it in any possible sequence. At most 14 distinct sets can be generated in this way. This holds even if the reals are replaced by a more general topological space. Fourteen is a Keith number in base 10: 1, 4, 5, 9, 14... Fourteen is an open meandric number. Fourteen is a Companion Pell number.

In science

In chemistry, : The atomic number of silicon : The maximum number of electrons that can fit in an f sublevel In astronomy, : Messier object M14, a magnitude 9.5 globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus : The New General Catalogue [http://www.ngcic.org/ object] NGC 14, a magnitude 12.5 irregular galaxy in the constellation Pegasus :The Saros [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros1-175.html number] of the solar eclipse series which began on -2568 July 31 and ended on -1035 February 6. The duration of Saros series 14 was 1532.5 years, and it contained 86 solar eclipses. :The Saros [http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/LEsaros/LEsaros1-175.html number] of the lunar eclipse series which began on -2230 June 1 and ended on -932 July 19. The duration of Saros series 14 was 1298.1 years, and it contained 73 lunar eclipses.

In other fields

Fourteen is:
- A number representing good luck in South American countries
- The number of days in a fortnight.
- In traditional British units of weight, the number of pounds in a stone.
- A number 'encoded' in a lot of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach may have considered this number a sort of signature, since given A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, etc., then B + A + C + H = 14 and J + S + B + A + C + H = 41.
- The number of points outlined by president Woodrow Wilson for reconstructing a new Europe following World War I, see Fourteen Points.
- The Fourteen Holy Helpers were a group of saints formerly venerated together by Roman Catholics.
- Retired number of former baseball stars Pete Rose and Ernie Banks
- Among neo-Nazis to signify the "14 words", "We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children", attributed to David Lane.
- An unlucky number in China. Although 14 is usually said as "shi si," it can also be said as "yi si," literally "one four." There is also a common way to say "one," and it is "yao." Thus, 14 can also be said as "yao si," literally "one four," but it also means "want to die."
- The section that you go to when you die in the Grailquest books
- The number of a Mexican street gang, the Norteños. It designates N, the fourteenth letter of the alphabet, which stands for "Northerner".
- The number of legs on a pillbug, as well as on Hallucigenia.
- Historical years: 14 A.D., 14 B.C., or 1914
- A common designation for the thirteenth floor in many buildings for superstitious reasons
- The G-14 is a union of fourteen football clubs.
- In rugby union the right wing wears the 14 shirt.
- The number of fonts included in a standard installation of Adobe Acrobat or Acrobat Reader (called "Base 14 fonts"). This set is the same as Base 13 fonts with the addition of Zapf Dingbats.
- The number of muqatta'at 1 4 ko:14 ja:14

Leap year

A leap year (or intercalary year) is a year containing an extra day or month in order to keep the calendar year in sync with an astronomical or seasonal year. Seasons and astronomical events do not repeat at an exact number of days, so a calendar which had the same number of days in each year would over time drift with respect to the event it was supposed to track. By occasionally inserting (or intercalating) an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected. Leap years (which keep the calendar in sync with the year) should not be confused with leap seconds (which keep clock time in sync with the day).

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar, the current standard calendar in most of the world, adds a 29th day to February in all years evenly divisible by 4, except for century years (those ending in -00), which receive the extra day only if they are evenly divisible by 400. Thus 1996 was a leap year whereas 1999 was not, and 1600, 2000 and 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 and 2100 are not. The reasoning behind this rule is as follows:
- The Gregorian calendar is designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter (celebrated on the Sunday after the 14th day of the Moon that falls on or after 21 March) remains correct with respect to the vernal equinox.
- The vernal equinox year is currently about 365.242375 days long.
- The Gregorian leap year rule gives an average year length of 365.2425 days. This difference of a little over 0.0001 days means that in around 8,000 years, the calendar will be about one day behind where it should be. But in 8,000 years' time the length of the vernal equinox year will have changed by an amount we can't accurately predict (see below). So the Gregorian leap year rule does a good enough job. Image:Gregoriancalendarleap.png

Which day is the leap day?

The Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a lunar calendar (though from the 5th century BC it no longer followed the real moon) and named its days after three of the phases of the moon: the new moon (calends, hence "calendar"), the first quarter (nones) and the full moon (ides). Days were counted down (inclusively) to the next named day, so 24 February was ante diem sextum calendas martii ("the sixth day before the calends of March"). Since 45 BC, February in a leap year had two days called "the sixth day before the calends of March". The extra day was originally the second of these, but since the third century it was the first. Hence the term bissextile day for 24 February in a bissextile year. Where this custom is followed, anniversaries after the inserted day are moved in leap years. For example, the former feast day of Saint Matthias, 24 February in ordinary years, would be 25 February in leap years. This historical nicety is, however, in the process of being discarded: The European Union declared that, starting in 2000, 29 February rather than 24 February would be leap day, and the Roman Catholic Church also now uses 29 February as leap day. The only tangible difference is felt in countries that celebrate feast days.

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4. This rule gives an average year length of 365.25 days. The excess of about 0.0076 days with respect to the vernal equinox year means that the vernal equinox moves a day earlier in the calendar every 130 years or so.

Revised Julian Calendar

The Revised Julian calendar adds an extra day to February in years divisible by 4, except for years divisible by 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900. This rule agrees with the rule for the Gregorian calendar until 2799. The first year that dates in the Revised Julian calendar will not agree with the those in the Gregorian calendar will be 2800, because it will be a leap year in the Gregorian calendar but not in the Revised Julian calendar. This rule gives an average year length of 365.242222… days. This is a very good approximation to the mean tropical year, but because the vernal equinox tropical year is slightly longer, the Revised Julian calendar does not do as good a job as the Gregorian calendar of keeping the vernal equinox on or close to 21 March.

Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, so a leap year has an extra month, often called an embolismic month after the Greek word for it. In the Chinese calendar the leap month is added according to a complicated rule, which ensures that month 11 is always the month that contains the northern winter solstice. The intercalary month takes the same number as the preceding month; for example, if it follows the second month then it is simply called "leap second month".

Hebrew calendar

The Hebrew calendar is also lunisolar with an embolistic month. In the Hebrew calendar the extra month is called Adar Alef (first Adar) and is added before Adar, which then becomes Adar Sheni (second Adar). According to the Metonic cycle, this is done seven times every nineteen years, specifically, in years, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 19. In addition, the Hebrew calendar has postponement rules that postpone the start of the year by one or two days. The year before the postponement gets one or two extra days, and the year whose start is postponed loses one or two days. These postponement rules reduce the number of different combinations of year length and starting day of the week from 28 to 14, and regulate the location of certain religious holidays in relation to the Sabbath.

Hindu Calendar

In the Hindu calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar, the embolismic month is called adhika maas (extra month). It is the month in which the sun is in the same sign of the stellar zodiac on two consecutive dark moons.

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendar also has a single intercalated day once in every four years, but every 33 years or so the leap years will be five years apart instead of four years apart. The system used is more accurate and more complicated, and is based on the time of the March equinox as observed from Teheran. The 33-year period is not completely regular; every so often the 33-year cycle will be broken by a cycle of 29 or 37 years.

Long term leap year rules

The accumulated difference between the Gregorian calendar and the vernal equinoctial year amounts to 1 day in about 8,000 years. This suggests that the calendar needs to be improved by another refinement to the leap year rule: perhaps by avoiding leap years in years divisible by 8,000. (The most common such proposal is to avoid leap years in years divisible by 4,000 [http://www.google.com/search?q=%22gregorian+calendar%22+error+%22leap+year%22+4000]. This is based on the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the mean tropical year. Others claim, erroneously, that the Gregorian calendar itself already contains a refinement of this kind [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mleapyr.html].) However, there is little point in planning a calendar so far ahead because over a timescale of tens of thousands of years the number of days in a year will change for a number of reasons, most notably: #Precession of the equinoxes moves the position of the vernal equinox with respect to perihelion and so changes the length of the vernal equinoctial year. #Tidal acceleration from the sun and moon slows the rotation of the earth, making the day longer. In particular, the second component of change depends on such things as post-glacial rebound and sea level rise due to climate change. We can't predict these changes accurately enough to be able to make a calendar that will be accurate to a day in tens of thousands of years.

Marriage proposal

There is a tradition, said to go back to Saint Patrick and Saint Bridget in 5th century Ireland, whereby women may only make marriage proposals in leap years.

Saint Patrick and the leap year

:Saint Patrick, having driven the frogs out of the bogs was walking along the shores of Lough Neagh, when he was accosted by Saint Bridget in tears, and was told that a mutiny had broken out in the nunnery over which she presided, the ladies claiming the right of popping the question. :Saint Patrick said he would concede them the right every seventh year, when Saint Bridget threw her arms round his neck, and exclaimed, "Arrah, Pathrick, jewel, I daurn't go back to the girls wid such a proposal. Make it one year in four." Saint Patrick replied, "Bridget, acushla, squeeze me that way again, an' I'll give ye leap-year, the longest of the lot." Saint Bridget, upon this, popped the question to St Patrick himself, who, of course, could not marry: so he patched up the difficulty as best he could with a kiss and a silk gown. (Source: Evans, Ivor H, Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Cassell, London, 1988) According to a 1288 law in Scotland, fines were levied if the proposal was refused by the man; compensation ranged from a kiss to a silk gown to soften the blow. Because men felt that put them at too great a risk, the tradition was in some places tightened to restricting female proposals to 29 February.

Birthdays

A person who was born on 29 February may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on 28 February or 1 March. There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out be based on counting their leap-year birthdays. A similar device is used in the plot of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Pirates of Penzance. Category:Calendars Category:Units of time als:Schaltjahr ko:윤년 ja:閏年 simple:Leap year th:ปีอธิกสุรทิน

New Year's Day

:This article is about January 1 in the Gregorian calendar. For all other New Year celebrations, see New Year. :For information on the movie, "New Year's Day", see New Year's Day (film). New Year's Day is the first day of the year, in the Gregorian calendar. In modern times, it is January 1. In most countries, it is a holiday. It is still celebrated as a holy day on January 14 by those who still follow the Julian calendar such as followers of some of the Eastern Orthodox churches known as Old Calendarists.

Modern practices

January 1 marks the end of a period of remembrance of the passing year, especially on radio, television, and in newspapers, which usually starts right after Christmas Day. Publications often have year-end articles that review the changes during the past year. Common topics include politics, natural disasters, music and the arts, and the listing of significant individuals who died during the past year. Often there are also articles on planned or expected changes in the coming year, such as the description of new laws that often take effect on January 1. This day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s, has become an occasion for celebration on the night between December 31 and January 1, called New Year's Eve. There are often fireworks at midnight. Depending on the country, individuals may be allowed to burn fireworks, even if it is forbidden the rest of the year. It is also an occasion to make New Year resolutions, which they hope to fulfill in the coming Year; the most popular ones in the western world include to stop tobacco smoking or drinking, or to lose weight or get physically fit. In most countries that follow the Gregorian calendar, including the United States, United Kingdom and Canada (for a very brief list), New Year's Day is a public holiday. For many of those countries, if January 1 falls on a Saturday or Sunday, then the Friday before or the Monday after will be a public holiday. Israel is the only country that uses the Gregorian calendar that does not celebrate the day as a public holiday. The official reason is due to the day's historic origins as a Christian religious holiday, although many other nations with non-Christian majorities have a public January 1 holiday. Nonetheless, many Israelis, especially those who originate from North America or Western Europe, do privately celebrate the holiday.

History

Among the 7th century druidic pagans of Flanders, it was the custom to exchange gifts at the New Year, a pagan custom deplored by Saint Eligius (died 659 or 660), who warned the Flemings, "[Do not] make vetulas, [little figures of the Old Woman], little deer or iotticos or set tables [for the house-elf, compare Puck] at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks [another Yule custom]." The quote is from the vita of Eligius written by his companion Ouen. In the Middle Ages, most European countries used the Julian calendar, but a variety of dates were used as the first day of the year; see New Year for details. The adoption of the Gregorian calendar led eventually to the adoption of January 1 as New Year's Day in all countries using that calendar.

Specific, high-profile or common celebrations

January 1
- In Pasadena, California, United States, the Tournament of Roses is held on New Year's Day with nearly a million revelers viewing the parade from the streets, with millions more around the world watching on television, followed by the Rose Bowl football game.
- In New York City, the world famous 1,070-pound, 6-foot-diameter Waterford crystal ball located high above Times Square is lowered starting at 11:59:00 PM and reaches the bottom of its tower at the stroke of midnight (12:00:00 AM) on January 1. It is sometimes referred to as "the big apple" like the city itself; the custom derives from the time signal that used to be given at noon in harbors.
- Other Ball Drops occur in Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro and Sydney Harbour
- Vienna New Year Concert, in Austria
- In The Netherlands and some other European countries, the New Year is greeted with massive private fireworks. The custom may have been imported by Chinese immigrants in the early 20th century. However, fireworks have long been part of the European celebration of major events, so this may not be so. This day is also the occasion to make bonfires of discarded Christmas trees in some countries.
- In South Korea, the most popular way of celebrating New Year's Day (1 January) is to travel to Jung dong jin, the place on the peninsula where the sun can first be seen each day.
- Junkanoo parade, in Nassau, Bahamas
- Some US mayors hold New Year levees
- In Scotland, there are many special customs associated with the New Year. For more information, see Hogmanay, the Scots name for the New Year celebration.
- Japanese New Year in Japan
- The Peach Drop in Underground Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.
- Polar Bear Clubs: In many cities near bodies of water, they will have a tradition of people plunging into the cold water on New Year's Day. The Coney Island Polar Bears Club in New York is the oldest cold-water swimming club in the United States. They have had groups of people enter the chilly surf since 1903.

Images Associated with New Year's Day

In the United States, cultural images include an old Father Time with a sash proclaiming the Old Year leaving as an infant with a sash proclaiming the New Year enters.

New Year's Babies

People born on New Year's Day are commonly called New Year's Babies.

1301

Events

- February 7 - Edward of Caernarvon (later King Edward II of England) becomes the first Prince of Wales
- End of the reign of Emperor Go-Fushimi, emperor of Japan
- Emperor Go-Nijō ascends to the throne of Japan
- Dante was sent into Exile in Florence.

Births

- June 19 - Prince Morikuni, Japanese shogun (died 1333)
- July 23 - Duke Otto of Austria (died 1339)
- August 5 - Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, English politician (died 1330)
- September 24 - Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (died 1372)
- William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English nobleman (died 1344)
- Nitta Yoshisada, Japanese head of the Nitta clan (died 1338)

Deaths

- Zahed Gilani, Grandmaster of the Zahediyeh Sufi Order (born 1216) Category:1301 ko:1301년

Hungary

The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság ), or Hungary (Magyarország ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. It is known locally as the Country of the Magyars.

History

Main article: History of Hungary In the time of the Roman Empire, the Romans called the region Pannonia (west from the Danube river). After Rome fell the Migration Period brought on many invaders. First came the Huns, who built up a powerful empire under Attila. The name "Hungary" may be influenced by the name of the Hun people, although it probably comes from the name of a later, 7th century state called Onogur (or possibly from the name of the city Ungvár, which was possibly the first major city the Magyars occupied). After the Hunnish rule faded, Germanic tribes Lombards and Gepids ruled in Pannonia for about 100 years, during which the Slavic tribes also began migrating south. In the 560s, these were supplanted by the Avars who would maintain their supremacy of the land for over two centuries. The Franks under Charlemagne from the west and the Bulgars from the southeast finally managed to overthrow the Avars in the early 9th century. Soon after, the Franks retreated, and the Slavonic kingdom of Great Moravia and the Balaton Principality controlled much of Pannonia until the end of the century. Finally, the Magyars migrated to Hungary in the late 9th century. Tradition holds that the Country of the Magyars (Hungary) was founded by Árpád, who led the Magyars into the Pannonian plains after 895. The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 by King St. Stephen I. Initially the history of Hungary was developed in a triangle with that of Poland and Bohemia, with the many liaisons with Popes and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Hungary was partially demolished with a great loss of life in 1241–1242 by Mongol (Tatar) armies of Batu Khan. Gradually Hungary under the rule of the dynasty of the Árpáds turned into an independent kingdom which formed a distinct Central European culture with ties to greater West European civilisation. Ruled by the Angevins since 1308, the Kingdom of Hungary briefly extended its control over Wallachia and Moldavia. The non-dynastic king Matthias Corvinus, son of John Hunyadi, ruled the Kingdom of Hungary from 1458 to 1490. He strengthened Hungary and its government. Under his rule, Hungary (notably the northern parts, some of which are in Slovakia today) became an important artistic and cultural centre of Europe during the Renaissance. Hungarian culture influenced others, for example the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Together with Polish and Czech lands, Hungary formed the Visegrád group of countries. Today an alliance of the same name exists again with the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland. Hungarian independence ended with the Ottoman conquest at the beginning of the 16th century; the parts of Hungary that were not conquered by the Ottomans were annexed by Austria (the rulers of which were Hungarian kings at the same time) in the West, and became the independent Principality of Transylvania in the East, where thus Hungarian statedom was preserved. After 150 years, Austria and her Christian allies retook also the territory of today's Hungary by the end of the 17th century from the Islamic Ottoman Empire. After the final retreat of the Turks, struggle began between the Hungarian nation and the Habsburg kings for the protection of noblemen's rights (thus guarding the autonomy of Hungary). The fight against Austrian absolutism resulted in the unsuccessful popular freedom fight led by a Transylvanian nobleman, Ferenc II Rákóczi, between 1704 and 1711. The revolution and war of 1848–1849 eliminated serfdom and secured civil rights. The Austrians were finally able to prevail only with Russian help. Thanks to the victories against Austria by the French-Italian coalition (the Battle of Solferino, 1859) and Prussia (Battle of Königgratz, 1866), Hungary would eventually, in 1867, manage to become an autonomous part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (see Ausgleich). Having achieved this, the Hungarian government took an effort to nationally unify the kingdom by Magyarisation of the various other nationalities. This lasted until the end of World War I, when the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed. On November 16, 1918, an independent Hungarian Republic was proclaimed. In March 1919 the communists took power, and in April, Béla Kun proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. This government, like its predecessor, proved to be short lived; after some initial military successes against the Czechoslovak army, the Romanians attacked to prevent a campaign in Transylvania. By August more than half of present-day Hungary, including Budapest, was placed under Romanian occupation, which lasted until November. Rightist military forces, led by the former Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy, entered Budapest in the wake of the Romanian army's departure and filled the vacuum of state power. In January 1920, elections were held for a unicameral assembly, and Admiral Horthy was subsequently elected Regent, thereby formally restoring Hungary to a kingdom, although there were no more Kings of Hungary, despite attempts by the former Habsburg king to return to power. Horthy continued to rule with autocratic powers until 1944. In June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, fixing Hungary's borders. Compared with the pre-war Kingdom, the size and population of this new Hungary were reduced by about two-thirds; about one-third of the Magyar population became minorities in the neighbouring countries. Therefore, Hungarian politics and culture of the interwar period were saturated with irredentism and revisionism (the restoration of 19th century "greater Hungary" by whatever means necessary). Horthy made an alliance with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, in the hope of revising the territorial losses that had followed World War I. The alliance did lead to some territories being given to Hungary in the two Vienna Awards. Hungary then assisted the German occupation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, occupying the Banat right afterwards, and finally entered World War II in 1941, fighting primarily against the Soviet Union. In October 1944, Hitler replaced Horthy with the Hungarian Nazi collaborator Ferenc Szálasi and his Arrow Cross Party in order to avert Hungary's defection to the Allied side, which were constantly threatened since the Allied invasion of Italy. Hungary passed a series of anti-Semitic laws throughot the 1920s and thirties, and some massacres of Jews by Hungarian forces took place in the early part of the Second World War, but Hungary initially resisted large scale deportation of its Jewish population. Ultimately, however, during the German occupation, the Arrow Cross Party and government authorities participated fully in the Holocaust: in May and June of 1944, Hungarian police deported nearly 440,000 Jews in more than 145 trains, mostly to Auschwitz [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?ModuleId=10005458]. Ultimately, over 533,000 Jews in Hungary were killed during the Holocaust, as well as several tens of thousands of Roma. Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Hungary became part of the Soviet area of influence and was appropriated into a communist state following a short period of democracy in 1946–1947. After 1948 Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi established a Stalinist rule in the country, which was barely bearable for the war-torn country. This led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact which were met with a massive military intervention by the Soviet Union. From the 1960s on to the late 1980s Hungary enjoyed a distinguished status of "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, under the rule of late controversial communist leader János Kádár, who exercised autocratic rule during this period. In the late 1980s, Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and shifted toward multiparty democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Hungary developed closer ties with Western Europe, joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union on May 1, 2004. See Also: Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary before the Magyars

Politics

Main article: Politics of Hungary The President of the Republic, elected by the parliament every 5 years, has a largely ceremonial role, but powers also include appointing the prime minister. The prime minister selects cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them. Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings and must be formally approved by the president. The unicameral, 386-member National Assembly (the Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. National parliamentary elections are held every 4 years (the last was in April 2002). A 15-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Counties of Hungary Hungary is subdivided administratively into 19 counties, in addition to which there is one capital city (főváros): Budapest. There are also 23 so-called urban counties (singular megyei jogú város), These are:

Urban counties

Counties (County Capital)

- Békéscsaba
- Debrecen
- Dunaújváros
- Eger
- Érd
- Győr
- Hódmezővásárhely
- Kaposvár
- Kecskemét
- Miskolc
- Nagykanizsa
- Nyíregyháza
- Pécs
- Salgótarján
- Sopron
- Szeged
- Székesfehérvár
- Szekszárd
- Szolnok
- Szombathely
- Tatabánya
- Veszprém
- Zalaegerszeg

- Bács-Kiskun (Kecskemét)
- Baranya (Pécs)
- Békés (Békéscsaba)
- Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén (Miskolc)
- Csongrád (Szeged)
- Fejér (Székesfehérvár)
- Győr-Moson-Sopron (Győr)
- Hajdú-Bihar (Debrecen)
- Heves (Eger)
- Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok (Szolnok)
- Komárom-Esztergom (Tatabánya)
- Nógrád (Salgótarján)
- Pest (Budapest)
- Somogy (Kaposvár)
- Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg (Nyíregyháza)
- Tolna (Szekszárd)
- Vas (Szombathely)
- Veszprém (Veszprém)
- Zala (Zalaegerszeg)

Geography

List of historic counties of Hungary Main article: Geography of Hungary Hungary's landscape consists mostly of the flat to rolling plains of the Carpathian Basin, with hills and lower mountains to the north along the

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