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January 17

January 17

January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 348 days remaining (349 in leap years).

Events

- 1562 - France recognized the Huguenots under the Edict of Saint-Germain.
- 1648 - England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Address, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
- 1746 - Charles Edward Stuart, "Bonnie Prince Charlie", defeats a Hanoverian army at Falkirk in his ultimately unsuccessful campaign to recover the throne for the Jacobite dynasty.
- 1771 - Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Caroline Matilda are arrested, leading to his execution and her banishment from Denmark
- 1773 - Captain James Cook becomes the first explorer to cross the Antarctic Circle.
- 1781 - Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina.
- 1819 - Simón Bolívar proclaims the Republic of Colombia.
- 1852 - United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Boer colonies of the Transvaal.
- 1873 - First Battle of the Stronghold in the US Modoc War.
- 1885 - A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan.
- 1893 - American planters led by the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
- 1899 - The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.
- 1912 - Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen.
- 1916 - The Professional Golfers Association (PGA) is formed.
- 1917 - The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands.
- 1929 - Popeye the Sailor Man, a cartoon character created by Elzie Crisler Segar, first appeared in a newspaper comic strip.
- 1941 - Kuomintang forces under the order of Chiang Kai-Shek opened fire at communist force, Chinese Civil War resumes after WWII.(This event is known as 皖南事变).
- 1945 - Soviet forces capture the almost completely destroyed Polish city of Warsaw. The Liberate of Warsaw.
- 1945 - The Nazis begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as Soviet forces close in.
- 1945 - Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg disappears in Hungary while in Soviet custody.
- 1946 - The UN Security Council holds its first session.
- 1949 - The Goldbergs, the first sitcom on American television, airs.
- 1950 - The Great Brinks Robbery - 11 thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car in Boston, Massachusetts.
- 1966 - Simon and Garfunkel release their second album, Sounds of Silence, on Columbia Records.
- 1966 - A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 jet tanker over Spain, dropping three 70-kiloton hydrogen bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea.
- 1966 - Carl Brashear, the first African American United States Navy diver, is involved in an accident on a routine mission which amputates his leg.
- 1973 - Ferdinand Marcos becomes "President for Life" of the Philippines.
- 1974 - Joni Mitchell releases Court and Spark, arguably her most mainstream album.
- 1975 - Bob Dylan releases Blood on the Tracks, often considered one of his best albums.
- 1977 - Convicted murderer Gary Gilmore is executed by a firing squad in Utah, ending a ten-year moratorium on the death penalty in the United States.
- 1982 - "Cold Sunday" in the United States sees temperatures fall to their lowest levels in over 100 years in numerous cities.
- 1985 - British Telecom announces the retirement of Britain's famous red telephone boxes.
- 1991 - Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm began early in the morning. Iraq fires 8 Scud missiles into Israel in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation.
- 1991 - Harald V becomes King of Norway on the death of his father, Olav V.
- 1992 - Punk rock band Green Day releases their second full-length album, Kerplunk.
- 1994 - A magnitude 6.7 earthquake occurs in Northridge, California; see 1994 Northridge Earthquake.
- 1995 - A magnitude 7.3 earthquake called "the Great Hanshin earthquake" occurs near Kobe, Japan, causing extensive property damage and killing 6,433 people.
- 1996 - The Czech Republic applies for membership of the European Union.
- 1998 - Paula Jones accuses President Bill Clinton of sexual harassment.
- 2002 - Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, displacing an estimated 400,000 people.

Births

- 1463 - Friedrich III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1525)
- 1484 - George Spalatin, German reformer (d. 1545)
- 1501 - Leonhart Fuchs, German physician and botanist (d. 1566)
- 1504 - Pope Pius V (d. 1572)
- 1560 - Gaspard Bauhin, Swiss botanist (d. 1624)
- 1600 - Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish playwright (d. 1681)
- 1612 - Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English Civil War general (d. 1671)
- 1686 - Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (d. 1766)
- 1706 - Benjamin Franklin American writer, inventor, publisher, and ambassador (d. 1790)
- 1712 - John Stanley, English composer (d. 1786)
- 1719 - William Vernon, American merchant (d. 1806)
- 1761 - James Hall, Scottish geologist (d. 1832)
- 1763 - John Jacob Astor, American entrepreneur (d. 1848)
- 1789 - August Neander, German theologian (d. 1850)
- 1811 - Joshua A. Norton, "Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico" (d. 1880)
- 1820 - Anne Brontë, British author (d. 1849)
- 1832 - Henry Martyn Baird, American historian and educationalist (d. 1906)
- 1851 - A. B. Frost, American illustrator (d. 1928)
- 1860 - Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland
- 1863 - David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945)
- 1867 - Carl Laemmle, German-born film executive (d. 1939)
- 1871 - David Earl Beatty British admiral (d. 1936)
- 1871 - Nicolae Iorga, Romanian writer (d. 1940)
- 1880 - Mack Sennett, Canadian film director and producer (d. 1960)
- 1881 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
- 1882 - Noah Beery, American actor (d. 1946)
- 1899 - Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947)
- 1899 - Nevil Shute, English author (d. 1960)
- 1905 - Guillermo Stábile, Argentine footballer (d. 1966)
- 1911 - George Joseph Stigler, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- 1914 - William Stafford, American poet and essayist (d. 1993)
- 1921 - Antonio Prohias, Cuban cartoonist (d. 1998)
- 1922 - Luis Echeverría Álvarez, President of Mexico
- 1922 - Nicholas Katzenbach, American politician
- 1922 - Betty White, American actress
- 1925 - Robert Cormier, American author (d. 2000)
- 1925 - Abdul Kardar, Pakistani cricketer
- 1926 - Newton N. Minow, American telecommunications lawyer and statesman
- 1926 - Moira Shearer, Scottish actress and dancer
- 1927 - Eartha Kitt, American actress and singer
- 1928 - Jean Barraqué, French composer (d. 1973)
- 1928 - Vidal Sassoon, English cosmetologist
- 1929 - Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (d. 1986)
- 1931 - James Earl Jones, American actor
- 1931 - Douglas Wilder, Governor of Virginia
- 1931 - Don Zimmer, baseball coach
- 1933 - Dalida, French singer (d. 1987)
- 1933 - Ray Dolby, American inventor
- 1933 - Sadruddhin Aga Khan, French UN High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2003)
- 1933 - Shari Lewis, American puppeteer (d. 1998)
- 1933 - Sheree North, American actress
- 1935 - Ruth Ann Minner, Governor of Delaware
- 1937 - Troy Donahue, American actor
- 1939 - Maury Povich, American talk show host
- 1940 - Kipchoge Keino, Kenyan runner
- 1942 - Muhammad Ali, American boxer
- 1942 - Cus D'Amato, boxing manager (d. 1985)
- 1942 - Ulf Hoelscher, German violinist
- 1942 - Nancy Parsons, American actress (d. 2001)
- 1943 - René Préval, President of Haiti
- 1944 - Françoise Hardy, French singer
- 1948 - Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland
- 1948 - Mick Taylor, British musician (The Rolling Stones)
- 1949 - Andy Kaufman, American comedian (d. 1984)
- 1952 - Darrell Porter, American baseball player (d. 2002)
- 1955 - Steve Earle, American musician
- 1956 - Paul Young, English musician
- 1959 - Susanna Hoffs, American musician (The Bangles)
- 1959 - Momoe Yamaguchi, Japanese singer and actress
- 1962 - Jim Carrey, American actor and comedian
- 1966 - Shabba Ranks, Jamaican singer
- 1968 - Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer, Dutch writer
- 1969 - Lukas Moodysson, Swedish film director
- 1970 - Jeremy Roenick, American hockey player
- 1970 - Genndy Tartakovsky, Russian-born animator
- 1970 - James Wattana, Thai snooker player
- 1971 - Kid Rock, American singer
- 1972 - Ken Hirai, Japanese singer and songwriter
- 1980 - Zooey Deschanel, American actress
- 1981 - Scott Mechlowicz, American actor
- 1982 - Jodie Sweetin, American actress
- 1982 - Alex Varkatzas, American singer (Atreyu)
- 1982 - Dwyane Wade, American basketball player
- 1986 - Chloe Rose Lattanzi, American actress and singer
- 1988 - Nikki Reed, American actress

Deaths

- 395 - Theodosius I, Roman Emperor
- 1229 - Albert of Buxhoeveden, German soldier
- 1369 - King Peter I of Cyprus (murdered) (b. 1328)
- 1468 - Skanderbeg, Albanian leader (b. 1405)
- 1617 - Faust Vrancic, Croatian inventor (b. 1551)
- 1654 - Paulus Potter, Dutch painter (b. 1625)
- 1705 - John Ray, English naturalist (b. 1627)
- 1718 - Captain Benjamin Church, Plymouth Colony settler
- 1737 - Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, German architect (b. 1662)
- 1751 - Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer (b. 1671)
- 1826 - Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer (b. 1806)
- 1861 - Lola Montez, Irish-born adventurer (b. 1821)
- 1884 - Hermann Schlegel, German ornithologist (b. 1804)
- 1886 - Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (b. 1834)
- 1893 - Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (b. 1822)
- 1961 - Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1925)
- 1964 - T.H. White, English author (b. 1906)
- 1967 - Evelyn Nesbit, American actress (b. 1884)
- 1972 - Betty Smith, American writer and singer (b. 1896)
- 1977 - Gary Gilmore, American murderer (executed) (b. 1940)
- 1983 - Doodles Weaver, American actor (b. 1911)
- 1991 - King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
- 1993 - Albert Hourani, English historian (b. 1915)
- 1994 - Helen Stephens, American runner (b. 1918)
- 1996 - Barbara Jordan, American politician (b. 1936)
- 1997 - Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (b. 1906)
- 2001 - Gregory Corso, American poet (b. 1930)
- 2001 - Laurent-Desire Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1939)
- 2002 - Camilo Jose Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
- 2004 - Czeslaw Niemen, Polish musician (b. 1939)
- 2004 - Ray Stark, publicist, actor's agent, and producer (b. 1915)
- 2004 - Noble Willingham, American actor (b. 1931)
- 2005 - Charlie Bell, American fast food executive (b. 1960)
- 2005 - Virginia Mayo, American actress (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Albert Schatz, American microbiologist (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Zhao Ziyang, Premier of the People's Republic of China (b. 1917)

Holidays and observances

- Ancient Latvia - Zirgu Diena observed
- Catholicism - Feast day of St. Anthony.
- 2005 - USA - Martin Luther King Jr. Day.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/17 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 16 - January 18 - December 17 - February 17 — listing of all days ko:1월 17일 ms:17 Januari ja:1月17日 simple:January 17 th:17 มกราคม

January 17

January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 348 days remaining (349 in leap years).

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

- Ancient Latvia - Zirgu Diena observed
- Catholicism - Feast day of St. Anthony.
- 2005 - USA - Martin Luther King Jr. Day.

External links

1562

Events

- Earliest English slave-trading expedition under John Hawkins. The expedition goes between Guinea and the West Indies
- January 6 - Earl of Tyrone ends his first rebellion by surrendering to Queen Elizabeth I of England
- January 17 - Huguenots were recognized under the Edict of Saint-Germain
- March 1 - Over 1,000 Huguenots are massacred by the ultra-Catholic Francis, Duke of Guise in Wassy-sur-Blaise marking the start of the First War of Religion in France. Protestant forces led by Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé and Gaspard de Coligny quickly seize control of Orleans, Rouen, and other cities throughout France.
- May 1 Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands in Florida and later establishes a Huguenot colony at Charlesfort
- May 26 - Earl of Tyrone leads a second rebellion in Ireland
- September 20 - English forces under John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, land in Newhaven (Le Havre) to aid the Huguenots.
- September 22 - Maximilian, son of the Emperor Ferdinand I, succeeds as King of Bohemia.
- October 26 - Rouen is captured by Royalist forces under Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, who is mortally wounded.
- November 5 - In Scotland, the rebellion of George Gordon, Earl of Huntly is crushed by James Stewart, Earl of Moray at Corrichie.
- November 20 - Maximilian of Bohemia is elected King of the Romans.
- December 19 - Battle of Dreux. An indecisive battle between Huguenots forces under Condé and Coligny, and Catholic forces under Anne de Montmorency and Guise. The official leaders of both armies – Condé and Montmorency – are captured in the battle.
- French Huguenots establish a colony of Port Royal on Parris Island at the mouth of St John River

Births

- January 12 - Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (died 1630)
- January 13 - Mark Alexander Boyd, Scottish poet and soldier of fortune (died 1601)
- July 25 - Kato Kiyomasa, Japanese samurai (died 1611)
- August 17 - (baptised) - Hans Leo Hassler, German composer (died 1612)
- October 4 - Christian Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (died 1647)
- October 19 - George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1633)
- November 25 - Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and dramatist (died 1635)
- Isabella Andreini, Italian actress (died 1604)
- Pietro Bernini, Italian sculptor (died 1629)
- John Bull, English composer (died 1628)
- Henry Constable, English poet (died 1613)
- Samuel Daniel, English poet and historian (died 1619)
- Francis Godwin, English writer and prelate (died 1633)
- George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly (died 1636)
- Juan Jauregui, attempted assassin of William I of Orange (died 1582)
- Natsuka Masaie, Japanese daimyo
- Richard Neile, English churchman (died 1640)
- Penelope Devereux, Lady Rich (died 1607)
- Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian composer (died 1621)
- Henry Spelman, English antiquary (died 1641)
- Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer (died 1621)
- Maeda Toshinaga, Japanese nobleman (died 1614) See also :Category: 1562 births.

Deaths

- January 9 - Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (born 1514)
- May 14 - Lelio Sozini, Italian protestant theologian (born 1525)
- October 9 - Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist (born 1523)
- November 12 - Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian theologian (born 1500)
- November 17 - Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France (born 1518)
- December 7 - Adrian Willaert, Flemish composer
- Matteo Bandello, Italian novelist (born 1480)
- Nicholas Grimald, English poet and theologian (born 1519)
- George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (born 1514)
- Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter (born 1495) See also :Category: 1562 deaths. Category:1562 ko:1562년

Huguenot

In the 16th and 17th centuries, the name of Huguenots came to apply to members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France, or historically as the French Calvinists.

Origin of the name

Used originally as a term of derision, the derivation of the name Huguenot remains uncertain. It may have been based on the name Besançon Hugues, or a French corruption of the German word Eidgenosse, meaning a Swiss person - Geneva, Switzerland was John Calvin's adopted home and the center of the Calvinist movement. In Geneva, Hugues was the leader of the "Confederate Party", so called because it favored an alliance between the city-state of Geneva and the Swiss Confederation. This theory of origin has support from the fact that the label Huguenot was first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to usurp power in France from the influential House of Guise, a move which would have had the side-effect of fostering relations with the Swiss. Thus, Hugues plus eidgenot becomes Huguenot, with the intention of associating the Protestant cause with some very unpopular politics. Another theory is offered by O.I.A. Roche, who writes in his book The Days of the Upright, A History of the Huguenots that "Huguenot" is :"a combination of a Flemish and a German word. In the Flemish corner of France, Bible students who gathered in each other's houses to study secretly were called Huis Genooten, or 'house fellows', while on the Swiss and German borders they were termed Eid Genossen, or 'oath fellows', that is, persons bound to each other by an oath. Gallicized into 'Huguenot', often used deprecatingly, the word became, during two and a half centuries of terror and triumph, a badge of enduring honor and courage."

Religious beliefs

Huguenot predecessors included the pro-reform and Gallican Roman Catholics, like Jacques Lefevre. Later, Huguenots followed the Lutheran movement, and finally, Calvinism. They shared John Calvin's fierce reformation beliefs which decried the priesthood, sacraments and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. They believed in salvation as an act of God as much as in creation as an act of God, and thus that only God's predestined mercy toward the elect made them fit for salvation. Some see this dual emphasis on creation and on salvation, and God's sovereignty over both, as a cornerstone principle for Huguenot developments in architecture, textiles and other merchandise. Above all, Huguenots became known for their fiery criticisms of worship as performed in the Roman Catholic Church, in particular the focus on ritual and what seemed an obsession with death and the dead. They believed the ritual, images, saints, pilgrimages, prayers, and hierarchy of the Catholic Church did not help anyone toward redemption. They saw Christian faith as something to be expressed in a strict and godly life, in obedience to Biblical laws, out of gratitude for God's mercy. Like other Protestants of the time, they felt that the Roman church needed radical cleansing of its impurities, and that the Pope represented a worldly kingdom, which sat in mocking tyranny over the things of God, and was ultimately doomed. Rhetoric like this became more fierce as events unfolded, and stirred up the hostility of the Catholic establishment. Huguenots faced periodic persecution from the outset of the Reformation; but Francis I (reigned 1515–1547) initially protected them from Parlementary measures designed for their extermination. The Affair of the Placards of 1534 changed the king's posture toward them: he stepped away from restraining persecution of the movement. Still, Huguenot numbers grew rapidly between 1555 and 1562, chiefly amongst the nobles and city-dwellers. During this time, their opponents first dubbed the Protestants Huguenots; but they called themselves reformés, "Reformed". They organized their first national synod in 1558, in Paris. By 1562, they had a total membership estimated at at least a million, especially numerous in the southern and central parts of the country. The Huguenots in France likely peaked in number at approximately two million, compared to approximately sixteen million Catholics during the same period. Violently opposed to the Catholic Church, the Huguenots attacked images, monasticism, and church buildings. Most of the cities in which the Huguenots gained a hold saw iconoclast attacks, in which altars and images in churches, and sometimes the buildings themselves were torn down. Bourges, Montauban and Orleans suffered particularly.

Wars of Religion

In reaction to the growing Huguenot influence, and the aforementioned excesses of Protestant zeal, Catholic violence against them grew, at the same time that concessions and edicts of toleration became more liberal. In 1561, the Edict of Orléans, for example, declared an end to the persecution; and the Edict of Saint-Germain recognized them for the first time (January 17, 1562); but these measures disguised the growing strain of relations between Protestant and Catholic. These bonds of peace became the knots of war; when violence unleashed them, the divisions became all the more irreconcilable. Tensions led to eight civil wars, interrupted by periods of relative calm, between 1562 and 1598. With each break in peace, the Huguenots' trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe, and Protestant demands became more grand, until a lasting cessation of open hostility finally occurred in 1598. The wars gradually took on a dynastic character, developing into an extended feud between the Houses of Bourbon and Guise, which — in addition to holding rival religious views — both staked a claim to the French throne. The crown, occupied by the House of Valois, generally supported the Catholic side, but on occasion switched over to the Protestant cause when politically expedient. The French Wars of Religion began with a massacre at Wassy on March 1, 1562, in which at least 30 (some sympathetic sources say 1000 or more) Huguenots were killed, and about 200 were wounded. The Huguenots transformed themselves into a definitive political movement thereafter. Protestant preachers rallied a considerable army and a formidable cavalry, which came under the leadership of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. Henry of Navarre and the House of Bourbon allied themselves to the Huguenots, adding wealth and holdings to the Protestant strength, which at its height grew to sixty fortified cities, and posed a serious threat to the Catholic crown and Paris over the next three decades. In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August – 17 September, 1572, Catholics killed many Huguenots in Paris; similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following, with an estimated total death toll of 70,000. An amnesty granted in 1573 protected the perpetrators. The fifth holy war against the Huguenots began on February 23, 1574, and conflict continued periodically until 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having converted to Catholicism and become King of France as Henry IV, issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne, and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in the Catholic-controlled regions. Note the difficulty of the French vocabulary of the day, depending on the point of view. Protestants considered themselves to practice a "reformed" religion (religion réformée) — which of course implied that the Catholic religion was in need of reforms. In opposition, Catholics, when talking in polite terms, called the Protestant religion the "allegedly reformed religion" (religion prétendue réformée, or RPR) — with an obvious pejorative undertone of "pretense".

Flight

Under King Louis XIV (reigned 1643–1715), chief minister Cardinal Mazarin, who held real power during the king's minority up to his death in 1661, resumed persecution of the Protestants using soldiers to inflict dragonnades that made life so intolerable that many fled. The king revoked the "irrevocable" Edict of Nantes in 1685 and declared Protestantism illegal with the Edict of Fontainebleau. After this, huge numbers of Huguenots (with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 500,000) fled to surrounding Protestant countries: England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Denmark and Prussia — whose Calvinist Great Elector Frederick William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country. On December 31, 1687 a band of Huguenots set sail from France to the colony at the Cape of Good Hope. Barred from settling in New France, many Huguenots moved instead to the 13 colonies of Great Britain in North America, the first in 1624 (in 1924 a commemorative half dollar, known as the Huguenot-Walloon Half Dollar, was coined in the United States to celebrate the 300th anniversary of this settlement), among them a silversmith called Apollos Rivoire, who would later anglicize his name to Paul Revere. He would, still later, give his name and his profession to his son, Paul Revere, the famous United States revolutionary. Huguenot immigrants founded New Paltz, New York, where is now located the oldest street in America with the original stone houses, New Rochelle, New York (named after the town of La Rochelle in France), and a neighborhood in New York City's borough of Staten Island was named "Huguenot" after them. Some of the settlers chose the Virginia Colony, and formed communities in present-day Chesterfield County and Powhatan County just west of Richmond, Virginia, where their descendents continue to reside. The Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River was named in their honor, as were many local features including several schools. Many Huguenots also settled in the area around the current site of Charleston, South Carolina. In 1865, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France settled in what was then called Charlestown. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. That church is the oldest continuously active Huguenot congregation in the United States today. A leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled Huguenot community in London, Andre Lortie (or Andrew Lortie), became known for articulating Huguenot criticism of the Holy See and transubstantiation. Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch, London in large numbers. They established a major weaving industry in and around Spitalfields (see Petticoat Lane and the Tenterground), and in Wandsworth. The Old Truman Brewery, then known as the Black Eagle Brewery, appeared in 1724. Huguenot refugees fled Tours, France virtually wiping out the great silk mills they had built. Some of them took their skills to Northern Ireland and assisted in the founding of the Irish linen industry. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a kind of brain drain from which the kingdom would not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow Protestants to settle in New France was a factor behind that colony's slow population growth, which ultimately led to its conquest by the British. By the time of the French and Indian War, there may have been more people of French ancestry living in Britain's American colonies than there were in New France. A third of American Presidents have some proven Huguenot ancestry, as do Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and other leading statesmen, and (according to an oft-repeated belief) one quarter or more of all Englishmen. Frederick the Great of Prussia, a strong believer in the separation of church and state, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendents rose to positions of prominance in Prussia. The last Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maiziere, was a scion of a Huguenot family. Persecution of Protestants ended in 1764, and the French Revolution of 1789 finally made them full-fledged citizens.

External link

- [http://www.huguenotsocietyofamerica.org Huguenot Society of America]
- [http://www.huguenotsociety.org.uk Huguenot Society of London(Now Huguenot Society of Great Britain & Ireland)]
- [http://www.huguenotsociety.org.uk Huguenot Society of Great Britain & Ireland]
- [http://www.huguenotsociety.org Huguenot Society of South Carolina]
- [http://pages.prodigy.com/VRHZ10A/ressegui.htm History Of The French Huguenots In America] Category:Protestantism Category:Religion in France ja:ユグノー

1648

Events

- Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War.
- Chmielnicki Uprising in Republic of Both Nations (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
- The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Treaty of Munster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state, (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the Estates General) which was before a province of the Spanish Empire. The Netherlands becomes the first European power with a republican form of government.
- November 11 - France and Netherlands agree to divide the island of Sint Maarten/Saint Martin.
- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ibrahim I (1640-1648) to Mehmed IV (1648-1687)
- The Rump Parliament finds Charles I guilty of treason, and sentences him to be executed.
- Admiral Robert Blake defeats Prince Rupert and the remnants of the Royalist navy in the English Civil War.
- In India, building of the Red Fort is completed.
- Discovery of strait (Bering Strait) between Asia and North America by Semyon Dezhnev
- The west bank of Prague (including the Prague Castle) occupied and looted by Swedish armies.
- Sabbatai Zevi declares himself the Messiah at Smyrna.

Ongoing events

- English Civil War (1642-1649)

Births

- January 1 - Elkanah Settle, English writer (d. 1724)
- February 23 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730)
- April 4 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (d. 1721)
- April 7 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721)
- April 9 - Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Galway, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1720)
- April 13 - Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, French mystic (d. 1717)
- April 26 - King Peter II of Portugal (d. 1712)
- August 9 - Johann Michael Bach, German composer (d. 1694)
- December 15 - Gregory King, English statistician (d. 1712)
- John Blow, British composer (d. 1708) See also :Category:1648 births.

Deaths

- February 2 - George Abbot, English writer
- February 28 - Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway (b. 1577)
- March 12 - Tirso de Molina, Spanish writer
- March 14 - Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English general (b. 1584)
- May 20 - King Wladislaus IV of Poland (b. 1595)
- May 26 - Vincent Voiture, French poet (b. 1597)
- August 12 - Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1615)
- August 20 - Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (b. 1583)
- September 1 - Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (b. 1588)
- November 17 - Thomas Ford, English composer See also :Category:1648 deaths. Category:1648 ko:1648년

Long Parliament

The Long Parliament is the name of the English Parliament called by Charles I, in 1640, following the Bishops' Wars. It receives its name from the fact that it sat almost continuously during the English Civil War until 1653. The sole reason Charles reassembled Parliament was to ask it to pass finance bills, since the Bishops' Wars had bankrupted him.

1640–1648

The Parliament was initially influenced by John Pym and his supporters. In August 1641, it enacted legislation depriving Charles of the powers that he had assumed since his accession. The reforms were designed to negate the possibility of Charles ruling absolutely again. The parliament also freed those imprisoned by the Star Chamber. A Triennial Act was passed, requiring that no more than three years should elapse between sessions of Parliament and the Dissolution Act which required the Long Parliament's consent to its own dissolution. Parliament was also responsible for the impeachment and subsequent execution of the king's advisers, Archbishop William Laud and Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford. The Irish Rebellion which started in October 1641 brought the control of the army back into the discussions between King and Parliament. Led by John Pym, Parliament presented the King with the Grand Remonstrance which was passed in the Commons by 11 votes (159 - 148) on 22 November 1641. It listed over 150 perceived "misdeeds" of Charles' reign including the Church (under the influence of foreign papists) and royal advisers (also "have[ing] engaged themselves to further the interests of some foreign powers") the second half of the Remonstrance proposed solutions to the "misdeeds" including church reform and Parliamentary influence over the appointment of royal ministers. December 1641 Parliament asserted that it wanted control over the appointment of the commanders of the Army and Navy in the Militia Bill . The king rejected the Grand Remonstrance and refused to give royal assent to the Militia Bill. The King believed that Puritans (or Dissenters) encouraged by five vociferous members of the House of Commons, John Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Sir Arthur Haselrig and William Strode along with Lord Mandeville (the future Earl of Manchester) who sat in the House of Lords, had encouraged the Scots to invade England in the recent Bishops' Wars and that they were intent on turning the London mob against him. When rumours reached the court that they were also planning to impeach the Queen for alleged involvement in Catholic plots Charles decided to arrest them for treason. The Speaker of the House during the Long Parliament was William Lenthall. On January 4, 1642, when the king entered the House of Commons to seize the five members, Lenthall behaved with great prudence and dignity. Having taken the speaker's chair and looked round in vain to discover the offending members commenting "I see the birds have flown", Charles turned to Lenthall standing below, and demanded of him whether any of those persons were in the House, whether he saw any of them and where they were. Lenthall fell on his knees and replied: "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here." After his failure to capture five members and the fearing for his life Charles left London for Oxford. Most of the royalist members of Parliament left to join him there where they formed the Oxford Parliament. Without its royalist members, the Long Parliament continued to sit during the Civil War and beyond because under a Dissolution Act passed in 1641 the monarch could not dissolve Parliament without Parliament's consent in the form of a new act of parliament. In March 1642 with the King absent from London and the war clouds gathering, Parliament decreed that its own Parliamentary Ordinances were valid laws without royal assent. The Militia Ordnance was passed on 5 March by Parliament which gave Parliament control of the local militia called Trained Bands. Control of the London Trained Bands was the most strategically critical because they could protect the radical members of Parliament from armed intervention against them by any soldiers which Charles had near the capital. In response to the Militia Ordnance, Charles revived the Commissions of Array as a means of summoning an army instead. :This needs a section from April 1642 through 6 December 1648

Time line

- Triennial Act, passed 15 February, 1641
- William laud imprisoned 26 February, 1641
- Act against Dissolving the Long Parliament without its own Consent 11 May, 1641
- Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford executed May 12, 1641
- Abolition the Star Chamber 5 July, 1641
- Ship Money declared illegal 7 August, 1641
- Grand Remonstrance 22 November, 1641
- Militia Bill December, 1641
- The King’s answer to the petition accompanying the Grand Remonstrance 23 December, 1641
- The King's attempt to seize the five members 4 January, 1642
- The King and Royal Family leave Whitehall for Hampton Court. January, 1642
- The King leaves Hampton Court for the North 2 March 1642
- Parliament decreed that Parliamentary Ordinances were valid without royal assent March, 1642
- Militia Ordnance 5 March, 1642
- The Solemn League and Covenant 25 September, 1643
- Ordinance appointing the First Committee of both Kingdoms 16 February, 1644
- The Self-denying Ordinance 4 April, 1645
- Pride's Purge December 7, 1648

1649–1659 Rump Parliament

:Main article Rump Parliament Divisions emerged between various factions, culminating in Pride's Purge on December 7, 1648, when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell, Colonel Pride physically barred about half of the members of Parliament from taking their seats. Many of the excluded members were Presbyterians. In the wake of the ejections, the remnant, the Rump Parliament, arranged for the trial and execution of Charles I. It was also responsible for the setting up of the Commonwealth of England in 1649. Oliver Cromwell forcibly disbanded the Rump in 1653 when it seemed they might disband his expensive army of 50,000 men. The Rump was recalled after his son, Richard Cromwell, failed miserably as Lord Protector in 1659.

1660 Restoraton

On February 21 1660 General George Monck reinstated the members 'secluded' by Pride, so that they could prepare legislation for the Convention Parliament and formally dissolve the Long Parliament which happened on March 16, 1660.

Succession

The Long Parliament was preceded by the Short Parliament, was purged by Pride to become the Rump Parliament was restored by Monck and succeded by the Convention Parliament.

Notes

# By the time of the Restoration Lenthall seems to have forgotten his previous resolve when he consented to appear as a witness against the regicide Thomas Scot, for words spoken in the House of Commons while he was the Speaker.

External links

- [http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/long-parliament.htm British Civil Wars: The Long Parliament]
- [http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/timelines/1641.htm British Civil Wars: 1641 Time Line]
- [http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/timelines/1642_jan_apr.htm British Civil Wars: 1642 Time Line]
- [http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur027.htm Full text of The Triennial Act. 15 February 1641]
- [http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/c1.html#198 Full text of the Act against Dissolving the Long Parliament without its own Consent 11 May 1641]
- [http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/organic/1641-asc.htm Full text of the act Abolishing the Star Chamber 5 July 1641]
- [http://home.freeuk.net/don-aitken/ast/c1b.html#201 Full text of the Act Declarin