Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
Java (disambiguation)

Java (disambiguation)

The term Java can refer to: In geography:
- Java (island), the most populous island in Indonesia
  - Javanese language, a language widely spoken on the island of Java
  - Java coffee, a variety of coffee plant which originated on the island of Java, or a slang word for coffee
- Java Trench, a subduction zone trench off of the island of Java
- Java, Georgia (Republic of Georgia)
- Java, New York (United States)
- Java, South Dakota (United States) In computer science:
- Java, a technology developed by Sun Microsystems for machine-independent software, which encompasses:
  - Java programming language, an object-oriented high-level programming language
  - Java virtual machine, the virtual machine that runs Java byte code
  - Java platform, the Java virtual machine plus API specifications
    - Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, targets desktop environment
    - Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition, targets server environment
    - Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition, targets embedded consumer products
- JavaScript, a scripting language syntacticly similar to, but semanticly different from, the Java programming language Java may also mean:
- Java (board game), a board game set on the island of Java
- Java (cachaça), a brand of cachaça
- Java Man, the Pithecanthropus erectus ko:자바 ja:Java

Java island

:"Java" redirects here. For other uses, see Java (disambiguation). Java (disambiguation) Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia, and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. It is the most populous island in the world; indeed, it has a larger population than either the continents of Australia or Antarctica (see the list of islands by population). With an area of 132,000 square km, and 127 million inhabitants at 864 people per km² it would, if it were a country, be the second most densely-populated country of the world after Bangladesh, except for some very small city-states.

Geography

Natural

Bangladeshs]] Java () is in a chain of islands with Kalimantan (Borneo) to the north, Sumatra to the northwest, Bali to the east, Sulawesi to the northeast and Christmas Island to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; and contains no fewer than thirty-eight mountains of that conical form, which indicates their having at one time or another been active volcanoes. See Volcanoes of Java. The island's longest river is the Bengawan Solo River, at some 540 km in length. The Bengawan Solo rises from its source in central Java at the Tawu volcano, flows north then eastwards to its mouth in the Java Sea, near the city of Surabaya.

Human

Java contains the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta. Popular tourist destinations include the city of Yogyakarta, a massive pyramid-like monument to Buddha known as Borobudur; and Prambanan, the largest Hindu temple in Java. Java is the most densely-populated island in Indonesia, with nearly 60% of the overall population of the country residing there [http://www.bps.go.id/sector/population/table1.shtml]. Since the 1970s, the Indonesian government has run transmigration programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less-populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, and has been behind many instances of ethnic tension, and even violence between the native people and the settlers. The island is divided into 4 provinces, 1 special region
- (daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district
  - (daerah khusus ibukota):
- Banten
- Jakarta
  -
- Jawa Barat (West Java)
- Jawa Tengah (Central Java)
- Jawa Timur (East Java)
- Yogyakarta
-

History

Paleontology

The island of Java is famous for several paleoanthropological finds of early hominid specimens. In particular, the 1891 discovery of cranial fossil remains commonly known as "Java man" (now designated as Trinil 2, after the Trinil site on the Bengawan Solo River), is famous for being the first such discovery of an early hominid specimen outside of Europe. This find, and several subsequent ones which have been made at various locations along the river's valleys, are now generally classified as belonging to the species Homo erectus. Two million years ago, the rainfall in the Sunda and Digul plateaus was very heavy, which allowed heavy tropical vegetation to thrive. This, in turn allowed many prehistoric cultures to emerge, as evidenced in many fossil findings in this region.

Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms

Much evidence of Java's past kingdoms remains; such as the famous Buddhist Borobudur and Hindu Prambanan temples. Indeed, the Javanese culture, and language itself, was heavily influenced by the cultures and languages of the Indian subcontinent. In the sixth and seventh centuries, many maritime kingdoms arose in Sumatra and Java, which controlled the waters in the Straits of Malacca, and flourished with the increasing sea-trade between China and India and beyond. During this time, scholars from India and China visited these kingdoms to translate literary and religious texts. The most prominent of the Hindu kingdoms was the Majapahit kingdom based in East Java, from where it ruled a large part of what is now western Indonesia. The name of the Majapahit empire is still invoked by contemporary Indonesian leaders to promote "unity", and the legitimacy of the state. The remnants of the Majapahit kingdom shifted to Bali during the sixteenth century, as Muslim kingdoms in the western part of the island gained influence.

Muslim kingdoms and the Dutch colonization

The earliest Muslim "evangelists" were called the Wali Songo, the "nine ambassadors". Several of them were of Chinese origin, leading to speculation about Zheng He's influence on the trade in the Straits of Malacca. Many of their tombs are still well-preserved, and often visited "Ziarah" for superstitious and religious reasons. Most of the brand of Islam that is adopted in Java is mixed with long-standing indigenous beliefs, and has a decidedly "local flavor". For example, the legend of Nyi Roro Kidul was invented as a mix of the superstition common on the southern coast of Java, and Islamic influences. The Dutch East India Company, (VOC) established its trading and administrative headquarters in Batavia (now the capital city of Jakarta). This capital, along with other coastal cities such as Semarang and Surabaya, was the focus of Dutch attention during most of the colonial period. The VOC maintained control over the mountainous interior of the island through indigenous client states, such as Mataram in central Java. The nineteenth century saw the Dutch government take over administration of the East Indies from the Dutch East India Company, and in the mid-nineteenth century, they implemented the cultuurstelsel and cultuurprocenten policies, which caused widespread famine and poverty. A Dutch author Douwes Dekker wrote a novel Max Havelaar to protest these conditions, and in turn the political and social movement spurned by this protest resulted in the Ethical Policy, by which many Javanese elites were given a chance to earn Dutch education, both in Java and in the Netherlands itself. It was from this elite that the most prominent nationalist leaders came. They formed the core of the new government, when Indonesia became independent after World War II.

Post independence

With the establishment of Jakarta as the capital, and the Javanese roots of the majority of Indonesian political figures, the island remains politically and economically dominant over the rest of the country. While much of rural Java is very poor, the urban areas of Java are among the wealthiest, most highly- developed regions in the country. Both presidents Sukarno and Suharto, who together ruled for the first forty-nine years of independence, were from Java. This political dominance has resulted in resentment on the part of some residents of other islands. The respected Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer once recommended that the Indonesian capital be moved outside the island of Java, in order to free the Indonesian nationalist movement from its Java-centric character.

Culture

Generally speaking, the three major cultures of Java are the Sundanese culture of West Java, the Central Java culture, and the East Java culture. In the western part of Central Java, usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture. In the central Javan court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows. Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region, and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabarata. Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends. See also: Culture of Indonesia

Language

Culture of Indonesia The three major languages spoken on the island are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Other languages spoken by smaller groups include Betawi, Banyumasan, Badui, Osing and Tenggerese. The vast majority of the population also speaks Indonesian, generally as a second language.

Religion

Most Javanese (93%) are Muslims, either of the Abangan (40%) (nominal) type or orthodox (60%). Small Hindu (1-2%) enclaves are scattered through-out Java, but a large Hindu population prevails along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi. There are also Christian (2-3%) (communities; mostly in the major cities, although they are in the minority. Certain rural areas of south-central Java are strongly Catholic. Buddhist communities (1%) also exist in the major cities, primarily among the Indonesian Chinese. Then there are also groups of followers of Kejawen, or Javanese "mystical" groups (see "mysticism") who do not fit easily into governmental administrative categories - such as Sumarah, Subud and other groups. During the Suharto era, it was mandatory to belong to a government-approved religion in order to have an identity card, which itself was also mandatory. Followers of Kejawen had various difficulties because of this issue.

Ethnic groups


- Javanese (See: Javanese language)
- Sundanese (See: Sundanese language)
- Madurese
- Indonesian Chinese
- Cirebonese

See also


- Badui
- Osing
- Sailendra
- Singhasari
- Tenggerese

Further reading


- [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS646x2xW819j/ JAVA, FACTS AND FANCIES], by Augusta De Wit, 1905. (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS646x2xW819j/1f/java_facts_and_fancies.pdf layered PDF] format)

External links


- Category:Islands of Indonesia Category:History of JavaCategory:History of IndonesiaCategory:History of South East Asia ko:자와 섬 ms:Jawa ja:ジャワ島

Java coffee

Java coffee is a coffee produced on the island of Java. As a synonym of coffee, "java" introduced itself in the 17th century when the Dutch had begun cultivation of coffee trees on the island of Java (part of the islands of Indonesia) and successfully exported it globally since.

References


- Dictionary.com, [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=javajava]. Accessed on 28 October, 2005.
- Java Estate Coffee Review, [http://www.cw-usa.com/coffee-reviews-javaestate.htmlJava Estate Coffee]. Accessed on 28 October, 2005. Category:Coffee

Java, Georgia

Java is a town of the republic of Georgia. It is part of Shida Kartli region (de facto independent South Ossetia). Category:Towns in Georgia (country)

Java, South Dakota

Java is a town located in Walworth County, South Dakota. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 197.

Geography

2000 Java is located at 45°30'10" North, 99°53'10" West (45.502870, -99.886049). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.2 km² (0.5 mi²). 1.2 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water. Java has been assigned the ZIP code 57452 and the FIPS place code 32460.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 197 people, 94 households, and 56 families residing in the town. The population density is 158.5/km² (410.9/mi²). There are 133 housing units at an average density of 107.0/km² (277.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 95.94% White, 0.00% African American, 4.06% Native American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 94 households out of which 13.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% are married couples living together, 4.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% are non-families. 37.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 25.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.10 and the average family size is 2.72. In the town the population is spread out with 16.2% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 20.3% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 36.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 56 years. For every 100 females there are 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.8 males. The median income for a household in the town is $29,125, and the median income for a family is $36,875. Males have a median income of $20,625 versus $14,750 for females. The per capita income for the town is $19,427. 11.0% of the population and 6.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 9.4% of those under the age of 18 and 6.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Towns in South Dakota Category:Walworth County, South Dakota

Java virtual machine

A Java Virtual Machine or JVM is a virtual machine that runs Java byte code. This code is most often generated by Java language compilers, although the JVM has also been targeted by compilers of other languages. The JVM is a crucial component of the Java platform. The availability of JVMs on many types of hardware and software platforms enables Java to function both as middleware and a platform in its own right. Hence the expression "Write once, run anywhere." Programs intended to run on a JVM must be compiled into a standardized portable binary format, which typically comes in the form of .class files. A program may consist of many classes, in which case, every class will be in a different file. For easier distribution of large programs, multiple class files may be packaged together in a .jar file. This binary is then executed by the JVM runtime which carries out emulation of the JVM instruction set by interpreting it or by applying a just-in-time Compiler (JIT) such as Sun's HotSpot. The JVM has a stack based architecture. Each thread has its own stack and program counter. The JVM verifies all bytecode before it is executed. This means that only a limited amount of bytecode sequences form valid programs, e.g. a JUMP (branch) instruction can only target an instruction within the same function. Because of this, the fact that JVM is a stack architecture does not imply a speed penalty for emulation on register based architectures when using a JIT compiler: in the face of the code-verified JVM architecture, it makes no difference to a JIT compiler whether it gets named imaginary registers or imaginary stack positions that need to be allocated to the target architectures registers. In fact, code verification makes the JVM different from a classic stack architecture whose efficient emulation with a JIT compiler is more complicated and typically carried out by a slower interpreter. Code verification also ensures that arbitrary bit patterns cannot get used as an address. Memory protection is achieved without the need for an MMU. Thus, JVM is an efficient way of getting memory protection on simple silicon that has no MMU. The JVM has instructions for the following groups of tasks
- Load and store
- Arithmetic
- Type conversion
- Object Creation and Manipulation
- Operand stack management (push / pop)
- Control transfer (branching)
- Method invocation and return
- Throwing exceptions The aim is binary compatibility. Each particular host operating system needs its own implementation of the JVM and runtime. These JVMs interpret the byte code semantically the same way, but the actual implementation may be different. More complicated than just the emulation of bytecode is compatible and efficient implementation of the Java core API which has to be mapped to each host operating system. The specification for the JVM is published in book form [http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/2nd-edition/html/VMSpecTOC.doc.html], known as "blue book", and anybody is allowed to write an implementation of it. The preface states: :We intend that this specification should sufficiently document the Java Virtual Machine to make possible compatible clean-room implementations. Sun provides tests which verify the proper operation of implementations of the Java Virtual Machine. Kaffe is an example of a clean-room Java implementation. Sun retains control over the Java trademark, which it uses to certify implementation suites as fully compatible with Sun's specification.

Secure execution of remote code

A virtual machine architecture allows very fine-grained control over the actions that code within the machine is permitted to take. This allows safe execution of untrusted code from remote sources, a model used most famously by Java applets. Applets run within a VM incorporated into a user's browser, executing code downloaded from a remote HTTP server. The remote code runs in a highly restricted "sandbox", which protects the user from misbehaving or malicious code. Publishers can apply for a certificate with which to digitally sign applets as "safe", giving them permission to break out of the sandbox and access the local file system and network, presumably under user control.

Virtual machine implementations

Open source:
- Blackdown Java [http://www.blackdown.org/java-linux.html]
- AegisVM [http://aegisvm.sourceforge.net/]
- IKVM.NET [http://www.ikvm.net/]
- GCJ [http://gcc.gnu.org/java/]
- Jamiga [http://sourceforge.net/projects/jamiga]
- JamVM
- Jaos [http://www.oberon.ethz.ch/jaos/]
- JC [http://jcvm.sourceforge.net/]
- Jikes RVM [http://jikesrvm.sourceforge.net/]
- JNode [http://jnode.sourceforge.net/]
- Jupiter JVM [http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~doylep/jupiter/]
- Kaffe
- Kissme [http://kissme.sourceforge.net/]
- leJOS [http://lejos.org]
- NanoVM [http://www.harbaum.org/till/nanovm]
- ORP [http://www.intel.com/research/mrl/orp/]
- SableVM Proprietary:
- Sun Microsystems' Java HotSpot Virtual Machine [http://java.sun.com/]
- Novell, Inc. [http://developer.novell.com/tech/java.html]
- IBM [http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/jdk/]
- BEA Systems [http://www.bea.com/framework.jsp?CNT=index.htm&FP=/content/products/jrockit/]

See also


- Parrot virtual machine
- Common Language Runtime

External links


- [http://www.robert-tolksdorf.de/vmlanguages.html List of languages] which compile to the Java virtual machine.
- [http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/ Sun.com - The Java Virtual Machine Specification]
- [http://www.kaffe.org/ Kaffe.org - the Kaffe project]
- [http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-06-1996/jw-06-vm.html The lean, mean, virtual machine - An introduction to the basic structure and functionality of the Java Virtual Machine]
- [http://www.mindprod.com/jgloss/installingjava.html Java Glossary - installing Java] useful tips for installing Java for users and developers
- [http://java.com/en/download/help/testvm.xml Test your Java Virtual Machine]
- [http://42mag.com/jvm Java Virtual Machine Implementation] in C++ with lots of comments Category:Java platform Category:Java programming language Category:Java virtual machine Category:Virtualization software ko:자바 가상 머신 ja:Java仮想マシン

Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition

Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition or Java SE (formerly also J2SE) is a collection of Java Application Programming Interfaces useful to any Java platform programs. The Java EE includes all of the classes in the Java SE, plus a number which are more useful to programs running on servers than on workstations.

General-purpose

java.lang

The java.lang package contains fundamental classes closely tied to the language and runtime system. This includes basic exceptions, math functions, threading, security functions, as well as some information on the underlying native system. It also contains the String class, and wrappers for numeric types like Integer. Classes in java.lang are automatically imported into every application.

java.lang.ref

Application-garbage collector interaction is supported by the java.lang.ref package. One use for the package is the weak reference, which allows an application to refer to an object without the garbage collector cleaning it up. The technique is useful in caches, where the garbage collector randomly deletes from memory any objects no longer referred to.

java.lang.reflection

Reflection is a constituent of the Java API which enables Java code to examine and "reflect" upon Java components at runtime. Among other possibilities, reflection enables advanced debugging strategies. Reflection is primarily used to call classes and methods using their names, a concept that allows for dynamic programming. The cost of reflection is the inability of the compiler to check for the existence of called classes.

java.io

The java.io package groups routines for normal input and output. This includes streams and file handling. Noteworthy streams are InputStreamReader, FileReader, and BufferedReader. InputStreamReader takes as a parameter System.in. The InputStreamReader accepts character input from the system. FileReader reads one character at a time from a data file. BufferedReader takes as a parameter either FileReader or InputStreamReader, and changes the input to word by word as opposed to one character at a time.

java.math

The java.math package supports multiprecision arithmetic (including modular arithmetic operations) and provides multiprecision prime number generators used for cryptographic key generation. The main classes of the package are BigInteger and BigDecimal.

java.net

The java.net package provides special IO routines for networks, allowing HTTP requests, as well as other common transactions. It cannot yet achieve high performance pusing (HPC).

java.text

The java.text package implements parsing routines for strings and supports various human-readable languages and locale-specific parsing.

java.util

Data structures that aggregate objects are the focus of the java.util package. Included in the package is the Collections API, an organized data structure hierarchy influenced heavily by the design patterns considerations.

Special-purpose

java.applet

Created to support applet creation, the java.applet package allows applications to be downloaded over a network and run within a guarded sandbox. Security restrictions are easily imposed on the sandbox. A developer, for example, may apply a digital signature to an applet, thereby labeling it as safe. Doing so removes most restrictions but typically costs the developer hundreds of dollars for a security certificate. (Such certificates are issued by such agencies as Thawte or Entrust.)

java.beans

Included in the java.beans package are various classes for developing and manipulating beans, reusable components defined by the JavaBeans architecture. The architecture provides mechanisms for manipulating properties of components and firing events when those properties change. Most of the APIs in java.beans are intended for use by a bean editing tool, in which beans can be combined, customized and manipulated. One type of bean editor is a GUI designer in an integrated development environment.

java.awt

The Abstract Windowing Toolkit contains routines to support basic GUI operations and uses basic windows from the underlying native system. Many independent implementations of the Java API (such as GNU's libgcj) implement everything but AWT, which is useless to most server-side Java applications. This package also contains the Java2D graphics API.

java.rmi

The java.rmi package provides for remote communication between two java applications.

java.security

Support for security, including the message digest algorithm, is included in the java.security package.

java.sql

An implementation of the JDBC API (used to access SQL databases) is grouped into the java.sql package.

javax.swing

Swing is a collection of routines that build on java.awt, using 2D drawing routines to give more drawing power than normally allowed. One cost of this flexibility is that Swing elements may not exist outside of java.awt windows. Swing can prove to be much slower than the java.awt package because it is implemented entirely in Java. The AWT is implemented entirely using native code. Swing is a very rich system in its own right, supporting pluggable looks and feels (PLAFs) so that widgets in the GUI can imitate those from the underlying native system. Design patterns permeate the system, especially a modification of the model-view-controller pattern, which loosens the coupling between function and appearance. One inconsistency is that (as of JDK 1.3) fonts are drawn by the underlying native system, and not by Java, limiting text portability. Workarounds, such as using bitmap fonts, do exist. In general, layouts are used and keep elements within an aesthetically consistent GUI across platforms.

External links


- [http://java.sun.com/reference/api/index.html Java SE API documentation]
- [http://java.sun.com/j2se/index.html Java SE Main page] Category:Java platform ja:Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition

Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition

Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE (formerly also J2EE) is a programming platform — part of the Java platform — for developing and running distributed multi-tier architecture applications, based largely on modular components running on an application server. The Java EE platform is defined by a specification. Java EE is also considered informally to be a language or standard because providers must agree to certain conformance requirements in order to declare their products as Java EE compliant; albeit with no ISO or ECMA standard. Java EE includes several API specifications, for example JDBC, client-side applets, RPC, CORBA, and defines how to coordinate them. Java EE features some specifications unique to Java EE for components. These include Enterprise Java Beans, Servlets, JavaServer Pages and several Web Services technologies. This allows the developer to create an enterprise application that is portable between platforms and scalable, while integrating with several legacy technologies.

General APIs

The Java EE APIs includes several technologies that extend the functionality of the base Java SE APIs.

javax.ejb.
-

The Enterprise Java Beans API defines a set of APIs that a distributed object container will support in order to provide persistence, remote communication (using RMI), concurrency control, and access control for distributed objects.

javax.servlet

The Servlets API defines a set of APIs between a web container and a servlet that is responsible for processing requests and issuing responses.

javax.servlet.jsp

The javax.servlet.jsp and javax.servlet.jsp.tagext packages define the JavaServer Pages API.

javax.naming

The javax.naming, javax.naming.directory, javax.naming.event, javax.naming.ldap and javax.naming.spi packages define the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) API.

java.sql, javax.sql

The java.sql and javax.sql packages define the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API.

java.transaction.
-

These packages define the Java Transaction API (JTA).

javax.xml.
-

These packages define the JAXP API.

javax.jms.
-

These packages define the Java Message Service (JMS) API.

Low cost development

One of the benefits of Java EE as a platform is that it is possible to get started with little, or no, expenditure. The Java EE implementation from Sun can be downloaded for free, and there are a great many open source tools available to extend the platform or to simplify development. Examples of third party open source Java development tools include:
- NetBeans IDE, a Java based integrated development environment
- The Eclipse platform, a Java based integrated development environment
- Jedit, an opensource, Java based integrated development environment
- Jakarta Tomcat, a Servlet/JSP web container
- Jakarta JMeter, a load testing tool for web servers
- Apache Ant, an automated build tool
- JUnit, a framework for automating unit tests
- Jasper Reports, a report writer
- JBoss, an open-source application server
- GlassFish, an open-source application server from sun microsystems inc.
- [http://geronimo.apache.org/ Geronimo], an open-source application server
- JOnAS, an open-source application server
- Novell exteNd
- Jetty, a Java HTTP Server and Servlet Container
- Struts, a framework for developing Java EE web applications
- Resin, an application server with integrated XML support

Java EE vs. .NET

Arguments abound about the merits of Java EE vs. Microsoft's .NET. One "consensus" is that Java EE is best for multiplatform architectures, whereas .NET should be used for a strictly Microsoft platform (and not to be migrated to for non-Microsoft platform integration).

Publications


- Paul J. Perrone, Krishna Chaganti: J2EE Developer's Handbook, Sam's Publishing, ISBN 0-672-32348-6
- The J2EE Tutorial, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-321-24575-X
- Solveig Haugland, Mark Cade, Anthony Orapallo: J2EE 1.4: The Big Picture, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-148010-3
- Alan Monnox: Rapid J2EE Development: An Adaptive Foundation for Enterprise Applications, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-147220-8
- Renaud Pawlak, Lionel Seinturier, Jean-Philippe Retaillé: Foundations of AOP for J2EE Development, ISBN 1-59059-507-6
- Christopher Judd, Hakeem Shittu: Pro Eclipse JST: Plug-ins for J2EE Development, ISBN 1-59059-493-2

See also


- J2EE Modeling Language
- LAMP
- Ruby on Rails

External links


- [http://java.sun.com/j2ee/ Sun's J2EE page] - official documentation
- [http://www.coolinterview.com/type.asp?iType=4 J2EE Interview Questions]
- [http://www.javarss.com/ JavaRSS.com] A Java portal of Java websites rich in Java & J2EE News, Articles, Blogs, Groups and Forums.
- [http://www.librados.com/ Leading Adapter Provider] - Librados Adapters
- [http://www.javalobby.org/ Javalobby.org] - popular Java, JSP & J2EE developer forums
- [http://www.whizlabs.com/j2ee/j2ee.html IBM J2EE Certification Exam]
- [http://www.theserverside.com/ TheServerSide.com] - popular discussion site for J2EE developers
- [http://java.oreilly.com/lpt/a/1799 Microsoft .NET vs. J2EE: How Do They Stack Up?]
- [http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/au/582 Jim Farley] 1 August 2000. ([http://www.oreilly.com O'Reilly] 2004.)
- [http://JavaToolbox.com JavaToolbox] List of the available development tools and libraries for Java/J2EE
- [http://java.sun.com/blueprints Java BluePrints] - Sun's best practices for Java 2, Enterprise Edition application development.
- [http://www.javatutorials.co.nr Detailed J2EE Tutorials]J2EE Tutorials and Help Files Examples of Java EE application servers include:
- Pramati Server (http://www.pramati.com)
- JBoss Application Server (http://www.jboss.org/products/jbossas)
- JRun by Macromedia (http://www.macromedia.com/software/jrun/)
- JOnAS by ObjectWeb consortium (Java Open Application Server, http://jonas.objectweb.org)
- Geronimo Application Server by Apache Software Foundation (http://geronimo.apache.org)
- Sun Java System Application Server (http://www.sun.com/software/products/appsrvr/home_appsrvr.xml)
- BEA WebLogic (http://bea.com/framework.jsp?CNT=index.htm&FP=/content/products/server)
- WebSphere Application Server by IBM (http://www-306.ibm.com/software/webservers/appserv/was/features)
- Borland Enterprise Server (http://www.borland.com/bes/appserver)
- Orion Application Server by IronFlare (http://www.orionserver.com)
- Oracle Application Server (http://www.oracle.com/appserver)
- J2EE Architects Handbook (http://www.dvtpress.com/javaarch)
- CAS OnceAS (http://www.once.com.cn/)
- More: Certified J2EE servers list (http://java.sun.com/j2ee/compatibility.html)
- Resin application server (http://www.caucho.com/)
- Apple WebObjects (http://www.apple.com/webobjects/) Category:Java platform Category:Web application frameworks
Category:Web application frameworks This software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by [ expanding it].
Category:Software stubs ja:Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition

Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition

Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition, Java ME or J2ME, is a collection of Java APIs targeting embedded consumer products such as PDAs, cell phones and other consumer appliances. Java ME has become a popular option for creating games for cell phones, as they can be emulated on a PC during the development stage and easily uploaded to the phone. This contrasts with the difficulty of developing, testing, and loading games for other special gaming platforms such as those made by Nintendo, Sony, and others, as expensive system-specific hardware and kits are required.

Configurations and Profiles

Java ME devices implement a profile. The most common of these are the Mobile Information Device Profile aimed at mobile devices, such as cell phones, and the Personal Profile aimed at consumer products and embedded devices like Set-top boxes and PDAs. A profile is a superset of a configuration, of which there are currently two: Connected Limited Device Configuration and Connected Device Configuration.

Connected Limited Device Configuration

The CLDC contains a strict subset of the Java class libraries, and is the minimal needed for a Java virtual machine to operate. CLDC is basically used to classify the myriad of devices into a fixed configuration.

Mobile Information Device Profile

Designed for cell phones, MIDP boasts an LCD-oriented GUI API, and MIDP 2.0 includes a basic 2D gaming API. Applications written for this profile are called MIDlets. Almost all new cell phones come with a MIDP implementation, and it is now the de facto standard for downloadable cell phone games.

Information Module Profile

The Information Module Profile (IMP) is a Java ME profile for embedded, "headless" devices such as vending machines, industrial embedded applications, security systems, and similar devices with either simple or no display and with some limited network connectivity. Originally introduced by Siemens Mobile and Nokia as JSR-195, IMP 1.0 is a strict subset of MIDP 1.0 except that it doesn't include user interface APIs — in other words, it doesn't include support for the Java package javax.microedition.lcdui. JSR-228, also known as IMP-NG, is IMP's next generation that is based on MIDP 2.0, leveraging MIDP 2.0's new security and networking types and APIs, and other APIs such as PushRegistry and platformRequest(), but again it doesn't include UI APIs, nor the game API. IMP applications are called IMlets, but in reality they are MIDlets. They subclass MIDlet, and follow the same packaging, deployment, security and life-cycle as MIDlets.

Connected Device Configuration

CDC is a smaller subset of J2SE, containing almost all the libraries that are not GUI related.

Foundation Profile

A headless version of J2SE.

Personal Basis Profile

Extends the Foundation Profile to include lightweight GUI support in the form of an AWT subset.

Personal Profile

This extension of Personal Basis Profile includes a more comprehensive AWT subset and adds applet support.

External links


- [http://java.sun.com/j2me The Source for Java ME Developers (Java ME Homepage)]
- [http://www.j2me.org J2ME.org Forum]
- [http://www.sprintdevelopers.com SprintDevelopers.com] Java ME Programming for SprintPCS (Operator)
- [http://developer.nextel.com developer.nextel.com] Java ME Programming for Nextel (Operator)
- [http://www.motocoder.com www.motocoder.com] Java ME Programming for Motorola phones
- [http://forum.nokia.com forum.nokia.com] Java ME Programming for Nokia phones
- [http://www.vipera.com www.vipera.com] Java ME Programming for Vipera mobile network
- [http://developer.samsungmobile.com developer.samsungmobile.com] Java ME Programming for Samsung phones
- [http://www.sony-ericsson.com/developer www.sony-ericsson.com/developer] Java ME Programming for Sony-Ericsson phones
- [http://www.microdevnet.com Micro Developer Network] Resource site for Java ME Developers with more industry related info.
- [http://www.j2mepolish.org J2ME Polish] Open Source Development Tool for Java ME
- [http://www.innaworks.com mBooster] A J2ME optimization suite with integrated J2ME optimizing compiler
- [http://ngphone.com/j2me/opensource/ ngphone.com/j2me/opensource/] Java ME Open Source Software Directory
- [http://www.j2medeveloper.com J2MEDeveloper.com] Resources for Java ME Developers
- [http://openwap.org openwap.org] Open Source Midlets News and Software
- [http://www.geocities.com/tvhuangsg/javacast/ J2ME Podcast] Enhanced Podcast to J2ME converter
- [http://www.s-cradle.com/english/products/sophiacompress_java/index.html SophiaCompress(Java)] A compression tool that instantly minimizes the size of a J2ME application in JAR format, with graphical user interface for easier use. Category:Java platform ja:Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition

Java (board game)

:This article is about the board game. For more meanings of Java, see Java Java is a German-style board game designed by Wolfgang Kramer and Michael Kiesling and published in 2000 by Ravensburger in Germany and by Rio Grande Games in England. It was illustrated by Franz Vohwinkel. Java won the Deutscher Spiele Preis 9th place in 2001 and the Games Magazine Best Advanced Strategy Game in 2002. It was the second game in the Mask Trilogy, following Tikal and followed by Mexica. The game provides the atmosphere of the island of Java on a hexagonal board. Players build the island and score by setting up palace festivals at opportune moments. When players run out of hexagons to build the island, the game is over. A final scoring phase now takes place and a winner is declared.

External links


- BoardGameGeek [http://www.boardgamegeek.com/game/855 reviews and pictures] of the game Category:Board games

Java (cachaça)

, Brazil]] Cachaça (pronounced ka SHA sa) (also called pinga, branquinha, caxaca, caxa, aguardente or chacha) is the most popular distilled alcoholic beverage in Brazil, made from sugarcane juice (also called garapa). Cachaça is also called Brazilian rum. The legal definition of cachaça says "cachaça is the product of the distillation of the fermented sugarcane juice, with alcohol strength between 38% and 51% by volume. Up to 6 gr per liter of sugar can be added". Cachaça is often said to differ from rum in that it made from sugarcane juice while rum is made from molasses. However, a number of rum distillers use sugarcane juice instead of molasses to make their rums. Cachaça is the 3rd most important spirit of the world with 1.3 billion liters produced each year. Only 1.5% of this production is exported (mainly to Portugal, Paraguay and Germany). Outside Brazil, cachaça is used almost exclusively as an ingredient in tropical drinks, caipirinha being the most famous. In southern Africa, the same spirit is referred to simply as cane.

Production

There are two types of cachaça: artesanal and industrial. Artesanal cachaças are produced by thousands of small mills spread all over the country, with Minas Gerais's state respected as the best source. Traditionally, the fermentation agent is a maize flour called "fubá" and the distillation unit is a copper pot still. The cachaça comes from the pot stills in 3 batches: "head", "core" and "tail". Most of the makers take only the "core", discarding the other two which have undesirable components. Then the cachaça is either bottled or stored in wood barrels for ageing. The cachaça is aged in barrels made from a great variety of native or exotic trees such as chestnut, umburana, jequitibá, ipê, grápia, balsam wood, amendoim, jatobá, guanandi, brazilwood, cabreúva, tibiriçá, garapeira, cherry, and oak. Makers of artisanal cachaça usually bottle their own product, selling directly to the market (consumers, bars, restaurants, supermarkets, etc.). Domestically, artisanal cachaças are mostly drunk straight by consumers from the higher economic classes of society. Industrial cachaças are made by medium-sized and big mills mostly located in the countryside of the São Paulo and Ceará states. The industrial cachaça makers use column stills to process the fermented sugarcane juice ("continuous distillation process"). The product is then sold as a raw material to cachaça bottlers such as "51", "Velho Barreiro", "Tatuzinho", "Pitu", "21", "Colonial". The bottlers adjust the cachaças to their standards by adding or removing components. Most of the time, industrial cachaças are not aged, being drunk straight by the lower economic classes. There are exceptions such as brands Ypioca and Sapupara, whose cachaça is 100% produced from their own estate and then aged in wood barrels.

History

Cachaça was invented by the first Portuguese settlers of Brazil, in the region around the town of São Vicente, sometime between 1532 and 1548. Workers at local sugar mills first discovered that the sugarcane juice (garapa), cooked and left standing, would "sour" (ferment) and turn into a mild alcoholic beverage. The product, disparagingly named cagaça, was consumed by slaves, as a cheap substitute for the Indians' cauim. Soon someone had the idea of distilling it, and thus cachaça was born. Cachaça distilleries multiplied through colonial Brazil during the 16th and 17th centuries. Portugal eventually took notice and, in order to protect the market for Portuguese-made grappa (bagaceira), tried several times to outlaw the manufacture and consumption of the new spirit. In 1756, after a century of failure to suppress it, the Crown gave up and levied a tax on cachaça. This tax brought substantial revenue to the Treasury, and contributed to the reconstruction of Lisbon, which had been just devastated by an earthquake followed by a tsunami (1755 Lisbon earthquake). Currently there are more than 4,000 different brands of cachaça available in Brazil. Early in its history it was consumed mainly by Africans, peasants, and members of the lower class. As is often the case, elitists considered it a low drink, unfit for exclusivist bars and tables. However, the finer points of the product gained wider and wider appreciation, and it is now a very popular drink, considered by some to be in the same class as whiskey and wine. The most prized brands are produced in São Paulo, Ceará, Pernambuco, and Minas Gerais. The Brazilian government and producer associations have recently acted to promote the export of cachaça.

Drinking cachaça

The traditional way to drink cachaça is to sip it gently in a very small glass (approx. 50ml) tasting every bit. Cachaça is best tasted slowly and some cachaça tasters let the drink linger inside their mouths in order to feel the aftertaste. An alternative way to drink cachaça is to put it inside a short and slim glass called martelinho ("little hammer"), and drink in one single shot. Often some lime juice is added to the cachaça. Bits of brown sugar cake (rapadura) are sometimes eaten between glasses. Cachaça is commonly consumed as caipirinha (a difficult word to translate, maybe "little country girl", "little hillbilly", or "little old way"), a popular Brazilian cocktail containing crushed lime, ice, and sugar. Usually they are simply served on ice but can also be served frozen, much like margaritas.

See also


- Caipirinha
- Rum
- Vodka Category:Alcoholic beverages Category:Distilled beverages Category:Brazilian cuisine Cocktails with cachaça

Java Man

Pithecanthropus erectus was the name first given to the Homo erectus specimen, also known as Java Man, by its discoverer Eugène Dubois. The word "pithecanthropos" was derived from Greek roots and means ape man. See also Peking Man. Dubois' find was not a complete specimen, as many are led to believe, but consisted merely of a skullcap, a femur, and three teeth. A 342-page report written shortly after the find throws much doubt upon the validity of this particular specimen. Despite this, the Java Man is still found in many textbooks today. A second Java Man was later discovered in the village of Sangiran, Central Java, 18km to the north of Solo. His remains, a skullcap of similar size to that found by Dubois, was discovered by Berlin-born paleontologist GHR von Koenigswald in 1936, as a direct result of excavations by Dubois in 1891. Until older human remains were discovered in the Great Rift Valley in Kenya, Dubois' and Koenigswald's discoveries were the oldest hominid remains ever found, and the first cited as support for Charles Darwin's and Alfred Russell Wallace's theory of evolution. Many scientists of the day even suggested that Dubois' Java Man might have been the so-called "missing link", the creature that is supposed to provide the evolutionary connection between the apes and modern man. However, due to 19th Century scepticism, this theory was never credited to Dubois. ---- "Pithecanthropus Erectus" is also the title of an album by Charles Mingus. Category:early hominids

La Carlota

La Carlota is een gemeente in de Spaanse provincie Córdoba in de regio Andalusië met een oppervlakte van 79 km2. In 2001 telde La Carlota 10.756 inwoners.
Categorie:Córdoba Categorie: Gemeente in Spanje

blackjack programy odywki Baby names edinburgh hotel










































:: RELATED NEWS ::

Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung
Die Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung, kurz HAZ genannt, ist eine in Norddeutschland und insbesondere in der Region Hannover verbreitete Tageszeitung, hat jedoch auch einen überregionalen und internationalen Fokus. Die HAZ erscheint im Madsack-Verlag, der noch weitere Tageszeitungen und Wochenblätter in der Region betreibt. Mit einer Auflage von 221.000 Exemplaren (IVW 1/05, Montag bis Samstag) ist die HAZ in Kombination mit ihrer Schwesterzeitung, der Neuen Presse, Niedersachsens größte Tages
Spanische Armada
Als Armada (spanisch: die Bewaffnete) bezeichnete man allgemein eine Streitmacht. Im späten 16. Jahrhundert wurde die Bezeichnung zum Eigennamen der spanischen Kriegsflotte, die von König Philipp II. gegen England eingesetzt wurde. Heutzutage wird die Bezeichnung Armada für eine große Seestreitmacht verwendet. Die Armada segelte 1588 unter dem Hercules Graphics Card (HGC) ist eine 1982 entwickelte Computergrafikkarte der US-amerikanischen Firma Hercules, die durch ihre Popularität zu einem zweiten Anzeigestandard neben den IBM-Standards MDA, CGA und chin. 匈奴 Xiong-nu, Chiung-nuh ausgesprochen, dt. „schreckliche Sklaven“) ist die chinesische Bezeichnung für jene Reiternomaden, die zwischen dem 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. und dem 4. Jahrhundert weite Teile Zentralasiens kontrollierten. Sie wurden nach Niederlagen gegen die Chinesen und benachbarte Stämme aufgesplittert und zum Teil westwärts abgedrängt. In Europa wird für die Hsiung-nu oftmals der Begriff