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Jean Kennedy

Jean Kennedy

Jean Kennedy Smith was born Jean Ann Kennedy on February 20, 1928 in Brookline, Massachusetts, the eighth of the nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. Jean was the shyest and most guarded of the Kennedy children. Her mother would say of her youngest daughter, "She was born so late, that she only was able to enjoy the tragedies, and not the triumphs." She would go on to attend Manhattanville College, (which at that time was a Sacred Heart school), where should would meet and befriend two future sisters-in-law: Ethel Skakel, who would marry her brother Robert in 1950, and Virginia Joan Bennett, who would marry her baby brother Edward in 1958. She herself would be married on May 19, 1955 in the small chapel of St. Patrick's Cathedral to Stephen Edward Smith, a businessman who helped run the Cleary Brothers Company, the family boat and shipping business. He would, in time, not only take over the Kennedy families' finances, he would also become a political advisor and campaign manager for the Kennedy brothers. (He would become the Undersecretary of the Treasury under President Kennedy). The Smiths would maintain a lower profile than the other Kennedys, preferring to stay out of the glare of the spotlight. During the early 1960s, they would permanently settle in New York City. Jean would have two sons, Stephen Jr.(b. 1957) and William Kennedy (b. 1960), and eventually adopt two daughters: Amanda Mary (b. 1967) and Kym Maria (b. 1972) who was actually born in Vietnam during the war. Jean managed to stay just out of the camera lens until the 1990s when she and her family were forced into the spotlight. First, her husband Steve died after a brief battle with cancer on August 19, 1990. The next year, her son William, who was a medical student at Northwestern University Medical School, was accused of rape in Florida (he was acquitted). Then in 1993, she was appointed by President Bill Clinton as the American Ambassador to Ireland, continuing a legacy of diplomacy begun by her father who was the Ambassador to the Court of St. James during the Roosevelt administration. She played a pivotal role in the peace process in that region for almost five years before resigning the post. Since then, Ambassador Smith has founded the Very Special Arts, a nonprofit organization which promotes the artistic talents of mentally and physically challenged children. She also sits on the board of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Today, she commutes between New York City and Washington D.C. Smith, Jean Kennedy Smith, Jean Kennedy Smith, Jean Kennedy Smith, Jean Kennedy

February 20

February 20 is the 51st day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 314 days remaining, 315 in leap years.

Events


- 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are annexed to the crown of Scotland.
- 1547 - Edward VI of England is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
- 1724 - The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London.
- 1725 - The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony.
- 1792 - The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by President George Washington.
- 1810 - Andreas Hofer, Tyrolean patriot and leader of rebellion against Napoleon's forces, was executed.
- 1816 - Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville debuts at Teatro Argentina, with a fiasco.
- 1835 - Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
- 1864 - Battle of Olustee
- 1872 - In New York City the Metropolitan Museum of Art opens.
- 1873 - The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco, California.
- 1901 - The legislature of Hawaii Territory convenes for the first time.
- 1913 - King O'Malley drives in the first survey peg to mark commencement of work on the construction of Canberra.
- 1921 - The film The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, starring Rudolph Valentino, premieres.
- 1931 - California gets the go-ahead by the U.S. Congress to build the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.
- 1942 - Lieutenant Edward O'Hare becomes America's first World War II flying ace.
- 1943 - American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.
- 1943 - The Paricutín volcano begins to form in Paricutín, México.
- 1944 - World War II: "Big Week" begins with American bomber raids on Nazi aircraft manufacturing centers.
- 1944 - World War II: The United States takes Eniwetok Island.
- 1952 - Emmett L. Ashford becomes the first African-American umpire in organized baseball by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern International League.
- 1952 - The film The African Queen opens at the Capitol Theatre in New York City.
- 1959 - The Avro Arrow programme to design and manufacture supersonic jet fighters in Canada is cancelled by the Diefenbaker government amid much political debate.
- 1962 - Mercury program: While aboard Friendship 7, John Glenn orbits the earth three times in 4 hours, 55 minutes, becoming the first American to orbit the earth.
- 1965 - Ranger 8 crashes into the moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
- 1974 - Science fiction writer Philip K. Dick claims he began experiencing intense gnostic visions on this date.
- 1976 - The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization disbands.
- 1987 - Unabomber: In Salt Lake City, in the USA, a bomb explodes in a computer store.
- 1992 - Ross Perot announces his intention to run in the 1992 U.S. presidential election on CNN's Larry King Live.
- 1992 - The FA Premier League is formed and takes over as the professional league in England from season 1992–93.
- 1998 - The afternoon newspaper Nashville Banner publishes its final edition.
- 2001 - FBI agent Robert Hanssen is arrested and charged with spying for Russia for 15 years.
- 2002 - In Reqa Al-Gharbiya, Egypt, a fire on a train injures over 65 and kills at least 370.
- 2003 - In Rhode Island, in the USA, The Station nightclub fire kills about 100 and injures over 200.
- 2005 - Spain becomes the first country to vote in a referendum on ratification of the proposed Constitution of the European Union, passing it by a substantial margin, but on a low turnout.
- 2005 - Jeff Gordon wins his third Daytona 500.

Births


- 1631 - Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (d. 1712)
- 1745 - Henry James Pye, English poet (d. 1813)
- 1751 - Johann Heinrich Voß, German poet (d. 1826)
- 1753 - Louis Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (d. 1815)
- 1757 - John 'Mad Jack' Fuller, English philanthropist (d. 1834)
- 1819 - Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882)
- 1839 - Benjamin Waugh, American minister and founder of the NSPCC (d. 1908)
- 1844 - Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist (d. 1906)
- 1844 - Joshua Slocum, Canadian seaman and adventurer (d. 1909)
- 1848 - Edward Henry Harriman, American railroad executive (d. 1909)
- 1887 - Vincent Massey, Governor-General of Canada (d. 1967)
- 1888 - Georges Bernanos, French writer (d. 1948)
- 1893 - Russel Crouse, American playwright (d. 1966)
- 1901 - Muhammad Naguib, President of Egypt (d. 1984)
- 1902 - Ansel Adams, American photographer (d. 1984)
- 1904 - Alexei Kosygin, Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1980)
- 1912 - Pierre Boulle, French author (d. 1994)
- 1914 - John Daly, South African-born broadcaster (d. 2001)
- 1923 - Forbes Burnham, President of Guyana (d. 1985)
- 1924 - Gloria Vanderbilt, American clothing designer and entrepreneur
- 1925 - Robert Altman, American film director
- 1925 - Heinz Kluncker, German labor union leader
- 1926 - Richard Matheson, American author
- 1927 - Roy Cohn, American lawyer, and anti-Communist (d. 1986)
- 1927 - Ibrahim Ferrer, Cuban musician (Buena Vista Social Club) (d. 2005)
- 1927 - Sidney Poitier, American actor
- 1931 - Amanda Blake, American actress (d. 1989)
- 1934 - Bobby Unser, American race car driver
- 1936 - Marj Dusay, American actress
- 1936 - Larry Hovis, American actor (d. 2003)
- 1937 - Robert Huber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1937 - Roger Penske, American race car driver
- 1937 - Nancy Wilson, American singer
- 1938 - Richard Beymer, American actor
- 1941 - Buffy Sainte-Marie, American singer
- 1942 - Phil Esposito, Canadian hockey player
- 1943 - Mike Leigh, British film director
- 1944 - Willem van Hanegem, Dutch footballer and coach
- 1945 - Brion James, American actor (d. 1999)
- 1946 - Brenda Blethyn, English actress
- 1946 - Sandy Duncan, American singer and actress
- 1947 - Peter Osgood, English footballer
- 1947 - Peter Strauss, American actor
- 1948 - Jennifer O'Neill, Brazilian-born actress
- 1949 - Ivana Trump, Czech skier, model and socialite
- 1950 - Ken Shimura, Japanese television performer and actor
- 1951 - Edward Albert, American actor
- 1951 - Gordon Brown, British politician
- 1951 - Randy California, guitarist (d. 1997)
- 1954 - Anthony Stewart Head, English actor
- 1954 - Patty Hearst, American socialite and kidnapping victim
- 1955 - Kelsey Grammer, American actor
- 1963 - Charles Barkley, American basketball player
- 1966 - Cindy Crawford, American model
- 1967 - Kurt Cobain, American musician (d. 1994)
- 1971 - Jari Litmanen, Finnish footballer
- 1975 - Brian Littrell, American musician (Backstreet Boys)
- 1976 - Ed Graham, British drummer (The Darkness)
- 1977 - Stephon Marbury, American basketball player
- 1978 - Julia Jentsch, German actress
- 1980 - Imanol Harinordoquy, French rugby player
- 1981 - Tony Hibbert, English footballer
- 1985 - Yulia Volkova, Russian musician (t.A.T.u.)

Deaths


- 702 - Chan Bahlum II, king of the Maya state of Palenque (b. 635)
- 1171 - Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1138)
- 1194 - King Tancred of Sicily
- 1258 - Al-Musta'sim, last Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad
- 1408 - Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English statesman (b. 1342)
- 1431 - Pope Martin V (b. 1368)
- 1513 - King Christian II of Denmark (b. 1455)
- 1579 - Nicholas Bacon, English politician (b. 1509)
- 1618 - Philip William, Prince of Orange (b. 1554)
- 1626 - John Dowland, English composer and lutenist (b. 1563)
- 1762 - Tobias Mayer, German astronomer (b. 1723)
- 1771 - Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan, French geophysicist (b. 1678)
- 1773 - King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (b. 1701)
- 1778 - Laura Bassi, Italian scholar (b. 1711)
- 1790 - Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1741)
- 1803 - Marie Dumesnil, French actress (b. 1713)
- 1806 - Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-born American military and political leader (b. 1725)
- 1810 - Andreas Hofer, Tyrolean national hero (executed) (b. 1767)
- 1871 - Paul Kane, Irish-born painter (b. 1810)
- 1893 - P.G.T. Beauregard, American Confederate general (b. 1818)
- 1895 - Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist writer
- 1907 - Henri Moissan, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
- 1916 - Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1844)
- 1920 - Robert Peary, American explorer (b. 1856)
- 1961 - Percy Grainger, Australian composer (b. 1882)
- 1966 - Chester Nimitz, American admiral (b. 1885)
- 1968 - Anthony Asquith, British film director and writer (b. 1902)
- 1969 - Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (b. 1883)
- 1970 - Sophie Treadwell, American playwright and journalist (b. 1885)
- 1972 - Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- 1972 - Walter Winchell, American journalist (b. 1897)
- 1975 - Robert Strauss, American politician and diplomat (b. 1918)
- 1976 - René Cassin, French judge, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1887)
- 1980 - J.B. Rhine, American parapsychologist (b. 1895)
- 1981 - Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg, magazine editor, socialite (b. 1904)
- 1985 - Clarence Nash, American voice actor (b. 1904)
- 1992 - Roberto D'Aubuisson, Salvadoran politician (b. 1944)
- 1992 - Dick York, American actor (b. 1928)
- 1993 - Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (b. 1916)
- 1996 - Solomon Asch, American psychologist (b. 1907)
- 1996 - Tōru Takemitsu, Japanese composer (b. 1930)
- 1999 - Sarah Kane, English playwright (b. 1971)
- 1999 - Gene Siskel, American film critic (b. 1946)
- 2000 - Anatoly Sobchak, Russian politician (b. 1937)
- 2001 - Rosemary DeCamp, American actress (b. 1910)
- 2003 - Maurice Blanchot, French author (b. 1907)
- 2003 - Orville Freeman, American politician (b. 1918)
- 2003 - Harry Jacunski, American football player
- 2003 - Ty Longley, American guitarist (Great White)
- 2005 - Sandra Dee, American actress (b. 1944)
- 2005 - John Raitt, American actor (b. 1917)
- 2005 - Hunter S. Thompson, American journalist and author (b. 1937)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050220.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 19 - February 21 - January 20 - March 20 -- listing of all days ko:2월 20일 ms:20 Februari ja:2月20日 simple:February 20 th:20 กุมภาพันธ์

Brookline, Massachusetts

Brookline is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts. It borders Newton (part of Middlesex County) on the southwest and Boston (part of Suffolk County) in all other directions, so it is not actually contiguous with any other part of Norfolk County. As of the 2000 census, the population of the town is 57,107.

Government

Brookline is governed by a representative (elected) Town Meeting, which is the legislative body of the town, and a five-person Board of Selectmen which serves as the executive branch of the town. For more details about the roles and procedures within the government of Brookline, please see [http://www.townofbrooklinemass.com/TownInformation/TownGov.html the town government's own description].

History

First settled in the early 1600s as a part of Boston, Massachusetts known as the hamlet of Muddy River, Brookline was incorporated as an independent town in 1705. President John F. Kennedy was born here, as was his brother Attorney General and Senator Bobby Kennedy. It was also the home of influential American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, 60 Minutes icon Mike Wallace, former Governor of Massachusetts and 1988 Democratic Presidential candidate Michael Dukakis, television talk show host Conan O'Brien, television commentator and journalist Barbara Walters, former Boston Red Sox General Manager Theo Epstein, and New England Patriots owner Robert Kraft. Wallace, Dukakis, Epstein, O'Brien and Kraft all attended Brookline High School. The Country Club, an exclusive sporting club in the town, claims to be the first private club in the United States formed exclusively for outdoor activities. It is most famous as a golf club; it was one of the five clubs that formed what is now the United States Golf Association, and has hosted the U.S. Open three times and the Ryder Cup Matches once. Brookline is also home to the Hellenic College and Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology.

Geography

Brookline is located at 42°19'50" North, 71°8'1" West (42.330664, -71.13364). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 17.7 km² (6.8 mi²). 17.6 km² (6.8 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.44% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 57,107 people, 25,594 households, and 12,233 families residing in the town. The population density is 3,247.3/km² (8,409.7/mi²). There are 26,413 housing units at an average density of 1,501.9/km² (3,889.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 81.08% White, 2.74% Black or African American, 0.12% Native American, 12.83% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.01% from other races, and 2.18% from two or more races. 3.53% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 25,594 households out of which 21.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% are married couples living together, 7.1% have a female householder, and 52.2% are non-families as defined by the Census bureau. 36.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.18 and the average family size is 2.86. In the town the population is spread out with 16.6% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 37.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 82.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 79.1 males. The median income for a household in the town is $66,711, and the median income for a family is $92,993. Males have a median income of $56,861 versus $43,436 for females. The per capita income for the town is $44,327. 9.3% of the population and 4.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 7.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Culture

As close to Boston as Brookline is, it has managed to maintain its own identity. Brookline features a unique mixture of urban and suburban living, upscale shops and recreational parks, apartment buildings and large estates. It is the home of many academic and scientific professionals who work at the nearby medical centers in Boston. Brookline has staunchly refused to be absorbed by Boston, which surrounds it like a horseshoe. Brookline has kept its town meeting form of government since its 1705 incorporation. It has also kept an unusual overnight on-street parking ban that continues to baffle and irritate many residents. The name "Brookline" is derived from the brooks that form its boundaries. Among its many unusual resources, Brookline has its own working farm (with farm stand), the oldest country club in the nation, a town golf course, the home in which John F. Kennedy was born, a park on a hillside overlooking Boston with an open air skating rink and transportation museum, as well as numerous neighborhood parks and playgrounds scattered throughout the town. Its major retail centers, like Coolidge Corner and Brookline Village, are pedestrian-oriented shopping areas with a variety of shops. Along with offering both a city atmosphere and a feeling of being in the country, there is a wide mix of people in Brookline. It is said that the student body at Brookline High School includes students from more than 50 different countries. Many students attend Brookline High from surrounding, lower income neighborhoods in Boston, such as Mission Hill and Mattapan, via the Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) system. There are 8 elementary schools in the Brookline Public School system including Baker, Devotion, Driscoll, Heath, Lawrence, Pierce, Runkle, and Lincoln schools. As of October, 2005, there were 6,036 K-12 students enrolled in The Public Schools of Brookline. The system includes one early learning center, eight grades K-8 schools and one comprehensive high school. The student body is 66.1% White, 17.7% Asian, 9.9% Black, 5.9% Hispanic and 0.4% Other. Approximately 30% of students come from homes where English is not the first language. Although predominantly residential, Brookline is open to new commercial development, and has amended its zoning to encourage new growth along its major thoroughfares. Brookline is known in the Boston area for its large population of Russian immigrants and numerous synagogues. Jewish culture is very strong in Brookline, and is especially notable along the section of Harvard Street that runs between Beacon Street (Coolidge Corner) and Commonwealth Avenue. This neighborhood is home to at least 3 area synagogues and a number of Jewish-themed restaurants and stores. Brookline is also known for its excellent schools, which are supported in large part by property taxes — the town has one of the highest property tax burdens in the country. While residents of Brookline tend toward liberal ideals, economic and cultural factors keep this section of the Boston metropolitan area less diverse than its neighbor across the Charles River, Cambridge. "Fairsted", the 100 year old business headquarters and design office for renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and the Olmsted Brothers firm, has been carefully preserved as the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, located on 7 acres (28,000 m²) of landscaped grounds at 99 Warren Street.

External links


- [http://www.town.brookline.ma.us/ Town of Brookline]

Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.

This article is about the politician, Joseph Kennedy, Sr.; For the baseball player, see Joe Kennedy. Larger Version Joseph "Joe" Patrick Kennedy, Sr. (September 6, 1888 – November 18, 1969) was a prominent United States businessman and political figure, the father of President John F. Kennedy and the patriarch of the Kennedy political family.

Background and early career

Joseph was born in Boston, the son of Patrick J. Kennedy, a successful businessman and Irish Catholic community leader. Kennedy was born into a highly sectarian environment where Irish Catholics saw themselves as the victims of Yankee exclusion. Many were active in the Democratic Party, including Patrick and numerous relatives. Patrick Kennedy's home was a prosperous and comfortable one, thanks to his successful liquor business and an influential role in local politics. At the city's most prestigious public high school, Boston Latin School, Joe was a below average scholar but was popular among his classmates, winning election as class president and playing on the school baseball team. Kennedy, like several older relatives, attended Harvard College where he focused on becoming a social leader, working energetically to gain admittance to the prestigious Hasty Pudding Club. After graduating from Harvard in 1912, his first job was a state-employed bank examiner. In that role, he learned that a certain bank was trying to take over the smaller Columbia Trust Bank, in which his father was a minority shareholder. Borrowing $45,000 he bought control and at age 25, he became the youngest bank president in the country. In 1912 he married Rose Fitzgerald, the daughter of John F. Fitzgerald, the Democrat mayor of Boston and probably the most recognized politician in the city. Kennedy emerged as a highly successful entrepreneur with an eye for value. For example he turned a handsome profit from ownership of Old Colony Realty Associates, Inc., which bought distressed real estate. During the World War he was supervisor of a major shipyard in Quincy, Massachusetts where he oversaw the production of transports and warships. The job brought him into contact with the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. In the early 1920s, Joseph acquired two movie studios and personally produced several films, he then sold the companies to the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). He was romantically linked to Gloria Swanson during 1929 and 1930, during which time he poured large sums of money into Gloria Productions Limited, a film company which Swanson had just started.

Building tremendous wealth

Wall Street

In 1919, he joined the prominent stock brokerage firm of Hayden, Stone and Co. where he became an expert in dealing in the unregulated stock market of the day. In 1923 he set up his own investment company and became a multi-millionaire during the bull market of the 1920s. David Kennedy, author of "Freedom From Fear," describes the Wall Street of the Kennedy era: "(It) was a strikingly information-starved environment. Many firms whose securities were publicly traded published no regular reports or issued reports whose data were so arbitrarily selected and capriciously audited as to be worse than useless. It was this circumstance that had conferred such awesome power on a handful of investment bankers like J.P. Morgan, because they commanded a virtual monopoly of the information necessary for making sound financial decisions. Especially in the secondary markets, where reliable information was all but impossible for the average investor to come by, opportunities abounded for insider manipulation and wildcat speculation."

The Crash

Kennedy formed alliances with several other Irish-Catholic money men, including Charles E. Mitchell, Mike Meehan and Bernard Smith. He helped establish the Libby-Owens-Ford stock pool, an arrangement in which Kennedy and colleagues created an artificial scarcity of Libby-Owens-Ford stock to drive up the value of their own holdings in the stock. Using inside information, and the public's lack of knowledge, a pool operator would bribe journalists to present that information in the most advantageous manner. The stocks would then change in price up or down depending on the position favoured by the pool. This conduct is now illegal as both insider trading and market-manipulation. Some attribute these market manipulations as being in part responsible for the Stock Market Crash of 1929 which some say triggered the worldwide Great Depression. In any event, Kennedy got out of the market in 1928, long before the Crash locking in multi-million dollar profits. Indeed when the 1929 crash did come, he made money due to his short positions.

Liquor Importing, Movie Production, Property

During Prohibition, Kennedy's company Somerset Importers became the exclusive American agent for Gordon's Dry Gin and Dewar's Scotch which was only allowed to be imported during Prohibition for medicinal purposes. Anticipating the end of Prohibition (not difficult to do as it slowly passed through the required number of states) he assembled a very large inventory of stock that he sold for a profit of millions of dollars when Prohibition was repealed in 1933. He invested this money in residential and commercial real estate, the Merchandise Mart in Chicago and Hialeah Race Track in Hialeah, Florida. Kennedy made a huge amount from reorganizing and refinancing several Hollywood studios. Some speculated he enjoyed the industry because of the attractive women involved in it. Film production in the U.S. was a lot more decentralized than it is today, with many different movie studios producing film product. One small studio was FBO, the Film Booking Office of America, which specialized in Westerns produced cheaply. Its owner was in financial trouble and asked Kennedy to help find a new owner. Kennedy liked the business so much he formed his own group of investors to buy it for $1.5 million. He then moved to Hollywood in March 1926 to focus on running the studio. Movie studios were then permitted to own exhibition companies and often found it necessary to get their films on the big screen. With that in mind, in a hostile buyout he acquired the Keith-Albee-Orpheum Theaters Corporation (KAO) which had more than seven hundred vaudeville and movie theaters across the United States . He later acquired another production studio Pathe Exchange, owned by ther French giant, Pathé. In October 1928, he formally merged his film companies FBO and KAO to form Radio-Keith-Orpheum and made a large amount of money in the process. Kennedy knew how to play hardball. Keen to buy Pantages Theater chain which had sixty-three stong performer theaters, Kennedy made an offer of $8 million. It was declined. Joe then stopped distributing his movies to Pantages. Still Alexander Pantages declined to sell. When Pantages was charged and tried with rape though, his reputation took a battering and he accepted Kennedy's revised offer of $3.5 million. It is estimated that Kennedy made over $5 million from his investments in Hollywood.

Public service

Joseph's first active involvement in a national political campaign occurred during Franklin D. Roosevelt's bid for the Presidency. He donated, loaned, and raised a substantial amount of money for FDR's presidential campaign. President Roosevelt rewarded him, with an appointment as the inaugural Chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Even Joseph's critics acknowledge the reforming work he performed as SEC Chairman. His knowledge of the financial markets equipped him to identify areas requiring the attention of regulators. One of the crucial reforms was the requirement for companies to regularly lodge financial statements with the SEC which broke what some saw as an information monopoly maintained by the Morgan banking family. After serving in this post for several years, he resigned in 1935. President Roosevelt then asked him to chair the Maritime Commission. During the Spanish Civil War Kennedy's helped persuade President Roosevelt to stay out of the conflict arguing that the American Catholic community sympathized with the forces of Francisco Franco. Kennedy's opponents claim he circulated fabricated charges of atrocities against the Church in Spain on the part of the Spanish loyalists.

Appeasement

In 1938, he was appointed as the United States Ambassador to the Court of St. James's (United Kingdom). Kennedy, of Irish descent, hugely enjoyed his leadership position in London society, which stood in stark contrast to his outsider status in Boston. He rejected the warnings by Winston Churchill that Nazi Germany posed a looming threat, and supported Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement in order to stave off a second world war that would be more horrible than the first. He resigned from office in 1940 after being recalled as he publicly disagreed with Roosevelt's policy of indecision, prior to the Attack on Pearl Harbor, on involving the USA in the Second World War. Regardless, Kennedy was active in rallying Irish Democrats to Roosevelt's reelection. While his own ambitions for the White House seemed impossible to realize, he held out great hope for his eldest son Joseph Jr. to gain the presidency. However, Joe Jr. was killed undertaking a high-risk bombing raid over Germany. Kennedy then turned his attention to grooming the second son, John F. Kennedy. Indeed he won in the 1960 elections. Joe Kennedy was always a controversial figure among Democrats because of his opposition to Roosevelt but support for Joseph McCarthy. Therefore he operated in the background. He did play a vital role in fundraising and in managing parts of the campaign, such as the West Virginia primary.

Stroke and retirement

On December 19, 1961, Kennedy suffered a disabling stroke which made movement and communication extremely difficult and limited until his death. JFK's assassination in 1963 made Kennedy reluctant to support his other son Robert F. Kennedy's bid to become the Democratic nominee for the presidency in the 1968 elections. His fears came to pass when Sirhan Sirhan assassinated Robert in 1968 while on the campaign trail. Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. died on November 18, 1969. Joseph Kennedy expanded the Kennedy Compound, which continues as a major center of family get-togethers.

See also


- Kennedy family
- List of descendants of Joseph P. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy
- Kennedy Curse
- List of well-known U.S. presidential relatives

Further reading


- Amanda Smith, ed. Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P. Kennedy (2002)
- Doris Kearns Goodwin, The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga (1987)
- Thomas Maier, The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings (2003)
- Kessler, Ronald, The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded, Warner , 1996, ISBN 0446603848
- Ted Schwarz, "Joseph P. Kennedy" 2003, ISBN 0-471-17681-8

External links


- [http://www.ytedk.com/jfk.htm Joe Kennedy's Political Influence]
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kennedys/peopleevents/p_joe.html The Kennedys - PBS Special]
- [http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2003/nf20030529_7026.htm Kennedy's Legacy at the SEC] Kennedy, Joseph P., Sr. Kennedy, Joseph P., Sr. Kennedy, Joseph P. I Kennedy, Joseph P., Sr. Kennedy, Joseph P., Sr. Kennedy, Joseph P., Sr. Kennedy, Joseph P. I Kennedy, Joseph P., Kennedy, Joseph P., Sr. Kennedy, Joseph P., Sr.

Manhattanville College

Manhattanville College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college located in Purchase, New York. Current president Richard Berman has served for nearly 11 years. Under his administration Manhattanville has undergone a renaissance which has gained the college much acclaim. Today roughly one thousand six hundred students attend Manhattanville. Renowned for its commitment to diversity, Manhattanville boasts an impressive academic body made up of students from 55 countries and 37 states. Known for having a smart, sociable, athletic and easy-going student body, admission to Manhattanville is difficult, as students must demonstrate that they are fully developed individuals. In accordance with the college's Portfolio System, graduate candidates must present a freshman year assessment essay; a study plan outlining all course work counted toward the degree; a program evaluation essay, which gives a rationale for the student's choice of courses, as well as a personal evaluation of the course; and specific examples of work in writing and research.

History

In 1841 in a three-story house on Houston Street on Manhattan's Lower East Side, the Academy of the Sacred Heart, a Catholic boarding school for girls, was founded. The Academy relocated in 1847 to an area just north of New York City on a hill overlooking the village of Manhattanville. Destroyed by a fire in 1888, the Academy was rebuilt on the same foundation and continued to grow, both in curriculum and physical environment. In March of 1917, 76 years after its founding as an academy, Manhattanville was chartered as a college by the New York State Board of Regents, empowering it to grant both undergraduate and graduate degrees. In 1952, the college moved to Purchase to the former estate of Whitelaw Reid, publisher of the New York Herald Tribune and Ambassador to England. Today, Manhattanville's "Castle" looks out over the green of the quadrangle to the renovated residence halls, academic buildings and the housing complex for faculty and staff. Fully co-educational since 1969 and non-denominational in its governance since 1971, Manhattanville's original vision lives on in the tradition of service begun by the Society of the Sacred Heart, extending from the students to the global community. During the depression and World War II, President Grace Cowardin Dammann, RSCJ, instilled in Manhattanville's students a keen awareness of social problems by encouraging them to spend one day a week working with children at the Barat Settlement in the Bowery and at Casita Maria in East Harlem. Mother Dammann's widely published speech, "Principles vs. Prejudice," inspired other colleges to break down racial barriers. The long tradition of the school, which preceded the college charter, determined the character Manhattanville would have: a firm belief in the liberalizing effect of the liberal arts, a lively sense of tradition, a wide-ranging interest in the most humane manifestations of the human spirit, and a continuing effort to enhance the local community and to accept responsibility for this segment of human history. Richard Berman

Trivia


- Reid Hall was a potential site for the United Nations.
- The campus was designed by Frederick Law Olmstead, the designer of Central Park in New York City.
- There is a graveyard which holds the remains of nearly 50 nuns.
- In 2003 Toni Smith, a member of the women's basketball team, stood in protest against war, this action received [http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/womensbasketball/2003-02-25-flag-protest_x.htm/ international media attention ]
- Juan Salas ('05) began [http://www.mysoldier.com/ My Soldier], a program to support American soldiers, the program to date has nearly 500,000 members.
- During the Vietnam War, the main academic building was overtaken by students in protest.
- The interior of Reid Hall was used in the recent film The Thomas Crown Affair
- Manhattanville boasts the oldest nation-wide portfolio system
- Manhattanville was in the forefront in breaking down racial barriers.
- Senator Edward Kennedy (D) Mass. met his former wife while delivering a speech dedicating the gymnasium in his sister's honor.

Notable Alumni


- Rose Kennedy, mother of John F. Kennedy, President of the United States
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver, Founder and Honarary Chairman of the Special Olympics; Executive President of the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation
- Ethel Kennedy, founder of Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Center
- Josie Natori, President of Natori Co. International
- Jean Kennedy, US Ambassador to Ireland
- Flora Miller Biddle, President of the Whitney Museum of American Art
- Karen Pallavicini Akers, Singer, actress and Tony Award winner
- Anita Florio, New York Supreme Court Justice
- Barbara Boggs Sigmond, Mayor of Princeton New Jersey
- Gov. Sila Calderón, Governor of Puerto Rico
- Daryl Mundis, Prosecutor at The World Court in The Hague
- Marcia P. DeWitt, President and CEO of GuilfordPare
- James Badge Dale, actor
- Juan Salas, Founder of [http://www.mysoldier.com/ My Soldier],

External links


- [http://www.mville.edu/ Manhattanville College]
- [http://www.mville.edu/streaming/ynot.html/ News Show]
- [http://www.mville.edu/admissions/ Admissions Homepage]
- [http://www.govaliants.com/ Manhattanville Athletics]
- [http://www.mysoldier.com/ My Soldier] Category:Westchester County, New York Category:Universities and colleges in New York Category:Liberal arts colleges Category:Association of American Universities

Robert Kennedy

:For the New Zealand cricketer, see Robert Kennedy (cricketer). :This is the most common use of RFK. For other uses, see RFK (disambiguation). Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy, also called "RFK" (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968) was one of two younger brothers of President John F. Kennedy, and was appointed by his brother as Attorney General for his administration. As one of President Kennedy's most trusted advisors, RFK worked closely with the President during the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the subsequent Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1964, after his brother's death, Kennedy was elected to the US Senate from the state of New York. He was assassinated shortly after delivering a victory speech at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California, during the California Democratic Primaries in 1968.

Early life

Born on November 20, 1925 in Brookline, Massachusetts, Robert Kennedy was the seventh child of Joseph P. Kennedy and Rose Kennedy. While growing up, he was raised amidst the competitive yet loyal Kennedy family culture. Robert was combative, aggressive and emotional, but also very loyal to his father and elder brothers, even though he was very young by difference in age. During his political career, he was often described as "ruthless." After a brief service in the Navy and officer training (V-12) at Bates College, Kennedy went on to attend Harvard. He became a three-year letterman for the Harvard University football team and graduated in 1948. He then enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law, and earned his degree in 1951. Following law school, Kennedy managed his brother John's successful 1952 Senate campaign. He was then hired as a Junior Counsel for the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Kennedy soon moved to the staff of the Labor and Rackets Committee. Kennedy soon made a name for himself as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee hearings, which began in 1956. In a dramatic scene, Kennedy squared off against Jimmy Hoffa during the antagonistic argument that marked Hoffa's testimony. Kennedy left the Rackets Committee in 1959 in order to run his brother John's successful Presidential campaign.

Working for JFK

John President Kennedy rewarded his younger brother's efforts by naming him to his Cabinet as Attorney General of the United States. During the Kennedy Administration, "Bobby" played a key advisory role for President Kennedy. Among the weighty issues they faced were the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961, the Cuban Missile Crisis 18 months later, the escalation of military action in Vietnam and the widening spread of the Civil Rights Movement and its retaliatory violence. Robert was his brother's most trusted advisor and political enforcer, outflanking Lyndon Johnson, JFK's vice president and most Cabinet secretaries. RFK was at the head of a coterie of young, inexperienced but well-educated White House officials who were loyal to JFK and his vision, and were viewed with scorn and suspicion from the bureaucracy, establishment politicians and the military's top officers. Robert was especially noted, and often criticized for cronyism, arrogance and combativeness and suspicion and rivalry with establishment figures in the Cabinet and the Democratic party, and several unsubstantiated charges of corruption and abuse of power. But all of Robert Kennedy's work, attitude, thought and conduct revolved around his loyalty to his brother and the future of his administration. Kennedy was a source of reliability and emotional strength to the President. Robert Kennedy's appointment was criticized for nepotism from his brother, and for being relatively inexperienced and young for the job. He was also criticized for being less an Attorney General, than a co-president, exerting influence and power to an unprecedented degree on all aspects and branches of the U.S. government. However, Kennedy began a nation-wide campaign against organized crime, mob violence and labor rackets, building on his work as Senate counsel. It is not clear if he gave J. Edgar Hoover permission to wiretap Martin Luther King, though it is certain that the FBI was required to ask the Attorney General for such permission. Kennedy is perhaps most remembered for his work on civil rights, namely the integration of the University of Mississippi in Oxford, Mississippi (whose first black student was James Meredith), and his support of the civil rights bill that passed in 1964. After the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, Robert Kennedy remained the attorney general, though his relationship with President Lyndon Johnson was reported to be very distant.

The Assassination of JFK

The murder of President Kennedy was a brutal shock to the world, the whole nation, the Kennedy family, but especially for Robert, which happened 2 days after his 38th birthday. He never overcame the shock and personal grief of those days in 1963 for the rest of his short life. Robert mourned John's youthful death and the fact that so much of the Kennedy vision and promise was left tragically and ultimately unfulfilled. During the days following the assassination, but just before the funeral, Kennedy wrote to his two eldest children, Kathleen, and Joseph II, telling them about the tragedy and to follow what their uncle started. At the 1964 Democratic National Convention, Kennedy was due to give a speech before the viewing of a memorial film dedicated to the late President. As Kennedy was introduced, tens of thousands of delegates, party workers, young members, observing journalists and others broke into thunderous applause and an outroar of support for the nervous and emotionally fragile Robert, standing at the podium. He broke down and began to cry. Despite repeated appeals by him and the chairman of the convention, the audience did not stop their fantastic display of support for Robert and mourning for their common loss. The applause continued for almost an hour. Robert Kennedy mustered enough strength to deliver the speech, but broke down into tears backstage. He would remain personally devastated for many months, but his elder brother's death meant that he was now the eldest living son of Joseph Kennedy, and the head of not only his own large family, but of his sisters, the children of his brothers and sisters, and the young Ted Kennedy. A man who had been the backbone of Joseph and John Kennedy, was now the young patriarch of the Kennedy family, which had been wracked by tragedies.

Senator from New York

Soon after President John F. Kennedy's assassination, Robert Kennedy left the Cabinet to run for a seat in the United States Senate representing New York. Even though Kennedy was his nemesis, Johnson helped him campaign, as he was later to recall in his memoir of the White House years. His opponent in the 1964 race was Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating, who initially portrayed Kennedy as an arrogant carpetbagger, but Kennedy gradually gained popularity during the campaign and emerged victorious in November. During his three and a half years as a US Senator, Kennedy visited apartheid-ruled South Africa, helped to start a successful redevelopment project in poverty stricken Bedford-Stuyvesant in New York City, visited the Mississippi Delta as a member of the Senate committee reviewing the effectiveness of War on Poverty programs and, reversing his prior stance, called for a halt in further escalation of the Vietnam War. As Senator, Robert endeared himself to the issues of African Americans, and of other minorities such as Native Americans and immigrant groups. He spoke forcefully, and tied himself with leaders of the civil rights struggle, and led the Democratic party to pursue a more aggressive agenda to eliminate discrimination on all levels. Kennedy supported busing, integration of all public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and anti-poverty social programs to increase education, offer opportunities for employment and provide health care for millions of disenfranchised and despairing colored Americans. Kennedy also embraced opposition to the Vietnam War in 1968. Making this decision was difficult for him, for he knew that President Kennedy had increased military support for South Vietnam, and had envisioned a major U.S. commitment, if not exactly as it turned out during President Johnson's administration, to defending South East Asia and the Indochina region from Communist aggression. Many critics allege that Kennedy's switch in position was to reap advantage during the hotly contested Democratic primaries, and while this is true, it had more to do with Kennedy's own understanding of the war than merely a tactic to muster support for his candidacy. Kennedy's presidential campaign was powered by an aggressive vision for civil freedom and justice, the expansion of social development programs beyond Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs, active minority participation in American politics and outright opposition to the conservative attitudes of the American South and the aloof attitude of many Americans to serious social problems like poverty and racism. Here Kennedy was at a remarkable contrast to his brother. JFK had been thwarted in his effort to pacify yet persuade the politicians of the Southern states to accept civil rights legislation, and his unwillingness to steamroll or appear arrogant to southern Americans. JFK had introduced a major tax-cut legislation to propel the economy, and had trimmed and transformed the workings of the U.S. government. His agenda was not half as committed to a major expansion of government institutions as RFK's social program was. And JFK backed U.S. involvement in South East Asia and other parts of the world against Soviet-sponsored communist aggression, while Robert ultimately committed himself against the war in Vietnam. By these comparisons, it is easier to portray Robert Kennedy, instead of President John F. Kennedy, as a real icon of American liberalism and the modern political agenda of the United States Democratic Party.

Presidential candidacy and assassination

Democratic Party Originally Kennedy had denied speculation that he was going to run for the Democratic nomination in 1968 against President Lyndon Johnson (The 22nd Amendment didn't disqualify LBJ from running for a second term because he served less than half of JFK's four-year term). Along with doubts of his ability to win the nomination, Kennedy feared that his candidacy would appear to be a product of a personal feud with Johnson. After Johnson won only a very narrow victory in the New Hampshire primary on March 12, 1968 against Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota, an anti-war candidate, Kennedy too declared his candidacy for the Presidency on March 16. On March 31, Johnson appeared on television to state that he was no longer a candidate for re-election. On April 4, during a campaign stop in Indianapolis, Kennedy learned of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. During a heartfelt, impromptu speech in Indianapolis' inner city, Kennedy called for a reconciliation between the races. In the aftermath of King's murder, thousands of people were injured and 43 were killed in riots throughout the United States, but Indianapolis remained quiet. Kennedy's campaign relied largely on his ability to run an emotional and intensely personal campaign. Kennedy challenged students on the "hypocrisy" of draft deferments, visited numerous small towns, and made himself available to the masses, by participating in long motorcades and street-corner stump speeches (often in troubled inner-cities). Kennedy made urban poverty a chief concern of his campaign, which in part lead to enormous crowds that would attend his events in poor urban areas or rural parts of Appalachia. Kennedy won the Indiana and Nebraska Democratic primaries, but lost the Oregon primary. On June 4, 1968 Kennedy scored a major victory in his drive toward the Democratic presidential nomination when he won primaries in South Dakota and in California. After Kennedy addressed his supporters in the early morning hours of June 5 in a ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, he left the ballroom through a service area to greet supporters working in the hotel's kitchen. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Sirhan B. Sirhan, a 24-year-old Los Angeles resident of Palestinian ancestry, fired a .22 caliber revolver directly into the crowd surrounding Kennedy. Several people were wounded, including Kennedy, who was shot in the head at close range. Kennedy never regained consciousness and died in the early morning hours of June 6, 1968 at the age of 42. A funeral mass was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City on June 8, during which his brother, Massachusetts Senator Edward M. Kennedy famously eulogized him with the words, "My brother need not be idolized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life, to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it." Following the mass, Kennedy's body was transported by train to Washington, DC where he was buried near his brother, John, in Arlington National Cemetery. Sirhan confessed to the shooting, and is currently serving a life prison sentence for the crime although to this day he claims he has absolutely no memory of shooting at Kennedy. It is generally believed that Sirhan fired the shots that hit Kennedy. As with his elder brother John's death, however, many have suggested the official account of RFK's murder is inconsistent or incomplete, and that his death was the result of a conspiracy. See Robert F. Kennedy assassination for more information.

Personal life

Robert F. Kennedy assassination In 1950, he married Ethel Skakel, who would eventually give birth to 11 children:
- Kathleen Hartington
- Joseph Patrick II
- Robert Francis, Jr.
- David Anthony
- Mary Courtney
- Michael LeMoyne
- Mary Kerry
- Christopher George
- Matthew Maxwell Taylor
- Douglas Harriman
- Rory Elizabeth Katherine The last child, Rory, was born several months after her father's assassination. In contrast to his father's marriage, and the celebrated marriage of John and Jackie Kennedy, Robert and Ethel kept their life and family out of the public eye, and were comparatively very private and conservative. Kennedy was always a loyal son, brother, and family man. Despite the fact that his father's most ambitious dreams centered around his elder brothers, Robert was fiercely loyal to Joseph, Joe Jr. and John. His competitiveness was admired by his father and elder brothers, while his loyalty bound them affectionately close to each other than most brothers are. Working on the campaigns of John Kennedy, Robert was more involved, passionate and tenacious than the candidate himself, obsessed with every detail, fighting out every battle and taking workers to task. Kennedy owned a home at the well-known Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts on Cape Cod but spent most of his time at his estate in Virginia, known as Hickory Hill, located just outside Washington, DC. His widow, Ethel, and his children continued to live at Hickory Hill after his death in 1968. Ethel Kennedy now lives full time at the family's vacation home in Hyannis Port. His pallbearers included Robert McNamara, John Glenn, Averell Harriman, C. Douglas Dillon, Kirk Lemoyne Billings (schoolmate of John F. Kennedy), Stephen Smith (husband to Jean Ann Kennedy), David Hackett, Jim Whittaker, John Seigenthaler Sr., and Lord Harlech. Actress Marilyn Monroe allegedly had an affair with John Kennedy during the 1960s, though persistent rumors that she had an affair with Robert have been discredited by most historians.

Honors

Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe D.C. Stadium in Washington, D.C. was renamed Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium in 1969. In 1998, the United States Mint released a special dollar coin that featured Kennedy on the obverse and the emblems of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Senate on the reverse. In Washington, DC on November 20, 2001, US President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft dedicated the Department of Justice headquarters building as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, honoring RFK on what would have been his 76th birthday. They both spoke during the ceremony, as did Kennedy's eldest son, Joseph II, who made reference to his uncle John F. Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, Profiles in Courage, when he said to the president as he spoke: "Mr. President, your strength since September 11 has been a profile in leadership." [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0111/20/se.07.html] [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/11/20011120-15.html] [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0111/20/se.08.html] Numerous roads, public schools and other facilities across the United States were named in memory of Robert F. Kennedy in the months and years after his death.

Writing

Considered an eloquent speaker generally, RFK also wrote extensively on politics and issues confronting his generation:
- The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions (1960)
- To Seek a Newer World (1967)
- Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1969)

References


- [http://pages.prodigy.net/kpmcclave/RFKbio.htm RFK Biography]
- RFK (Documentary Film from the Public Broadcasting Service, USA)

External links


- [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/robertkennedyonmartinlutherking.html Robert F. Kennedy: Remarks on the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.]
- [http://www.rfkmemorial.org/ Robert F. Kennedy Memorial]
- [http://www.rfkdems.org/ Robert F. Kennedy Democrats] Albany, New York
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/index.html American Experience: RFK] -- From PBS
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rfk/peopleevents/e_hickoryhill.html American Experience: RFK People & Events] -- From PBS
- [http://www.reopenrfkassassinationcase.com Reopen the RFK Assassination Case-Sirhan is Not Guilty]
- [http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/commemoratives/index.cfm?flash=no&action=RFKennedy Robert F. Kennedy Commemorative Silver Dollar Fact Sheet] -- From the US Mint
- [http://www.politixgroup.com/comm156.htm The Presidential Promise of Robert F. Kennedy]
- [http://members.iquest.net/~reboomer/kensp.htm Kennedy Speech on Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Death]
- [http://rsparlourtricks.blogspot.com/2005/11/bobby.html Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: Bobby] Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, Robert F. ja:ロバート・ケネディ

Virginia Joan Bennett

Joan Bennett Kennedy was born September 9,1936 in Riverdale, New York as Virginia Joan Bennett. She was the daughter of Henry Wiggin Bennett, Jr. and the former Virginia Joan Stead. She attended Manhattanville College, a Sacred Heart Academy, along with the Kennedy daughters. Through them, she met her future husband, Edward Moore Kennedy. Ted and Joan were married on November 29, 1958 in Bronxville, New York. They had three children: Kara Kennedy Allen (born February 27, 1960), Edward Moore Kennedy, Jr. (born September 26, 1961), and Representative Patrick Joseph Kennedy (born July 14, 1967). While showing a public display of unity during Ted's failed 1980 presidential campaign, the marriage was falling apart. This had been going on for some time, due to Ted's womanizing and Joan's alcoholism. On December 6, 1982, the divorce was finalized. Since her divorce, Joan has become an accomplished musician and grandmother to her four grandchildren, from Kara and Ted Jr. In addition, Kennedy has worked as an advocate for the mentally retarded and for cancer research and was a supporter of the Pine Street Inn, a Boston-based homeless shelter, and Children's Hospital. She has been arrested on several occasions for drunk driving. In 1974, she was arrested in Virginia. In 1988, she was arrested in Barnstable, Massachusetts. She was ordered to undergo treatment following a 1991 arrest in Quincy, Massachusetts. In 2000, she was arrested in Barnstable, and charged with DUI and failure to provide a license or registration. In the 2000 case, she was sentenced to 2 years probation. In February, 2005, it was revealed that her children were granted legal guardianship over her due to her ongoing struggle with alcoholism. On March 30, 2005, Kennedy was hospitalized with a concussion and a broken shoulder after a passer-by found her lying in a street in Boston. Details of exactly what happened to Kennedy and how she ended up in the street are at present, unclear.

External links


- [http://edition.cnn.com/2000/US/09/11/joan.kennedy.arrest.ap/ "Joan Kennedy arrested for drunken driving" (cnn.com)]
- [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2005/02/25/kennedys_children_become_her_guardians/?rss_id=Boston+Globe+--+City%2FRegion+News Kennedy's Children become her guardians] Kennedy, Joan Bennett Kennedy, Joan Bennett Kennedy, Joan

May 19

May 19 is the 139th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (140th in leap years). There are 226 days remaining.

Events


- 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (whom Cartier kidnapped during his first voyage).
- 1536 - Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII of England, is beheaded for adultery.
- 1568 - Queen Elizabeth I of England has Mary Queen of Scots arrested.
- 1604 - The town of Montreal is founded.
- 1643 - Thirty Years' War: French forces under the duc d'Enghien decisively defeat Spanish forces at the Battle of Rocroi, marking the symbolic end of Spain as a dominant land power.
- 1649 - An Act declaring England a Commonwealth is passed by the Long Parliament. England would be a republic for the next eleven years.
- 1749 - King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.
- 1780 - Never-explained complete darkness falls on Eastern Canada and the New England area of the United States at 2 pm.
- 1802 - The Légion d'Honneur is founded by Napoleon Bonaparte.
- 1828 - U.S. President John Quincy Adams signs the Tariff of 1828 into law, protecting wool manufacturers in the United States.
- 1848 - Mexican-American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Mexico ratifies the treaty thus ending the war and ceding California, Nevada, Utah and parts of five other modern-day U.S. states to the USA for USD $15 million.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Spotsylvania Court House ends.
- 1897 - Oscar Wilde is released from Reading Gaol.
- 1919 - In Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk moves to Samsun from Istanbul with a few followers, to oppose the Ottoman government, which eventually leads to the Turkish War of Independence.
- 1921 - The Emergency Quota Act passes the U.S. Congress establishing national quotas on immigration.
- 1922 - Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union is established.
- 1932 - The gangster film Scarface: The Shame of a Nation opens at the Rialto Theater in Los Angeles, California.
- 1943 - World War II: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt set Monday, May 1, 1944 as the date for the cross-English Channel landing (D-Day would later be delayed over a month due to bad weather).
- 1961 - Venera program: Venera 1 becomes the first man-made object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus (the probe had lost contact with Earth a month earlier and did not send back data).
- 1962 - A birthday salute to U.S. President John F. Kennedy takes place at Madison Square Garden, New York. The highlight is Marilyn Monroe's infamous rendition of Happy Birthday. Thirty-four years later, John F. Kennedy, Jr. had actress Drew Barrymore pose as Monroe for the cover of George magazine with the heading "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" in honor of then-President Bill Clinton turning 50.
- 1964 - Vietnam War: The United States Air Force begins Operation Yankee Team.
- 1971 - Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union.
- 1987 - The Berillsemann was born.
- 1991 - Willy T. Ribbs becomes the first African-American driver to qualify for the Indianapolis 500.
- 2005 - Clarence Richard Silva, Bishop-elect of Honolulu, retreats to Kalaupapa to pray at the onset of his episcopal ministry
  - Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith is released. Entire Saga estimated to have made over $20 billion US

Births

1593 to 1899


- 1593 - Jacob Jordaens, Flemish painter (d. 1678)
- 1700 - José de Escandón, Spanish colonial governor (d. 1770)
- 1724 - Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, British admiral and politician (d. 1779)
- 1744 - Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1818)
- 1762 - Johann Gottlieb Fichte, German philosopher (d. 1814)
- 1773 - Arthur Aikin, English chemist, mineralogist and scientific writer (d. 1854)
- 1795 - Johns Hopkins, American philanthropist (d. 1873)
- 1827 - Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour, French statesman (d. 1896)
- 1861 - Dame Nellie Melba, Australian opera singer (d. 1931)
- 1870 - Albert Fish, American serial killer (d. 1936)
- 1874 - Gilbert Jessop; English cricketer (d. 1955)
- 1879 - Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, American-born politician (d. 1964)
- 1880 - Sir Albert Richardson, English architect (d. 1964)
- 1882 - Mohammed Mossadegh, Prime Minister of Iran (d. 1967)
- 1890 - Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese leader (d. 1969)
- 1891 - Oswald Boelcke, German World War I pilot (d. 1916)
- 1897 - Frank Luke, American World War I pilot (d. 1918)
- 1898 - Julius Evola, Italian philosopher (d. 1974)

1900 to 1999


- 1908 - Percy Williams, Canadian athlete (d. 1982)
- 1909 - Bruce Bennett, American athlete and actor
- 1914 - Max Perutz, Austrian-born molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2002)
- 1914 - Go Seigen, Japanese Go player
- 1921 - Yuri Kochiyama, American civil rights activist
- 1921 - Karel van het Reve, Dutch writer (d. 1999)
- 1924 - Sandy Wilson, British composer
- 1925 - Malcolm X, American civil rights activist (d. 1965)
- 1925 - Pol Pot, Cambodian dictator (d. 1998)
- 1926 - Swami Kriyananda, spiritual teacher and author
- 1930 - Lorraine Hansberry, American playwright (d. 1965)
- 1931 - Eric Tappy, Swiss tenor
- 1934 - Jim Lehrer, American television journalist
- 1939 - Livio Berruti, Italian athlete
- 1939 - Nancy Kwan, Hong Kong actress
- 1939 - Dick Scobee, astronaut (d. 1986)
- 1940 - Mickey Newbury, American musician
- 1941 - Nora Ephron, American screenwriter
- 1942 - Gary Kildall, American computer programmer (d. 1994)
- 1944 - Peter Mayhew, British actor
- 1945 - Pete Townshend, English guitarist and lyricist
- 1946 - André the Giant, French professional wrestler (d. 1993)
- 1946 - Claude Lelièvre, Belgian Commissioner for Children Rights
- 1948 - Grace Jones, Jamaican singer and actress
- 1949 - Archie Manning, American football player
- 1951 - Joey Ramone, American musician and singer (The Ramones) (d. 2001)
- 1952 - Bert van Marwijk, Dutch football manager
- 1953 - Victoria Wood, British comic actress
- 1954 - Phil Rudd, Australian drummer (AC/DC)
- 1956 - James Gosling, Canadian computer programmer
- 1963 - Yazz, British singer
- 1966 - Polly Walker, British actress
- 1973 - Dario Franchitti, Scottish race car driver
- 1975 - Sebastien Adjiman, Israeli business man
- 1975 - London Fletcher, American football player
-