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Jean Michel Jarre

Jean Michel Jarre

Jean-Michel André Jarre (born August 24, 1948 in Lyon, France) is a French composer and producer. He is the son of Maurice Jarre, a composer of film music, and France Pejot. Jarre is regarded as one of the pioneers in the electronic music genre, as well as an innovator, for staging spectacular outdoor concerts of his music, which feature laser displays and fireworks, linking music with architecture and environment.

Musical career

Jarre began studying piano at the age of five, but he abandoned his classical training later. During his youth he formed a band called Mystere IV. In late 1960s, he started experimenting with tape loops, radios and other electronic devices, until, in 1968, he joined the Groupe de Recherches Musicales, under the direction of Pierre Schaeffer, the "father" of musique concrète, where he was introduced to synthesizers. synthesizers In the mid-1970s, Jarre secured a recording contract with Polydor. His first album for them, Oxygene, was released in 1976. Contrasted with his contemporaries, such as the rather clinical, hard, futuristic sound of Kraftwerk, or the more 'cosmic' and murky Tangerine Dream, Oxygene had a lush, spacey and strongly melodic sound, and was a big commercial success worldwide. The track Oxygene Part IV was released as a single and became one of the best-known pieces of electronic music ever. Key components of Jarre's sound included his use of the Electroharmonix Small Stone phaser on synthetic string pads, and liberal use of echo on various sound effects generated by the VCS3 synthesizer. In 1978, his second album Equinoxe was released. Jarre developed his sound, employing more dynamic and rhythmic elements, particularly a greater use of sequencing on basslines. Much of this was achieved using custom equipment developed by his collaborator Michel Geiss. A concert on the Place de la Concorde in Paris in 1979 followed the release. This concert attracted one million people, which was Jarre's first entry in the Guinness Book of Records for the largest crowd at an outdoor concert. In October 1981, Jarre was the first Western pop-artist who was granted permission to give concerts in the People's Republic of China. In 1983, he created the album Musique pour supermarchés (Music for supermarkets), which had a print run of only a single copy. The album was made expressly to voice Jarre's distaste and disregard for the music business. Jarre destroyed all the master records from his studio work, allowed a radio station (Radio Luxembourg) to broadcast the album once and auctioned it, raising £10,000 for French artists. People recorded the album using their tape recorders while it was broadcast on the radio, so they can listen to that album, at a very poor quality though (the radio station was an AM station). Songs from this album were later reworked into future albums. In 1986, NASA and the city of Houston asked him to do a concert to celebrate NASA's 25th anniversary and the city of Houston 150th anniversary. During that concert, astronaut Ronald McNair was to play the saxophone part of Jarre's piece Rendez-Vous VI while in orbit on board the Space Shuttle Challenger. It was to have been the first piece of music recorded in space, for the album Rendez-Vous. After the Challenger disaster of January 28, 1986 which killed McNair, the piece was recorded with a different saxophonist, retitled Ron's piece and the album dedicated to the seven Challenger astronauts. The Houston concert entered the Guinness Book of Records for the audience of over 1.5 million. In 1988 Jarre, along with guests such as Hank Marvin, the legendary guitarist from The Shadows, performed in front of the industrial backdrop of London's East End Docklands, in a concert entitled Destination Docklands. On July 14 1990 Jean Michel broke his own record in Guinness Book of Records again with a concert in La Defense, Paris where 2.5 million people watched Jarre light up the Parisian business district. On September 6 1997 Jarre played in Moscow to celebrate the 850th anniversary of the city. The Moscow State University was used as the backdrop for a spectacular display of image projections, skytrackers and fireworks, with an audience of 3.5 million, Jarre's fourth record for the biggest concert audience ever. In 1999 he created a spectacular music and light show in the Egyptian desert, near Giza. The show, called The 12 Dreams of the Sun, celebrated the new millennium and 5000 years of civilization in Egypt. It also offered a preview of his new album, Metamorphoses. In 2001 Jarre performed a concert in collaboration with Arthur C. Clarke and Tetsuya Komuro in the Okinawa beaches, to celebrate the "real" beginning of the new millennium. The concert was called Rendez-vous in Space and the group called itself The ViZitors. Later that year, he played at the Acropolis in Greece. In 2002 he performed the AERO concert at Grammel Vrå Enge wind farm, just outside Aalborg in Denmark, to a rather wet audience of approximately 50,000. On October 10 2004 he gave a big concert in the Forbidden City and the Tiananmen Square in China, to commemorate the "Year of France in China". The audience comprised about 15,000 spectators, most of them special guests. This concert was broadcast in HDTV with 5.1 sound by some satellite channels. 5.1 sound was also used on the stage. On August 26 2005 he performed a long concert "Space of Freedom" in Gdańsk, Poland, to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Solidarity. There were circa 120,000 people at the concert. Lech Wałęsa was present on stage. On September 10th 2005 Jarre performed at the LinX Live Show for the Official Opening of the Eurocam Media Centre, containing Belgian HDTV Company Euro1080's NEW HDTV Studios, in Lint, Belgium.

Personal life

Jarre was married to British actress and photographer Charlotte Rampling from October 7, 1978 until circa 1998. In 2002 he became engaged to French actress Isabelle Adjani, but later she [http://teemix.aufeminin.com/__starnews3261_Adjani_et_Jarre_c_est_fini.html ended] this relationship. Jarre married French actress Anne Parillaud on May 12, 2005. Jarre has three children: Emilie (from his first marriage to Flore Guillard, whom he married on January 20, 1975), Barnaby Southcombe (Charlotte Rampling's son from a previous marriage) and David (Charlotte and Jean-Michel's son).

Awards and recognitions


- 1976 - Prix de l'Académie Charles Cros for "Oxygene".
- 1976 - "Grand Prix du Disque" for "Oxygene".
- 1976 - "Personality of The Year" by People magazine (USA).
- 1979 - Guinness Book of Records entry for the biggest concert ever.
- 1981 - Honorary member of the Beijing Conservatory of Music.
- 1985 - Instrumental music album of the year for "Zoolook" in the USA.
- 1985 - "Prix de l'Académie Charles Cros".
- 1985 - "Victories de la Musique" in France.
- 1987 - "Victories de la Musique" for "Rendez-vous Houston".
- 1987 - New Guinness Book of Records entry for the biggest concert ever.
- 1987 - "European musician Person of the Year" by People magazine.
- 1990 - New Guinness Book of Records entry for the biggest concert ever ("Paris La Defense: A City in Concert").
- 1993 - UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador.
- 1994 - "Victories de La Musique" for the "Europe in Concert" tour.
- 1994 - Awarded Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur from the French Government.
- 1997 - New Guinness Book of Records entry for the biggest concert ever with 3.5 million watching at Moscow's 850th anniversary.
- 1998 - IFPI's Platinum Europe Award.
- 2005 - HCA Ambassador for the Hans Christian Andersen 2005 Bicentenary Festival. By 2005 he has sold an estimated 72 million albums and singles over his career. An asteroid, 4422 Jarre, has been named in honor of him and his father.

Discography

Studio albums


- La Cage/Erosmachine (1971, 7" single only)
- Deserted Palace (1972)
- Les Granges Brulées (1973)
- Oxygene (1976 in France, 1977 worldwide)
- Equinoxe (1978)
- Magnetic Fields (Les Chants Magnétiques) (1981)
- Music for Supermarkets (Musique Pour Supermarché) (1983, only one copy made)
- Zoolook (1984)
- Rendez-Vous (1986)
- Revolutions (1988)
- Waiting for Cousteau (En Attendant Cousteau) (1990)
- Chronologie (1993)
- Oxygene 7-13 (1997)
- Metamorphoses (2000)
- Interior Music (2001, only for Bang & Olufsen, 1000 pieces made)
- Sessions 2000 (2002)
- Geometry of Love (2003)

Live albums


- The Concerts in China (Les Concerts En Chine) (1982)
- In Concert Houston-Lyon (1987, 1997 replaced by Cities In Concert Houston-Lyon)
- Live (1989, 1997 renamed Destination Docklands)
- Hong Kong (1994)
- Live From Gdańsk - (Koncert w Stoczni) (2005, released for Eastern Europe only)

Remixes


- Jarremix (1995)
- Odyssey Through O2 (1998)

Compilations


- Musik aus Zeit und Raum (1983)
- The Essential Jean Michel Jarre (1983)
- Synthesis (1983, only issued in Italy)
- The Essential 1976-1986 (1985, music same as on The Essential Jean Michel Jarre)
- The Laser Years (Les Années Laser) (1989, 9 CD box exclusively including Cities In Concert Houston-Lyon)
- Images – The Best of Jean Michel Jarre (1991)
- L'Intégrale (1992, 10 CD box)
- The Complete Oxygene (1998, 2 CD box containing Oxygene and Oxygene 7-13 with bonus track)
- The Essential (2004)
- AERO (2004) (CD + DVD, music album recorded in 5.1 sound)

Video


- Place de la Concorde (1980, VHS PAL-G)
- The China Concerts (1989, VHS PAL-G)
- Rendez-vous Houston: A City in Concert (1989, VHS PAL-G)
- Rendez-vous Lyon (1989, VHS PAL-G)
- Destination Docklands (1989, VHS PAL-G)
- Images: The Best of Jean Michel Jarre (1991, VHS NTSC)
- Paris La Defense (1992, VHS SECAM)
- Europe in Concert (1994, VHS NTSC)
- Concert Pour La Tolerance (1995, Laserdisc SECAM)
- Oxygen in Moscow (1997, DVD NTSC/VHS PAL-G, released for the USA and Brazil only)
- Paris Live: Rendez-vous 98 Electronic Night (1998, VHS NTSC, released for Japan only)
- Live in Beijing (2004, DVD PAL, released in France only)
- Jarre in China (2005, DVD PAL, European re-release of the above with the full concert and more special features)
- Jean-Michel Jarre: Solidarnosc Live (2005, DVD)

Concerts

Main concerts


- 1979 - Place de la Concorde (Paris, France).
- 1981 - The Concerts in China (Beijing/Shanghai, China).
- 1986 - Rendez-vous Houston (Houston, USA).
- 1986 - Rendez-vous Lyon (Lyon, France).
- 1988 - Destination Docklands (London, UK).
- 1990 - Paris la Defense (Paris, France).
- 1992 - Swatch the World (Zermatt, Switzerland).
- 1992 - Legends of the Lost City (South Africa).
- 1993 - Europe in Concert (several places across Europe).
- 1994 - Hong Kong (Hong Kong).
- 1995 - Concert Pour la Tolerance (Paris, France).
- 1997 - The Oxygene Tour (several places across Europe).
- 1997 - Oxygen in Moscow (Moscow, Russia).
- 1998 - Nuit Electronique (Paris, France).
- 1998 - Jarre@apple Expo.
- 1999 - The Twelve Dreams of the Sun (Giza, Egypt).
- 2000 - Metamorphoses Showcase.
- 2001 - Rendez-vous in Space (Okinawa, Japan).
- 2001 - Hymn to the Akropolis (Athens, Greece).
- 2002 - Le Printemps de Bourges (Bourges, France).
- 2002 - Aero (Aalborg, Denmark).
- 2004 - Live at Beijing (Beijing, China).
- 2005 - Salle Des Etoiles (Monte-Carlo, Monaco).
- 2005 - Space of Freedom (Gdansk, Poland).

Other performances


- 1971 - AOR (Paris, France)
- 1989 - Destination Trocadero (Paris, France)
- 1994 - Jarre Unplugged (Paris, France)
- 1995 - Festa Italiana (Turin, Italy)
- 1995 - UNESCO 50th Anniversary (Paris, France)
- 1997 - Wetten Das (Vienna, Austria)
- 1998 - Fifa World Player 97 (Disneyland Paris, France)
- 1998 - France Festival (Tokyo, Japan)
- 1998 - FNAC Paris (Paris, France)
- 2005 - Once upon a time (Copenhagen, Denmark).
- 2005 - LinX (Lint, Belgium)

Instruments

Throughout his concerts Jarre uses several unusual or custom instruments. Some of these are:
- The theremin, the first electronic instrument.
- The laser harp.
- The digisequencer and matrisequencer, electronic sequencers designed and built by Michel Geiss.
- The LAG Circulaire, Magic Keyboard and other custom keyboards (usually of semi-circular shape) made by LAG.
- The Moster, a percussive MIDI controller with the shape of two light boxes.

See also


- Best selling music artists - World's top selling music artists chart.

External links


- [http://www.jeanmicheljarre.com/ Official web site]
- [http://www.jarre.ch/ Jean-Michel Jarre's discography]
- [http://alnr.chez.tiscali.fr/toutjarre/genealogie.html Jean-Michel Jarre's genealogy]
- [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=9904&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO - Biography of Jean Michel Jarre]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cgi-perl/music/muze/index.pl?site=music&action=biography&artist_id=1081353 Biography from bbc.co.uk]
- [http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/cfa/ps/special/rocknroll/0004422.html Minor Planet Center information on the asteroid 4422 Jarre]
- [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Music/Bands_and_Artists/J/Jarre,_Jean_Michel/ Jean Michel Jarre on Open Directory dmoz.org]
- [http://www.discogs.com/artist/Jean+Michel+Jarre Jean Michel Jarre discography on discogs.com]
- [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:z7d8vwbva9ik Jean-Michel Jarre on allmusic.com]
- [http://www.jarretribute.com/ International tribute album and petition]
- [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Jean-Michel-Jarre/ Jean Michel Jarre Yahoo Group] Jarre, Jean Michel Jarre, Jean Michel Jarre, Jean Michel Jarre, Jean Michel ja:ジャン・ミッシェル・ジャール

August 24

August 24 is the 236th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (237th in leap years), with 129 days remaining.

Events


- 49 BC - Julius Caesar's general Gaius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River by the Numidians under Attius Varus and King Juba of Numidia. Curio is slain in battle.
- AD 79 - Mount Vesuvius erupts. The cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae are buried in volcanic ash.
- 410 - The Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome for three days.
- 1215 - Pope Innocent III declares the Magna Carta invalid.
- 1349 - Six thousand Jews are killed in Mainz because they are blamed for the bubonic plague.
- 1391 - Jews massacred in Palma de Mallorca.
- 1456 - The printing of the Gutenberg Bible is completed.
- 1511 - Alfonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers the Sultanate of Malacca.
- 1572 - Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre: On the orders of king Charles IX of France, a massacre of Huguenots (French Protestants) begins.
- 1608 - The first official British representative to India lands in Surat.
- 1662 - Act of Uniformity requires England to accept the Book of Common Prayer.
- 1682 - William Penn receives the area that is now the state of Delaware, and adds it to his colony of Pennsylvania.
- 1690 - Calcutta, India is founded.
- 1814 - British troops invade Washington, D.C. and burn down the White House and several other buildings.
- 1821 - The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, now in Veracruz, Mexico, concluding the Mexican War of Independence from Spain.
- 1831 - Charles Darwin is asked to travel on HMS Beagle.
- 1847 - Charlotte Brontë finishes Jane Eyre.
- 1853 - Potato chips are first prepared.
- 1857 - The Panic of 1857 begins, setting off one of the most severe economic crises in U.S. history.
- 1858 - In Richmond, Virginia, 90 blacks are arrested for learning.
- 1891 - Thomas Edison patents the motion picture camera.
- 1909 - Workers start pouring concrete for the Panama Canal.
- 1912 - Alaska becomes a United States territory.
- 1914 - World War I: German troops capture Namur.
- 1929 - Turkey and Persia sign a friendship treaty.
- 1931 - France and the Soviet Union sign a neutrality/no attack treaty.
- 1931 - Resignation of the United Kingdom's Second Labour Government. Formation of the UK National Government.
- 1932 - Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly across the United States non-stop (from Los Angeles to Newark, New Jersey).
- 1936 - The Australian Antarctic Territory is created.
- 1942 - World War II: The Battle of the East Solomon Islands. Japanese aircraft carrier Ryuho is sunk.
- 1944 - World War II: French and Allied troops start the attack on Paris.
- 1949 - The treaty creating NATO goes into effect.
- 1950 - Edith Sampson becomess the first black U.S. delegate to the UN.
- 1954 - The Communist Control Act goes into effect. The American Communist Party is outlawed.
- 1954 - Getúlio Dornelles Vargas, president of Brazil, commit suicide and is succeeded by João Café Filho.
- 1960 - A temperature of −88°C (−127°F) is measured in Vostok, Antarctica — a world-record low.
- 1963 - The 200-metre freestyle is swum in less than 2 minutes for the first time by Don Schollander (1:58).
- 1968 - France explodes its first hydrogen bomb, thus becoming the world's fifth nuclear power.
- 1968 - France explodes its first hydrogen bomb, thus becoming the world's fifth nuclear power.
- 1971 - Pink Floyd performs their most famous concert, in an abandoned Pompeii amphitheatre on the 1892nd anniversary of the infamous disappearance of Pompeii.
- 1979 - In Central Park, New York a concert is given by cars.
- 1981 - Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison for murdering John Lennon.
- 1989 - Colombian drug barons declare "total war" on the Colombian government.
- 1989 - Cincinnati Reds manager Pete Rose is banned from baseball for gambling by Commissioner A. Bartlett Giamatti
- 1989 - Voyager 2 passes Neptune.
- 1990 - A judge rules that Judas Priest are not responsible for the deaths of two youths who committed suicide after listening to the band's music.
- 1990 - Sinéad O'Connor refuses to perform at the Garden State Arts Plaza in Holmdel, New Jersey if "The Star-Spangled Banner" is played before her show, as is customary.
- 1991 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- 1991 - Ukraine declares itself independent from the Soviet Union.
- 1992 - Diplomatic relations are established between the People's Republic of China and South Korea.
- 1992 - Hurricane Andrew hits South Florida.
- 1994 - Initial accord between Israel and the PLO about partial self-rule of the Palestinians on the West Bank.
- 1995 - Windows 95 is released.
- 1998 - The Netherlands is selected as the site for the trial of the two Libyan suspects of the 1988 PanAm bombing.
- 2001 - Air Transat Flight 236 runs out of fuel over the Atlantic Ocean (en route to Lisbon from New York) and makes an emergency landing in the Azores.
- 2003 - US Spacecraft Voyager 2 is 71 astronomical units distant from Earth and escaping the solar system at a speed of about 3.3 AU per year (ca. 15 km/s). It will be approximately 40,000 years before Voyager 2 approaches another planetary system.
- 2004 - Two airliners in Russia, carrying a total of 89 passengers, crash within minutes of each other after flying out of Domodedovo International Airport, near Moscow, leaving no survivors. Authorities suspect suicide attacks by rebels from the breakaway republic of Chechnya to be the cause of the crashes.
- 2005 - Peruvian airliner TANS's Flight 204 crashes in Pucallpa, killing at least 60 people.

Births


- 1113 - Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (b. 1113)
- 1198 - King Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1249)
- 1358 - King John I of Castile (d. 1390)
- 1393 - Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1458)
- 1552 - Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter (d. 1614)
- 1580 - John Taylor, English poet (d. 1654)
- 1591 - Robert Herrick, English poet (d. 1674)
- 1635 - Peder Griffenfeld, Danish statesman (d. 1699)
- 1669 - Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer (d. 1747)
- 1759 - William Wilberforce, English campaigner against slavery (d. 1833)
- 1772 - King William I of the Netherlands (1814-1840)
- 1787 - James Weddell, Antarctica explorer (d. 1834)
- 1817 - Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1875)
- 1837 - Théodore Dubois, French composer and teacher (d. 1924)
- 1852 - Deacon White, baseball player (d. 1919)
- 1863 - Dragutin Lerman, Croatian explorer (d. 1918)
- 1865 - King Ferdinand I of Romania (d. 1927)
- 1880 - Joshua Lionel Cowen, American inventor and entrepreneur (d. 1965)
- 1884 - Earl Derr Biggers, American author (d. 1933)
- 1887 - Harry Hooper, baseball player (d. 1974)
- 1890 - Duke Kahanamoku, Hawaiian swimmer and surfer (d. 1968)
- 1890 - Jean Rhys, Dominican writer (d. 1979)
- 1898 - Malcolm Cowley, American literary critic, writer, and editor (d. 1989)
- 1899 - Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer (d. 1986)
- 1901 - Preston Foster, American actor (d. 1970)
- 1904 - Alice White, American film actress (d. 1983)
- 1915 - James Tiptree, Jr., American writer (d. 1987)
- 1916 - Hal Smith, American actor and voice actor (d. 1994)
- 1922 - René Lévesque, Premier of Quebec (d. 1987)
- 1923 - Arthur Jensen, American psychologist
- 1927 - Harry Markowitz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1929 - Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2004)
- 1934 - Kenny Baker, English actor
- 1936 - A. S. Byatt, English novelist
- 1938 - Halldór Blöndal, Icelandic politician
- 1938 - David Freiberg, American bassist (Quicksilver Messenger Service and Jefferson Starship)
- 1943 - John Cipollina, American guitarist (Quicksilver Messenger Service) (d. 1989)
- 1945 - Ken Hensley, English musician (Uriah Heep)
- 1945 - Vince McMahon, American professional wrestling entrepreneur
- 1947 - Paulo Coelho, Brazilian author
- 1948 - Jean-Michel Jarre, French musician
- 1951 - Orson Scott Card, American novelist
- 1954 - Libby Mooney,British Science educator
- 1956 - John Culberson, American politician
- 1957 - Stephen Fry, English comedian, author, and actor
- 1958 - Steve Guttenberg, American actor
- 1958 - Tracy Harris, American artist
- 1960 - Cal Ripken, Jr., baseball player
- 1962 - Craig Kilborn, American talk show host
- 1962 - David Koechner, American actor
- 1963 - John Bush, American singer (Anthrax)
- 1963 - Hideo Kojima, Japanese video game director
- 1964 - Salizhan Sharipov, cosmonaut
- 1965 - Marlee Matlin, American actress
- 1965 - Reggie Miller, American basketball player
- 1968 - Shoichi Funaki, Japanese professional wrestler
- 1968 - Andreas Kisser, Brazilian guitarist (Sepultura)
- 1973 - David Chappelle, American actor and comedian
- 1973 - Inge de Bruijn, Dutch swimmer
- 1973 - Carmine Giovinazzo, American actor
- 1974 - Jennifer Lien, American actress
- 1978 - Rafael Furcal, Dominican Major League Baseball player
- 1981 - Chad Michael Murray, American actor
- 1983 - Christopher Parker, British actor
- 1988 - Rupert Grint, English actor

Deaths


- 79 - Pliny the Elder, Roman writer and naturalist (b. 23)
- 1042 - Michael V, Byzantine Emperor) (b. 1015)
- 1103 - King Magnus III of Norway (b. 1073)
- 1217 - Eustace the Monk, French mercenary and pirate
- 1540 - Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola, Italian painter (b. 1503)
- 1542 - Gasparo Contarini, Italian diplomat and cardinal (b. 1483)
- 1572 - Victims of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre:
  - Gaspard de Coligny, French Huguenot leader (b. 1519)
  - Pierre de la Ramée, French humanist (b. 1515)
  - Charles de Téligny, French Huguenot soldier
- 1595 - Thomas Digges, English astronomer (b. 1546)
- 1647 - Nicholas Stone, English sculptor and architect (b. 1586)
- 1664 - Maria Cunitz, Silesian astronomer
- 1679 - Jean François Paul de Gondi, cardinal de Retz, French churchman and agitator (b. 1614)
- 1680 - Thomas Blood, Irish-born thief of the British crown jewels (b. 1618)
- 1683 - John Owen, English non-conformist theologian (b. 1616)
- 1759 - Ewald Christian von Kleist, German poet (b. 1715)
- 1779 - Kosmas Aitolos, Greek Orthodox martyr (b. 1714)
- 1831 - August von Gneisenau, Prussian field marshal (b. 1760)
- 1832 - Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, French mathematician (b. 1796)
- 1888 - Rudolf Clausius, German physicist (b. 1822)
- 1921 - Nikolay Gumilyov, Russian poet (b. 1886)
- 1841 - Theodore Edward Hook, English author (b. 1788)
- 1940 - Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, German television pioneer (b. 1860)
- 1946 - James Clark McReynolds, U.S. Supreme Court justice (b. 1862)
- 1954 - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (b. 1882)
- 1956 - Kenji Mizoguchi, Japanese film director (b. 1898)
- 1967 - Henry J. Kaiser, American industrialist (b. 1882)
- 1975 - Eamon de Valera, President of Ireland (b. 1882)
- 1978 - Louis Prima, American band leader (b. 1910)
- 1979 - Hanna Reitsch, German pilot (b. 1912)
- 1985 - Paul Creston, American composer (b. 1906)
- 1990 - Sergei Dovlatov, Russian writer (b. 1941)
- 1991 - Bernard Castro, Italian inventor (b. 1904)
- 1995 - Alfred Eisenstaedt, German-born photographer (b. 1898)
- 1998 - E.G. Marshall, American actor (b. 1910)
- 2002 - Hoyt Wilhelm, baseball player (b. 1922)
- 2003 - Sir Wilfred Thesiger, British explorer (b. 1910)
- 2004 - Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Swiss-born psychiatrist (b. 1926)

Holidays and observances


- Roman festivals - first of the 3 days on which the mundus was openend
- RC Saints - Feast day of Saint Bartholomew
- Liberia: Flag Day
- Sierra Leone: President's Birthday
- Ukraine: National Holiday, independence from Russia (1991)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/24 BBC: On This Day] ---- August 23 - August 25 - July 24 - September 24 -- listing of all days ko:8월 24일 ms:24 Ogos ja:8月24日 simple:August 24 th:24 สิงหาคม

1948

1948 (MCMXLVIII) is a leap year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-February


- January 1 - Nationalisation of UK railways to form British Railways. Arab militants lay siege to the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. First day of the Italian republican constitution.
- January 4 - Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
- January 5 - Warner Brothers shows the first color newsreel (Tournament of Roses Parade and the Rose Bowl).
- January 17 - Truce between nationalist Indonesian and Dutch troops in Java
- January 26 - Teigin poison case - Man masquerading as a doctor poisons 12 out of 15 bank employees of the Tokyo branch of Imperial Bank and takes the money; artist Sadamichi Hirasawa is later sentenced for the crime.
- January 30 - Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is murdered by a Hindu extremist.
- January 30 - 1948 Winter Olympics open in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
- February 1 - Soviet Union begins to jam Voice of America broadcasts.
- February 4 - Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth. King George VI becomes King of Ceylon.
- February 18 - Eamon de Valera, head of government since 1932, loses power to an opposition coalition. John A. Costello is appointed Taoiseach of Éire (formerly called the Irish Free State) by President O'Kelly.
- February 24 - The Communist Party seizes control of Czechoslovakia.

March-April


- March 8 - The United States Supreme Court rules that religious instruction in public schools violated the Constitution.
- March 10 - Czech foreign minister Jan Masaryk killed in fall from a window of his apartment in Prague. Later communist government rules it "suicide".
- March 17 - Hell's Angels founded in California
- March 20 - First elections in Singapore
- April 1 - Faroe Islands receive autonomy from Denmark
- April 3 - President Harry Truman signs the Marshall Plan which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.
- April 7 - The World Health Organization is established by the United Nations.
- April 7 - Buddhist monastery burns in Shanghai - 20 monks dead
- April 9 - Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's assassination provokes a violent riot in Bogotá (the Bogotazo), and a further ten years of violence in all of Colombia (La violencia).
- April 9 - The Deir Yassin massacre takes place in Palestine.

May

Palestine
- May 1 - 213 communists executed in Greece.
- May 2 - Hour of Charm's last broadcast.
- May 11 - Luigi Einaudi becomes President of the Italian Republic.
- May 14 - Israel is declared as an independent state.
- May 14 - The murder of a three-year-old girl in Blackburn, England leads to the fingerprinting of more than 40,000 men in the city in an attempt to find the murderer.
- May 15 - 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Egypt, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia attack Israel.
- May 16 - Chaim Weizmann is elected as the first President of Israel.
- May 18 - The First Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanking.
- May 26 - The U.S. Congress passes Public Law 557 which permanently establishes the Civil Air Patrol as the auxiliary of the United States Air Force.
- May 30 - A dike along the Columbia River breaks, obliterating Vanport, Oregon within minutes. 15 people die and tens of thousands are left homeless.

June-July


- June 3 - Palomar Observatory telescope finished in California.
- June 16 - Communist guerillas kill three rubber planters in Malaya.
- June 16 - Three armed men hijack Cathay Pacific passenger plane Miss Macao and shoot the pilot. The plane crashes - one of 27 survives
- June 17 - A Douglas DC-6 carrying United Air Lines Flight 624 crashes near Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, killing all 43 people on board.
- June 18 - State of Emergency declared in Malaysia for communist insurgency - Malayan Emergency begins.
- June 21 - The Deutsche Mark becomes official currency of the Federal Republic of Germany.
- June 24 - Cold War: The Berlin Blockade begins.
- June 28 - Cominform Resolution marks the beginning of the Informbiro period in Yugoslavia and Soviet/Yugoslav split.
- July 5 - British National Health Service Act enacted.
- July 13 - The Coptic and Ethiopian Churches reach an agreement leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank of an autocephalous Patriarchate. Five bishops are immediately consecrated by the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the successor to Abuna Qerellos IV is granted the power to consecrate new bishops, who are empowered to elect a new Patriarch for their church.
- July 15 - Attempted assassination of Palmiro Togliatti, general secretary of the Italian Communist Party, incites number of strikes all over the country.
- July 15 - First London, England chapter of Alcoholics Anonymous
- July 20 - Cold War: President Harry S. Truman issues the second peacetime military draft in the United States amid increasing tensions with the Soviet Union (the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt).
- July 24 - Great oil fire in the harbor of Naantali, Finland
- July 26 - U.S. President signs Executive Order 9981, ending racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces.
- July 29 - 1948 Summer Olympics begin in London.
- July 31 - At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated.

August-December


- August 1 - The U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations is founded.
- August 12 - USA recognizes the government of South Korea.
- August 19 - Soviet troops fire at German demonstrators that protest against the Berlin Blockade.
- August 23 - World Council of Churches established.
- September 4 - Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands abdicates for health reasons.
- September 5 - Robert Schuman becomes Prime Minister of France.
- September 6 - Juliana becomes Queen of the Netherlands.
- September 17 - Stern Gang assassinates count Folke Bernadotte.
- October 11 - Cleveland Indians defeat the Boston Braves to win the World Series, four games to two.
- November 2 - U.S. presidential election, 1948: Harry S. Truman defeats Thomas E. Dewey for the US presidency.
- November 12 - In Tokyo, an international war crimes tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials to death, including General Hideki Tojo, for their roles in World War II.
- November 15 - Louis Stephen St. Laurent becomes Canada's twelfth prime minister.
- November 16 - Operation Magic Carpet to transport Jews from Yemen to Israel begins.
- November 17 - Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi divorces his second wife, the former Princess Fawzia of Egypt.
- November 24 - In Venezuela, president Rómulo Betancourt is outsed by a military coup. A military junta takes over the government.
- December 7 - Gary Morris, singer and actor
- December 7 - Mads Vinding, Danish bassist
- December 10 - United Nations General Assembly adopts Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- December 26 - Last Soviet troops withdraw from North Korea.
- December 28 - Member of Muslim Brotherhood assassinates Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi.
- December 30 - The play Kiss Me, Kate opens for the first of 1,077 performances.
- December 31 - 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Israeli troops drive Egyptians from Negev.

Undated


- Empire Windrush immigrant ship arrives in Britain
- Civil war in Costa Rica
- Civil war in Colombia
- Rope (film) released

Unknown date


- Porsche is founded.
- Miranda, the innermost moon of Uranus, is discovered by Gerard Kuiper.
- Casimir effect discovered by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.
- Tunnel of Vielha is opened in Val d'Aran, Spanish Pyrenees.
- Fresh Kills, world's largest landfill, opens in Staten Island, New York.
- The law firm of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom is founded.
- Brandeis University is founded.
- Oakridge Transit Centre opened in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Births

January-February


- January 2 - Mary Archer, British scientist
- January 2 - Deborah Watling, British actress
- January 7 - Kenny Loggins, American singer
- January 10 - Donald Fagen, American keyboardist
- January 10 - Mischa Maisky, Latvian cellist
- January 14 - Carl Weathers, American football player and actor
- January 14 - T-Bone Burnett, American record producer and musician
- January 15 - Ronnie Van Zant, American musician (d. 1977)
- January 16 - John Carpenter, American film director and composer
- January 17 - Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland
- January 19 - Frank McKenna, Premier of New Brunswick and Canadian Ambassador
- January 27 - Mikhail Baryshnikov, Russian-born dancer
- January 28 - Charles Taylor, Liberian president
- January 29 - Marc Singer, Canadian actor
- January 31 - Muneo Suzuki, Japanese politician
- February 1 - Elisabeth Sladen, British actress
- February 3 - Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo, East Timorean Catholic bishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- February 4 - Alice Cooper, American musician
- February 5 - Christopher Guest, American actor, writer, director, and composer
- February 5 - V. Alexander Stefan, American physicist, educator, and writer
- February 14 - Teller, American magician
- February 24 - J. Jayalalithaa, Indian politician
- February 25 - Danny Denzongpa, Indian actor
- February 28 - Steven Chu, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- February 28 - Mike Figgis, American director, writer, and composer
- February 28 - Bernadette Peters, American actress and singer
- February 28 - Mercedes Ruehl, American actress

March-April


- March 1 - Burning Spear, Jamaican singer and musician
- March 2 - Jeff Kennett, Australian politician
- March 2 - R. T. Crowley, pioneer of electronic commerce
- March 9 - Jeffrey Osborne, American singer
- March 12 - James Taylor, American musician
- March 15 - Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (d. 2003)
- March 17 - William Gibson, Canadian writer
- March 20 - John de Lancie, American actor
- March 20 - Bobby Orr, Canadian hockey player
- March 22 - Andrew Lloyd Webber, English composer
- March 22 - Wolf Blitzer, American television journalist
- March 26 - Steven Tyler, American singer (Aerosmith)
- March 28 - Dianne Wiest, American actress
- March 31 - Al Gore, former Vice President of the United States
- March 31 - Rhea Perlman, American actress
- April 1 - Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican musician
- April 15 - Michael Kamen, American composer (d. 2003)
- (April 23)-
- April 29 - Michael Karoli, German musician (d. 2001)

May-July


- May 8 - Felicity Lott, English soprano
- May 11 - Shigeru Izumiya, Japanese musician
- May 12 - Steve Winwood, English singer
- May 14 - Bob Woolmer, British cricket coach
- May 15 - Brian Eno, English musician and record producer
- May 19 - Grace Jones, Jamaican singer and actress
- May 21 - Leo Sayer, English musician
- May 26 - Stevie Nicks, American singer and songwriter (Fleetwood Mac)
- May 29 - Michael Berkeley, British composer
- May 31 - John Bonham, British drummer (Led Zeppelin) (d. 1980)
- June 2 - Todd Rundgren, American singer and record producer
- June 13 - Garnet Bailey, Canadian hockey player and scout
- June 17 - Dave Concepcion, Venezuelan baseball player
- June 19 - Phylicia Rashad, American actress
- June 20 - Ludwig Scotty, President of Nauru
- June 21 - Lionel Rose, Australian boxer
- June 21 - Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish writer
- July 8 - Raffi Cavoukian, Egyptian-born singer
- July 16 - Pinchas Zukerman, Israeli violinist
- July 18 - Hartmut Michel, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 21 - Ed Hinton, American sportswriter
- July 21 - Cat Stevens, English musician
- July 21 - Garry Trudeau, American cartoonist
- July 25 - Peggy Fleming, American figure skater
- July 28 - Sally Struthers, American actress
- July 30 - Jean Reno, French actor

August-December


- August 2 - Dennis Prager, American radio talk show host and author
- August 3 - Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France
- August 13 - Kathleen Battle, American soprano
- August 15 - Uschi Digard, American erotic actress and figure model
- August 20 - Robert Plant, English singer (Led Zeppelin)
- August 30 - Lewis Black, American comedian
- September 4 - Samuel Hui, Hong Kong singer
- September 5 - Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian diplomat and politician
- September 10 - Bob Lanier, American basketball player
- September 10 - Margaret Trudeau, First Lady of Canada
- September 13 - Nell Carter, American singer and actress (d. 2003)
- September 17 - John Ritter, American actor (d. 2003)
- September 22 - Denis Burke, Australian politician
- September 24 - Heinz Chur, German composer
- September 27 - Michele Dotrice, English actor
- September 29 - Bryant Gumbel, American television broadcaster
- October 1 - Sir Sir Peter Blake New Zealand yachtsman (d. 2001)
- October 2 - Avery Brooks, American television actor
- October 2 - Chris LeDoux, American singer and rodeo star (d. 2005)
- October 8 - Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (The Ramones) (d. 2004)
- October 9 - Jackson Browne, American musician
- October 13 - Ted Poe, American politician
- October 17 - George Wendt, American television actor
- November 1 - Jim Steinman, American songwriter and producer
- November 5 - William Daniel Phillips, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 10 - Vincent Schiavelli, American actor
- November 14 - Charles, Prince of Wales
- November 16 - Mutt Lange, Rhodesian-born record producer
- November 17 - Howard Dean, American politician
- November 20 - John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the UN
- November 20 - Barbara Hendricks, American-born soprano
- December 3 - Ozzy Osbourne, British singer
- December 6 - JoBeth Williams, American actress
- December 10 - Abu Abbas, founder of the Palestine Liberation Front (d. 2004)
- December 21 - Willi Resetarits, Austrian musician and cabaret artist
- December 27 - Gérard Depardieu, French actor

Unknown date


- Maurizio Gucci Italian business man and murder victim (d. 1995)
- Edward Rutherfurd, British novelist

Deaths


- January 21 - Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Italian composer (b. 1876)
- January 30 - Mohandas Gandhi, Indian independence movement leader (assassinated) (b. 1869)
- January 30 - Orville Wright, American co-inventor of the airplane (b. 1871)
- February 2 - Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (b. 1894)
- February 11 - Sergy Eisenstein, Russian film director (b. 1898)
- February 23 - John Robert Gregg, Irish-born inventor of shorthand (b. 1866)
- March 6 - Ross Lockridge, Jr., American novelist (suicide) (b. 1914)
- March 10 - Jan Masaryk, Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia (b. 1886)
- March 31 - Egon Erwin Kisch, Austrian journalist and author (b. 1885)
- April 9 - Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian politician (b. 1903)
- April 17 - Suzuki Kantaro, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1867)
- May 15 - Father Edward J. Flanagan, Irish-born priest and founder of Boys Town (b. 1886)
- May 28 - Unity Mitford, British friend of Hitler (b. 1914)
- June 25 - William C. Lee, American general (b. 1895)
- July 5 - Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888)
- July 15 - John J. Pershing, American general (b. 1860)
- July 23 - David Wark Griffith, American film director (b. 1875)
- August 12 - Harry Brearley, English inventor of stainless steel (b. 1871)
- August 16 - Babe Ruth, baseball player (b. 1895)
- September 2 - Sylvanus G. Morley, American scholar and World War I spy (b. 1883)
- September 11 - Muhammed Ali Jinnah, first Governor-General of Pakistan (b. 1876)
- October 24 - Franz Lehár, Hungarian composer (b. 1870)
- November 28 - D.D. Sheehan, Irish politician (b. 1873)
- December 23 - Japanese war leaders (hanged):
  - Kenji Doihara, spy (b. 1883)
  - Koki Hirota, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1878)
  - Iwane Matsui, general (b. 1878)
  - Itagaki Seishiro, military officer (b. 1885)
  - Hideki Tojo, general (b. 1884)
- December 31 - Sir Malcolm Campbell, English land and water racer (b. 1885)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
- Chemistry - Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
- Medicine - Paul Hermann Müller
- Literature - T. S. Eliot
- Peace - not awarded Category:1948 als:1948 ko:1948년 ms:1948 ja:1948年 simple:1948 th:พ.ศ. 2491



Maurice Jarre

Maurice Jarre (born in Lyon, France, September 13, 1924) is a French composer of film scores, noted for his use of the Ondes Martenot, and for the scores of many films including a series of David Lean films, Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago (1965), Ryan's Daughter (1970) and A Passage to India (1984). These are often considered his best work and some of the most enduring movie music in the repertory. Jarre won the 1967 Grammy Award for Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special for Doctor Zhivago. He has been nominated for nine Academy Awards, and has won three:
- Nominated for Best Music, Original Score for: Ghost
- Nominated for Best Music, Original Score for: Gorillas in the Mist
- Nominated for Best Music, Original Score for: Witness
- Won the 1984 Academy Award for Original Music Score for the film A Passage to India
- Nominated for Best Music, Original Score for: The Message
- Nominated for Best Music, Song for: The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean for the song "Marmalade, Molasses & Honey"
- Won for Best Music, Score - Substantially Original for: Doctor Zhivago
- Nominated for Best Music, Scoring of Music, Adaptation or Treatment for: Les Dimanches de ville d'Avray
- Won for Best Music, Score - Substantially Original for: Lawrence of Arabia Other awards:
- British Academy Awards, 1989, Best Original Music Score for Dead Poets Society Jarre wrote for orchestras, but largely switched to synthesized music in the 1980s, largely for practical rather than aesthetic motivations, many critics feel. The thunderous percussive opening and broad heroic theme of Lawrence of Arabia and the striking cimbalom "Lara's Theme" from Doctor Zhivago are more famous than the heartbreaking closing motif from Ghost (1990), the woodwind theme from Fatal Attraction, and the modal Irish tonality he wrote for David Lean's Ryan's Daughter as well as his score for Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985). Other notable movies scored include: Dead Poets Society (1989), Jacob's Ladder (1990), and many more. Now officially retired, Jarre's scored his last film in 2001, a TV movie about the Holocaust entitled Uprising. Maurice is the father of Jean Michel Jarre. His youngest son Kevin is a screenwriter, with credits on such movies as Tombstone and Glory.

External links


- [http://www.shef.ac.uk/~cm1jwb/jarre.htm Filmography, soundtrack reviews, capsule biography.]
- http://german.imdb.com/name/nm0003574/
- [http://us.imdb.com/name/nm0003574/ IMDB Filmography] Jarre, Maurice Jarre, Maurice Jarre, Maurice Jarre, Maurice



1960s

The 1960s in its most obvious sense refers to the decade between 1960 and 1969, but the expression has taken on a wider meaning over the past twenty years. The Sixties has come to refer to the complex of inter-related cultural and political events which occurred in approximately that period, in western countries, particularly Britain, France, the United States and West Germany. Social upheaval was not limited to just these nations, reaching large scale in nations such as Japan, Mexico and Canada as well. The term is used both nostalgically by those who participated in those events, and pejoratively by those who regard the time as a period whose harmful effects are still being felt today. The decade was also labelled the Swinging Sixties because of the libertine attitudes that emerged during the decade. Popular memory has conflated into the Sixties some events which did not actually occur during the period. For example, although some of the most dramatic events of the American civil rights movement occurred in the early 1960s, the movement had already began in earnest during the 1950s. On the other hand, the rise of feminism and gay rights began only in the very late 1960s and did not fully flower until the Seventies. However, the "Sixties" has become synonymous with all the new, exciting, radical, subversive and/or dangerous (according to one's viewpoint) events and trends of the period.

Events and trends

Many of the trends of the 1960s were due to the demographic changes brought about by the baby boom generation, the height of the Cold War, and the dissolution of European colonial empires. The rise in social revolution, civil rights movements, human rights movement, anti-War movements, and the Counterculture movement are only some of the characteristics that defined the 1960s. Many experts attribute the 1960s "counter-culture revolution" as being the result of the major social and political factors that rose in the 1950s like brinksmanship, continued fighting in the 3rd world, and a return to pre-WWII lifestyle. The new generation was determined to reject a pre-WWII conformist lifestyle with men in suits and women in the kitchen. While many believed it to be just a "Western" phenomenon, the '60s revolution spread far beyond the borders of America and Western Europe. In South America, revolutions were at a height, in the Eastern Bloc, movements were made inspired by the Hungarian Revolution to reject Soviet domination, and in the Middle East attempted to resist Soviet and American domination (see Non-Aligned Movement). Overall, the '60s affected almost the entire globe. It was during this time that protectionist, command, and mixed economies reached their peak...

Technology

Non-Aligned Movement Non-Aligned Moveme