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Jean Perrin

Jean Perrin

Jean Baptiste Perrin, generally known as Jean Perrin (September 30, 1870, Lille – April 17, 1942, New York), was a French physicist. In 1895, he showed that cathode rays were made of corpuscles with negative electric charge. He computed Avogadro's number through several methods. He explained solar energy by the thermonuclear reactions of hydrogen. After Albert Einstein published (1905) his theoretical explanation of Brownian motion in terms of atoms, Perrin did the experimental work to test Einstein's predictions, thereby settling the century-long dispute about John Dalton's atomic theory. Jean Perrin received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926 for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium. He was the father of Francis Perrin, also a physicist. Perrin, Jean Baptiste Perrin, Jean Baptiste Perrin, Jean Baptist Perrin, Jean Baptiste Perrin, Jean Baptiste ja:ジャン・ペラン

September 30

September 30 is the 273rd day of the year (274th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 92 days remaining. It is the last day of September.

Events


- 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England.
- 1813 - Battle of Bárbula: Simón Bolívar defeats Santiago Bobadilla.
- 1882 - The world's first commercial hydroelectric power plant (later known as Appleton Edison Light Company) begins operation on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States.
- 1888 - Jack the Ripper kills his third and fourth victims, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes.
- 1895 - Madagascar becomes a French protectorate.
- 1935 - The Hoover Dam, astride the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada, is dedicated.
- 1935 - "The Adventures of Dick Tracy" is first heard on the Mutual Radio Network.
- 1938 - The League of Nations unanimously outlaws "intentional bombings of civilian populations"
- 1939 - General Władysław Sikorski becomes commander-in-chief of the Polish Government in exile.
- 1947 - Baseball: The World Series, featuring New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers, is televised for the first time.
- 1949 - The Berlin Airlift ends.
- 1954 - The U.S. Navy submarine USS Nautilus is commissioned as the world's first nuclear reactor powered vessel.
- 1955 - James Dean dies in a car crash.
- 1960 - The last episode of "The Howdy Doody Show" airs on NBC.
- 1962 - Mexican-American labor leader César Chávez founds the United Farm Workers.
- 1962 - James Meredith enters the University of Mississippi, defying segregation.
- 1965 - Civil unrest follows a failed coup attempt by Indonesia Communist Party (PKI). More than a million people died.
- 1966 - The British protectorate of Bechuanaland declares its independence, and becomes the Republic of Botswana. Seretse Khama takes office as the first President.
- 1967 - BBC Radio 1 is launched; the BBC's other national radio stations also adopt numeric names. Tony Blackburn presents the first show.
- 1975 - The Hughes (later McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.
- 1980 - Ethernet specifications published by Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation.
- 1982 - Cyanide-laced Tylenol kills six people in the Chicago area. Seven were killed in all. The incident is known as the Tylenol scare.
- 1982 - The TV sitcom Cheers premieres.
- 1989 - Foreign Minister of West Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher's speech from the balcony of the German embassy in Prague.
- 1991 - President Jean-Bertrand Aristide of Haiti is forced from office.
- 1993 - An earthquake hits India's Latur and Osmanabad district of Marathwada (Aurangabad division) in Maharashtra state leaving tens of thousands of people dead and many more homeless.
- 1997 - Origin Systems Inc. releases Ultima Online, a massively multiplayer game, opening the door for a new video gaming genre.
- 1999 - Japan's worst nuclear accident at a uranium reprocessing facility in Tokai-mura, northeast of Tokyo. Workers overload a container with uranium, exposing workers and local residents to very high radiation levels.
- 2004 - AIM-54 Phoenix which became the primary missile for the Northrop Grumman F-14 Tomcat retired from U.S. Navy.
- 2005 - The Parliament of Catalonia passes with 120 plus votes and 15 against, the Project of New Catalan Statute of Autonomy, proclaiming in its article 1, "Catalonia is a nation".

Births


- 1207 - Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian mystic and poet (d. 1273)
- 1227 - Pope Nicholas IV (d. 1292)
- 1530 - Geronimo Mercuriali, Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606)
- 1631 - William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (d. 1701)
- 1700 - Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (d. 1773)
- 1710 - John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (d. 1771)
- 1715 - Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (d. 1780)
- 1732 - Jacques Necker, French finance minister of Louis XVI (d. 1804)
- 1800 - Decimus Burton, British architect (d. 1881)
- 1870 - Jean Baptiste Perrin, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
- 1882 - Hans Geiger, German physicist (d. 1945)
- 1895 - Lewis Milestone, Russian-born film director (d. 1980)
- 1898 - Renée Adorée, French actress (d. 1933)
- 1898 - Princess Charlotte of Monaco (d. 1977)
- 1904 - Waldo Williams, Welsh poet (d. 1971)
- 1905 - Nevill Francis Mott, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)
- 1908 - David Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist (d. 1974)
- 1912 - Kenny Baker, American singer and actor (d. 1985)
- 1913 - Bill Walsh, American film producer and writer (d. 1975)
- 1915 - Lester Maddox, Governor of Georgia (d. 2003)
- 1917 - Park Chunghee, President of South Korea (d. 1979)
- 1917 - Buddy Rich, American drummer (d. 1987)
- 1921 - Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress
- 1922 - Alan Stretton, Australian general
- 1924 - Truman Capote, American author (d. 1984)
- 1928 - Elie Wiesel, Romanian Holocaust survivor, author, and lecturer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- 1931 - Angie Dickinson, American actress
- 1932 - Shintaro Ishihara, Japanese author and politician (governor of Tokyo)
- 1934 - Udo Jürgens, Austrian singer
- 1935 - Johnny Mathis, American singer
- 1939 - Jean-Marie Lehn, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1942 - Frankie Lymon, American singer (d. 1962)
- 1943 - Johann Deisenhofer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1946 - Héctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican singer (d. 1993)
- 1947 - Marc Bolan, British musician (d. 1977)
- 1951 - Barry Marshall, Australian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1952 - Jack Wild, British actor
- 1953 - S.M. Stirling, Canadian-born author
- 1954 - Basia Trzetrzelewska, Polish-born singer and songwriter
- 1954 - Barry Williams, American actor
- 1957 - Fran Drescher, American actress
- 1961 - Eric Stoltz, American actor
- 1962 - Frank Rijkaard, Dutch football player and manager
- 1964 - Trey Anastasio, American musician (Phish)
- 1964 - Monica Bellucci, Italian actress
- 1971 - Jenna Elfman, American actress
- 1977 - Sun Jihai, Chinese footballer
- 1979 - Andy Van der Meyde, Dutch footballer
- 1980 - Martina Hingis, Swiss tennis player
- 1982 - Ari Behn, Norwegian author
- 1982 - Lacey Chabert, American actress
- 1982 - Kieran Culkin, American actor
- 1990 - Tobi Atkins, Australian actor

Deaths


- 420 - Saint Jerome, translator of the Vulgate Bible
- 653 - Saint Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1246 - Yaroslav II of Russia (b. 1191)
- 1440 - Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn, English soldier and politician
- 1487 - John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1400)
- 1551 - Ouchi Yoshitaka, Japanese warlord (b. 1507)
- 1560 - Melchior Cano, Spanish theologian (b. 1525)
- 1572 - St. Francis Borgia, Jesuit priest (b. 1510)
- 1581 - Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer (b. 1518)
- 1626 - Nurhaci, Manchurian chief (b. 1559)
- 1628 - Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, English poet (b. 1554)
- 1770 - Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham, English politician and diplomat
- 1770 - George Whitefield, English-born Methodist leader (b. 1714)
- 1772 - James Brindley, English engineer (b. 1716)
- 1891 - Georges Boulanger, French general and politician (b. 1837)
- 1913 - Rudolf Diesel, German inventor (b. 1858)
- 1943 - Franz Oppenheimer, German sociologist (b. 1864)
- 1955 - James Dean, American actor (automobile accident) (b. 1931)
- 1976 - Mary Ford, American singer (b. 1928)
- 1985 - Simone Signoret, French actress (b. 1921)
- 1990 - Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- 1994 - Andre Michael Lwoff, French microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1902)
- 1998 - Dan Quisenberry, baseball player (b. 1953)
- 2002 - Hans-Peter Tschudi, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1913)
- 2003 - Yusuf Bey, Black Muslim leader (b. 1935)
- 2004 - Gamini Fonseka Sri Lankan actor, director, and politician (b. 1936)

Holidays and observances


- RC Saints - Saint Jerome Also see September 30 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Botswana - Independence Day (1966)
- São Tomé and Príncipe - Agricultural Reform (Nationalization) Day
- International Translation Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30 BBC: On This Day] ---- September 29 - October 1 - August 30 - October 30 – more historical anniversaries ko:9월 30일 ms:30 September ja:9月30日 simple:September 30 th:30 กันยายน

Lille

Lille is a city in northern France on the Deûle River. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais région. It is also the préfecture (capital) of the Nord département. It lies near the border with Belgium and its Dutch name is Rijsel. The city of Lille absorbed Lomme on February 27, 2000. Their combined population at the 1999 census was 212,597 inhabitants. The whole metropolitan area of Lille, both on French and Belgian territory (Kortrijk) was estimated in 2000 at around 1,730,000 inhabitants, ranking as one of the major metropolitan areas of Europe.

History

In the 19th century Lille became the centre of French industry due to the large nearby coal deposits. It thus became a central part of the country's rail network.

Ancient History

The legend of "Lyderic and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BCE, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille. The name Lille comes from insula or l'Isla, since the area was at one time marshy. This name was used for the Count of Flanders' castle (Château du Buc), built on dry land in the middle of the marsh. The Count of Flanders controlled a number of old Roman cities (Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai) as well as some founded by the Carolingians (Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Gand, Brugge, Anvers). The region of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the River Escaut, one of the most rich and properous regions of Europe. The original inhabitants of this region were the Celts, who were followed by the Menapiens, the Morins, the Atrébates, and the Verviens, Germanic tribes. From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. After the destruction caused by Norman and Hungarian invasion, the eastern part of the region fell under the eyes of the area princes. It is in this context that the city was created.

Middle Ages

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier saint Sauveur. The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and declared war on France and King Philippe Auguste, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. Count Ferrand of Portugal was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. They say she was well-loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000. In 1224, the monk Bertrand of Rains, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared during battle in Andrinople. He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). He unmasked the imposter, who Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226 the King agreed to free Ferrand of Portugal. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On February 6th, 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital, which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. It was in her honor that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century. The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Marguerite of Flanders, then to Marguerite's brother, Guy de Dampierre. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Marguerite de Male, Countess of Flanders, and Philippe II le Hardi, Duke of Burgundy. Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital. On February 17, 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philippe le Bon organised a Patagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Banquet of the Pheasant's Vow". There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity. In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles le Téméraire, Marie de Bourgogne married a Hapsburg, Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders. At the end of the reign of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Spanish Flanders fell to his eldest son, and thus under the rule of Philip II of Spain, King of Spain. The city remained under Spanish rule until the reign of Philip IV of Spain.

The Modern Era

Philip IV of Spain The 16th century was marked, above all, by the outbreak of the Plague, a boom in the regional textile industry, and the Protestant revolts. The first Calvinists appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 there was anti-Protestant repression taking place. In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. At the same time (1581), at the call of England's Queen Elisabeth I , the north of the Spanish Netherlands, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces. In 1667, King Louis XIV (the Sun-King) successfully laid seige to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gain the confidence of his Flemish subjects. During five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remined profoundly Catholic, which explains why the city did not really take part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches. In 1790, the city held their first municipal elections.

After the French Revolution

In the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid seige to Lille. The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place", is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André. François André The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord départment in 1804. In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built. At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing itself even more fully. The city was known for its cotton, and the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his famous lullaby Dors mon p'tit quinquin. In 1858, an imperial decree led to the annexation of the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory. By 1912, Lille's population was at 217,000: the city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. The entire region had grown wealthy thanks to the mines and to the textile industry.

World War I

From October 4th to 13th, 1914, the troops in Lille were able to trick the enemy by convincing them that Lille possesed more artillery than was the case; in reality, the city had only a single cannon. Despite the deception, the German bombardments destroyed over 2,200 buildings and homes. When the Germans realized they had been tricked, they burned down an entire section of town, subsequently occupying the city. Lille was liberated by the British on October 17th 1918, when General Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. The general was made an honorary citizen of Lille on October 28th of that year.

The Années Folles, the Great Depression, and the Popular Front

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first antituberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). From 1931 Lille felt the repurcussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him.

World War II

Lille was taken by the Germans in May 1940, after brief resistance by a Morrocan Infantry division. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still marked by the events of World War I, began to flee the city in large numbers. Although Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, the city was never controlled by the Vichy government. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkerque) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from the 1st to 5th September 1944 by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. On September 3rd, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. Following this, the Lille resistance managed to retake part of the city before the British tanks arrived. Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948, some normalcy had returned to Lille.

Post-War to the present

In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969, the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille. Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector. In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated subway, was opened. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. This, followed by the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994, then the arrival of the Eurostar train, puts Lille in the center of a triangle connecting Paris, London, and Brussels. Work on Euralille, an urban remodeling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Center was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops, and apartments. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened. Lille tried an unsuccessful bid for the organization of the Games of the XXVIIIth Olympiad in 2004.

Economy

A former major textile manufacturing center, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1.1 million.

Transport

Lille is an important crossroads in the European TGV network: it lies on the Eurostar line to London and the Thalys network to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and Cologne. It has two train stations, which stand next door to each other: the Lille-Europe station (Gare Lille-Europe) and the Lille-Flandres station (Gare Lille-Flandres). The VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) is a driverless metro. Line 2 is 32 km long with 43 stations, the first and longest automatic metro line in the world, opened May 16, 1983. Trains are only 26 m long (two linked cars) and are rubber-tired. There are 60 stations which go as far as the Belgian border.

Highways

Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:
- Autoroute A27 : Lille - Tournai - Brussels / Liège - England
- Autoroute A23 : Lille - Valenciennes
- Autoroute A1 : Lille - Arras - Paris / Reims - Lyon
- Autoroute A25 : Lille - Dunkerque - Calais - England
- Autoroute A22 : Lille - Anvers - Netherlands A sixth one, the A24, should link Amiens to Lille.

Air Traffic

Lille Lesquin (http://www.lille.aeroport.fr/) International Airport is 15 minutes from the city center. It is the 12th most frequented French airport in number of passengers:
- around 970,000 passengers in 2001
- almost 873,000 passengers in 2003 In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year.

Waterways

Lille is the 3rd largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km of navigatable waters. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Escaut (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys (to Dunkerque and Calais).

Shipping Statistics

Miscellaneous

Lille has one of France's largest university student population with, depending on the information source, from 95,000 to 149,533 students in 2002-2003. The urban area is one of the biggest in France with more than 1 million inhabitants. The Euralille urban development project, centred around the new TGV station has fostered a long debate among Lille's citizens. The project has finally been completed with modern architecture and disruption to the ancient city center. Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004, along with the Italian city of Genoa Lille is part of the Lille Métropole Communauté urbaine (formerly also known as C.U.D.L.).

Famous people from Lille

Scientists and Industrialists


- Charles Joseph Panckoucke, (1736-1788), founder of the Moniteur Universel, owner of Mercure de France, promoter of the Lumières and editor of the Encyclopédie Méthodique.
- Antoine Scrive-Labbe (1789-1864), industrialist in the textile field and French spy.
- Auguste Scalbert (1815, 1899), creator of the first Nordiste bank.
- Alfred Mongy (1840-1914), modernizer of the city.
- Albert Calmette (1863 - 1933) and Camille Guérin (1872-1961), discovery of the antituberculosis vaccine.
- Jean Perrin (1870, 1942), Nobel Prize in physics and creator of the French CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research).

Artists


- Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820-1892), songwriter.
- Édouard Lalo (1823-1892), composer.
- Antoine Renard (1825-1872), composer (Temps des cerises).
- Carolus-Duran (1837-1917), painter.
- Pierre Degeyter (1848-1932), worker and composer of the music of the Internationale.
- Albert Samain (1858-1900), poet.
- Émile Bernard (1868-1941), neoimpressionist painter and friend of Paul Gauguin
- Line Dariel (1886-1956), comedian.
- Julien Duvivier (1896-1967), director.
- Renée Adorée (1898-1933), actress.
- Robert Arnoux (1899-1964), actor.
- Léopold Simons (1901-1979), poet, caricaturist, painter, sculptor.
- Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928-1977), singer.
- Alain Decaux (1925~), television presenter, minister, writer, and member of the Académie Française.
- Yvonne Furneaux (1928~), actress.
- Philippe Noiret (1930~), actor.
- Gilles Béhat (1949~), actor and director.

Politicians and Military


- Lydéric, (620-?) legendary founder of the city.
- Jeanne de Flandre, (1188/1200? -1244), Countess.
- Jeanne Maillotte, (circa 1580), resistance fighter during the Hurlus attacks.
- Louis Faidherbe (1818-1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator.
- Achille Liénart (1884-1973), « cardinal des ouvriers ».
- Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), general, resistance fighter, President of France.
- Roger Salengro (1890-1936), minister, deputy, and Mayor of Lille.
- Augustin Laurent (1896-1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor of Lille.
- Madeleine Damerment (1917-1944), French Resistance fighter - Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille combattant volontaire de la Résistance
- Pierre Mauroy (1928~), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and Mayor of Lille.
- Martine Aubry (1950~), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille.

External link


- [http://www.lille2004.com/ European Capital of Culture 2004] Category:Communes of Nord Category:Cities in France Category:Lille ja:リール (フランス)

April 17

April 17 is the 107th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (108th in leap years). There are 258 days remaining.

Events


- 1397 - Geoffrey Chaucer tells the Canterbury Tales for the first time at the court of Richard II.
- 1492 - Spain and Christopher Columbus sign a contract for him to sail to Asia to get spices.
- 1521 - Martin Luther speaks to the assembly at the Diet of Worms, refusing to recant his teachings.
- 1524 - Giovanni da Verrazano reaches New York harbor.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Virginia secedes from the Union.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Plymouth begins – Confederate forces attack Plymouth, North Carolina.
- 1865 - Mary Surratt is arrested as a conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
- 1895 - The Treaty of Maguan (also known as the "Treaty of Shimonoseki") between China and Japan is signed. This marks the end of the first Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea and to concede the southern portion of the Fengtien province, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands to Japan.
- 1924 - Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios is formed from a merger of Metro Pictures, Goldwyn Pictures, and the Louis B. Mayer Company.
- 1937 - Daffy Duck debuts in Warner Bros' short Porky's Duck Hunt.
- 1941 - World War II: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia surrenders to Germany.
- 1942 - POW French General Henri Giraud escapes from his castle prison in Festung Königstein.
- 1945 - In Strassfurt, Germany, U.S. Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash seizes half a ton of uranium, in an attempt to foil Soviet Union plans to build an atomic bomb.
- 1961 - Bay of Pigs Invasion: A group of CIA-financed and -trained Cuban refugees lands at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba with the aim of ousting Fidel Castro.
- 1964 - The Ford Motor Company unveils the Ford Mustang at the New York World's Fair.
- 1964 - Jerrie Mock becomes the first woman to circumnavigate the world by air.
- 1969 - Sirhan Sirhan is convicted of assassinating Robert F. Kennedy.
- 1969 - Czechoslovak Communist Party chairman Alexander Dubček is deposed.
- 1970 - Apollo program: The ill-fated Apollo 13 spacecraft returns to Earth safely.
- 1975 - Cambodian Civil War ends: The Khmer Rouge captures the capital Phnom Penh and Cambodian government forces surrender.
- 1976 - During his unsuccessful re-election bid, U.S. President Gerald Ford appears as himself on Saturday Night Live.
- 1982 - Patriation of the Canadian constitution in Ottawa by Proclamation of Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.
- 1984 - Police Constable Yvonne Fletcher is killed by automatic gunfire coming from the Libyan People's Bureau in central London. She had been policing a small demonstration outside the embassy. Ten other people are wounded. The events lead to an 11-day siege of the building.
- 1986 - Treaty signed, ending Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly.
- 1991 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time ever gaining 17.58 to 3,004.46.
- 2001 - Barry Bonds becomes the 17th member of the 500 home run club at Pacific Bell Park in San Francisco, California.
- 2002 - Four Canadian Forces soldiers are killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire from two U.S. Air Force F-16s, the first deaths in a combat zone for Canada since the Korean War.

Births


- 593 - Emperor Jomei, emperor of Japan (d. 641)
- 1573 - Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1651
- 1586 - John Ford, English dramatist
- 1598 - Giovanni Riccioli, Italian astronomer (d. 1671)
- 1710 - Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (d. 1767)
- 1734 - Taksin, King of Thailand (d. 1782)
- 1794 - Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, German botanist (d. 1868)
- 1837 - J.P. Morgan, American financier, art collector, and philanthropist (d. 1913)
- 1842 - Maurice Rouvier, French statesman (d. 1911)
- 1852 - Cap Anson, baseball player (d. 1922)
- 1863 - Augustus Edward Hough Love, English mathematician (d. 1940)
- 1866 - Ernest Starling, British physiologist (d. 1927)
- 1882 - Artur Schnabel, Polish pianist (d. 1951)
- 1885 - Isak Dinesen, Danish author (d. 1962)
- 1890 - Art Acord, American actor and rodeo rider (d. 1931)
- 1894 - Nikita Khrushchev, Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1971)
- 1897 - Thornton Wilder, American dramatist (d. 1975)
- 1902 - Jaime Torres Bodet, Mexican writer, politician, and diplomat (d. 1974)
- 1903 - Gregor Piatigorsky, Russian cellist (d. 1976)
- 1903 - Morgan Taylor, American athlete (d. 1975)
- 1915 - Joe Foss, American soldier and politician (d. 2003)
- 1916 - Helenio Herrera, French footballer player and manager (d. 1997)
- 1917 - Bill Clements, Governor of Texas
- 1918 - William Holden, American actor (d. 1981)
- 1923 - Lindsay Anderson, English film director (d. 1994)
- 1923 - Harry Reasoner, American journalist (d. 1991)
- 1926 - Gerry McNeil, Canadian hockey player (d. 2004)
- 1929 - James Last, German band leader
- 1934 - Don Kirshner, American television producer and composer
- 1938 - Ben Barnes, Lieutenant Governor of Texas
- 1940 - Anja Silja, German soprano
- 1948 - Jan Hammer, Czech composer
- 1951 - Olivia Hussey, Argentine-born actress
- 1954 - Riccardo Patrese, Italian race car driver
- 1954 - "Rowdy" Roddy Piper (Roderick Toombs), professional wrestler, actor
- 1957 - Nick Hornby, English author
- 1959 - Sean Bean, English actor
- 1961 - Boomer Esiason, American football player
- 1963 - Joel Murray, American actor
- 1964 - Maynard James Keenan, American singer (Tool and A Perfect Circle)
- 1967 - Marquis Grissom, baseball player
- 1967 - Liz Phair, American musician/songwriter
- 1969 - Henry Ian Cusick, Peruvian-born actor
- 1972 - Tony Boselli, American football player
- 1972 - Jennifer Garner, American actress
- 1974 - Victoria Adams, English singer
- 1974 - Mikael Åkerfeldt, Swedish singer and guitarist (Opeth)
- 1978 - Jordan Hill, American singer
- 1983 - Miguel Cabrera, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player

Deaths


- 487 - Proclus, Greek philosopher (b. 412)
- 1080 - King Harald III of Denmark (b. 1041)
- 1427 - John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403)
- 1539 - George, Duke of Saxony (b. 1471)
- 1574 - Joachim Camerarius, German classical scholar (b. 1500)
- 1695 - Sor Juana, Mexican writer (d. 1695)
- 1696 - Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné, French writer (b. 1626)
- 1711 - Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1678)
- 1742 - Arvid Horn, Swedish statesman (b. 1664)
- 1761 - Thomas Bayes, English mathematician
- 1764 - Johann Mattheson, German composer (b. 1681)
- 1790 - Benjamin Franklin, American politician, inventor, diplomat, and printer (b. 1706)
- 1799 - Richard Jupp, English architect (b. 1728)
- 1843 - Samuel Morey, American inventor (b. 1762)
- 1891 - Alexander Mackenzie, second Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1822)
- 1936 - Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck, Dutch prime minister (b. 1873)
- 1941 - Al Bowlly ,dance band vocalist(b.1899)
- 1942 - Jean Perrin, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1870)
- 1944 - J.T. Hearne English cricketer (b. 1867)
- 1960 - Eddie Cochran, American musician (b. 1938)
- 1967 - Red Allen, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1908)
- 1975 - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher (b. 1888)
- 1990 - Reverend Ralph Abernathy, American civil rights activist (b. 1936)
- 1994 - Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1913)
- 1998 - Linda McCartney, American photographer, activist, and musician (b. 1941)
- 2003 - Dr. Robert Atkins, American diet doctor (b. 1930)
- 2003 - Paul Getty, American-born philanthropist (b. 1932)
- 2003 - Earl King, American musician and songwriter (b. 1934)
- 2004 - Edmond Pidoux, Swiss writer (b. 1908)
- 2004 - Soundarya, Indian actress (b. 1971)

Holidays and observances


- Feast day of the following saints:
  - Anicetus (d. 166)
  - Stephen Harding (d. 1134)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/17 BBC: On This Day] ---- April 16 - April 18 - March 17 - May 17 -- listing of all days ko:4월 17일 ms:17 April ja:4月17日 simple:April 17 th:17 เมษายน



Physicist

A physicist is a scientist trained in physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena spanning all length scales: from the sub-atomic particles from which all ordinary matter is made (particle physics) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole (cosmology). There are numerous different branches of physics and each has its corresponding specialists, such as astrophysicists, geophysicists, or biophysicists. Employment as a professional physicist generally requires a doctoral degree. Physicists are employed by universities as professors, lecturers, and researchers, and by laboratories in industry. Many people who are trained as physicists, however, use their skills in other parts of the economy, in particular in engineering, computing, and finance.

Astrophysicists and physical cosmologists

At the largest scale, astrophysicists and astronomers study the structure and motion of the universe. This branch of physics is one of the oldest, with its foundations in the ancient study of astronomy. Modern astronomic observation dates from the early 17th century, when Galileo Galilei made the first telescopic observations of the sky. Around the same time period, Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler made their careful study of the motion of the planets and comets, laying the groundwork for the first principles of planetary motion. Traditional tools of the astronomer include the telescope, and a device such as the quadrant or sextant to measure elevation. In the 20th century, the radio telescope extended the range of astronomical observation. This expanded range of observation led to the development of physical cosmology, the study of the structure, beginnings, and fate of the cosmos. Two of the more celebrated physicists of the modern age are Edwin Hubble and Steven Hawking. Despite enormous advances in the technology used to make observations of the universe, the majority of astrophysical observation is still a slow and painstaking job.

Particle and quantum physicists

Physicists who deal with the smallest end of the physical universe study particle physics. This is the branch of physics that deals with the structure and ultimate nature of matter. These physicists study particles and phenomena that cannot be seen with the naked eye. To conduct their research, these physicists use particle accelerators and sensitive detecting equipment. Modern particle physics was born when the Danish physicist Niels Bohr first proposed a model for the atom that would explain certain behavior of photon emission. It was soon found that the atom could be split (fission) or combined (fusion). Each process resulted in behavior that could not be explained by Bohr's model of the atom. In the atomic age, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger developed a theory of quantum mechanics to explain the behavior of matter at the smallest scale. Modern physicists are still trying to cope with difficulties introduced by this theory. In particular, it does not fit well with our view of gravity and the universe at the large scale, although it explains the small scale very well. Today's physicists hope to reconcile the two views of the universe some day soon.

See also


- Institute of Physics (UK)
- American Institute of Physics
- List of physicists
- Nobel Prize in physics
- Engineering

External links


- [http://www.bls.gov/oco/home.htm Occupational Outlook Handbook]
- [http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos052.htm Physicists and Astronomers]; US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics ---- ja:物理学者 ko:물리학자 simple:Physicist th:นักฟิสิกส์

1895

1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

Events

January


- January 5 - Dreyfus Affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.

February


- February 11 - The lowest ever UK temperature of -27.2°C (measured as -17°F) was recorded at Braemar in Aberdeenshire. This record was equalled in 1982.
- February 14 - First showing of Oscar Wilde's last play The Importance of Being Earnest (St. James' Theatre in London).

March


- March 1 - William L. Wilson is appointed United States Postmaster General
- March 3 - In Munich, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates

April


- April 6 - Oscar Wilde is arrested after losing a libel case against the Marquess of Queensberry.
- April 14 - a major earthquake severely damages Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- April 17 - The Treaty of Shimonoseki (also known as Treaty of Maguan) was signed between China and Japan. This marks the end of the first Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea and to concede the southern portion of the Fengtien province, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands to Japan.

May


- May 25 - Playwright, poet and novelist Oscar Wilde is convicted of "sodomy and gross indecency" and sentenced to serve two years in a London prison.

June


- June 11 - Britain annexes Togoland
- June 28 - Union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador begins (ends in 1898).

July


- July 15 - Archie MacLaren scores County Championship record innings of 424 for Lancashire against Somerset at Taunton.

August


- August 19 - American frontier murderer and outlaw, John Wesley Hardin, is killed by an off-duty policeman in a saloon in El Paso, Texas.
- August 29 - The sport of rugby league is formed at a meeting in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, England.

September


- September 3 - The first professional football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club. (Latrobe won the contest 12-0.).
- September 18 - Booker T. Washington delivers the Atlanta Compromise Speech.

November


- November 5 - George B. Selden is granted the first U.S. patent for an automobile.
- November 8 - Wilhelm Röntgen discovers a type of radiation later known as X-rays.
- November 27 - At the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Alfred Nobel signs his last will and testament, setting aside his estate to establish the Nobel Prize after he dies (he died of a cerebral hemorrhage on December 10, 1896).

December


- December 28 - Auguste and Louis Lumiere display their first moving picture film in Paris

Unknown date


- Dundela FC were formed in Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposes a space elevator
- Most recent major earthquake in the New Madrid Fault Zone
- Grace Chisholm Young, the first woman awarded a doctorate at a German university
- W.E.B. Du Bois becomes the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University
- Duck Reach Power Station opens

Births

January-March


- January 1 - J. Edgar Hoover, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 1972)
- January 15 - Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- January 21 - Cristobal Balenciaga, Spanish-French couturier (d. 1972)
- January 24 - Eugen Roth, German writer (d. 1976)
- January 30 - Wilhelm Gustloff, German-born Swiss Nazi party leader( d. 1936)
- February 2 - George Halas, American football player, coach, and co-founder of the National Football League (d. 1983)
- February 6 - Babe Ruth, baseball player (d. 1948)
- February 14 - Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (d. 1973)
- February 15 - Earl Thomson, Canadian athlete (d. 1971)
- February 21 - Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Danish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976)
- March 3 - Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- March 3 - Matthew Ridgway, Commander of NATO, United States Army Chief of Staff (d. 1993)
- March 12 - William C. Lee, U.S. general (d. 1948)
- March 17 - Shemp Howard, American actor and comedian (d. 1955)
- March 20 - Robert Benoist, French race car driver and war hero (d. 1944)
- March 29 - Ernst Jünger, German author (d. 1998)

April-June


- April 1 - Alberta Hunter, American singer (d. 1984)
- April 3 - Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (d. 1968)
- April 9 - Mance Lipscomb, American singer (d. 1976)
- April 15 - Clark McConachy, New Zealand snooker and billiards player (d. 1980)
- April 20 - Emile Christian, American musician (d. 1973)
- April 28 - Spencer W. Kimball, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1985)
- April 29 - Malcolm Sargent, English conductor (d. 1967)
- May 6 - Rodolfo Valentino, Italian actor (d. 1926)
- May 8 - Fulton J. Sheen, American Catholic archbishop and television personality (d. 1979)
- May 12 - William Giauque, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
- May 15 - William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman (d. 1941)
- May 30 - Nikolai Bulganin, Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1975)
- May 30 - Maurice Tate, English cricketer (d. 1956)
- June 10 - Hattie McDaniel, American actress (d. 1952)

July-September


- July 8 - Igor Tamm, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
- July 10 - Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982)
- July 12 - Kirstin Flagstad, Norwegian soprano (d. 1982)
- July 12 - Buckminster Fuller, American architect (d. 1983)
- July 24 - Robert Graves, English writer (d. 1985)
- July 25 - Yvonne Printemps, French singer and actress (d. 1977)
- August 16 - Liane Haid, Austrian actress (d. 2000)
- September 7 - Sir Brian Horrocks, British general (d. 1985)
- September 11 - Vinoba Bhave, Indian religious leader (d. 1982)
- September 24 - André Frédéric Cournand, French-born physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1988)
- September 29 - J.B. Rhine, American parapsychologist (d. 1980)

October-December


- October 2 - Bud Abbott, American actor (d. 1974)
- October 4 - Buster Keaton, American actor and film director (d. 1966)
- October 8 - King Zog of Albania (d. 1961)
- October 19 - Lewis Mumford, American historian (d. 1990)
- October 21 - Edna Purviance, actress (d. 1958)
- October 22 - Rolf Nevanlinna, Finnish mathematician (d. 1980)
- October 25 - Levi Eshkol, Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1969)
- October 30 - Gerhard Domagk, German bacteriologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (declined) (d. 1964)
- October 30 - Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973)
- October 31 - Basil Liddell Hart, military historian (d. 1970)
- November 5 - Walter Gieseking, German pianist (d. 1956)
- November 15 - Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and writer (d. 1976)
- November 16 - Paul Hindemith, German composer (d. 1963)
- November 25 - Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (d. 1991)
- November 29 - Busby Berkeley, American film director and choreographer (d. 1976)
- December 2 - Harriet Cohen, English pianist (d. 1967)
- December 14 - Paul Eluard, French poet (d. 1952)
- December 14 - King George VI of the United Kingdom (d. 1952)
- Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, King of Malaysia (d. 1960)

Deaths


- January 9 - Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American watchmaker (b. 1812)
- January 10 - Benjamin Godard, French composer (b. 1849)
- February 2 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (b. 1817)
- February 20 - Frederick Douglass, American ex-slave and author (b. 1818)
- March 2 - Berthe Morisot, French painter (b. 1841)
- March 10 - Charles Frederick Worth, English-born couturier (b. 1826)
- May 19 - José Martí, Cuban independence leader (b. 1853)
- May 21 - Franz von Suppé, Austrian composer (b. 1819)
- June 29 - Sir Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist (b. 1825)
- August 5 - Friedrich Engels, German socialist philosopher (b. 1820)
- August 22 - Luzon B. Morris, American politician (b. 1827)
- September 28 - Louis Pasteur, French microbiologist and chemist (b. 1822)
- October 8 - Empress Myeongseong (Queen Min), last Korean empress (b. 1851)
- October 25 - Charles Hallé, German-born pianist and conductor (b. 1819)
- November 27 - Alexandre Dumas, fils, French author and playwright (b. 1824)

Date unknown


- Green Clay Smith, American politician (b. 1826). Category:1895 ko:1895년 ms:1895 simple:1895 th:พ.ศ. 2438

Avogadro's number

Avogadro's number, also called Avogadro's Constant (NA) is a large constant used in chemistry and physics. Avogadro's number is formally defined as the number of carbon-12 atoms in 12 grams (0.012 kg) of carbon-12, which is approximately 6.022 × 1023. Historically, carbon-12 was chosen as the reference substance because its atomic mass could be measured particularly accurately. A mole is defined as Avogadro's number of particles of any kind of substance (atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units).

History

Avogadro's number is named after the early 19th century Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro. It appears that Jean Baptiste Perrin was the first to name it. Perrin called it "Avogadro's constant" and it is still sometimes known by that name. The numerical value was first estimated by Johann Josef Loschmidt in 1865 using the kinetic gas theory. In German-speaking countries, the number may still be referred to as Loschmidt's number. Unfortunately, in a few cases (mainly in the older literature) Loschmidt's number refers to the number of atoms (or molecules) in a cubic centimeter, a usage now disparaged, viz: [http://gemini.tntech.edu/~tfurtsch/scihist/loschmid.html]

Application

Avogadro's number can be applied to any substance. It corresponds to the number of atoms or molecules needed to make up a mass equal to the substance's atomic or molecular mass, in grams. For example, the atomic mass of iron is 55.847 amu, so Avogadro's number of iron atoms (i.e. one mole of iron atoms) have a mass of 55.847 g. Conversely, 55.847 g of iron contains Avogadro's number of iron atoms. Thus Avogadro's number corresponds to the conversion factor between grams (g) and atomic mass units: :1\ \mbox=N_\ \mbox.

Physical significance of Avogadro's number

The value of Avogadro's number depends on the definition of the mole, which depends on the definition of the kilogram. Both definitions, especially that of the kilogram, are arbitrary: the kilogram system is currently based on the mass of a particular "standard" bar of metal in France. This means that the particular value of Avogadro's number is the result of convention, there is no physical reason for it. Hence, Avogadro's number is not a fundamental constant. Avogadro's number can be regarded as a conversion factor between the microscopic mass system (atomic mass units or Daltons) and the kilogram system. The microscopic mass system is based on the mass of carbon-12, while the kilogram system is currently based on the mass of a particular "standard" bar of metal in France. So naturally there's no simple conversion factor between the two. However, if a method were developed to count atoms, it would be possible to redefine the kilogram in a way that did not depend on an arbitrary bar of metal. The number of atoms picked would presumably be equal or close to the latest accepted value of Avogadro's number. In