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Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne De Bienville

Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville

Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville (February 23, 1680 – March 7, 1767) was a colonizer and governor of Louisiana. He was a younger brother of explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville. He is also known as Sieur de Bienville. Bienville is known as the founder of New Orleans, Louisiana. He chose to build the city in a crescent shaped bend in the Mississippi River. This is modern site of the French Quarter (Vieux Carre).

See also


- Battle of Ackia

External links


- [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=35608 Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online] Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de

February 23

February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 311 days remaining, 312 in leap years.

Events


- 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed from movable type.
- 1574 - The 5th holy war against the Huguenots begins in France.
- 1660 - Charles XI becomes King of Sweden.
- 1732 - First performance of George Frideric Handel's Orlando, in London.
- 1778 - American Revolution: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania to help to train the Continental Army.
- 1820 - Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed.
- 1836 - The Siege of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, Texas.
- 1847 - Mexican-American War: Battle of Buena Vista - In Mexico, American troops defeat Mexican general Antonio López de Santa Anna.
- 1861 - President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, DC after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.
- 1870 - Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.
- 1874 - Walter Winfield patents a game called "sphairistike", now more commonly called lawn tennis.
- 1883 - Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law.
- 1887 - The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000.
- 1893 - Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine.
- 1898 - Émile Zola is imprisoned in France after writing "J'accuse", a letter accusing the French government of anti-Semitism and wrongfully placing Captain Alfred Dreyfus in jail.
- 1900 - In South Africa the Boers and British troops fight in the Battle of Hart's Hill.
- 1903 - Cuba leases Guantanamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".
- 1904 - For $10 million the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone.
- 1905 - Chicago, Illinois attorney Paul Harris and three other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world's first service club.
- 1909 - The Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
- 1919 - Benito Mussolini forms the Fascist Party in Italy.
- 1927 - The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
- 1934 - Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.
- 1940 - World War II: Soviet Union troops conquer Lasi Island.
- 1940 - The animated movie Pinocchio is released.
- 1945 - World War II: During the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Surabachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo would later win a Pulitzer Prize.
- 1945 - World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by American forces.
- 1945 - World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznan, city is liberated by Soviet and Polish forces.
- 1945 - World War II: The German town of Pforzheim is completely destroyed by a raid of 379 British bombers.
- 1947 - International Organization for Standardization(ISO) is founded.
- 1954 - The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- 1955 - First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
- 1955 - Edgar Faure becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1956 - Nikita Khrushchev attacks the veneration of Joseph Stalin as a "cult of personality".
- 1957 - The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc is opened in Dakar.
- 1958 - Cuban rebels kidnap 5-time world driving champion Juan Manuel Fangio.
- 1966 - A military coup in Syria replaces the previous government.
- 1974 - The Symbionese Liberation Army demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim Patty Hearst.
- 1975 - In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly two months early in the United States.
- 1980 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament would decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
- 1981 - 23-F, Antonio Tejero attempts a coup d'état by capturing the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
- 1983 - The Spanish Socialist government of Felipe González and Miguel Boyer nationalizes Rumasa, a holding of José María Ruiz Mateos.
- 1983 - The Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.
- 1987 - A supernova is seen in the Large Magellanic Cloud (see Supernova 1987a).
- 1991 - Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabia border and enter Iraq, thus starting the ground-phase of the war.
- 1991 - In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong leads a bloodless coup d'état, deposing Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan.
- 1992 - The Socialist Labour Party is founded in Georgia.
- 1993 - Gary Coleman wins a $1,280,000 lawsuit against his parents.
- 1995 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 30.28 to close at 4,003.33, closing above 4,000 for the first time.
- 1997 - A large fire occurs in the Russian Space station, Mir.
- 1998 - Tornadoes in central Florida destroy or damage 2,600 structures and kill 42.
- 1998 - Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa declaring jihad against all Jews and Crusaders.
- 1998 - Netscape Communications Corporation announces the foundation of mozilla.org, to co-ordinate the development of the open source Mozilla web browser.
- 1999 - Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
- 1999 - White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr by dragging him behind a truck for two miles.
- 1999 - An avalanche destroys the Austrian village of Galtür, killing 31.
- 2005 - Slovakia Summit 2005 begins, marking the first occasion when a sitting American President visits Slovakia; Bush and Putin are in attendance.

Births


- 1417 - Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
- 1633 - Samuel Pepys, English diarist (d. 1703)
- 1646 - Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shogun (d. 1709)
- 1648 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730)
- 1680 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (d. 1767)
- 1685 - Georg Friederich Händel, German composer (d. 1759)
- 1688 - Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (d. 1741)
- 1723 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (d. 1791)
- 1743 - Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1812)
- 1840 - Carl Menger, Austrian economist (d. 1921)
- 1868 - W.E.B. DuBois, American civil rights leader (d. 1963)
- 1873 - Liang Qichao, Chinese scholar (d. 1929)
- 1878 - Kazimir Malevich, Ukrainian painter and art theorist (d. 1935)
- 1883 - Victor Fleming, American director (d. 1949)
- 1883 - Karl Jaspers, German philosopher (d. 1969)
- 1889 - Musidora, French actress and director (d. 1957)
- 1899 - Erich Kästner, German writer (d. 1974)
- 1904 - William L. Shirer, American historian (d. 1993)
- 1904 - Leopold Trepper, Soviet spy (d. 1982)
- 1908 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1988)
- 1914 - Theofiel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist (d. 2005)
- 1915 - Jon Hall, American actor (d. 1979)
- 1915 - Paul Tibbets, American pilot
- 1918 - Richard G. Butler, American fascist (d. 2004)
- 1924 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South-African born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- 1928 - Vasili Lazarev, cosmonaut (d. 1990)
- 1932 - Majel Barrett, American actress
- 1937 - Tom Osborne, American football coach and politician
- 1939 - Peter Fonda, American actor
- 1943 - Fred Biletnikoff, American football player and coach
- 1944 - Johnny Winter, American musician
- 1945 - Allan Boesak, South African activist
- 1951 - Ed Jones, American football player
- 1951 - Patricia Richardson, American actress
- 1952 - Brad Whitford, American musician (Aerosmith)
- 1954 - Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine
- 1958 - Tony Barrell, English writer and journalist
- 1958 - David Sylvian, English musician
- 1959 - Richard Dodds, British field hockey player
- 1965 - Michael Dell, American computer manufacturer
- 1973 - Bryan Manchi, English songwriter
- 1973 - André Tanneberger, German DJ
- 1974 - Jaime Villarreal, Mexican musician
- 1978 - Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (d. 2003)
- 1981 - Gareth Barry, English footballer
- 1994 - Dakota Fanning, American actress

Deaths


- 1100 - Emperor Zhezong of China (b. 1077)
- 1270 - Saint Isabel of France, daughter of Louis VIII of France (b. 1225)
- 1447 - Pope Eugenius IV (b. 1383)
- 1447 - Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1390)
- 1464 - Zhengtong, Emperor of China (b. 1427)
- 1526 - Diego Colón, Spanish Viceroy of the Indies
- 1554 - Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English poltician (executed)
- 1572 - Pierre Certon, French composer
- 1603 - Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (b. 1519)
- 1669 - Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (b. 1600)
- 1704 - Georg Muffat, French composer (b. 1653)
- 1730 - Pope Benedict XIII (b. 1649)
- 1766 - Stanislaw Leszczynski, King of Poland (b. 1677)
- 1781 - George Taylor, American signer of the Declaration of Independence
- 1792 - Joshua Reynolds, English painter (b. 1723)
- 1800 - Joseph Warton, English literary critic (b. 1722)
- 1821 - John Keats, English poet (b. 1795)
- 1848 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b. 1767)
- 1855 - Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b. 1777)
- 1897 - Woldemar Bargiel, German composer (b. 1828)
- 1908 - Johannes Friedrich August von Esmarch, German surgeon (b. 1823)
- 1923 - Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (b. 1852)
- 1930 - Horst Wessel, Nazi ideologue and composer (b. 1907)
- 1934 - Edward Elgar, English composer (b. 1857)
- 1948 - John Robert Gregg, Irish-born publisher and inventor (b. 1866)
- 1965 - Stan Laurel, American actor and comedian (b. 1890)
- 1969 - King Saud of Saudi Arabia (b. 1902)
- 1973 - Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895)
- 1974 - Harry Ruby, American composer and writer (b. 1895)
- 1979 - W.A.C. Bennett, Canadian politician (b. 1900)
- 1990 - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (b. 1925)
- 1995 - Melvin Franklin, American singer (The Temptations) (b. 1942)
- 1995 - James Herriot, English writer (b. 1916)
- 1997 - Tony Williams, American jazz drummer (b. 1945)
- 2000 - Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (b. 1957)
- 2003 - Robert K. Merton, American sociologist (b. 1910)
- 2004 - Vijay Anand, Indian film director (b. 1934)
- 2004 - Carl Anderson, American actor (b. 1945)
- 2004 - Sikander Bakht, Governor of Kerala (b. 1918)
- 2004 - Don Cornell, American singer (b. 1919)
- 2004 - Carl Liscombe, Canadian hockey player (b. 1915)

Holidays and observances


- Roman Empire - Terminalia held in honor of Terminus
- Catholicism - Feast day of St Polycarp.
- Guyana - National Day
- Russia - Day of Motherland's Defender (formerly Red Army Day or Day of Soviet Army and Navy)
- Brunei - National Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050223.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 22 - February 24 - January 23 - March 23 -- listing of all days ko:2월 23일 ms:23 Februari ja:2月23日 simple:February 23 th:23 กุมภาพันธ์

1680

Events


- July 8 - The first documented tornado in America kills a servant at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- August 21 - Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe from Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt
- November 17 - Whigs organize pope-burning processions in London
- First Portuguese governor appointed to Macau
- The Swedish city Karlskrona founded as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there.

Births


- January 23 - Joseph Ames, English author (d. 1759)
- February 14 - John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (d. 1737)
- February 23 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (d. 1767)
- April 9 - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (d. 1754)
- June 22 - Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (d. 1754)
- September 22 - Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (d. 1747)
- October 19 - John Abernethy, Irish protestant minister (d. 1740)
- John Machin, English mathematician (d. 1752)

Deaths


- February 17 - Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer (b. 1599)
- February 17 - Jan Swammerdam, Dutch scientist (b. 1637)
- February 22 - Catherine Monvoisin, French sorceress
- March 14 - René Le Bossu, French critic (b. 1631)
- March 17 - François de La Rochefoucauld, French writer (b. 1613)
- March 23 - Nicolas Fouquet, French statesman (b. 1615)
- April 3 - Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire (b. 1630)
- May 31 - Joachim Neander, German Calvinist clergyman (b. 1650)
- June 18 - Samuel Butler, English poet (b. 1612)
- August 22 - John George II, Elector of Saxony (b. 1613)
- August 24 - Thomas Blood, thief of the English Crown Jewels (b. 1618)
- June 10 - Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (b. 1635)
- July 10 - Louis Moréri, French encylopedist (b. 1643)
- July 26 - John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (b. 1647)
- July 30 - Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory, Irish naval commander (b. 1634)
- August 20 - William Bedloe, English informer (b. 1650)
- September 2 - Per Brahe (the younger), Swedish soldier and statesman (b. 1602)
- September 9 - Henry Marten, English regicide (b. 1602)
- September 10 - Baldassare Ferri, Italian castrato (b. 1610)
- September 11 - Roger Crab, English Puritan political writer (b. 1621)
- September 11 - Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (b. 1596)
- October 4 - Pierre Paul Riquet, French engineer and canal builder
- October 30 - Antoinette Bourignon, Flemish mystic (b. 1616)
- November 27 - Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar
- November 28 - Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor (b. 1598)
- November 28 - Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1606)
- December 4 - Thomas Bartholin, Danish physician, mathematician, and theologian (b. 1616)
- December 8 - Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester, English politician (b. 1606) Category:1680 ko:1680년 th:พ.ศ. 2223

March 7

March 7 is the 66th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (67th in Leap years). There are 299 days remaining.

Events


- 161 - Roman emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, an unprecedented political arrangement in the Roman Empire.
- 1798 - The French army enters in Rome: the birth of the Roman Republic
- 1799 - Napoleon I of France captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
- 1814 - Napoleon wins the Battle of Craonne.
- 1827 - Shrigley Abduction: Ellen Turner, a wealthy heiress in Cheshire, England is abducted by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, the future politician in colonial New Zealand.
- 1848 - The Great mahele (land division) is signed in Hawaii.
- 1850 - United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his "Seventh of March" speech in which he endorses the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war.
- 1862 - American Civil War: Battle of Pea Ridge - Union forces led by General Samuel Curtis defeat Confederate troops under General Earl Van Dorn at Pea Ridge in northwestern Arkansas.
- 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the telephone (patent # 174,464).
- 1911 - Revolution in Mexico.
- 1912 - Roald Amundsen first announces to the world that his expedition has reached the South Pole, though they had arrived on December 14, 1911.
- 1918 - World War I: Finland forms an alliance with Germany.
- 1936 - World War II: In violation of the Locarno Pact and the Treaty of Versailles, Germany reoccupies the Rhineland.
- 1945 - World War II: American troops seize the bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross.
- 1947 - The Kuomintang and Communist Party of China resume full-fledged Civil War.
- 1950 - Cold War: The Soviet Union issues a statement denying that Klaus Fuchs served as a Soviet spy.
- 1951 - Korean War: Operation Ripper - In Korea, United Nations troops led by General Matthew Ridgeway begin an assault against Chinese forces.
- 1965 - In Selma, Alabama, State troopers and local law enforcement forcefully break up a group of 600 civil rights marchers. The event was televised and was dubbed Bloody Sunday.
- 1968 - Vietnam War: The First Battle of Saigon begins.
- 1973 - The ultimately disappointing Comet Kohoutek is discovered by Luboš Kohoutek.
- 1983 - The Nashville Network (TNN) begins broadcasting.
- 1984 - The United States attacks San Juan del Sur in Nicaragua.
- 1987 - Mike Tyson adds the WBA World Heavyweight boxing championship to his WBC one when he beats James Smith after a 12-round fight in Las Vegas, Nevada.
- 1988 - Colombia becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1989 - The State Council of the People's Republic of China declares martial law in Lhasa, Tibet.
- 1994 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music that parodies of an original work are generally covered by the doctrine of fair use.
- 1996 - The first democratically elected Palestinian parliament is formed.
- 1999 - American film director, Stanley Kubrick, dies in his sleep from a fatal heart attack.
- 2002 - Opening of The IX Paralympics Winter Games in Salt Lake City, Utah.
- 2002 - The Network Against Prohibition forms in Darwin, Australia.
- 2005 - Mass protest outside the National Assembly of Kuwait building for women's voting rights in Kuwait.

Births


- 189 - Publius Septimius Geta, Roman Emperor (d. 211)
- 1481 - Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (d. 1537)
- 1556 - Guillaume du Vair, French writer (d. 1621)
- 1671 - Robert Roy MacGregor, Scottish folk hero (d. 1734)
- 1678 - Filippo Juvara, Italian architect (d. 1736)
- 1687 - Jean Lebeuf, French historian (d. 1760)
- 1693 - Pope Clement XIII (d. 1769)
- 1715 - Ewald Christian von Kleist, German poet (d. 1759)
- 1715 - Ephraim Williams, American philanthropist (d. 1755)
- 1730 - Baron de Breteuil, French statesman (d. 1807)
- 1746 - André Michaux, French botanist (d. 1802)
- 1765 - Nicéphore Niépce, French inventor (d. 1833)
- 1792 - John Herschel, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1871)
- 1837 - Henry Draper, American physician and astronomer (d. 1882)
- 1849 - Luther Burbank, American biologist and botanist (b. 1849)
- 1850 - Tomáš Masaryk, first President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1937)
- 1857 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1940)
- 1872 - Piet Mondrian, Dutch painter (d. 1944)
- 1875 - Maurice Ravel, French composer (d. 1937)
- 1887 - Heino Eller, Estonian composer (d. 1970)
- 1902 - Heinz Rühmann, German actor (d. 1994)
- 1904 - Ivar Ballangrud, Norwegian speed skater (d. 1969)
- 1904 - Reinhard Heydrich, Nazi official (d. 1942)
- 1908 - Anna Magnani, Italian actress (d. 1973)
- 1926 - Alan Sues, American comedian and actor
- 1930 - Antony Armstrong-Jones, Lord Snowdon
- 1934 - Willard Scott, American television broadcaster
- 1938 - David Baltimore, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1938 - Janet Guthrie, American race car driver
- 1940 - Rudi Dutschke, German student leader (d. 1979)
- 1940 - Daniel J. Travanti, American actor
- 1942 - Tammy Faye Bakker, American evangelist
- 1942 - Michael Eisner, American film studio executive
- 1944 - Stanley Schmidt, American editor
- 1944 - Townes Van Zandt, American musician and songwriter
- 1945 - John Heard, American actor
- 1945 - Arthur Lee, American musician (Love)
- 1946 - Peter Wolf, American musician (J Geils Band)
- 1947 - Richard Lawson, American actor
- 1947 - Walter Röhrl, German race car driver
- 1949 - Ghulam Nabi Azad, Indian politician
- 1950 - Iris Chacon, Puerto Rican singer and dancer
- 1950 - Franco Harris, American football player
- 1952 - Ernie Isley, American singer
- 1952 - Lynn Swann, American football player
- 1955 - Tommy Kramer, American football player
- 1956 - Bryan Cranston, American actor
- 1958 - Rik Mayall British actor
- 1960 - Joe Carter, baseball player
- 1960 - Ivan Lendl, Czech tennis player
- 1963 - Bill Brochtrup, American actor
- 1963 - Denyce Graves, American singer
- 1964 - Bret Easton Ellis, American writer
- 1964 - Wanda Sykes, American actress and comedienne
- 1965 - Jesper Parnevik, Swedish golfer
- 1971 - Rachel Weisz, British actress
- 1977 - Mitja Zastrow, German-born swimmer
- 1980 - Laura Prepon, American actress
- 1984 - Mathieu Flamini, French footballer

Deaths


- 322 BC - Aristotle, philosopher (b. 384 BC)
- AD 161 - Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor (b. 86)
- 308 - Saint Eubulus, Christian martyr
- 851 - Nominoe, Duke of Brittany
- 1226 - William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader
- 1274 - Thomas Aquinas, Italian scholastic philosopher (b. 1225)
- 1578 - Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (b. 1515)
- 1625 - Johann Bayer, German astronomer (b. 1572)
- 1724 - Pope Innocent XIII (b. 1655)
- 1767 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (b. 1680)
- 1778 - Charles De Geer, Swedish industrialist and entomologist (b. 1720)
- 1810 - Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, British admiral (b. 1750)
- 1932 - Aristide Briand, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1862)
- 1952 - Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru (b. 1893)
- 1957 - Wyndham Lewis, British author and painter (b. 1882)
- 1954 - Otto Diels, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1876)
- 1967 - Alice B. Toklas, American companion to Gertrude Stein (b. 1877)
- 1974 - Alberto Rabagliati, Italian singer and actor (b. 1906)
- 1975 - Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher (b. 1895)
- 1975 - Ben Blue, Canadian actor (b. 1901)
- 1976 - Wright Patman, American politician (b. 1893)
- 1981 - Kiril Kondrashin, Russian conductor (b. 1914)
- 1986 - Jacob Javits, American politician (b. 1904)
- 1988 - Divine, American actor (b. 1945)
- 1991 - Cool Papa Bell, baseball player (b. 1903)
- 1995 - Georges J.F. Kohler, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1946)
- 1997 - Rabbi Emanuel Bronner, German-American soap magnate and philosopher (b. 1908)
- 1997 - Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- 1999 - Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (b. 1918)
- 1999 - Stanley Kubrick, American film director (b. 1928)
- 2000 - Charles Gray, British actor (b. 1928)
- 2000 - Jack Sanford, baseball player (b. 1929)
- 2002 - Doris Allen, American psychologist (b. 1901)
- 2004 - Paul Winfield, American actor (heart attack) (b. 1941)

Holidays and observances


- Catholicism - Feast day of Ss. Perpetua and Felicity
- Albania - Teacher's Day
- Illinois - Casimir Pulaski Day observed, 2005 (First Monday of March)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/7 BBC: On This Day] ---- March 6 - March 8 - February 7 - April 7 -- listing of all days ko:3월 7일 ja:3月7日 simple:March 7 th:7 มีนาคม

Louisiana (New France)

to USA, which was a portion of the historical extent of French Louisiana]] Louisiana (French language: La Louisiane) was the name of an administrative district of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was essentially the area of North America under French colonial control that lay within the basin of the Mississippi River within the present-day United States. Named by explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle in 1682 in honour of King Louis XIV, it grew to encompass an expansive area of lands along both sides of the Mississippi between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains, including the Ohio Country and the Illinois Country. The present-day U.S. state of Louisiana is named for the historical region, occupying a small portion of the original region at the mouth of Mississippi River.

History

Starting in the late 17th century, the area became the site of an extensive trading network among the American Indians of the region through forts along the river valleys as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. The French lost control of the region following the French and Indian War, otherwise known as the Seven Years' War, in 1763, with the portion east of the Mississippi ceded to Britain and the portion west of the Mississippi ceded to Spain. Under Spanish control, the economic activity in the Mississippi basin shifted southward away from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, leading the growth of importance of the city of New Orleans near the mouth of the river. After 1763, the British continued to prohibit white settlement in the region west of the Appalachians. This policy that led to widespread discontentment among British colonialists and helped lay the groundwork for the American Revolution. The eastern portion became part of the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War. Under U.S. control, the eastern portion was largely divided into the Northwest Territory and the Southwest Territory. In 1801 under Napoleon Bonaparte, France briefly regained control of the portion west of the Mississippi from Spain in the Treaty of San Ildefonso. The United States acquired the western portion in 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase. This newly-acquired area was initially designated the District of Louisiana. After the admission of the state of Louisiana to the Union, most of the area became organized as the Missouri Territory.

Notable figures in the history of Louisiana


- Jacques Marquette
- Louis Joliet
- Robert Cavelier de La Salle
- Julien Dubuque
- Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
- Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
- Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac

See also


- New France
- Canada, New France
- History of New France
- History of Quebec Category:Historical regions and territories of the United States Category:New France

Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville

Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, (20 July 1661 – (probably) 9 July 1706), founder of the colony of Louisiana, was born at Ville-Marie, Montreal, Quebec on 16 July 1661. He died at Havana, Cuba on 9 July 1706. He was the third son of Charles Le Moyne, a native of Dieppe in France and lord of Longueuil in Canada, and of Catharine Primot. He is also known as Sieur d’Iberville. Iberville became a sailor at an early age and served as a volunteer under the Chevalier de Troyes in Hudson Bay. In 1686 he began a brilliant career as soldier and sailor, and took part in many expeditions against the English. Fort Severn, located at the mouth of the Severn River on Hudson Bay was established as a trading post in 1689 by the Hudson's Bay Company. Iberville captured it in 1690. The post, rebuilt in 1759, has been in continuous operation to this day making the community one of the oldest European settlements in Ontario. In 1695, Iberville was called upon to attack the English stations along the Atlantic coast from Fort William Henry, on the disputed New England-Acadia boundary, to St John’s, the fortified English settlement in Newfoundland. After destroying Fort William Henry in the spring of 1696, Iberville sailed with his three vessels to Placentia (Plaisance), the French capital of Newfoundland. Both English and French fishermen exploited the Grand Banks fishery from their respective settlements on Newfoundland under the sanction of the treaty of 1687, but the purpose of the new French expedition of 1696 was nevertheless to expel the English from Newfoundland. Iberville and his men left Placentia on November 1, 1696 and marched overland to Ferryland, 50 miles south of St John’s. Nine days later, Iberville joined with naval forces and both detachments began the march north to the English capital, which surrendered on November 30, 1696 following a brief siege. After setting fire to St John’s, Iberville’s Canadians almost totally destroyed the English fisheries along the eastern shore of Newfoundland. Small raiding parties terrorized the hamlets hidden away in remote bays and inlets, burning, looting, and taking prisoners. By the end of March 1697, only Bonavista and Carbonear remained in English hands. In four months of raids, Iberville was responsible for the destruction of 36 settlements. The Newfoundland campaign had been the cruelest and most destructive of Iberville’s career. Iberville sailed for France in 1697 and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the Mississippi River and to colonize Louisiana, which the English coveted. Iberville's fleet sailed from Brest on 24 October 1698. On January 25, 1699, Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of Pensacola, founded by the Spanish; he sailed from there to Mobile Bay and explored Massacre Island, later Dauphine. He cast anchor between Cat Island and Ship Island; and on February 13, 1699, he went to the mainland, Biloxi, with his brother Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. On May 1, 1699, he completed a fort on the north-east side of the Bay of Biloxi, a little to the rear of what is now Ocean Springs. This fort was called Maurepas or Old Biloxi. In 1706, Iberville captured the Caribbean island of Nevis from the British. He then went to Havana to obtain reinforcements from the Spanish for an attack on the Province of Carolina, but he contracted yellow fever and died at Havana. The city of D'Iberville, Mississippi is named for him.

See also


- Pélican, his ship

External links


- [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=35062 Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville in Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online] Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d' Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d' Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d' Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d' Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d'

New Orleans

:For information on the events of Hurricane Katrina, see effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans. New Orleans (local pronunciations: , , or ) (French: La Nouvelle-Orléans, pronounced Image:ltspkr.png in standard French accent) is a major U.S. port city and historically the largest city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is located in southeastern Louisiana along the Mississippi River, just south of Lake Pontchartrain, and is coextensive with Orleans Parish.

Overview

The city was devastated by Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent civil engineering failure which resulted in massive flooding in August 2005. As of mid December 2005, efforts continue to aid survivors, clean up debris, and restore infrastructure. While most of the city has reopened to residents and areas which suffered moderate damage have substantially resumed functioning, other parts of town most severely damaged such as some neighborhoods of the 9th Ward are open only during daylight hours for residents to salvage items from their formerly flooded homes. New Orleans is a Southern city known for its multicultural heritage (especially French, Spanish and African American influences) and its music and cuisine. It is a world-famous tourist destination thanks to its many festivals and celebrations; the most notable annual events are Mardi Gras ("Fat Tuesday"), Jazz Fest,Voodoo Fest, Southern Decadence, and college football's Sugar Bowl. The most recent U.S. census put New Orleans's population at 484,674 and the population of Greater New Orleans at 1,337,726. Due to the evacuation of the city before and in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the population as of late 2005 is significantly less; a Time Magazine article with a publication date of 28 November 2005 (written weeks before) estimated the city's population at about 100,000. But now that the city's population is trickling back in to see if they will be able to repair their homes or move someplace else. The population, as of December 12th, is estimated at about 140,000 New Orleans was founded by the French in 1718 and has played an important role in the history of the United States. The city was named in honor of Philip II, Duke of Orléans, who was regent and ruler of France when the city was founded. This is comparable to the naming of New York City in honor of James, Duke of York, heir to the throne of England. It is a major port city due to its location near the Gulf of Mexico and along the Mississippi River, making it a hub for goods which travel to and from Latin America. The petroleum industry is also of great importance to the New Orleans economy; many oil rigs are located in the Gulf. The Port of South Louisiana (which includes the port of N.O.) is based in the New Orleans metropolitan area and is the fourth largest port in the world in terms of raw tonnage, and among the largest U.S. ports for several major commodities, including cement and coffee. The city's several nicknames describe various characteristics of the city, including the "Crescent City" (describing its shape around the Mississippi River), "The Big Easy" (a reference by musicians to the relative ease of finding work in the city), and "The City that Care Forgot" (associated with the easy going, carefree nature of many of the local residents). The city's unofficial motto, "Laissez les bons temps rouler" ("Let the good times roll") describes the party-like attitude of many residents. The city's name is often abbreviated NOLA. Residents of the city are referred to as New Orleanians.

History

Main article: History of New Orleans

Colonial era

History of New Orleans The place was first discovered by Spanish conqueror Alonso Alvarez de Pineda in 1518 along with the Mississippi River, which was named "Espiritu Santo" river. New Orleans was founded in 1718 by the French as La Nouvelle-Orléans, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. The site was selected because it was a rare bit of natural high ground along the flood-prone banks of the lower Mississippi, and was adjacent to a Native American trading route and portage between the Mississippi and Lake Pontchartrain via Bayou St. John (known to natives as Bayou Choupique). A community of French fur trappers and traders had existed along the bayou (in what is now the middle of New Orleans) for at least a decade before the official founding of the city. Nouvelle-Orléans became the capital of French Louisiana in 1722, replacing Biloxi. In 1763, the colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire and remained under Spanish control for 40 years. The Great Fire of 1788 destroyed many of the existing structures in the city (800 houses were destroyed), which were made of wood. As a result of this, and a subsequent fire in 1795 (another 200 houses destroyed), much of 18th century architecture still present in the French Quarter was built under Spanish rule and demonstrates Spanish colonial characteristics, wood was replaced with bricks. The three most impressive buildings of New Orleans come from the Spanish times: St. Louis Cathedral, the Cabildo and the Presbytere. In 1795, Spain granted the United States "Right of Deposit" in New Orleans, allowing Americans to use the city's port facilities. Louisiana reverted to French control in 1801 after Napoleon re-acquired the territory from Spain by treaty. But in 1803, Napoleon sold Louisiana (which then included portions of more than a dozen present-day states) to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. At this time the city of New Orleans had a population of about 10,000.

19th century

In its early days it was noted for its cosmopolitan polyglot population and mixture of cultures. The city grew rapidly, with influxes of Americans, French and Creole French, many of the latter fleeing from the revolution in Haiti. During the War of 1812 the British sent a force to try to conquer the city, but they were defeated by forces led by Andrew Jackson some miles down river from the city at Chalmette, Louisiana on January 8, 1815 (commonly known as the Battle of New Orleans). Battle of New Orleans The population of the city doubled in the 1830s, and by 1840 the city's population was around 102,000, fourth-largest in the U.S, the largest city away from the Atlantic seaboard, as well as the largest in the South after Baltimore. However, population growth was at times plagued by yellow fever epidemics, such as the great scourge of 1853 that killed nearly 10,000 people in New Orleans. New Orleans was the capital of the state of Louisiana until 1849, then again from 1865 to 1880. As a principal port it had a leading role in the slave trade, while at the same time having North America's largest community of free persons of color. Early in the American Civil War it was captured by the Union (by David Farragut -son of Spanish emigrants- later named the first US Navy Vice-Admiral) without a battle, and hence was spared the destruction suffered by many other cities of the American South. It was the first captured city in the American South. It retains a historical flavor with a wealth of 19th century structures far beyond the early colonial city boundaries of the French Quarter. The city hosted the 1884 World's Fair, called the World Cotton Centennial. An important attraction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was the famous red light district called Storyville.

20th century

Storyville Storyville Storyville Much of the city is located below sea level between the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain, so the city is surrounded by levees. Until the early 20th century, construction was largely limited to the slightly higher ground along old natural river levees and bayous, since much of the rest of the land was swampy and subject to frequent flooding. This gave the 19th century city the shape of a crescent along a bend of the Mississippi, the origin of the nickname The Crescent City. In the 1910s engineer and inventor A. Baldwin Wood enacted his ambitious plan to drain the city, including large pumps of his own design which are still used. All rain water must be pumped up to the canals which drain into Lake Pontchartrain. Wood's pumps and drainage allowed the city to expand greatly in area. However, pumping of groundwater from underneath the city has resulted in subsidence. The subsidence greatly increased the flood risk, should the levees be breached or precipitation be in excess of pumping capacity (as was the case in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina). There were many warnings in the late 20th century that a major hurricane or a Mississippi flood could create a lake in the central city as much as 9 m (30 ft) deep, which could take months to pump dry.This warning was augmented by vestigial fears from Hurricane Betsy, and the lasting stories of the Army Corps of Engineers blasting the flooding levees, drowning the poorer neighborhoods of the lower ninth Ward. The Holy Cross Neighborhood Association, (HCNA) respresenting a substantial group of the aforementioned lower ninth ward, created a lobby against the Army Corps of Engineers furthering work on the levees which might endanger the neighborhoods. The HCNA sent Jamal Morelli, activist and New Orleans artist, to respresent them in Washington, D.C. Jamal Morelli's struggle for the neighborhood was successful in protecting the lower ninth ward. (2000-2004) In 1905 Yellow Fever was reported in the city, which had suffered under repeated epidemics of the disease in the previous century. As the role of mosquitos in spreading the disease was newly understood, the city embarked on a massive campain to drain, screen, or oil all cisterns and standing water (breeding ground for mosquitos) in the city and educate the public on their vital role in preventing mosquitos. The effort was a success and the disease was stopped before reaching epidemic proportions. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the city to demonstrate the safety of New Orleans. The city has had no cases of Yellow Fever since. New Orleans was hit by major storms in the 1909 Atlantic hurricane season and the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season. In the 1920s an effort to "modernize" the look of the city removed the old cast-iron balconies from Canal Street, the city's commercial hub. In the 1960s another "modernization" effort replaced the Canal Streetcar Line with buses. Both of these moves came to be regarded as mistakes long after the fact, and the streetcars returned to a portion of Canal Street at the end of the 1990s, and construction to restore the entire line was completed in April 2004. The suburbs saw great growth in the second half of the 20th century; the largest suburb today is Metairie, which borders New Orleans to the west. Metairie is not incorporated and is a part of Jefferson Parish. Much of the city flooded in September of 1947 due to the 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane. In 1965 the city was damaged by Hurricane Betsy, with catastrophic flooding of the city's Lower 9th Ward. While long one of the USA's most-visited cities, tourism boomed in the last quarter of the 20th century, becoming a major force in the local economy. Areas of the French Quarter and Central Business District which were long oriented towards local residential and business uses switched to largely catering to the domestic and international tourist industry. A century after the Cotton Centennial Exhibition, New Orleans hosted another World's Fair, the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition. The city experienced severe flooding in the May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood when heavy rains suddenly dumped over a foot of water on parts of town faster than the pumps could remove the water.

21st Century (Hurricane Katrina)

May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood :Main article: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans The city suffered from the effects of Hurricane Katrina, which made landfall on August 29, 2005 on the gulf coast near the city. Mayor Nagin issued a mandatory evacuation of the entire city, the first such order ever issued in New Orleans. Many residents chose to stay or were stranded in the city by a lack of available transportation. The eye of the storm passed within 10 to 15 miles of New Orleans, bringing strong winds that downed trees, shattered windows, and hurled debris around the area. Heavy rains and flooding immediately affected the eastern areas of the city. The situation worsened on August 30 when levees along three canals which drain into were breached. These canals were the 17th Street Canal, the Industrial Canal, and the London Avenue Canal. As much as 80% of the city, much of which is below sea level, flooded, with water reaching a depth of 25 feet (7.6 meters) in some areas. As of November 2005, The Times Picayune article states that there are in addition to those 1,050 confirmed deaths 5,000 missing residents of the city. Early estimates of the cost of physical damage from the storm have exceeded 100 billion USD. Subsequent investigations showed that the levee failures which flooded the majority of the city were the result of what has been called "the largest civil engineering disaster in the history of the United States" [http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-4/1133336859287360.xml] The city government declared the city off-limits to residents while clean-up efforts began and warned that those remaining could be removed by force, for their health and safety. On September 15, several of the suburban towns started allowing residents to return. The mayor announced a "phased repopulation" plan to start bringing residents of the city back in the next two weeks. Concern about the fragility of the city's flood defences and transportation caused repopulation efforts to be postponed due to Hurricane Rita. [http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/09/15/katrina.impact/index.html]. New Orleans' Lower Ninth Ward was reflooded when a storm surge from Rita overcame one of the repaired levees on the Industrial Canal [http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5300327,00.html]. By October 1, parts of the city accounting for about one-third of the population of New Orleans had been reopened, including the French Quarter.[http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/10/01/katrina.recovery.ap/index.html] As of October 1, only 5% of the city remained underwater.

Geography and climate

October 1 New Orleans is located at (29.964722, -90.070556) on the banks of the Mississippi River, approximately 100 miles upriver from the Gulf of Mexico at 30.07°N, 89.93°W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 907.0 km² (350.2 mi²). 467.6 km² (180.6 mi²) of it is land and 439.4 km² (169.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 48.45% water. The city is located in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, between the Mississippi River in the south and Lake Pontchartrain in the north. The area along the river is characterized by ridges and hollows. Fields atop the ridges along the river are referred to as the "frontlands." The land contour slopes away from the frontlands to the "backlands", comprised of clay and silt. The Mississippi Delta, at the mouth of the Mississippi River, covers about 13,000 square miles (about 1/4 of Louisiana) and consists of silt deposited by the river, and is the most fertile area of Louisiana. The city of New Orleans actually contains the lowest point in the state of Louisiana, and one of the lowest points in the United States, after Death Valley and the Salton Sea. Much of the city is actually located between 1 and 10 feet (0.3 to 3 m) below sea level, and as such, is very prone to flooding. Some 45% of the city is above sea level; these higher areas were developed before 1900; the lowest areas only being developed more recently. Rainwater is continually pumped out of the city and into Lake Pontchartrain across a series of canals lined by levees and dikes. Before the 20th century pumping system, if it rains more than 1 inch, or more recently if there is a major storm surge, such as that caused by a hurricane, greater flooding can occur. Because of the city's high water table most of the cemeteries in the city use above ground crypts as opposed to underground burial. The New Orleans Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 39th largest in the United States, includes the Louisiana parishes of Orleans (contiguous with the city of New Orleans), Jefferson, Plaquemines, St. Bernard, St. Charles, St. John the Baptist, and St. Tammany.

Cityscape

St. Tammany The Central Business District of New Orleans is located immediately north and west of the Mississippi River, and is historically called the "American Quarter." Most streets in this area fan out from a central point in the city. Major streets of the area include Canal Street and Poydras St. The term "downtown" refers to those parts of town that are downriver from the central business district. "Uptown" refers to those parts of town that are upriver from the central business district. Parts of the city that are located downtown include the world famous French Quarter (most noted as the central tourist district, with its array of shops, bars, and nightclubs along Bourbon Street), Storyville (now defunct), Treme, Faubourg Marigny, Bywater, the 7th Ward, and the Lower 9th Ward. Parts of the city that are located uptown include the Garden District, the Irish Channel, the University District, Carrollton, Gert Town, Fontainebleau, and Broadmoor. Other major districts within the city include Bayou St. John, Mid City, Gentilly, Lakeview, Lakefront, New Orleans East, The upper 9th Ward and Algiers. Parishes located adjacent to the city of New Orleans include St. Tammany Parish to the northeast, St. Bernard Parish to the south, Plaquemines Parish to the southwest, and Jefferson Parish to the west. Jefferson Parish

Climate

The climate of New Orleans is subtropical, with mild winters and hot, humid summers. In January, morning lows average around 43 °F (6°C), and daily highs around 62°F (17°C). In July, lows average 74°F (23°C), and highs average 91°F (33°C). The lowest recorded temperature was 11.0°F (-11.6°C) on December 23, 1989. The highest recorded temperature was 102.0°F (38.9°C) on August 22, 1980. The average precipitation is 59.74 inches (1520 mm) annually. On rare occasions, snow will fall. Most recently, a trace of snow fell on Christmas in 2004, during the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm. On December 25, a combination of rain, sleet, and snow fell on the city, leaving some bridges icy. Before that, the last white Christmas was in 1954, and brought 4.5 inches (110 mm). The last significant snowfall in New Orleans fell on December 22, 1989, when most of the city received 1 or 2 inches of snow.

People and culture

Demographics

:Note: Though many of those evacuated from New Orleans from circumstances relating to Hurricane Katrina have yet to return, the evacuees remain residents of the city. While medium-to-long term changes in population may be drastic, there is no way, short of speculation, to account for these effects. The U. S. Census figures presented here are the most recent; and verifiable. As of the census of 2000, there were 484,674 people, 188,251 households, and 112,950 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,036.4/km² (2,684.3/mi²). There were 215,091 housing units at an average density of 459.9/km² (1,191.3/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 67.25% African American, 28.05% White, 0.20% Native American, 2.26% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.93% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. 3.06% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The population of Greater New Orleans stood at 1,337,726 in 2000, placing it 35 amongst United States metropolitan areas. These population statistics are based on legal residents of the city. But due to the enourmous annual tourist flow, the amount of people inside the city at a given time, such as Mardi Gras season, tends to exceed these numbers sometimes by the hundreds of thousands. There were 188,251 households out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were married couples living together, 24.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.23. In the city the population was spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $27,133, and the median income for a family was $32,338. Males had a median income of $30,862 versus $23,768 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,258. 27.9% of the population and 23.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 40.3% of those under the age of 18 and 19.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. New Orleans is well known for its Creole culture and the persistence of Voodoo practic