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Jean-Étienne Valluy

Jean-Étienne Valluy

Jean-Étienne Valluy (May 15, 1899-January 4, 1970) was a French general. He was born in France to Jean-Claude Valluy and Jeanne Marie Cossanges. He attended the military academy of Saint-Cyr and joined the army. He climbed all the ranks of officer to Brigadier General in 1945. He was a French military leader from 1943 until 1970. He was Director of the French Colonial Forces, Chief of Staff 1st Army, General Officer Commanding 9th Colonial Division, General Officer Commander in Chief Indochina, Inspector of Overseas Land Forces, Assistant Chief of Staff Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Head French Delegation at NATO Council, and Commander in Chief Allied Forces Central Europe. General Jean-Etienne Valluy was the French commander who replaced Jacques Philippe Leclerc and attempted to wipe out the Vietminh in one stroke, but failed. His French infantry with armored units went through Hanoi fighting house to house against Vietminh squads. French aircraft zoomed in to bomb and strafe while the cruiser Suffren, in the harbor, lobbed shells into the city, demolishing whole neighborhoods of flimsy structures. Refugees streamed into nearby provinces with their belongings in baskets and on bicycles, and the naval guns shelled them as well. Days passed before the French finally routed the last Vietminh snipers. The Vietnamese claimed twenty thousand deaths, but a French admiral later estimated no more than six thousand. Vu Quoc Uy, then chairman of the Haiphong municipal committee, said in an interview in 1981 that the toll had been between five hundred and a thousand. "If those gooks want a fight, they'll get it," said Valluy as he landed in Haiphong on December 17, his temper boiling over the slaughter of three French soldiers by Vietminh militia in Hanoi that day. The French encircled the Vietminh base, Viet Bac in 1947 by securing its only two roads and dropping paratroopers. They almost captured Ho Chi Minh, who slipped into a camouflaged hole at the last minute. But General Valluy, whose experience until then had been in Europe, quickly sized up his efforts as impossible. With a total of some fifteen thousand men, he was trying to defeat sixty thousand enemy troops over nearly eighty thousand square miles of almost impenetrable forest. Unlike his 19th-century predecessors, he was up against not small insurgent bands but a disciplined army. He could only withdraw to a thin string of forts along Route 4, a twisting road running through ravines and over high passes between the towns of Langson and Cao bang. Chronically exposed to Vietminh ambushes, French soldiers dubbed it the Rue sans Joie, or Street without Joy. He died in Paris in 1970 and is buried at Rive-de-Gier, near Bank Freedom. Valluy, Jean Etienne Valluy, Jean Etienne Valluy, Jean Etienne

May 15

May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (136th in leap years). There are 230 days remaining.

Events


- 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe.
- 1514 - Jodocus Badius Ascensius publishes Christiern Pedersen's Latin version of Saxo’s Gesta Danorum, the oldest known version of that work.
- 1525 - The battle of Frankenhausen ends the Peasants' War.
- 1602 - Bartholomew Gosnold becomes the first European to see Cape Cod.
- 1618 - Johannes Kepler confirms his previously rejected discovery of the third law of planetary motion (he first discovered it on March 8 but soon rejected the idea after some initial calculations were made).
- 1701 - The War of the Spanish Succession begins.
- 1718 - James Puckle, a London lawyer, patents the world's first machine gun.
- 1756 - The Seven Years' War begins when England declares war on France.
- 1776 - American Revolution: Virginia convention instructs its delegates to propose a declaration of independence from Great Britain.
- 1795 - First Coalition: Napoleon I of France enters Milan in triumph.
- 1836 - Francis Baily observes "Baily's beads" during an annular eclipse.
- 1851 - Rama IV is crowned King of Thailand.
- 1858 - The third Royal Opera House officially opens in London.
- 1862 - President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the United States Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed USDA).
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Resaca, Georgia ends.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of New Market, Virginia – Students from the Virginia Military Institute fight alongside the Confederate Army to force Union General Franz Sigel out of the Shenandoah Valley.
- 1869 - Woman's suffrage: In New York, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form the National Woman Suffrage Association.
- 1897 - The Greek army retreats with heavy losses in Greco-Turkish War
- 1902 - In a field outside Grass Valley, California, Lyman Gilmore reportedly becomes the first person to fly a powered airplane (a steam-powered glider).
- 1905 - Las Vegas, Nevada, is founded when 110 acres (0.4 km²), in what later would become downtown, are auctioned off.
- 1911 - The United States Supreme Court declares Standard Oil to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act and orders the company to be dissolved.
- 1914 - Bolivia becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1918 - Civil War in Finland ends.
- 1918 - The US Post Office Department (later renamed the USPS) begins the first regular airmail service in the world (between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC).
- 1919 - The Winnipeg General Strike began. By 11:00, virtually the entire working population of Winnipeg had walked off the job.
- 1928 - Release of the animated short "Plane Crazy", featuring the first appearances of Mickey and Minnie Mouse.
- 1930 - Aboard a Boeing tri-motor, Ellen Church becomes the first airline stewardess, on a flight from Oakland, California to Chicago, Illinois.
- 1932 - The May 15 Incident. In an attempted coup the Prime Minister of Japan Inukai Tsuyoshi is killed.
- 1934 - The United States Department of Justice offers a $25,000 reward for John Dillinger.
- 1934 - Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.
- 1940 - Nylon stockings go on sale for the first time in the United States.
- 1940 - World War II: German troops occupy Amsterdam and invade Northern France.
- 1941 - Baseball player Joe DiMaggio starts his record-breaking 56-game hitting streak.
- 1942 - World War II: In the United States, a bill creating the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) is signed into law.
- 1943 - Joseph Stalin dissolves the Comintern (or Third International).
- 1945 - Last skirmish of the Second World War in Europe fought near Prevalje, Slovenia.
- 1948 - Egypt, Transjordan, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Saudi Arabia attack Israel.
- 1951 - The Polish cultural attache in Paris, Czeslaw Milosz, asks the French government for political asylum.
- 1955 - Austrian Independence Treaty signed.
- 1955 - First ascent of Makalu, the world's fifth highest mountain.
- 1957 - Britain tests its first hydrogen bomb in Operation Grapple.
- 1958 - The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 3.
- 1960 - The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 4.
- 1963 - Mercury program: America launches the last mission of the program, Mercury 9 (on June 12 NASA Administrator James E. Webb told Congress the program was complete).
- 1964 - The Smothers Brothers give their first concert in Carnegie Hall in New York City.
- 1970 - The Beatles' last LP, Let It Be, is released in the United States.
- 1970 - President Richard Nixon appoints Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington the first female United States Army Generals.
- 1970 - Philip Lafayette Gibbs and James Earl Green killed at Jackson State University by police during student protests.
- 1972 - The island of Okinawa, under US military governance since its conquest in 1945, reverts to Japanese control.
- 1972 - In Laurel, Maryland, Arthur Bremer shoots and paralyzes Alabama Governor George Wallace while Wallace is campaigning to be American President.
- 1978 - Lagumot Harris, having only been elected President less than a month before, is replaced as the leader of the republic of Nauru. He is succeeded by Hammer DeRoburt.
- 1981- Concert in Caracas of El Trabuco Venezolano and Irakere (Second day).
- 1988 - Soviet war in Afghanistan: After more than eight years of fighting, the Red Army begins its withdrawal from Afghanistan.
- 1990 - Portrait of Doctor Gachet by Vincent van Gogh is sold for a record $82.5 million, the most expensive painting at the time.
- 1991 - Edith Cresson becomes France's first female prime minister.
- 1992 - The Genoa Expo '92 World's Fair opens in Genoa, Italy.
- 2004 - The largest prime number to be discovered, 224036583 − 1, is found by Josh Findley and the GIMPS collaborative effort.

Births


- 1567 - Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer (d. 1643)
- 1720 - Maximilian Hell, Slovakian astronomer (d. 1792)
- 1773 - Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Austrian statesman (d. 1859)
- 1817 - Debendranath Tagore, Indian religious reformer (d. 1905)
- 1856 - L. Frank Baum, American author (d. 1919)
- 1857 - Williamina Fleming, Scottish-born astronomer (d. 1911)
- 1859 - Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1906)
- 1862 - Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian dramatist and narrator (d. 1931)
- 1890 - Katherine Anne Porter, American author (d. 1980)
- 1891 - Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer (d. 1940)
- 1892 - Jimmy Wilde, boxer (d. 1969)
- 1895 - William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman (d. 1941)
- 1898 - Arletty, French model and actress (d. 1992)
- 1899 - Jean-Etienne Valluy, French general (d. 1970)
- 1902 - Richard J. Daley, Mayor of Chicago (d. 1976)
- 1905 - Joseph Cotten, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1909 - James Mason, English actor (d. 1984)
- 1911 - Max Frisch, Swiss author (d. 1991)
- 1914 - Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese sherpa (d. 1986)
- 1915 - Paul Samuelson, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1918 - Eddy Arnold, American singer
- 1922 - Setouchi Jakucho, Japanese writer and Buddhist nun
- 1923 - Richard Avedon, American photographer (d. 2004)
- 1923 - John Lanchbery, English composer (d. 2003)
- 1926 - Anthony Shaffer, English playwright (d. 2001)
- 1926 - Peter Shaffer, English playwright
- 1930 - Jasper Johns, American painter
- 1931 - Ken Venturi, American golfer
- 1936 - Anna Maria Alberghetti, Italian-born actress
- 1936 - Hugh Romney, American clown and activist
- 1936 - Paul Zindel, American writer (d. 2003)
- 1937 - Madeline Albright, U.S. Secretary of State
- 1937 - Trini López, American musician
- 1941 - K.T. Oslin, American musician
- 1944 - Ulrich Beck, German sociologist
- 1945 - Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
- 1948 - Brian Eno, English musician and record producer
- 1951 - Chazz Palminteri, American actor
- 1951 - Jonathan Richman, American musician
- 1951 - Frank Wilczek, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1953 - George Brett, baseball player
- 1953 - Mike Oldfield, English composer
- 1955 - Melinda Culea, American actress
- 1956 - Dan Patrick, American sportscaster
- 1958 - Ron Simmons, American professional wrestler
- 1959 - Andrew Eldritch, English singer and songwriter (The Sisters of Mercy)
- 1959 - Kaokor Galaxy, Thai boxer
- 1959 - Khaosai Galaxy, Thai boxer
- 1962 - Melle Mel, American musician
- 1965 - Raí, Brazilian footballer
- 1967 - John Smoltz, baseball player
- 1969 - Emmitt Smith, American football player
- 1970 - Rod Smith, American football player
- 1972 - David Charvet, French actor
- 1974 - Andrew Johns, Australian rugby player
- 1974 - Ahmet Zappa, American musician
- 1975 - Ray Lewis, American football player
- 1976 - Tyler Walker, baseball player
- 1978 - Amy Chow, American gymnast
- 1981 - Jamie-Lynn DiScala, American actress
- 1982 - Veronica Campbell, Jamaican athlete
- 1983 - Devin Bronson, American guitarist (Avril Lavigne)
- 1997 - E.D Calvo, comic book artist and tae kwon do extraordinare

Deaths


- 1036 - Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan (b. 1008)
- 1157 - Yury Dolgoruky, Russian prince
- 1174 - Nur ad-Din, ruler of Syria (b. 1118)
- 1381 - Eppelein von Gailingen, German robber baron
- 1470 - Charles VIII of Sweden (b. 1409)
- 1585 - Niwa Nagahide, Japanese warlord (b. 1535)
- 1591 - Dmitry Ivanovich, Tsarevich (b. 1582)
- 1609 - Giovanni Croce, Italian composer (b. 1557)
- 1634 - Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (b. 1585)
- 1698 - Marie Champmeslé, French actress (b. 1642)
- 1699 - Edward Petre, English Jesuit and privy councilor (b. 1631)
- 1714 - Roger Elliott, British general and Governor of Gibraltar
- 1740 - Ephraim Chambers, English encyclopaedist (b. 1680)
- 1760 - Alaungpaya, King of Burma (b. 1711)
- 1773 - Alban Butler, English Catholic priest and writer (b. 1710)
- 1782 - Marquis of Pombal, Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1699)
- 1886 - Emily Dickinson, American poet (b. 1830)
- 1924 - Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1852)
- 1935 - Kazimir Malevich, Ukrainian artist (b. 1878)
- 1937 - Phillip Snowden, British politician (b. 1864)
- 1940 - Menno ter Braak , Dutch author and polemicist (b. 1902 )
- 1948 - Father Edward Flanagan, American priest and founder of Boys Town (b. 1886)
- 1956 - Austin Osman Spare, English magician (b. 1886)
- 1967 - Edward Hopper, American painter (b. 1882)
- 1971 - Sir Tyrone Guthrie, English director, producer, and writer (b. 1900)
- 1986 - Theodore H. White, American writer (b. 1915)
- 1991 - Andreas Floer, German mathematician (b. 1956)
- 1994 - Gilbert Roland, Mexican actor (b. 1904)
- 1995 - Eric Porter, British actor (b. 1928)
- 1996 - Charles B. Fulton, American jurist (b. 1910)
- 1998 - Earl Manigault, American basketball player (b. 1944)
- 2003 - June Carter Cash, American musician and singer (b. 1929)
- 2003 - George Francis, British gangster (b. 1940)
- 2003 - Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (b. 1924)
- 2005 - Les Bartley, lacrosse coach (b. 1954)

Holidays and observances


- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
  - Denise
  - Saint Achillius
  - Dympna
  - Reticius
  - Jean-Baptiste de la Salle
- Paraguay - Independence Day. Celebrations for the anniversary of the independence begin on Flag Day, 14 May.
- Roman Empire - Mercuralia in honor of Mercury held.
- International day of families.
- International day of climate changes.
- International conscientious objectors' day
- Buddha's Birthday in Hong Kong, Macau and South Korea (2005)
- United States - Peace Officers Memorial Day
- Slovenia - Day of Slovenian armed forces
- Mexico - Teacher's Day (Día del Maestro)

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/15 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/5/15 Today in History: May 15] ---- May 14 - May 16 - April 15 - June 15 – listing of all days ko:5월 15일 ja:5月15日 simple:May 15 th:15 พฤษภาคม

1899

1899 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

January

common year starting on Sunday
- January 1 - End of Spanish rule in Cuba.
- January 1 - Queens and Staten Island merge with New York City.
- January 6 - Lord Curzon becomes Viceroy of India.
- January 17 - United States takes possession of Wake Island.
- January 19 - Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is formed.
- January 21 - Opel Motors opens for business.
- January 22 - Leaders of six Australian colonies meet in Melbourne to discuss confederation.

February


- February 2 - The Australian Premiers' Conference held in Melbourne agrees Australia's capital (Canberra) should be located between Sydney and Melbourne.
- February 4 - Philippine-American War begins as hostilities break out in Manila.
- February 6 - Spanish-American War: A peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate.
- February 14 - Voting machines are approved by the U.S. Congress for use in federal elections.

March

election
- March 1 - in Afghanistan Capt. George Roos-Keppel makes a sudden attack on a predatory band of Chamkannis that have been raiding in the Kurram Valley and captures 100 prisoners with 3,000 head of cattle.
- March 2 - In Washington State, USA, Mount Rainier National Park is established.
- March 4 - Cyclone Mahina sweeps in north of Cooktown, Queensland, with a 12 m wave that reaches up to 5 km inland - over 300 dead.
- March 6 - Felix Hoffman patents Aspirin.
- March 6 - Bayer registers aspirin as a trademark.
- March 20 - At Sing Sing, Martha M. Place becomes the first woman executed in an electric chair.

June


- June 22-June 27 - the highest ever recorded cricket score, 628 not out, is made by A. E. J. Collins.
- June 25 - Three Denver, Colorado newspapers publish a story that the Chinese government under the Guangxu Emperor is going to demolish the Great Wall of China - later proved to be a fabrication.
- June 27 The paperclip was invented by English entrepreneur Roger Malcolm Taylor.

July


- July 17 - NEC Corporation is organized as the first Japanese joint venture with foreign capital.
- July 19 - The Newsboys of New York, USA go on strike (strike lasts until August 2). [http://homepage.mac.com/jmar/newsies/history.html more info]
- July 29 - The First Peace Conference ends with the signing of the Hague Convention.

September

Hague Convention
- September 19 - Alfred Dreyfus pardoned.

October


- October 11 - Boer War begins: In South Africa, a war between the United Kingdom and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State erupts.

December


- December 2 - Philippine-American War: The Battle of Tirad Pass, termed "The Filipino Thermopylae", is fought.
- December 26 ? Battle of Mafeking begins.
- David Hilbert creates the modern concept of geometry with the publication of his book Grundlagen der geometrie.
- Gordon Douglas is ordained as a Buddhist monk in Myanmar. He is the first westerner to be ordained in the Theravada tradition.

Unknown Dates


- International Council of Nurses is founded.
- San Pellegrino is first bottled.

Births

January-March


- January 7 - Francis Poulenc, French composer (d. 1963)
- January 11 - Eva LeGallienne, English actress (d. 1991)
- January 12 - Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1965)
- January 15 - Goodman Ace, American actor, comedian, and writer (d. 1982)
- January 17 - Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947)
- January 17 - Nevil Shute, English author (d. 1960)
- January 30 - Max Theiler, South African virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972)
- February 3 - Doris Speed, English actress (d. 1994)
- February 3 - Lao She, Chinese author (d. 1966)
- February 6 - Ramon Novarro, Mexican actor (d. 1968)
- February 15 - Georges Auric, French composer (d. 1983)
- February 22 - George O'Hara, American actor (d. 1966)
- February 22 - Dechko Uzunov, Bulgarian painter (d. 1986)
- February 23 - Erich Kästner, German writer (d. 1974)
- February 27 - Charles Best, Canadian medical scientist (d. 1978)
- March 11 - King Frederick IX of Denmark (d. 1972)
- March 13 - John Hasbrouck van Vleck, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980)
- March 18 - Jean Goldkette, Greek-born musician (d. 1962)
- March 28 - Harold B. Lee, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1973)

April-June


- April 1 - Gustavs Celmins, Latvian fascist leader (d. 1968)
- April 7 - Robert Casadesus, French pianist (d. 1972)
- April 22 - Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born writer (d. 1977)
- April 23 - Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
- April 24 - Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (d. 1986)
- April 27 - Walter Lantz, American cartoonist (d. 1994)
- April 29 - Duke Ellington, American jazz musician, bandleader (d. 1974)
- May 8 - Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992)
- May 10 - Fred Astaire, American singer, dancer, and actor (d. 1987)
- May 10 - Dimitri Tiomkin, Ukrainian-born composer (d. 1979)
- May 12 - Indra Devi, Baltic-born yogi and actress (d. 2002)
- May 15 - Jean-Etienne Valluy, French general (d. 1970)
- May 24 - Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (d. 1938)
- June 1 - Edward Charles Titchmarsh, British mathematician (d. 1963)
- June 2 - Lotte Reiniger, German-born silhouette animator (d. 1981)
- June 3 - Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972)
- June 12 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986)
- June 13 - Carlos Chávez, Mexican composer (d. 1978)
- June 14 - Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)
- June 30 - Harry Shields, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1971)

July


- July 5 - Marcel Achard, French play and scriptwriter (d. 1974)
- July 7 - George Cukor, American film director (d. 1983)
- July 11 - E. B. White, English writer (d. 1985)
- July 15 - Sean Lemass, Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 1971)
- July 17 - James Cagney, actor (d. 1986)
- July 21 - Hart Crane, American poet (d. 1932)
- July 21 - Ernest Hemingway, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)
- July 22 - King Sobhuza II of Swaziland (d. 1982)

August-October


- August 4 - Ezra Taft Benson, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1994)
- August 13 - Alfred Hitchcock, British film director (d. 1980)
- August 24 - Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer (d. 1986)
- August 24 - Albert Claude, Belgian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1983)
- September 3 - Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
- September 9 - Brassaï, French photographer (d. 1984)
- September 9 - Waite Hoyt, baseball player (d. 1984)
- October 1 - Ernest Haycox, American writer (d. 1950)
- October 19 - Miguel Angel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)

November-December


- November 15 - Iskander Mirza, first President of Pakistan (d. 1969)
- November 17 - Douglas Shearer, film sound engineer (d. 1971)
- November 18 - Eugene Ormandy, Hungarian conductor (d. 1985)
- December 2 - John Barbirolli, English conductor (d. 1970)
- December 3 - Hayato Ikeda, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1965)
- December 9 - Jean de Brunhoff, French writer (d. 1937)
- December 15 - Harold Abrahams, British athlete (d. 1978)
- December 16 - Noel Coward, English actor, playwright, and composer (d. 1973)
- December 18 - Peter Wessel Zapffe, Norwegian author and philosopher (d. 1990)
- December 25 - Humphrey Bogart, American actor (d. 1957)
- December 28 - Eugeniusz Bodo, Polish actor (d. 1943)
- December 31 - Pola Negri, Polish actress (d. 1987)

Unknown date


- Friedrich Panse, German psychiatrist (d. 1973)

Deaths


- January 23 - Romualdo Pacheco, Governor of California (b. 1831)
- February 25 - Paul Julius Reuter, German-born news agency founder (b. 1816)
- June 3 - Johann Strauss, Jr., Austrian composer (b. 1825)
- June 10 - Ernest Chausson, French composer (b. 1855)
- July 21 - Robert G. Ingersoll, American politician (b. 1833)
- August 16 - Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, German chemist (b. 1811)
- September 12 - Cornelius Vanderbilt II, American railway magnate (b. 1843)
- November 21 - Garret A. Hobart, 24th Vice President of the United States (d.1844)
- November 24 - Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, Sudanese political and religious leader (killed in battle) (b. 1846)
- December 10 - King Ngwane V of Swaziland
- December 22 - Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (b. 1837)
- William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist (b. 1816) Category:1899 ko:1899년 ms:1899 ja:1899年 simple:1899 th:พ.ศ. 2442

January 4

January 4 is the 4th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 361 days (362 in leap years) remain in the year after this day.

Events


- 871 - Battle of Reading - Ethelred of Wessex fights a Danish invasion army.
- 1493 - Christopher Columbus leaves the New World, ending his first journey.
- 1642 - English Civil War: King Charles I of England attacks Parliament.
- 1698 - Most of the Palace of Whitehall in London, the main residence of the English monarchs, is destroyed by fire.
- 1717 - The Netherlands, England and France sign the Triple Alliance.
- 1762 - England declares war on Spain and Naples.
- 1847 - Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the United States government.
- 1850 - The first American ice-skating club is formed (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).
- 1854 - The McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald aboard the Samarang.
- 1884 - The Fabian Society is founded in London
- 1885 - The first successful appendectomy is performed by Dr. William W. Grant on Mary Gartside.
- 1896 - Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state.
- 1912 - The Scout Association is incorporated throughout the British Commonwealth by Royal Charter.
- 1936 - Mickey's Polo Team, a short animated film featuring Charlie Chaplin, Oliver Hardy, Stan Laurel and Harpo Marx in a polo match against various Disney characters, is first released.
- 1936 - Billboard magazine publishes its first pop music charts.
- 1944 - World War II: The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.
- 1948 - Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
- 1951 - Korean War: Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul.
- 1957 - After 69 years the last issue of Collier's Weekly magazine is published.
- 1958 - Sputnik 1 falls to Earth from its orbit (launched on October 4, 1957).
- 1959 - Luna 1 becomes the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon.
- 1962 - New York City introduces a train that operates without a crew on-board.
- 1965 - United States President Lyndon B. Johnson proclaims his "Great Society" during his State of the Union address.
- 1967 - Donald Campbell dies as his jet-powered Bluebird K7 crashes during an attempt to break the water speed record.
- 1972 - Rose Heilbron becomes the first woman judge to sit at the Old Bailey in London.
- 1974 - United States President Richard Nixon refuses to hand over materials subpoenaed by the Senate Watergate Committee.
- 1987 - An Amtrak train en route to Boston from Washington, DC collides with Conrail engines, killing 16 (Chase, Maryland rail wreck).
- 1989 - A pair of Lybian MiG-23 "Floggers" are shot down by a pair of US Navy F-14 Tomcats during an air-to-air confrontation.
- 1990 - A crowded passenger train collides with a standing freight train in Pakistan's Sindh province, killing 300 people.
- 1998 - Wilaya of Relizane massacres in Algeria; over 170 are killed in three remote villages.
- 1999 - Gunmen open fire on Shiite Muslims worshipping in an Islamabad mosque killing 16 people injuring 25.
- 2004 - Dr. Mikhail Saakashvili is elected the President of Georgia.
- 2004 - Spirit, a NASA Mars Rover, lands successfully on Mars at 04:35 UTC.

Births


- 1077 - Emperor Zhezong of Song Dynasty in China (d. 1100)
- 1334 - Amadeus VI of Savoy (d. 1383)
- 1581 - James Ussher, Irish Catholic archbishop (d. 1656)
- 1643 - Isaac Newton, English scientist and philosopher (d. 1727)
- 1664 - Lars Roberg, Swedish physician (d. 1742)
- 1672 - Hugh Boulter, Irish Archbishop of Armagh (d. 1742)
- 1710 - Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (d. 1736)
- 1720 - Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer (d. 1774)
- 1785 - Jakob Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1863)
- 1809 - Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind (d. 1852)
- 1832 - George Tryon, British admiral (d. 1893)
- 1838 - Charles Stratton, American circus performer (d. 1883)
- 1848 - Katsura Taro, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1913)
- 1869 - Tommy Corcoran, baseball player (d. 1960)
- 1874 - Josef Suk, Czech composer and violinist (d. 1935)
- 1881 - Wilhelm Lehmbruck, German sculptor (d. 1919)
- 1883 - Max Eastman, American writer (d. 1969)
- 1894 - Manuel de Abreu, Brazilian physician (d. 1962)
- 1896 - Everett Dirksen, American politician (d. 1969)
- 1896 - André Masson, French artist (d. 1987)
- 1900 - James Bond, American ornithologist (d. 1989)
- 1901 - C. L. R. James, writer and journalist (d. 1989)
- 1905 - Sterling Holloway, American actor (d. 1992)
- 1914 - Jane Wyman, American actress
- 1920 - William Colby, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1996)
- 1930 - Sorrell Booke, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1930 - Don Shula, American football coach
- 1931 - Adi Lady Lala Mara, First Lady of Fiji
- 1935 - Floyd Patterson, American boxer
- 1937 - Grace Bumbry, American singer
- 1937 - Dyan Cannon, American actress
- 1940 - Helmut Jahn, German architect
- 1940 - Brian David Josephson, Welsh physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1940 - Gao Xingjian, Chinese-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1941 - Maureen Reagan, American political activist (d. 2001)
- 1943 - Doris Kearns Goodwin, American writer
- 1945 - Richard R. Schrock, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1953 - Norberto Alonso, Argentine footballer
- 1953 - George Tenet, American Central Intelligence Agency director
- 1956 - Bernard Sumner, English musician (New Order)
- 1957 - Patty Loveless, American singer
- 1958 - Matt Frewer, American actor
- 1958 - Gary Jones, Welsh-born actor
- 1960 - Michael Stipe, American singer (R.E.M.)
- 1962 - Peter Steele, American singer and bassist (Type O Negative)
- 1962 - Robin Guthrie, Scottish guitarist
- 1963 - Dave Foley, Canadian comedian and actor
- 1963 - Till Lindemann, German singer (Rammstein)
- 1965 - Julia Ormond, English actress
- 1966 - Deana Carter, American singer
- 1978 - Dwight Freeney, American football player
- 1978 - Dominik Hrbatý, Slovakian tennis player
- 1979 - Jeph Howard, American musician (The Used)
- 1986 - James Milner, English footballer

Deaths


- 1248 - King Sancho II of Portugal (b. 1207)
- 1564 - Hosokawa Ujitsuna, Japanese military commander (b. 1514)
- 1695 - François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Luxembourg, French general (b. 1628)
- 1752 - Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (b. 1704)
- 1761 - Stephen Hales, English physiologist, chemist, and inventor (b. 1677)
- 1782 - Ange-Jacques Gabriel, French architect (b. 1698)
- 1804 - Charlotte Lennox, English author and poet
- 1821 - Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774)
- 1825 - King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (b. 1751)
- 1831 - James Monroe, President of the United States (b. 1758)
- 1877 - Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (b. 1794)
- 1896 - Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German Old Catholic bishop (b. 1821)
- 1903 - Gulstan Ropert, Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1839)
- 1940 - Flora Finch, English-born comedienne and actress (b. 1869)
- 1941 - Henri Bergson, French philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1859)
- 1960 - Albert Camus, Algerian-born French philosopher and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (automobile accident) (b. 1913)
- 1961 - Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)
- 1965 - T. S. Eliot, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- 1967 - Donald Campbell, English water speed record setter (b. 1921)
- 1969 - Violet and Daisy Hilton, English conjoined twin actresses (b. 1908)
- 1970 - Jean-Etienne Valluy, French general (b. 1899)
- 1985 - Brian Horrocks, British general (b. 1895)
- 1986 - Christopher Isherwood, English writer (b. 1904)
- 1986 - Phil Lynott, Irish musician (b. 1949)
- 1990 - Doc Edgerton, American electrical engineer (b. 1903)
- 1998 - Mae Questel, American actress (b. 1908)
- 1999 - Iron Eyes Cody, American actor (b. 1904)
- 2003 - Conrad Hall, American cinematographer (b. 1927)
- 2003 - Yfrah Neaman, Lebanese-born violinist (b. 1923)
- 2004 - Joan Aiken, English author (b. 1924)
- 2004 - Brian Gibson, English film director (b. 1944)
- 2004 - Jake Hess, American singer (b. 1927)
- 2004 - Jeff Nuttall, English writer, publisher, actor, artist, and jazz trumpeter (b. 1933)
- 2004 - John Toland, American author and historian (b. 1912)
- 2005 - Humphrey Carpenter, English author and biographer (b. 1946)
- 2005 - Ali al-Haidri, Iraqi governor of Baghdad (assassinated)
- 2005 - Frank Harary, American mathematician (b. 1921)
- 2005 - Robert Heilbroner, American economist (b. 1919)
- 2005 - Bud Poile, Canadian hockey player (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances


- Feast day of St Elizabeth Ann Seton
- The tenth day and eleventh night of Christmas in Western Christianity  

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/4 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 3 - January 5 - December 4 - February 4 — listing of all days ko:1월 4일 ja:1月4日 simple:January 4

General

General is a high military rank, used by nearly every country in the world. General may be a rank on its own, or can be used as a generic term for "general officers". In most nations, the various grades of General are at the top of the rank structure; but some countries have even higher ranks such as Field Marshal or Marshal. General Officer, often referred to less formally and imprecisely as "General", refers to a military officer who holds any rank grade of General. The exact rank of a general may be determined by combining a prefix (e.g. Major General) or suffix (e.g. General of the Army) with the word general. A General, without prefix or suffix (and sometimes referred to informally as a "full general"), is usually the most senior general officer rank, above Lieutenant General. In some armies, however, the rank of Captain General, General of the Army, Army General or Colonel General occupied or occupies this position. These ranks may be considered to be equivalent to a full General or to a Field Marshal, depending on the army in question. While historically an army rank, General is also used in most air forces, although those based on the British Royal Air Force use Air Marshal instead, with Air Officer being the generic title. In most navies of the world, the equivalent rank is Admiral and the generic term is Flag Officer; however a noteworthy historical exception was the Cromwellian naval rank General at sea. The rank of General began appearing around the time of the organization of professional armies in the 17th century. At first, it was added as an adjective to existing names of ranks, yielding Colonel General, Captain General, Lieutenant General and Sergeant Major General. These titles were used to distinguish the ruler's most important officers and usually involved a certain amount of negotiation over precedence.

General ranks by seniority

The following are the commoner modern grades of General, listed by seniority. Not all countries use all these ranks, although the lowest four are common to many. The highest rank is only used in the US. Grades of general are also not necessarily equal in all countries (for instance, in some countries Major General is the lowest general officer rank and may well be closer to Brigadier General in countries that have them). In some European and Commonwealth nations, the equivalent to Brigadier General is Brigadier, which is not considered to be a general officer rank, although it is generally considered to be equivalent to the rank of Brigadier General. During World War I and World War II, the German Navy maintained a rank known as General Admiral, but this was a naval position unconnected to the regular land forces rank of General. The rank of General may also be found commonly in fiction sources especially war dramas or science fiction settings.

General ranks by country

The following articles deal with the rank of General as it is employed in the militaries of various countries.
- Aluf (Israel)
- Général (France)
- General (Germany)
- General (Switzerland)
- General (United Kingdom)
- General (United States)
- Daejang (North Korea)
- Taejang (South Korea)

See also


- Generalissimo
- Shogun
- Comparative military ranks
- U.S. Army officer rank insignia
- British Army officer rank insignia
- Polish Armed Forces rank insignia

External links


- [http://www.generals.dk/ Generals of World War II]
- [http://schema-root.org/region/americas/north_america/usa/government/executive/departments/defense/personnel/generals/ Schema-root.org: US Generals] News feeds for US Generals in the news Category:Military ranks
- ja:将軍

Jean-Claude Valluy

Jean-Claude Valluy, an engineer, was the father of Jean-Etienne Valluy (with Jeanne Marie Cossanges).

Jeanne Marie Cossanges

Jeanne Marie Cossanges was the mother of Jean-Etienne Valluy with Jean-Claude Valluy.

École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr

The École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, "Special Military School of St Cyr") is the foremost French military academy. It is often referred to as Saint-Cyr. Founded by Napoleon in 1802, and initially located in Saint-Cyr l'École, it was moved to Coëtquidan (Brittany) in 1945.

Alumni include


- Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc (1922)
- Philippe Leclerc de Hautecloque (1902-1947) - 1924
- Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) - 1912
- Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (1889-1952)
- Alphonse Juin (1888-1967) - 1912
- Maxime Weygand (1867-1965) - 1897
- Louis Franchet d'Espèrey (1856-1942) - 1876
- Philippe Pétain (1856-1951)
- Hubert Lyautey (1854-1934)
- Joseph Gallieni (1849-1916)
- François Certain Canrobert (1809-1895) - 1828
- Patrice MacMahon (1808-1893) - 1827
- Aimable Jean Jacques Pélissier (1794-1864)

External links


- [http://www.st-cyr.terre.defense.gouv.fr/ Official website (in French)]
- [http://www.norwich.edu/academics/humanities/foreignexchange.html Presentation on St-Cyr in English, on the website of Norwich University, Vermont] (Information on Norwich's study-abroad program at St-Cyr)
- [http://www.defense.gouv.fr/sites/terre/votre_espace/recrutement_et_formation/commandement_de_la_formation_de_l_armee_de_terre/ecoles_de_formation_initiale/les_ecoles__militaires_de_coetquidan_1 Presentation on the website of the French Ministry of Defense (in French)]
- [http://www.saint-cyr.org "La Saint-Cyrienne": Association of cadets and former cadets of St-Cyr (in French)] Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr Category:French military academies

Brigadier General

Brigadier General (sometimes known as a one-star general from the United States insignia) is the lowest rank of general officer in the United States and other countries, ranking just above Colonel and just below Major General.

Argentina

The rank of Brigadier General (with some local variations) is used on both the Argentine Army and the Argentine Air Force. In both cases, the use of the rank is different than that of other military forces of the world. The Army's rank of General de Brigada can be translated as Brigadier General, although a more exact translation would be "Brigade General". It should be noted that General de Brigada is actually a two-star general rank, as the one-star rank in the Argentine Army is the rank of Coronel Mayor (Senior Colonel). Unlike other armed forces, the rank of Brigadier General is actually the highest rank in the Argentine Air Force, roughly equal to a four-star General in other services. This is due to the use of the rank of Brigadier and its derivatives to designate general-rank officers in the Air Force. The rank of Brigadier General is reserved to the Chief of the General Staff of the Air Force, as well as the Chief of the Joint General Staff if he should be an Air Force officer.

Australia

In the Australian Imperial Force during World War I, the rank of Brigadier-General was always temporary and held only while the officer was posted to a particular task, typically the command of a brigade. When posted elsewhere, the rank would be relinquished and the former rank resumed. This policy prevented an accumulation of high-ranking general officers brought about by the relatively high turnover of brigade commanders. As in the United Kingdom, the rank was later replaced by Brigadier.

Germany

The equivalent modern German rank is Brigadegeneral. The concept of a Brigadier General rank is relatively new, as prior to 1950 the lowest German General Officer rank was Generalmajor, which was often considered equivalent to Brigadier General in other armies.

Israel

In the Israeli Defense Forces, the rank of Brigadier General is called Tat Aluf and is the third highest rank, below Aluf (Major General) and Rav Aluf (Lieutenant General or General).

Korea

General The rank of Brigadier General is known in South Korea as Chunjang and is a direct equivalent to the United States one star rank, with very similar insignia. The military of North Korea does not technically maintain a Brigadier General rank, but the first rank of Major General (Sojang) displays one star as its insignia and is the effective equivalent.

United Kingdom

The rank of Brigadier-General was abolished in the British Army and Royal Marines in 1922. It was replaced initially by the appointment of Colonel-Commandant, but this was seen as rather un-British and in 1928 was replaced by the appointment of Brigadier (which became a full rank after World War II). The old rank of Brigadier General has since been reintroduced in Canada and some other Commonwealth countries. Strictly speaking, a Brigadier in the British Army is the highest field officer rank - hence the dropping of the word "general" from the rank - whereas a Brigadier-General was the lowest general officer rank. In NATO rank equivalency, however, the ranks are considered equal. In the Royal Air Force and other Commonwealth air forces that use similar ranks, the equivalent rank is Air Commodore.

United States

Air Commodore The rank of Brigadier General has existed in the United States armed forces since the American Revolutionary War. A Brigadier General was at first strictly an infantry officer who commanded a brigade, but the responsibilities of the rank drastically expanded throughout the 19th and 20th century. The rank was the equivalent to the United States Navy rank of Commodore, which later became known as Rear Admiral Lower Half. The insignia for a Brigadier General is one silver star worn on the shoudler or collar, with the insignia unchanged dating back to the creation of the rank some two centuries ago. Since the Mexican-American War, however, the lower rank of Colonel has been the normal rank appointed to command a brigade. Today, an Army or Marine Corps Brigadier General typically serves as Deputy Commander to the Commanding General of a division or division-sized units and assists in overseeing the planning and coordination of a mission.

List of notable Brigadier Generals


- Kit Carson (US Army)
- Martin Dempsey (US Army)
- Reginald Dyer (Indian Army)
- Janis Karpinski (US Army)
- Lee Hsien Loong (Singapore Army)
- James Stewart (U.S. Air Force (Reserve))
- Paul Tibbets (US Air Force)
- Chuck Yeager (US Air Force)
- Jonathan Moulton (New Hampshire Militia) Please see: "General (fiction)" for fictional characters who have held the rank of Brigadier General

See also


- wiktionary definition of General.
- Comparative military ranks
- U.S. Army officer rank insignia
- British Army officer rank insignia
- Military unit Category:Military ranks

1943

1943 (MCMXLIII) is a common year starting on Friday.

Events

January


- January 4 - End of term for Culbert Olson, 29th Governor of California. He is succeeded by Earl Warren.
- January 11 - The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China.
- January 11 - General Juanto dies in Argentina - Ramón Castillo succeeds him
- January 12 - Jan Campert, Dutch journalist and writer, dies in Neuengamme concentration camp
- January 13 - Richard Moll, actor
- January 14 - Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to travel by airplane while in office (Miami, Florida to Morocco to meet with Winston Churchill to discuss World War II).
- January 15 - World War II: Japanese are driven off Guadalcanal.
- January 15 - The world's largest office building, The Pentagon, is dedicated (Arlington, Virginia).
- January 18 - World War II: Soviet officials announce they have broken the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad.
- January 18 - The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto rise up for the first time, starting the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
- January 23 - World War II: British forces capture Tripoli from the Nazis.
- January 23 - In Spearfish, South Dakota, temperature rises from -20 to +7 degrees Celsius in two minutes
- January 23 - Duke Ellington plays at New York City's Carnegie Hall for the first time.
- January 24 - World War II: