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Jean-Pierre Blanchard

Jean-Pierre Blanchard

Jean-Pierre Blanchard (aka Jean Pierre François Blanchard), (7 July 1753 – 7 March 1809) was a French inventor, most remembered a pioneer in aviation and ballooning. Blanchard made his first successful balloon flight in 1784 and flew with Dr. John Jeffries in the first flight over the English Channel in 1785. In 1793, Blanchard conducted the first balloon flight in North America, ascending from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and landing in Deptford, Gloucester County, New Jersey. One of the flight's witnesses that day was President George Washington. Blanchard also holds the record of first balloon flights in Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland. In 1809 he fell from his balloon and was killed at the Hague. Blanchard, Jean-Pierre Blanchard, Jean-Pierre Blanchard, Jean-Pierre

7 July

July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 177 days remaining.

Events


- 1456 - Joan of Arc is acquitted of heresy (having been executed in 1431).
- 1534 - European colonization of the Americas: First known exchange between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.
- 1543 - French troops invade Luxembourg.
- 1798 - Quasi-War: The U.S. Congress rescinds treaties with France sparking the 'war.'
- 1799 - Ranjit Singh's men take up their positions outside Lahore.
- 1807 - Napoleonic Wars: Peace of Tilsit between France, Prussia and Russia ends the Fourth Coalition.
- 1846 - Mexican War: American troops occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the United States annexation of California.
- 1863 - United States begins first military draft; exemptions cost $100
- 1865 - American Civil War: Four conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln are hanged.
- 1898 - History of United States imperialism: President of the United States William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii as a territory of the United States.
- 1917 - Russian Revolution: Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov forms Provisional Government in Russia after the deposing of the tsar.
- 1930 - Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser begins construction of the Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam).
- 1937 - Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Lugou Bridge - Japanese forces invade Beijing, China.
- 1941 - World War II: American forces land in Iceland to forestall an invasion by Germany.
- 1946 - Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first American to be canonized.
- 1947 - Downed UFO believed to be found in the Roswell UFO incident.
- 1954 - In Memphis, Tennessee, WHBQ becomes the first radio station to air an Elvis Presley record.
- 1958 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law.
- 1959 - 14:28 UT Venus occults the star Regulus. This rare event was used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of the Venusian atmosphere.
- 1969 - In Canada, the Official Languages Act is adopted making the French language equal to the English language throughout the Federal government.
- 1978 - The Solomon Islands become independent from the United Kingdom.
- 1983 - Cold War: Samantha Smith, a U.S. schoolgirl, flies to the Soviet Union at the invitation of Premier Yuri Andropov
- 1991 - Yugoslav Wars: Brioni Agreement ended ten-day independence war in Slovenia against the rest of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
- 1994 - Aden is occupied by troops from North Yemen, completing the reunification of Yemen.
- 2003 - The United Communist Party of Armenia was formed.
- 2004 - The last patent on the LZW compression algorithm (in Canada) expires.
- 2005 - Terrorist explosions occur on the London Underground network and on a London Bus.

Births


- 1053 - Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1129)
- 1119 - Emperor Sutoku of Japan (d. 1164)
- 1586 - Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English statesman (d. 1646)
- 1752 - Joseph-Marie Jacquard, French inventor (d. 1834)
- 1843 - Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1926)
- 1848 - Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, President of Brazil
- 1855 - Ludwig Ganghofer, German writer (d. 1920)
- 1860 - Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911)
- 1884 - Lion Feuchtwanger, German dramatist and narrator (d. 1958)
- 1887 - Marc Chagall, Russian-born painter (d. 1985)
- 1893 - Miroslav Krleža, Croatian writer (d. 1981)
- 1899 - George Cukor, American director (d. 1983)
- 1901 - Vittorio De Sica, Italian director (d. 1974)
- 1901 - Sam Katzman, American film producer (d. 1973)
- 1902 - Ted "Double Duty" Radcliffe, baseball player (d. 2005)
- 1906 - William Feller, Croatian mathematician (d.1970)
- 1906 - Leroy "Satchel" Paige, baseball player (d. 1982)
- 1907 - Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction writer (d. 1988)
- 1911 - Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian-born composer
- 1915 - Yul Brynner, Russian-born actor (d. 1985)
- 1917 - Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
- 1919 - Jon Pertwee, British actor (d. 1996)
- 1922 - Pierre Cardin, French fashion designer
- 1927 - Doc Severinsen, American composer and musician
- 1932 - Josef Zawinul, Austrian musician and composer
- 1933 - Murray Halberg, New Zealand runner
- 1937 - Tung Chee-Hwa, Hong Kong administrator
- 1940 - Ringo Starr, English drummer and singer (The Beatles)
- 1941 - Michael Howard, British politician
- 1941 - Bill Oddie, English comedian and ornithologist
- 1942 - Carmen Duncan, Australian actress
- 1943 - Toto Cutugno, Italian singer
- 1945 - Michael Ancram, British politician
- 1947 - Howard Rheingold American author
- 1949 - Shelley Duvall, American actress
- 1959 - Ben Linder, American engineer (murdered) (d. 1987)
- 1966 - Gundula Krause, German folk violinist
- 1967 - Jackie Neal, American singer
- 1969 - Joe Sakic, Canadian hockey player
- 1974 - Karlis Skrastins, Latvian-born hockey player
- 1975 - Michael Voss, Australian footballer
- 1980 - Deidre Downs, American beauty queen
- 1980 - Michelle Kwan, American figure skater
- 1988 - Kaci Brown, Singer Songwriter

Deaths


- 1129 - Emperor Shirakawa, emperor of Japan (b. 1053)
- 1304 - Pope Benedict XI (b. 1240)
- 1307 - King Edward I of England (b. 1239)
- 1537 - Madeleine de Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520)
- 1572 - King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (b. 1520)
- 1573 - Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Italian architect (b. 1507)
- 1647 - Thomas Hooker, Connecticut colonist (b. 1586)
- 1701 - William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (b. 1631)
- 1713 - Henry Compton, Bishop of Oxford and privy councillor (b. 1632)
- 1764 - William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath, English politician (b. 1683)
- 1776 - Jeremiah Markland, English classical scholar (b. 1693)
- 1790 - François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher (b. 1721)
- 1816 - Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright and politician (b. 1751)
- 1855 - Konstantin Batyushkov, Russian poet (b. 1787)
- 1880 - Lydia Child, American novelist and abolitionist (b. 1802)
- 1901 - Johanna Spyri, Swiss author (b. 1827)
- 1930 - Arthur Conan Doyle, Scottish writer (b. 1859)
- 1932 - Alexander Grin, Russian novelist (b. 1880)
- 1949 - Bunk Johnson, American musician (b. 1879 or 1889)
- 1956 - Gottfried Benn, German poet (b. 1886)
- 1964 - Lillian Copeland, American athlete (b. 1904)
- 1965 - Moshe Sharett, second Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1894)
- 1967 - Vivien Leigh, English actress (b. 1913)
- 1971 - Claude Gauvreau, Canadian writer (b. 1925)
- 1971 - Ub Iwerks, American artist, director, and cartoonist (b1901)
- 1972 - Athenagoras, Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1886)
- 1972 - King Talal of Jordan (b. 1909)
- 1973 - Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (b. 1895)
- 1973 - Veronica Lake, American actress (b. 1919)
- 1980 - Dore Schary, American film producer and writer (b. 1905)
- 1990 - Bill Cullen, American game show host (b. 1920)
- 2000 - Kenny Irwin, Jr., American race car driver (b. 1969)
- 2003 - Buddy Ebsen, American actor (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Izhak Graziani, Bulgarian-born conductor (b. 1924)
- 2005 - Casualties of the 7 July 2005 London bombings

Holidays and observances


- Bhutan - Guru Rinpoche
- Japan - Tanabata
- Roman Empire - Nonae Caprotinae festival in honor of Juno
- Russia and Ukraine - Ivan Kupala
- Solomon Islands - Independence Day (1978)
- Spain - San Fermín festival or running of the bulls, in Pamplona, Navarre.
- Tanzania - Saba Saba Day (or Peasants' Day, founding of the TANU party, 1954)
- Yemen - Unity Factory Day
- Chicago, Illinois - Smashing Pumpkins Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/7 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 6 - July 8 - June 7 - August 7 -- listing of all days ko:7월 7일 ms:7 Julai ja:7月7日 simple:July 7 th:7 กรกฎาคม

1753

1753 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 1 - Britain and its colonies adopt the idea that 1st January should be New Year's Day, following adoption of the Gregorian calendar in September 1752. The concept was first conceived in 1582, but suffered from slow public adoption.
- January 13 - Sentenced conspirators of the Tavora affair are executed
- January 29 - After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted. Following criminal trial causes uproar.
- April 5 – Founding charter of the British Museum
- Sweden adopts Gregorian calendar
- British parliament extends citizenship to Jews
- Publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus on 1st May, adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as the formal start date of the scientific classification of plants
- James Lind writes A Treatise of the Scurvy
- Tobias Smollett writes Ferdinand Count Fathom
- Robert Wallace writes On the Numbers of Man

Births


- February 12 - François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers, French admiral (d. 1798)
- February 20 - Louis Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (d. 1815)
- March 8 - William Roscoe, English writer (d. 1831)
- March 9 - Jean-Baptiste Kleber, French general (d. 1800)
- March 26 - Benjamin Thompson, American physicist and inventor (d. 1814)
- May 8 - Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican Catholic priest and revolutionary (d. 1811)
- May 13 - Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot, French general, politician, and mathematician (d. 1823)
- July 9 - William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock, Governor of Newfoundland (d. 1825)
- August 10 - Edmund Randolph, American politician (d. 1813)
- August 12 - Thomas Bewick, English wood engraver (d. 1828)
- September 10 - John Soane, British architect (d. 1837)
- December 3 - Samuel Crompton, English inventor (d. 1827)
- Phillis Wheatley, African-born poet (d. 1784)

Deaths


- January 11 - Sir Hans Sloane, Irish physician (b. 1660)
- January 14 - George Berkeley, Irish philosopher (b. 1685)
- August 6 - Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Russian physicist (struck by lightning) (b. 1711)
- August 19 - Balthasar Neumann, German architect and military engineer (b. 1687)
- December 15 - Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, English architect (b. 1694) Category:1753 ko:1753년

1809

1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 5 - Treaty of Dardanelles between Britain and France concluded
- January 16 - Peninsular War: The British defeat the French at the Battle of Corunna.
- February 3 - Illinois Territory was created.
- February 8 - Franz I of Austria declares war on France
- February 11 - Robert Fulton patents the steamboat.
- February 20 - A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States states that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.
- March 4 - James Madison succeeds Thomas Jefferson as the President of the United States.
- March 13 - Military coup ousts Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden - he is confined in the Gripsholm castle.
- March 29 - At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the Grand Duchy of Finland from Sweden. King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates after a coup d'état and is later exiled.
- April 9 - Tyroleans rise against French and Bavarian occupation - they include militia lead by Andreas Hofer.
- April 14 - Napoleon defeats Austrians in the Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria
- April 19 - Battle of Raszyn between armies of Austria (attackers) and Duchy of Warsaw (defenders) as a part of struggles of the Fifth Coalition (1809). Austrian army was defeated.
- April 22 - Battle at Eckmuhl - French troops beat Austrians under archduke Karl
- May - Napoleon captures Vienna, is excommunicated, imprisons pope Pius VII.
- May 5 - Mary Kies is the first woman to be awarded a patent.
- May 5 - The Swiss canton of Aargau denies Jews citizenship.
- May 17 - Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French empire. When he announces Pope's secular power has ended, pope excommunicates him.
- May 21 - Battle at Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under archduke Karl beat French under Napoleon
- May 24 - Dartmoor Prison opens, first to house French prisoners of war
- June 1 - Allardyce Barclay begins a bet of walking 1 mile every hour for 1,000 hours. Each hour he walked a mile round trip from his home
- June 6 - Sweden promulgates a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after authoritarian rule since 1772.
- June 7 - Shoja Shah of Afghanistan signs a treaty with the British. Only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah.
- July 5-6 - Battle of Wagram - Napoleon defeats the Austrians
- July 6 - French troops arrest Pope Pius VII and take him to Liguria
- July 30 - British invasion army lands in Walcheren
- August 8 - 70 disciples of Gaon of Vilnus arrive in Palestine
- August 10 - Ecuador declares independence from Spain
- August 11 - Severe earthquakes strike the Azores and sinks the village of São Miguel
- September 17 - Peace of Hamina - Peace between Russia and Sweden in the Finnish War. The territory to become the Grand Duchy of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.
- September 18 - Royal Opera House opens in London
- October 11 - Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.
- October 14 - Treaty of Schoenbrunn cedes Illyrian provinces to France
- December 26 - British invasion troop leaves Vlissingen
- December 30 - Wearing masks at balls forbidden in Boston, Massachusetts
- USS Constitution (Old Ironsides) is recommissioned as flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron.
- Louis Poinsot describes the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot solids.
- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes Philosophie Zoologique, outlining the concept of evolution.
- First running of the Two Thousand Guineas Stakes horse race in England.
- Miami University (Ohio) established by congressional order by George Washington.

Ongoing events


- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Peninsular War/Finnish War/Fifth Coalition

Births


- :Category:1809 births
- January 4 - Louis Braille, French teacher of the blind (d. 1852).
- January 15 - Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, French anarchist (d. 1864)
- January 19 - Edgar Allan Poe, American writer and poet (d. 1849)
- February 3 - Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)
- February 12 - Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (d. 1865)
- February 12 - Charles Darwin, British naturalist (d. 1882)
- February 15 - Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (d. 1884)
- March 31 - Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (d. 1852)
- April 15 - Hermann Gunter Grassmann, Prussian mathematician (d. 1877)
- June 4 - Columbus Delano, American statesman (d. 1896)
- June 4 - John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (d. 1871)
- June 8 - Richard Wigginton Thompson, American politician (d. 1900)
- August 6 - Alfred Lord Tennyson, British poet (d. 1892)
- August 8 - Heinrich Abeken, German theologian (d. 1872)
- August 27 - Hannibal Hamlin, American politician (d. 1891)
- August 29 - Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (d. 1894)
- October 22 - Volney E. Howard, American politician (d. 1889)
- December 24 - Kit Carson, American frontiersman (d. 1868)
- December 29 - William Ewart Gladstone, British politician (d. 1898)

Deaths


- January 16 - John Moore, British general (killed in battle) (b. 1761)
- March 7 - Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Austrian composer (b. 1736)
- March 25 - Anna Seward, English writer (b. 1747)
- March 27 - Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter (b. 1716)
- May 13 - Beilby Porteus, English bishop and abolitionist (b. 1731)
- May 17 - Leopold Auenbrugger, Austrian physician (b. 1722)
- May 31 - Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer (b. 1732)
- May 31 - Jean Lannes, French marshal (mortally wounded in battle (b. 1769)
- June 4 - Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard, Danish painter (b. 1743)
- June 8 - Thomas Paine, American revolutionary writer (b. 1737)
- August 18 - Matthew Boulton, English manufacturer and engineer (b. 1728)
- October 8 - James Elphinston, Scottish philologist (b. 1721)
- October 11 - Meriwether Lewis, American explorer (suicide) (b. 1774)
- November 9 - Paul Sandby, English cartographer and painter (b. 1725) Category:1809 ko:1809년 ms:1809 simple:1809



Ballooning

::For the impedance converter, see the article on balun. baluns.]] A balloon is a flexible bag normally filled with air or gas. Some balloons are purely decorative, others are used for specific purposes. Early balloons were made of dried animal bladders. Modern balloons can be made from materials such as rubber, latex, chloroprene or a nylon fabric.

Usage of Balloons


- small balloons (volume of a few litres)
  - toy balloon
  - decoration
  - solar balloon
  - balloon mail as part of a balloon flight competition or to spread information
  - Balloon helicopter
  - Demonstration of rocket propulsion by letting the gas stream away (balloon rocket)
  - Ceiling balloon
- medium balloons (volume of hundreds to thousands of litres)
  - transport of bombs (in World War II, FUGU-Balloon)
  - transport of propaganda (in World War II and in the Cold War)
  - Ceiling balloon
  - Weather balloon used with a Radiosonde
- as fixed balloon
  - for carrying advertising signs
  - to carry antennae for LF and VLF
  - party balloon
- large balloons (volume up to 12000 cubic metres)
  - fixed balloon
    - as manned observation post (before World War II)
    - barrage balloon
    - observation balloon for military reconnaissance
    - positioning atomic bombs for bomb tests in the atmosphere
  - free flying balloons
    - lifting people, usually with a hot air balloon
    - airship actually a buoyant aircraft rather than a balloon
    - research balloon with instrumentation, also to carry telescopes
    - rockoon
    - balloon satellite for space research.
    - espionage balloon for military reconnaissance espionage balloon

Balloons as flying machines

Large balloons filled with hot air or buoyant gas have been used as flying machines since the 18th century. See Balloon (aircraft) and Hot air balloon Such balloons, which lift a payload using buoyancy, should not be confused with balloons in space, launched with a rocket, which are simply large deployable structures. Balloons are sometimes used in form of a rockoon as carrier for rockets. Examples:
- Echo satellite
- Decoys accompanying ICBMs in midcourse, see also countermeasure

Balloons as decoration or entertainment

countermeasure Party balloons are mostly made of natural latex tapped from rubber trees and can be filled with air, helium, water, or any other suitable liquid or gas. The rubber makes the volume adjustable. Filling with air is done with the mouth or with a pump. When rubber balloons are filled with helium so that they float (restrained by ribbons or strings) they can hold their shape for only a few hours. The enclosed air or helium escapes through small pores in the rubber. If helium is used the gas escapes quicker than in the case of air because the helium atoms are much smaller than the nitrogen and oxygen molecules in air. Even a perfect rubber membrane eventually loses the gas to the outside, and its contents are contaminated by oxygen and nitrogen migrating inward from the outside. The gases in question actually dissolve in the rubber on one side and are released from solution on the other. The process by which a substance or solute migrates from a region of high concentration, through a barrier or membrane, to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion. The inside of balloons can be treated with a special gel (e.g. "Hi Float" brand) which coats the inside of the balloon to reduce the helium leakage, thus increasing float time. Latex rubber balloons are completely biodegradable, but cannot safely be released into the environment: they are a serious hazard to birds and wetland animals that confuse the balloons for food. Beginning in the early 1990s, some more expensive (and longer-lasting) helium balloons have been made of thin, unstretchable, impermeable metallized nylon films. These balloons are often mistakenly called Mylar balloons. These balloons have attractive shiny reflective surfaces and are often printed with colour pictures and patterns. The most important attributes of metallized nylon for balloons are its light weight, increasing buoyancy and its ability to keep the helium gas from escaping for several weeks. However, there has been some environmental concern, since the metallized nylon does not biodegrade or shred as a rubber balloon does, and a helium balloon released into the atmosphere can travel a long way before finally bursting or deflating. Release of these types of balloons into the atmosphere is harmful to the environment. Partygoers sometimes entertain each other by untying a balloon and inhaling the helium. Because the speed of sound in helium is about twice that in air, the helium causes the vocal tract to become more responsive to high-pitched sounds and less responsive to lower ones. The result is a voice that sounds high-pitched (and usually very funny). Balloon artists are entertainers who twist and tie inflated tubular balloons into sculptures (see also balloon animal). The balloons used for balloon sculpture are made of extra-stretchy rubber so that they can be twisted and tied without bursting. Since the pressure required to inflate a balloon is inversely proportional to the diameter of the balloon, these tiny tubular balloons are extremely hard to inflate initially. A pump is usually used to inflate these balloons. Decorators may use dozens of helium balloons to create balloon sculptures. Usually the round shape of the balloon restricts these to simple arches or walls, but on occasion more ambitious "sculptures" have been attempted with great success. The balloon decorating industry offers everything from simple balloon columns to stunning, very large and detailed sculptures. Water balloons are thin, small rubber balloons intended to be easily broken. They are usually used by children, who throw them at each other, trying to get each other wet - see practical joke.

Balloons in medicine

Angioplasty is a surgical procedure in which very small balloons are inserted into blocked or partially blocked blood vessels near the heart. Once in place, the balloon can be inflated to clear or compress arterial plaque, and to stretch the walls of the vein. A small stent can be inserted in its place to keep the vessel open after the balloon's removal. See myocardial infarction. Certain catheters have balloons at their tip to keep them from slipping out, for example the balloon of a Foley catheter is insufflated when the catheter is inserted into the urinary bladder and secures its position.

Records

Maximum flight heights

Manned Balloon The altitude record for manned balloons is 34668 metres. It was made by Malcolm D. Ross and Victor E. Prather over the Gulf of Mexico in 1961. Unmanned Balloon The altitude record for unmanned balloons is (1991 edition of Guinness Book) 51.8 kilometres. The vehicle was a Winzen-Balloon with a volume of 1.35 million cubic metres, which was launched in October 1972 in Chico, California, USA. This is the greatest altitude ever reached by a flying object requiring the surrounding air. Higher altitudes can only be reached by ballistic vehicles such as rockets, rocket planes or projectiles.

Balloon tank

See Atlas (rocket).

Usage of Balloons on other planets

In 1984 the Russian space probe Vega released two aerobots into the atmosphere of Venus, from which signals were received for two days.

Balloons in movies


- The Balloonatic (1923)
- The Wizard of Oz (1939)
- Trottie True (1949)
- Globex's messy break (1954)
- Around the World in Eighty Days (1956)
- The Red Balloon (1956)
- Stowaway in the Sky (1960)
- Mysterious Island (1961)
- Five Weeks in a Balloon (1962)
- The Great Race (1965)
- Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines, or How I Flew from London to Paris in 25 hours 11 minutes (1965)
- Charlie Bubbles (1967)
- Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
- The Great Bank Robbery (1969)
- The Muppet Movie (1979)
- The Chipmunk Adventure (1987)
- Batman (1989)
- Around the World in 80 Days (2004)

See also


- balloon mail
- radiosonde
- aerobot
- rockoon
- Balloon fetish
- speech balloon
- balloon animal
- balloon modelling

External links


- [http://www.art-of-balloon-animals.ask-the-monkey.com Work of a typical balloon artist]
- [http://www.mbfloyd.com/ Balloon art instructions and gallery] Category:Parties ja:風船

John Jeffries

Dr. John Jeffries (1745-1819) was a Boston physician, scientist, and a military surgeon with the British army in Nova Scotia and New York during the American Revolution. He is best known for accompanying Jean-Pierre Blanchard on his 1785 balloon flight across the English Channel. Dr. John Jeffries also played a large role in the trial for the Boston Massacre. He was the star witness for the defense. He was the surgeon for Patric Carr, who was one of the Americans that was shot. (Thank you to Daniel of Seattle for editing this page) Jeffries, John Jeffries, John Jeffries, John Jeffries, John

English Channel

The English Channel (French: La Manche, IPA: , "the sleeve"), also for some time known in England as the British Sea, is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 563 km (350 mi) long and at its widest is 240 km (150 mi). The Strait of Dover is the narrowest part of the channel, being only 34 km (21 mi) from Dover to Cap Gris-Nez, and is located at the eastern end of the English Channel, where it meets the North Sea. The Channel is quite shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m at its widest part, reducing to about 45 m between Dover and Calais, then remaining shallow where it lies over the remains of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries. (See 'Formation of the Channel') The Channel Islands lie in the Channel, close to the French side. The Isles of Scilly in the UK and Ushant in France mark the western end of the Channel. The French département of Manche, which incorporates the Cotentin Peninsula that juts out into the Channel, takes its name from the surrounding seaway.

Formation of the Channel

Before the end of the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago, the British Isles were part of mainland Europe. As the icesheet melted, a large freshwater lake formed in the southern part of what is now the North Sea. The outflow channel from the lake entered the Atlantic Ocean in the region of Dover and Calais. At some point around 6500 BC, catastrophic erosion swept away the chalk to create the English Channel, which has since been further widened by wave action on the soft, chalk cliffs. The same mechanism continues to widen the English Channel today.

Historical significance

The Channel has been a key natural defence for Britain, a fact that is referred to in William Shakespeare's play Richard II: Richard II :This precious stone set in the silver sea, :Which serves it in the office of a wall :Or as a moat defensive to a house, :Against the envy of less happier lands :  – Richard II. Act 2, Scene 1. It has allowed Britain to intervene but rarely be dangerously threatened in European conflicts. Without the gap Napoleon and Hitler would possibly have been able to overcome the powerful enemy that the British state represented. Nevertheless, the Channel has been the scene of many invasions (or attempted invasions) including the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Spanish Armada in 1588, and the WWII Normandy landings in 1944. The Channel has been the scene of many naval battles, including the Battle of Goodwin Sands (1652), the Battle of Portland (1653), the Battle of La Hougue (1692) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama (1864). However, at times the Channel has served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, from pre-Roman Celtic society, the Roman imperial culture, and the foundation of Brittany by settlers from Great Britain, to the Anglo-Norman state. Cross-Channel trade has been a significant factor for societies on both sides of the Channel from prehistoric times, and a number of important ports have developed in England and in France:
- Dover
- Calais
- Dieppe, France
- Southampton
- Portsmouth
- Le Havre
- Cherbourg-Octeville Important ferry routes are
- Dover-Calais
- Newhaven-Dieppe
- Portsmouth-Caen (Ouistreham)
- Portsmouth-Cherbourg
- Portsmouth-Le Havre
- Poole-Saint Malo
- Weymouth-Saint Malo
- Plymouth-Roscoff Adding to the high level of cross-Channel traffic is the very significant traffic passing through the Channel, linking the economies of northern Europe with the rest of the world. Combined, this maritime traffic makes the Channel one of the busiest seaways in the world, accounting for a large share of global maritime trade (some sources place this at up to one quarter). The coastal resorts of the Channel, such as Brighton and Deauville, inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century which developed into the democratic seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world.

The Channel Tunnel

Nowadays, many travellers cross the English Channel underneath, by way of the Channel Tunnel or "Chunnel". This grand engineering feat, first proposed in the time of Napoleon, connects England and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris, Brussels and London on the Eurostar train.

Notable Channel crossings

On 7 January 1785 Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travelled from Dover to Calais in a gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air. Pilâtre de Rozier perished while attempting a similar balloon crossing - the first recorded air crash. William Murdoch's The Caledonia became the first steamboat to carry out a cross-channel crossing. The first person to swim the channel was Matthew Webb in 1875. In 1909, Louis Blériot (France) was the first person to fly over the English Channel in a heavier-than-air aircraft. On August 23 1910, John Moisant flew the first aircraft flight with a passenger across the English Channel. His passenger was his mechanic, Albert Fileux, and he also took his cat. On 6 August 1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim the Channel, breaking the men's record of the time by two hours. The Mountbatten class hovercraft entered commercial service in August 1968 initially operated between Dover and Boulogne but later craft also made the Ramsgate (Pegwell Bay) to Calais route. The journey time, Dover to Boulogne, was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips a day at peak times. The fastest crossing was made in 1995 at just 22 minutes. In July 1972, Lynne Cox became the youngest person to swim the English Channel at age fifteen, breaking both the men's and women's records. She swam the channel again in 1973, setting a new record time of nine hours and thirty-six minutes. In 1979, a 70 lb (32 kg) aircraft called the Gossamer Albatross won the £100,000 Kremer prize for being the first human-powered airplane to fly over the Channel. The pilot Bryan Allen pedalled for 3 hours to accomplish this feat. In 1981 the Solar Challenger became the first solar-powered airplane to complete a crossing. The fastest swim of the channel was by Chad Hundeby in 1994. He crossed the channel in 7 hours 17 minutes. In 1997 the SB Collinda was the first vessel to complete a solar-powered crossing using photovoltaic cells. On 31 July 2003, Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner, wearing high-tech carbon wings, jumped out of a plane 30,000 feet (9 100 m) above Dover, glided over the Channel, and opened his parachute above Calais. carbon On 14 June 2004, Sir Richard Branson broke the world record for crossing the Channel in an amphibious vehicle. The Gibbs Aquada, a two-seater open-top sports car, in which he did it, broke the record by some 6 hours. Other swimming crossings include: Vicki Keith (first butterfly swim crossing); Florence Chadwick (first woman to swim the Channel in both directions); Winnie Leuszler (first Canadian woman); Marilyn Bell (youngest person up to 1955); Amelia Gade Corson (first mother and second woman); Mercedes Gleitze (first Englishwoman, 7 October 1927); Comedian Doon Mackichan has also swum the channel.

See also


- :Category:Islands in English Channel
- HVDC Cross-Channel
- White cliffs of Dover
- Goodwin Sands
- Greenwich Light Vessel Automatic
- Phoenix breakwaters Category:Straits of Europe Category:Seas Category:Geography of Europe ko:영국 해협 ja:イギリス海峡

1793

1793 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 2 - Russia and Prussia partition Poland
- January 9 - Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a balloon in the United States.
- January 21 - After being found guilty of treason by the French Convention, "Citizen Capet" ie. Louis XVI of France is guillotined.
- February 1 - France declares war on Great Britain, the Netherlands (see French Revolutionary Wars)
- February 12 - The Congress of the United States passes a law legally requiring the return of slaves escaping from slave states into free territory or states, the Fugitive Slave Act
- February 25 - George Washington holds the first Cabinet meeting as President of the United States.
- February 27 - The Giles resolutions are introduced to the United States House of Representatives asking the House to condemn Alexander Hamilton's handling of loans.
- March 1 - John Langdon becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate until March 3
- March 5 - French troops are defeated by Austrian forces and Liège is recaptured
- March 7 - France declares war on Spain
- April 1 - Unsen volcano erupts in Japan and causes an earthquake. About 53.000 dead
- April 6 - Committee of Public Safety established in France with Georges Danton as its head.
- April 22 - George Washington signs the Neutrality Proclamation.
- May 31 - Regular troops under Francois Hanriet demand that the Girondins must be expelled from the national convention
- June 2 - Girondins overthrown
- June 10 - The Jardin des Plantes museum opened in Paris (a year later it would become the first public zoo).
- July 9 - Act Against Slavery passed in Upper Canada
- July 13 – Charlotte Corday kills Jean-Paul Marat in his bath
- July 22 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first Euro-American to complete a transcontinental crossing north of Mexico
- July 29 - John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there
- August 10 - Feast of Unity - Crowds in Paris burn monarchist emblems
- August 23 - Universal conscription in France
- September 5 - In France, the French National Convention votes to implement terror measures to repress French Revolutionary activities. The ensuing "Reign of Terror" will last until the spring of 1794 and causes death of 35,000-40,000 people.
- October 12 - The cornerstone of Old East, the oldest state university building in the United States, is laid in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on the campus of the University of North Carolina. The 12th of October is now celebrated at the University as University Day.
- November 8 - In Paris, the French Revolutionary government opens the Louvre to the public as a museum
- October 16 - Execution of Marie Antoinette
- October 28 - Eli Whitney applied for a patent for his cotton gin, (the patent was granted the following March).
- October 31 - Execution of arrested Girondist leaders in France in a guillotine
- November 24 – French Revolutionary Calendar begins
- December 8 - Execution of Madame du Barry
- December 9- New York City's first daily newspaper, the American Minerva, is established by Noah Webster.
- December 17 - French forces under Napoleon capture Toulon from royalists and British troops

Unknown dates


- British admiralty begins to supply citrus juice to Navy ships to prevent scurvy.
- Claude Chappe presents his semaphore in France - 15 stations built within a year.
- In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania more than 4000 die from yellow fever
- Roman Catholicism banned in France.
- First Coalition against France formed.
- Holy Roman Empire declares war on France.
- First year of regular production for the United States Mint.
- Construction begins on the United States Capitol building.
- Niccolò Paganini debuts as a violin virtuoso at age 11.

Ongoing events


- French Revolution (1789-1799)
- French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802)-First Coalition

Births


- January 3 - Lucretia Mott, American women's rights activist and abolitionist (d. 1880)
- March 2 - Sam Houston, President of the Republic of Texas (d. 1863)
- March 4 - Karl Lachmann, German philologist (d. 1851)
- April 19 - Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
- June 6 - Edward C. Delevan, American temperance movement leader (d. 1871)
- November 3 - Stephen F. Austin, American pioneer (d. 1836)

Deaths


- January 1 - Francesco Guardi, Italian painter (b. 1712)
- January 21 - King Louis XVI of France (executed) (b. 1754)
- February 1 - William Wildman Shute Barrington, British statesman (b. 1717)
- February 6 - Carlo Goldoni, Italian playwright (b. 1707)
- March 2 - Carl Gustaf Pilo, Swedish-born artist
- March 4 - Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duc de Penthièvre, French admiral (b. 1725)
- March 20 - William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, Scottish judge and politician (b. 1705)
- March 26 - John Mudge, English physician and inventor (b. 1721)
- April 15 - Ignacije Szentmartony, Croatian Jesuit missionary and geographer (b. 1718)
- April 29 - Yechezkel Landau, Polish rabbi and Talmudist (b. 1713)
- April 29 - John Michell, English scientist (b. 1724)
- May 3 - Martin Gerbert, German theologian and historian (b. 1720)
- May 7 - Pietro Nardini, Italian composer (b. 1722)
- May 20 - Charles Bonnet, Swiss naturalist (b. 1720)
- June 26 - Gilbert White, English ornithologist (b. 1720)
- July 13 - Jean Paul Marat, Swiss-born French Revolutionary leader (assassinated) (b. 1743)
- July 17 - Charlotte Corday, French assassin of Jean Paul Marat (executed) (b. 1768)
- July 23 - Roger Sherman, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1721)
- August 22 - Louis, 4th duc de Noailles, Marshal of France (b. 1713)
- August 28 - Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine, French general (executed) (b. 1740)
- October 7 - Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire, English politician (b. 1718)
- October 8 - John Hancock, American patriot and businessman (b. 1737)
- October 9 - Jean Joseph Marie Amiot, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1718)
- October 16 - Marie Antoinette, Queen of France (executed) (b. 1755)
- October 31 - Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1744)
- October 31 - Claude Fauchet, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1754)
- October 31 - Armand Gensonné, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1758)
- October 31 - Jacques Pierre Brissot, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1754)
- November 3 - Olympe de Gouges, French playwright (executed) (b. 1748)
- November 6 - Louis Philip II, Duke of Orléans, French noble and revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1747)
- November 8 - Madame Roland, French Revolutionary hostess (executed) (b. 1754)
- November 10 - Jean Marie Roland, French revolutionary leader (suicide) (b. 1734
- November 24 - Clément Charles François de Laverdy, French statesman (b. 1723)
- November 29 - Antoine Barnave, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1761)
- December 4 - Armand-Guy-Simon de Coetnempren, comte de Kersaint, French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1742)
- December 5 - Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Etienne French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1743)
- December 7 - Joseph Bara, French Revolution child-hero (b. 1780)
- December 8 - Étienne Clavière, French financier and politician (suicide) (b. 1735)
- December 8 - Madame du Barry, French courtesan (executed) (b. 1743)
- December 23 - Johann Adolph Hasse, German composer (b. 1699) Category:1793 ko:1793년 ms:1793

North America

North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean. It covers an area of 24,497,994 km² (9,458,728 sq mi), or about 4.8% of the Earth's surface. As of July 2002, its population was estimated at more than 514,600,000. It is the third largest continent in area, after Asia and Africa, and is fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. Both North and South America are named after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a previously undiscovered (by Europeans) New World. North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, the Americas, or simply America. North America's only land connection is to South America at the narrow Isthmus of Panama. (For geopolitical reasons, all of Panama – including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus – is often considered a part of North America alone.) According to some authorities, North America begins not at the Isthmus of Panama but at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with the intervening region called Central America and resting on the Caribbean Plate. Most, however, tend to see Central America as a region of North America, considering it too small to be a continent on its own. Greenland, although a part of North America geographically, is not considered to be part of the continent politically.

Physical features

Greenland, plutonic, metamorphic rock types of North America. ]] Plate tectonics recognizes the vast majority of North America as being the surface of the North American Plate. Parts of California and western Mexico are known for being the edge of the Pacific Plate, with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault. The continent can be divided into four great regions (each of which contains many sub-regions): the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic; the geologically young, mountainous west, including the Rocky Mountains, the Great Basin, California and Alaska; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast; and the varied eastern region, which includes the Appalachian Mountains, the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard, and the Florida peninsula. Mexico, with its long plateaus and cordilleras, falls largely in the western region, although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf. The western mountains are split in the middle, into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia with the Great Basin – a lower area containing smaller ranges and low-lying deserts – in between. The highest peak is Denali in Alaska. Since 1931, Rugby, North Dakota, has officially been recognized as being at the geographic center of North America. The location is marked by a 4.5 metre (15 foot) field stone obelisk. Image:North america terrain 2003 map.jpg|North America bedrock and terrain. Image:North america basement rocks.png|North American cratons and basement rocks. Image:North America Tectonic Elements.jpg|Tectonic elements of North America Image:North america craton nps.gif|North American craton.

Territories and regions

craton On the main continent landmass, there are three large and relatively populous countries:
- Canada - many large islands off the shore of North America belong to Canada, including Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands on the west, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island on the east, and the Canadian Arctic islands (including Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, and Victoria Island) in the north
- Mexico - the Revillagigedo archipelago and numerous smaller islands off its coast belong to Mexico
- The United States - the 48 contiguous states and Alaska are part of North America, while the state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean is not; the Aleutian Islands south of Alaska also belong to the U.S. At the southern end of the continent, in a relatively small area known as Central America, are the countries of:
- Belize
- Costa Rica
- El Salvador
- Guatemala
- Honduras
- Nicaragua
- Panama 1 At the southeastern end of the continent lies a chain of islands territories called the Antilles, the Caribbean or the West Indies, which include the countries:
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Bahamas
- Barbados
- Cuba
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Grenada
- Haiti
- Jamaica
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Trinidad and Tobago 1 And the dependencies:
- Anguilla (British overseas territory)
- Aruba 2 (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Cayman Islands (British overseas territory)
- Guadeloupe (French région d'outre-mer)
- Martinique (French région d'outre-mer)
- Montserrat (British overseas territory)
- Navassa Island (U.S. territory)
- Netherlands Antilles 1 (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Puerto Rico (U.S. commonwealth)
- Turks and Caicos Islands (British overseas territory)
- British Virgin Islands (British overseas territory)
- U.S. Virgin Islands (territory of the USA) Lying in the Atlantic Ocean but considered part of the continent are the dependencies:
- Bermuda, a British overseas territory found about 1,072 km (670 mi.) southeast of New York City
- Greenland, the largest island in the world and a self-governing dependency of Denmark, which is located in the far north of the continent to the east of Nunavut.
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon, a French collectivité d'outre-mer off the south coast of Newfoundland, is the last of France's once vast possessions in America north of the Caribbean. 1 These states and dependencies have territory both in North and South America.
2 These dependencies lie in South America, but are considered North American because of cultural and historical reasons.
See here for details.

Usage

The United States, Canada, and the other English-speaking nations of the Americas (Belize, Guyana, and the Anglophone Caribbean) are sometimes grouped under the term Anglo-America, while the remaining nations of North and South America are grouped under the term Latin America. Alternatively, Northern America is used to refer to Canada and the U.S. together (plus Greenland and Bermuda), while Central America is mainland North America south of the United States. The West Indies generally include all islands in the Caribbean Sea. In this respect, Latin America generally includes Central America and South America and, sometimes, the West Indies. The term Middle America is sometimes used to refer to Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean collectively. The term "North America" may mean different things to different people. The term in common usage is often taken to mean "the United States and Canada, only" by some people of the United States and Canada, excluding Mexico and the countries of Central America, unless the context makes it clear that they are to be included (such as with specific reference to Mexico, when talking about NAFTA). For example, guides to wild flora and fauna published by the National Audubon Society for "North America" frequently include only species found in Canada and the U.S. This may be attributed to the fact that culturally and economically, the U.S. and Canada are more alike to each other than they are to the rest of North America. Mexicans, however, are acutely aware that Mexico is a part of North America and object to this usage. Central Americans, however, are generally content to be called Central Americans – largely because of their shared history, which includes several attempts at supranational integration in the region and in which Mexico, their much larger northern neighbor, was never involved.

Political divisions and regions

Notes:
1 Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map.
2 Depending on definitions, Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in one or both of North and South America.
3 Due to ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning 1995, much of Plymouth, Montserrat's de jure capital, was destroyed and government offices relocated to Brades.

See also


- Discoverer of the Americas
- Economy of North America
- European colonization of the Americas
- History of North America
- Birds of North America

External links


- http://www.america-norte.com/america-norte-mapa.htm Category:Continents Category:North America zh-min-nan:Pak Bí-chiu ko:북아메리카 ja:北アメリカ simple:North America th:ทวีปอเมริกาเหนือ

Philadelphia

Philadelphia (sometimes referred to as "Philly" or "the City of Brotherly Love") is the fifth most populous city in the United States and the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, both in area and population. Since 1854, the city has been coterminous with Philadelphia County. Since 1952, the city and the county