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Jeff Lynne

Jeff Lynne

Jeff Lynne (born December 30, 1947) in Birmingham, UK, is a British singer-songwriter and record producer. He was the co-founder (with Roy Wood) of the Electric Light Orchestra in the 1970s, as well as a co-founder of the Traveling Wilburys in the 1980s. Prior to Electric Light Orchestra, Lynne was a member of The Move and the Idle Race. In 1987 Lynne produced George Harrison's Cloud Nine, being a Beatles obsessive the two worked together well, the album would turn out to be something of a come-back for Harrison. In 1989 he co-produced the acclaimed album Full Moon Fever by Tom Petty, which included the hit singles "Free Fallin'", "I Won't Back Down" and "Runnin' Down A Dream", all co-written by Lynne. This album and Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 (also co-produced by Lynne) both got nominations for the Grammy as Best Album Of The Year in 1989. In 1990 he released the solo album Armchair Theatre, featuring the single "Lift Me Up". In February of 1994, Lynne fulfilled a lifelong dream by working with the three surviving Beatles on their Anthology album series, and reunion tracks "Free As A Bird" and "Real Love" (overdubbing John Lennon's demos for the songs). He has also produced records individually for George Harrison, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, and worked extensively on the Roy Orbison album Mystery Girl. Lynne re-teamed with ELO keyboardist Richard Tandy in 2000 for a new ELO album called Zoom. In 2001 EMI's First Light remasters series was launched, with the definitive and expanded 2-CD 30th Anniversary edition of Electric Light Orchestra (titled No Answer in the USA), the band's original debut. Sony also debuted their remasters series with expanded editions of the albums Eldorado: A Symphony By The Electric Light Orchestra, Discovery, Time and Secret Messages. A spectacular live video and surround-sound DVD capturing ELO in concert from Los Angeles was also released, while VH-1 dedicated a Storytellers TV special to Lynne's music, filmed in front of an invited audience in New York. During 2002, Lynne was busy in the recording studio, working on a variety of projects, one of which involved co-producing and helping complete George Harrison's posthumously-released album, Brainwashed. He was also heavily involved in the memorial Concert for George, held at London's Royal Albert Hall in November 2002, and subsequently responsible for the outstanding Surround Sound production of the lavish Concert For George (Warner Bros) DVD released in November 2003. (The DVD later was awarded a Grammy for Best Long Form Music Video.) A tribute to Lynne called Lynne Me Your Ears, was released in 2002, and featured two CDs full of artists performing Lynne/ELO songs, including Todd Rundgren, SWAG (featuring members of Wilco, The Mavericks and Cheap Trick), Sixpence None The Richer, Doug Powell, PFR, Jason Falkner, Fleming and John, The Balls of France (Jerry Chamberlain of Daniel Amos), Rick Altizer and others. In an interview with Rolling Stone magazine Tom Petty revealed that fellow Wilbury and Full Moon Fever producer Jeff Lynne will reunite with Petty on his upcoming solo album, due in late 2005 or early 2006. He is known for wearing sunglasses most of the time, even indoors. Lynne, Jeff Lynne, Jeff Lynne, Jeff Lynne, Jeff ja:Jeff Lynne

December 30

December 30 is the 364th day of the year (365th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 1 day remaining.

Events


- 1460 - Wars of the Roses: The Duke of York is defeated at the Battle of Wakefield
- 1853 - Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest
- 1853 - 20-strong dinner party held inside life-size model of Iguanodon created by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins and Sir Richard Owen in south London.
- 1862 - USS Monitor sinks off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
- 1879 - The Pirates of Penzance is first performed (Paignton, Devon, England)
- 1880 - The Transvaal becomes a republic and Paul Kruger, its first president
- 1896 - José Rizal was executed by firing squad in Manila.
- 1897 - Natal annexes Zululand.
- 1903 - A fire at the Iroquois Theater in Chicago, Illinois kills 600.
- 1919 - Lincoln's Inn in London admits its first female bar student.
- 1922 - The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) is formed.
- 1924 - Edwin Hubble announces the existence of other galaxies.
- 1927 - The Ginza Line, the oldest subway line in Asia, opened in Tokyo.
- 1936 - The United Auto Workers union stages its first sit-down strike.
- 1940 - California opens its first freeway: the Arroyo Seco Parkway.
- 1943 - Chandra Bose raises the flag of Indian independence at Port Blair.
- 1944 - King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant
- 1947 - King Michael of Romania abdicates
- 1948 - The play Kiss Me, Kate opens for the first of 1,077 performances.
- 1953 - The first color television sets go on sale for about USD $1,175.
- 1965 - Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of the Philippines
- 1972 - Vietnam War: The US halts heavy bombing of North Vietnam.
- 1976 - The Smothers Brothers play their last show (Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas).
- 1980 - After 25 years, the longest-running prime-time TV series The Wonderful World of Disney is cancelled by NBC.
- 1981 - Wayne Gretzky scores his 50th goal in 39 games, an NHL record to this day.
- 1993 - Israel and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations.
- 1995 - The lowest ever UK temperature of -27.2°C was recorded at Altnaharra in the Scottish Highlands. This equalled the record set at Braemar, Aberdeenshire on February 11, 1895 and January 10, 1982.
- 1996 - In the Indian state of Assam, a passenger train is bombed by Bodo separatists, killing 26.
- 1996 - Proposed budget cuts by Benjamin Netanyahu spark protests from 250,000 workers who shut down services across Israel.
- 1997 - In the worst incident in Algeria's insurgency, the Wilaya of Relizane massacres of December 30, 1997, 400 people are killed from four villages.
- 2000 - Rizal Day Bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines within a span of a few hours, killing 22 and injuring about a hundred.
- 2004 - A fire in the República Cromagnon nightclub in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 194.

Births


- 39 - Roman Emperor Titus (d. 81)
- 1552 - Simon Forman, English occultist and astrologer (d. 1611)
- 1642 - Vicenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (d. 1707)
- 1673 - Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1736)
- 1678 - William Croft, English composer (d. 1727)
- 1722 - Charles Yorke, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1770)
- 1724 - Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée, French painter (d. 1805)
- 1819 - Theodor Fontane, German writer (d. 1898)
- 1838 - Émile Loubet, 7th President of France (b.1929)
- 1865 - Rudyard Kipling, British writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
- 1869 - Stephen Butler Leacock, was a British-Canadian writer and economist.
- 1873 - Al Smith, American politician (d. 1944)
- 1884 - Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)
- 1897 - Alfredo Bracchi, Italian author (d. 1976)
- 1899 - Helge Ingstad, Norwegian explorer (d. 2001)
- 1904 - Dmitri Kabalevsky, Russian composer (d. 1987)
- 1906 - Carol Reed, English film director (d. 1976)
- 1910 - Paul Bowles, American composer and author (d. 1999)
- 1911 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress
- 1914 - Bert Parks, American television host (d. 1992)
- 1917 - Seymour Melman, American industrial engineer (d. 2004)
- 1920 - Jack Lord, American actor (d. 1998)
- 1928 - Bo Diddley, American singer and musician
- 1931 - Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004)
- 1934 - John Norris Bahcall, American physicist (d. 2005)
- 1934 - Joseph Bologna, American actor
- 1934 - Joseph P. Hoar, U.S. general
- 1934 - Del Shannon, American singer (d. 1990)
- 1934 - Russ Tamblyn, American actor, dancer, and singer
- 1935 - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon
- 1935 - Sandy Koufax, baseball player
- 1937 - Gordon Banks, British footballer
- 1937 - John Hartford, American musician (d. 2001)
- 1937 - Jim Marshall, American football player
- 1937 - Paul Stookey, American singer
- 1941 - Mel Renfro, American football player
- 1942 - Vladimir Bukovsky, Russian author and dissident
- 1942 - Michael Nesmith, American singer and musician (The Monkees)
- 1942 - Fred Ward, American actor
- 1945 - Davy Jones, American singer (The Monkees)
- 1946 - Patti Smith, American singer
- 1947 - Michael Burns, Ph.D., American actor and history professor
- 1947 - Jeff Lynne, English singer and musician (ELO)
- 1952 - June Anderson, American soprano
- 1956 - Suzy Bogguss, American singer
- 1957 - Matt Lauer, American newscaster
- 1959 - Tracey Ullman, English actress and singer
- 1961 - Douglas Coupland, Canadian author
- 1961 - Sean Hannity, American talk radio host and conservative political commentator
- 1961 - Ben Johnson, Canadian athlete
- 1963 - Chandler Burr, American author
- 1963 - Michelle Douglas, Canadian human rights activist
- 1965 - Zoe Kelli Simon, American actress
- 1969 - Dave England, American television personality
- 1969 - Jay Kay, English musician and singer (Jamiroquai)
- 1972 - Kerry Collins, American football player
- 1973 - Jason Behr, American actor
- 1973 - Ato Boldon, West Indian athlete
- 1975 - Tiger Woods, American golfer
- 1976 - Meredith Monroe, American actress
- 1978 - Tyrese, American singer
- 1980 - Eliza Dushku, American actress
- 1982 - Kristin Kreuk, Canadian actress
- 1984 - LeBron James, American basketball player
- 1985 - Alexa Ray Joel, daughter of Billy Joel and Christie Brinkley
- 1989 - Ryan Sheckler, Professional skateboarder

Deaths


- 1218 - Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, English politician (b. 1162)
- 1460 - Richard, Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (killed in battle) (b. 1411)
- 1525 - Jacob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)
- 1572 - Galeazzo Alessi, Italian architect (b. 1512)
- 1573 - Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian writer (b. 1504)
- 1591 - Pope Innocent IX (b. 1519)
- 1640 - John Regis, French saint (b. 1597)
- 1644 - Jan Baptist van Helmont, Flemish chemist (b. 1577)
- 1662 - Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria (b. 1628)
- 1691 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist (b. 1627)
- 1769 - Nicholas Taaffe, 6th Viscount Taaffe, Austrian soldier (b. 1685)
- 1803 - Francis Lewis, signer of the American Declaration of Independence (b. 1713)
- 1896 - José Rizal, national hero of the Philippines (b. 1861)
- 1941 - El Lissitzky, Russian artist and architect (b. 1890)
- 1944 - Romain Rolland, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
- 1954 - Eugen, Archduke of Austria, Austrian field marshal (b. 1863)
- 1967 - Vincent Massey, Governor-General of Canada (b. 1887)
- 1968 - Trygve Lie, first United Nations Secretary General (b. 1896)
- 1970 - Sonny Liston, American boxer (b. 1932)
- 1971 - Melba Rae, American actress (b. 1922)
- 1979 - Richard Rodgers, American composer (b. 1902)
- 1986 - Era Bell Thompson, American journalist (b. 1905)
- 1988 - Yuli Daniel, Russian writer (b. 1925)
- 1995 - Doris Grau, American actress (b. 1924)
- 1996 - Lew Ayres, American actor (b. 1908)
- 2001 - Eileen Heckart, American actress (b. 1919)
- 2002 - Mary Wesley, English novelist (b. 1912)
- 2003 - David Bale, South African-born activist (cancer) (b. 1941)
- 2003 - John Gregory Dunne, American writer (b. 1932)
- 2003 - Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer and actress (b. 1963)
- 2004 - Artie Shaw, American jazz clarinetist, composer, and bandleader (b. 1910)

Holidays and observances


- The fifth day of Christmas in Western Christianity.
- Philippines - Rizal Day
- Guided By Voices Day in Chicago, Illinois.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/30 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/12/30 Today in History: December 30] ---- December 29 - December 31 - November 30 - January 30 -- listing of all days ko:12월 30일 ms:30 Disember ja:12月30日 simple:December 30 th:30 ธันวาคม

Birmingham, England

:This article is about the city in England. For other uses, please see Birmingham, Alabama or other places named Birmingham. other places named Birmingham Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the English West Midlands. It is commonly considered to be England's "second city" and is the largest of England's core cities. The City of Birmingham has a population of 992,400 (2004 estimate). Birmingham forms the largest part of a large conurbation; the West Midlands conurbation, which has a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census) and includes several neighbouring towns and cities, such as Wolverhampton, Solihull, the towns of the Black Country, and small parts of surrounding counties. The people of Birmingham are known as Brummies, a term derived from the city's nickname of Brum. This comes in turn from the city's dialect name, Brummagem. There is a distinctive Brummie dialect and accent. Birmingham is an ethnically and culturally diverse city. Around 30% of Birmingham's population is of non-white ethnicity; at the time of the 2001 census, 70.4% of the population was White (including 3.2% Irish), 19.5% Asian or Asian British, 6.1% Black or Black British, 0.5% Chinese, and 3.5% of mixed or other ethnic heritage.

History

:The main article is at History of Birmingham; the following is a summary. Birmingham has a recorded history going back 1000 years. In this time, it has grown from a tiny Anglo-Saxon farming village into a major industrial and commercial city. The Birmingham area was occupied in Roman times, with several military roads and a large fort. Birmingham started life as a small Anglo-Saxon hamlet in the Early Middle Ages. It was first recorded in written documents by the Domesday Book of 1086 as a small village, worth only 20 shillings. In the 12th century, Birmingham was granted a charter to hold a market, which in time became known as the Bull Ring. As a convenient location for trade, Birmingham soon developed into a small but thriving market town. By the 16th century, Birmingham's access to supplies of iron ore and coal meant that metalworking industries became established. In the 17th century, Birmingham became an important manufacturing town with a reputation for producing small arms. Birmingham manufacturers supplied Oliver Cromwell's forces with much of their weaponry during the English Civil War. Arms manufacture in Birmingham became a staple trade and was concentrated in the area known as the Gun Quarter. During the Industrial Revolution (from the mid 18th century onwards), Birmingham grew rapidly into a major industrial centre. Unlike many other English industrial cities such as Manchester, industry in Birmingham was based upon small workshops rather than large factories or mills. mill (left) and Brindleyplace (right) in central Birmingham.]] From the 1760s onwards, a large network of canals were built across Birmingham and the Black Country, to transport raw materials and finished goods. By the 1820s an extensive canal system had been constructed; Birmingham is often described as having more miles of canals than Venice. Railways arrived in Birmingham in 1837, with the opening of the Grand Junction Railway and later the London and Birmingham Railway the railways soon linked Birmingham to every corner of Britain. New Street Station was opened as a joint station in 1854. And this was soon followed by the Great Western Railway's Snow Hill station. During the Victorian era, the population of Birmingham grew rapidly to well over half a million and Birmingham became the second largest population centre in Britain. It became known as the "City of a thousand trades" due to the wide array of industries located there. Birmingham's importance led to it being granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1889. Birmingham was originally part of Warwickshire, however the city expanded in the late 19th and early 20th century, absorbing parts of Worcestershire to the south and Staffordshire to the west. The city absorbed Sutton Coldfield in 1974, and at the same time became part of the new West Midlands county. Birmingham suffered heavy bomb damage during World War II, and partly as a result of this the city centre was extensively re-developed during the 1950s and 1960s, with many concrete office buildings, ring-roads, and now much-derided pedestrian subways. As a result, Birmingham gained a reputation for ugliness and was frequently described as a "concrete jungle". In recent years however, Birmingham has been transformed, the city centre has been extensively renovated and restored with the construction of new squares, the restoration of old streets, buildings and canals, the removal of the pedestrian subways, and the demolition and subsequent redevelopment of the Bull Ring shopping centre, which now includes the architecturally unique Selfridges building. In the decades following World War II, the face of Birmingham changed dramatically, with large scale immigration from the British Commonwealth and beyond. Birmingham's transition from an industrial centre to a tourism and services economy is best illustrated by the hosting of the first official summit of the G8 at the International Convention Centre (May 15 to May 17, 1998).

Geography

The city of Birmingham is situated on an area of high ground, around 150-200 metres above sea level. The main north-south watershed of Britain actually passes through Birmingham. To the south west of the city lie the Clent Hills and Walton Hill, which reach 315 m and have good views over the city.

Economy

Walton Hill :Main articles: Economy of Birmingham, Birmingham transport history Birmingham is an important manufacturing and engineering centre, employing over 100,000 people in industry and contributing billions of pounds to the national economy. Over a quarter of the UK's exports originate in the greater Birmingham area. Birmingham's industrial heritage predates the Industrial Revolution, and up until the 20th Century the city maintained a tradition of individual craftsmen, sometimes working independently in their own back yards or on piecework rates in rented workshops, alongside larger factories. During the Industrial Revolution many factories, foundries and businesses prospered in the city, including the areas known as the Gun Quarter and the Jewellery Quarter. The Jewellery Quarter is still the largest concentration of dedicated jewellers in Europe, and one third of the jewellery manufactured in the UK is made within one mile of Birmingham city centre. Until 2003, coins for circulation were manufactured in the Jewellery Quarter at the Birmingham Mint, the oldest independent mint in the world, which continues to produce commemorative coins and medals. James Watt improved the Steam Engine while working in the city, and historically the largest manufacturers in the city have been associated with the steam, electric and petrol transport and power industries. The city's workers designed and constructed railway carriages, steam engines, bicycles, automobiles and even – unusually for somewhere so far from the sea – ships, which were made as pre-fabricated sections, then assembled at the coast. Birmingham was home to two major car factories: MG Rover in Longbridge and Jaguar in Castle Bromwich. However, the future for the former looks bleak, as MG Rover went into administration in 2005, resulting in the plant being mothballed and the loss of 6,000 jobs at the site, plus more in the supply chain. The city's present day products include motor vehicles, vehicle components and accessories, weapons, electrical equipment, plastics, machine tools, chemicals, food, jewellery and glass. Scientific research (including research into nanotechnology at the University of Birmingham) is expanding in the city. Other famous brands from the city include Bakelite, Bird's Custard, Brylcreem, BSA, Cadbury's chocolate, Chad Valley toys, Halfords, HP Sauce, Typhoo Tea and Valor. Birmingham has over 500 law firms, and is Europe's second largest insurance market. The city attracts over 40% of the UK's total conference trade. Two of Britain's "big four" banks were founded there. Lloyds Bank (now Lloyds TSB) began in 1765 and the Midland Bank (now part of HSBC) opened in Union Street in August 1836. In recent years Birmingham's economy has diversified into service industries, retailing, tourism and conference hosting, which are now the main employers in the city. Millions of people visit Birmingham every year, and in 2004 the city was named the second best place to shop in England after the West End of London [http://www.guardian.co.uk/northsouth/article/0,2763,1160740,00.html]. Attractions for visitors include Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, Millennium Point, Bull Ring, Selfridges Building, Cadbury World, Tolkien Trail [http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/tolkien.htm], Birmingham Royal Ballet, and the National Sea Life Centre.

Architecture

:Main article: Architecture of Birmingham Architecture of Birmingham Although Birmingham has existed as a settlement for over a thousand years, today's city is overwhelmingly a product of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, as the real growth of the city began with the Industrial Revolution. Consequently, relatively few buildings survive from its earlier history. Traces of medieval Birmingham can be seen in the oldest churches, notably the original parish church, St Martin's in the Bullring, where a church has stood since at least the 12th century. The current church (begun around 1290) was extensively re-built in the 1870s, retaining some original walls and foundations. A few other buildings from the medieval and Tudor periods survive, among them The Old Crown public house in Digbeth, the 15th century Saracen's Head public house and Old Grammar School in Kings Norton and Blakesley Hall in Yardley. The city grew rapidly from Georgian times and a number of buildings survive from this period. Among them are St Philip's Cathedral, originally built as a parish church, St Paul's Church in the largely Georgian St Paul's Square, Soho House in Handsworth, the home of Matthew Boulton, and Perrott's Folly in Ladywood (which is said to have later inspired J. R. R. Tolkien). The Victorian era saw extensive building across the city. Major public buildings such as the Town Hall, the Law Courts, the Council House (see picture) and the Museum & Art Gallery were constructed, many under the auspices of Joseph Chamberlain's reforming mayoralty. Saint Chad's Cathedral, built in 1839 by Augustus Pugin, was the first Roman Catholic Cathederal to be built in the UK since the Reformation. The characteristic materials of Victorian Birmingham are red brick and terracotta, and many fine Victorian buildings have been retained on New Street and Corporation Street in the city centre. Across the city, the need to house the industrial workers gave rise to miles of redbrick streets and terraces, many of back-to-back houses, some of which were later to become inner-city slums. slum Continued population growth in the interwar period, saw vast estates of semi-detached houses being built on greenfield land in outlying parts of the city such as Kingstanding and Weoley Castle, but the coming of World War II and the Blitz claimed many lives and many beautiful buildings too. However, the destruction that took place in post-war Birmingham was also extensive: dozens of fine Victorian buildings like the intricate glass-roofed Birmingham New Street Station, and the old Central Library, were razed in the 1950s and 1960s and replaced with modernist concrete buildings. In inner-city areas too, much Victorian housing was redeveloped and existing communities were relocated to tower block estates like Castle Vale. The planning decisions of the post-war years were to have a profound effect on the image of Birmingham in subsequent decades, with the mix of ring roads, shopping malls and tower blocks often referred to as a 'concrete jungle'. In more recent years, Birmingham has learnt from what many see as the mistakes of the 1960s and instituted the largest tower block demolition and renovation programmes anywhere in Europe. There has been a lot of new building in the city centre in recent years, including the award-winning Future Systems' Selfridges building, an irregularly-shaped structure covered in thousands of reflective discs (see picture), the Brindleyplace development and the Millennium Point science and technology centre.

Politics

:Main article Government of Birmingham Birmingham City Council is the largest local authority in the UK with, following a reorganisation of boundaries in June 2004, 120 councillors representing just under one million people, in 40 wards. After the election of 10 June 2004, there is no overall control, with the 120 seats being divided between the Labour, (53 councillors), Conservative (39) and Liberal Democrat ("Lib-Dem", 28) parties. There is a Conservative/Lib-Dem coalition, with Conservative group leader Mike Whitby as Leader of the council and Lib-Dem group leader Paul Tilsley as Deputy Leader. Birmingham's eleven constituencies are represented in the House of Commons by one Conservative, one Liberal Democrat, and 9 Labour MPs. Birmingham is also the seat of the Government Office for the West Midlands region.

Places of interest

West Midlands region]
- Aston Hall
- The Back to Back houses
- Barber Institute of Fine Arts
- Birmingham Botanical Gardens
- Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery
- Birmingham Thinktank - Science Museum
- Blakesley Hall
- Brindleyplace - Canalside development
- Cannon Hill Park
- Centenary Square
- Central Mosque
- Chamberlain Square featuring a BBC Big Screen
- Convention Quarter
- Gun Quarter - Once the foremost gun manufacturing community in the UK
- Jewellery Quarter - The largest concentration of dedicated jewellers in Europe
- mac
- National Sealife Centre
- Sarehole Mill
- St Philip's Cathedral
- Sutton Park
- Victoria Square See also Places of interest in Birmingham

Famous residents

Neville Chamberlain, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Ozzy Osbourne are a few of the many famous names associated with Birmingham. For a larger list see List of famous residents of Birmingham

Transport

List of famous residents of Birmingham :See main article: Transport in Birmingham Due in part to its central location in England, Birmingham is a major transport hub on the motorway, rail, and canal networks. It is served by a number of major roads, including the M5, M6, M6 Toll, M40, and M42 motorways. Local public transport is by bus, local train and tram (the Midland Metro light railway system between the city centre and Wolverhampton). The number 11A and 11C outer circle bus routes are the longest urban bus routes in Europe. The city's main station, Birmingham New Street, is at the centre of the national rail network, whilst Birmingham International railway station serves Birmingham International Airport which has flights to cities across Europe and several Asian and North American destinations. Birmingham is also notable for its canal system; formerly the lifeblood of the city's industries, their use is now mainly for pleasure. There are 35 miles (60 km) of canals in the city, most remaining navigable. The abundance of canals has led to the frequently made claim that "Birmingham has more canals than Venice". Although this is in some sense correct (Venice has 26 miles), Birmingham is far larger [http://jquarter.members.beeb.net/walk6x.htm], and the types of waterway are very different. Birmingham's canals are comparatively shallow artificial channels, while those in Venice are primarily reinforced natural channels between islands of the lagoon on which the city stands.

Education

:Main article: Education in Birmingham Birmingham has three universities: the University of Birmingham, Aston University and the University of Central England (UCE). It also has two other higher education colleges (Newman College and the Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies). The Birmingham Conservatoire and Birmingham School of Acting, both now part of UCE, offer higher education in the arts. The city council is England's largest local education authority, directly or indirectly responsible for 25 nursery schools, 328 primary schools, 77 secondary schools [http://www.bgfl.org/services/nqt/primsec.htm] and 29 special schools [http://www.bgfl.org/services/nqt/sen.htm]. It also runs the library service, with 4 million visitors annually [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=1787&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=5255], and provides around 4000 adult education courses throughout the year [http://www.bgfl.org/services/baes/default.htm]. A minority of the city's children receive private education. King Edward's School is perhaps the most prestigious independent school in the city.

Sport

:Main article: Sport in Birmingham A cricket club was in existence in Birmingham as early as 1745, and today the city is home to Warwickshire County Cricket Club whose ground at Edgbaston is also a venue for international test matches. International athletics meetings take place at the open-air Alexander Stadium in Perry Barr, the home of Birchfield Harriers athletic club, which numbers many Olympic medallists among its past and present members. The National Indoor Arena (NIA) meanwhile is a major indoor athletics stadium and in 2003 hosted the 9th IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics. The NIA also hosts events in many other sports, such as the World Indoor Badminton Championships. The first ever game of lawn tennis was played in Edgbaston in 1859; international tennis is still played at Edgbaston's Priory Club. The city is home to two of the UK's oldest professional football teams: Aston Villa (1874) and Birmingham City (1875), both of whom currently play in the Premier League. The world's first professional football league was founded at a meeting in Aston on March 22 1885 under the auspices of William McGregor, a director of Aston Villa. Birmingham also has a professional Rugby Union side, Moseley RFC, and there is professional basketball, boxing, hockey, skateboarding, and greyhound racing in the city. Birmingham has been awarded the title National City of Sport by the Sports Council.

Food & drink

:Main article: Food & drink in Birmingham Birmingham based Breweries included Ansells, Davenports and Mitchells & Butlers. Aston Manor Brewery is currently the only brewery of any significant size. Many fine Victorian pubs and bars can still be found across the city. The oldest inn in Birmingham is the Old Crown in Deritend (circa 1450). The Anchor Inn (1797), is also nearby in Digbeth. Famous food brands from Birmingham include Typhoo tea, Birds custard, Blue Bird Toffee, Bournville cocoa, Cadbury chocolate, and HP Sauce. Alum Rock Road, Alum Rock, contains the largest concentration of take-away businesses in Birmingham. Ladypool Road, Sparkhill contains the largest concentration of restaurants in Birmingham and possibly the UK. The Wing Yip food empire first began in the city and now has its headquarters in the Chinese Quarter. In 1945, Abdul Aziz opened a cafe shop selling curry and rice in Steelhouse Lane. This later became The Darjeeling, the first Indian restaurant in Birmingham. The Balti was invented in the city and has since received much gastronomic acclaim for the 'Balti Belt' of restaurants in the Sparkbrook, Balsall Heath and Ladywood areas. The city boasts two Michelin starred restaurants: Simpson's and Jessica's, both in Edgbaston. The BBC Good Food Show takes place at The National Exhibition Centre, and is Britain's biggest food event.

Culture and arts

:Main article: Arts in Birmingham

Popular music

Arts in Birmingham] Although its music scene is not as renowned as those of Liverpool or Manchester, Birmingham has had a vibrant and varied musical history over the last half-century. In the 1960s, the "Brum Beat" era featured blues and early progressive rock bands such as the Spencer Davis Group, Traffic, The Move and The Moody Blues. The city is often described as the birthplace of heavy metal music, with Judas Priest and Black Sabbath coming from Birmingham. Robert Plant and John Bonham came from nearby towns, and played in local Brum Beat bands before forming Led Zeppelin. In the 1970s members of The Move and The Idle Race formed the Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard. The 1970s also saw the rise of reggae and ska in the city, with Steel Pulse and later on UB40, The Beat and Musical Youth. Singer-songwriter Joan Armatrading had many hits during this decade. The 1980s brought Duran Duran, possibly the most successful new romantic group, and Dexy's Midnight Runners, and the 1990s the Charlatans, Dodgy and Ocean Colour Scene. Recent chart success has come from Mike Skinner (a.k.a. The Streets), R&B singer Jamelia and Editors. Jazz is popular in the city, and the annual Birmingham International Jazz Festival is the largest of its kind in the UK. Party in the Park, a popular chart music event, is Birmingham's largest music festival.

Classical music

The internationally-renowned City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra's home venue is Symphony Hall, where it gives frequent performances. The equally world-renowned Birmingham Royal Ballet also resides in the city as does the world's oldest vocational dance school, Elmhurst School for Dance. The Birmingham Triennial Music Festival took place from 1784 - 1912 and was considered the grandest of its kind throughout Britain. Music was written for the festival by Mendelssohn, Gounod, Sullivan, Dvorak, Bantock and most notably Elgar, who wrote four of his most famous choral pieces for Birmingham. Albert William Ketèlbey was born in Alma Street, Aston in 1875. Birmingham's other city-centre music venues include The National Indoor Arena (NIA), the CBSO Centre, Adrian Boult Hall at Birmingham Conservatoire and Birmingham Town Hall (currently closed for refurbishment).

Theatre

There are many theatres in Birmingham. The four largest professional theatres are the Alexandra Theatre ("the Alex"), Birmingham Repertory Theatre ("The Rep"), the Birmingham Hippodrome and the Old Rep. The Mac and Drum arts centres also host many professional plays. The Fierce Festival teams with the Birmingham Repertory Theatre annually to present an series of quirky performances from local and national companies.

Literature

Literary figures associated with Birmingham include Samuel Johnson , J. R. R. Tolkien, Arthur Conan Doyle, Louis MacNeice, Washington Irving, David Lodge, W. H. Auden and Benjamin Zephaniah.

Visual art

Benjamin Zephaniah Birmingham has one of the largest collections of Pre-Raphaelite art in the world at The Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery. Edward Burne-Jones was born in Birmingham, spent his first twenty years in the city, and later became the president of the Birmingham Society of Artists. The Barber Institute of Fine Arts was declared 'Gallery of the Year' by the 2004 Good Britain Guide. For a fuller list of art galleries in Birmingham, see Arts in Birmingham. Other famous Birmingham artists include David Cox, David Bomberg, and various Afro-Caribbean artists including Pogus Caesar, Keith Piper and Donald Rodney. Graffiti (or "spraycan art") culture appeared in the early 1980s, and graffiti art competitions are still regularly held.

Festivals and shows

Birmingham is home to many national, religious and spiritual festivals including a St. George's Day party. The Birmingham Tattoo is a military show that has taken place in the city for several years. The currently biennial Caribbean- style Birmingham International Carnival was originally the Handsworth Carnival, held in Handsworth Park from 1984, but now takes place in the August of odd- numbered years, parading through the streets of Handsworth to Perry Barr Park. Birmingham Pride takes place in the 'gay village' and attracts up to 100,000 visitors each year. The city also hosts an annual arts festival (Artsfest) during September, where people can enjoy many of the regions' arts, free. The city's largest single-day event is its St. Patrick's Day parade (Europe's second largest, after the one in Dublin).

Film and media

Birmingham is unusual in supporting two local newspapers - the Birmingham Post and the Evening Mail - as well as the Sunday Mercury, all owned by the Trinity Mirror, who also produce The Birmingham News, a weekly freesheet distributed to homes in the leafy surburbs along with Forward, the Birmingham City Council's free newspaper distributed to homes and via community centres and public buildings. The Electric Cinema on Station Street is the oldest working cinema in the UK, and Oscar Deutsch opened his first Odeon cinema in Perry Barr during the 1920s. The Birmingham Film Festival takes place annually, and the Birmingham School of Acting won a Royal Television Society award for their short film 'Soul Boy'. StarCity is said to be Europe's largest leisure and cinema complex and is not far from the Britain's only permanent drive-in cinema maintained by T-Mobile; both are in Nechells. The BBC has its regional headquarters, BBC Birmingham, in the Mailbox, in the Convention Quarter (where they relocated from Pebble Mill), and many television and radio programes are produced in the city, including the world's longest running radio soap opera, The Archers. The Central TV and BBC studios are famous for many shows, including Tiswas, Crossroads, Dalziel & Pascoe, Midlands Today, the BBC Asian Network,. Local radio stations include BRMB, Galaxy, BBC WM and Heart FM, and Kerrang, Birmingham's first dedicated rock station. Birmingham is also the hub for various national ethnic media, including The Voice, The Sikh Times, Desi Xpress, The Asian Today and Raja TV (based in the Mailbox).

Science and invention

:Main article: Science and invention in Birmingham Local inventions and notable firsts include: gas lighting, roller skate wheels, the Baskerville Font, questionnaires, Custard powder, foam rubber, the magnetron (the core component in the development of radar and microwave ovens), the UK electroplating industry, the first ever use of radiography in an operation, and the UK's first ever hole-in-the-heart operation, at Birmingham Children's Hospital. Among the city's notable scientists and inventors are:
- Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho engineering works.
- Sir Francis Galton, originator of eugenics and important techniques in statistics.
- Alexander Parkes, inventor of celluloid, the first synthetic plastic.
- Joseph Priestley, chemist and radical.
- James Watt, engineer and inventor; associated with the steam engine.
- John Wright, inventor of a type of electroplating.

Partner cities

(Partner cities are akin to twin towns)
- Lyon, France
- Frankfurt, Germany
- Leipzig, Germany
- Milan, Italy
- Johannesburg, South Africa
- Chicago, Illinois, USA

See also


- Religion in Birmingham
- Constituent areas of Birmingham
- Birmingham Coat of Arms
- Wikipedia images of Birmingham

External links


- [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ Birmingham City Council]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham BBC Birmingham]
- [http://www.yourbirmingham.co.uk yourbirmingham.co.uk] A guide to Birmingham.
- [http://www.virtualbrum.co.uk/index.htm Virtualbrum.co.uk] photographs and information
- [http://www.wmlga.gov.uk/lbbf/bham.html West Midlands Local Government Association useful facts] (slightly outdated)
- [http://www.jonbounds.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/jon/brum/brum.php Birmingham: It's Not Shit] A humorous celebration of Brummie culture.
- [http://www.birmingham.indymedia.org.uk Birmingham Indymedia] DiY non-corporate community news, part of the global Indymedia network.
- [http://www.birminghamhotels.me.uk/ Birmingham Hotels]
- [http://www.lovemytown.co.uk/CityProfiles/Birmingham/index.htm LoveMyTown: City of Birmingham] Civic pride facts, and organisations in Birmingham.
- [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14472 Showell's Dictionary of Birmingham], a circa 1885 "history and guide, containing thousands of dates and references to matters of interest connected with the past and present history of the town", from Project Gutenberg.
- [http://www.birminghamplus.com/ Birmingham Restaurants Guide - Birminghamplus] - over 1400 reviews of restaurants in Birmingham and the West Midlands, updated daily.
- [http://www.bham.de/index_synchro.html Birmingham timeline]
- [http://www.sugarvine.com/birmingham/ Restaurants in Birmingham] lists all restaurants in Birmingham and the surrounding area. Users may write a review about any restaurant.
- [http://www.bcen.net Birmingham Community Empowerment Network]
- [http://www.madeinbirmingham.org Birmingham's industrial history site] Category:Cities in England Category:Railway towns in England Category:Metropolitan boroughs ja:バーミンガム simple:Birmingham, England th:เบอร์มิงแฮม

United Kingdom

:For other meanings of the terms "United Kingdom" and "UK" , see United Kingdom (disambiguation) and UK (disambiguation). :For an explanation of terms like England, (Great) Britain and United Kingdom see British Isles (terminology). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (usually shortened to the United Kingdom or the UK) is a country located off the north-western coast of continental Europe, surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Irish Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is composed of four constituent parts: three constituent countries—England, Scotland, and Wales—on the island of Great Britain, and the province of Northern Ireland on the island of Ireland. The border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland forms the United Kingdom's principal international land border, although there is a nominal frontier with France in the middle of the Channel Tunnel. The UK has several overseas territories and the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands come under the UK's sovereignty. The UK also has close relationships with the fifteen other Commonwealth Realms, as they all share the same head of state. The UK is also one of the largest member states of the European Union and a founding partner of both the UN and NATO.

Terminology


- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: The official name for the sovereign state
- United Kingdom: an abbreviation of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Britain: an informal term that sometimes means United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and sometimes means Great Britain
- British: an informal term that sometimes means from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and sometimes means from Great Britain
- Great Britain (as a geographical term): the largest island of the British Isles
- Great Britain (as a political term): England + Wales + Scotland
- British Isles (as a geographical term): Great Britain + Ireland + many smaller surrounding islands. This term is disputed, please see below.
- Ireland (as a geographical term): the second largest island of the British Isles
- Ireland (as a political term): an abbreviation of the Republic of Ireland, a sovereign state on the island of Ireland
- Northern Ireland: a political region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Ulster (as a geographical term): Often used to refer to Northern Ireland. It is derived from the Irish Language term 'Ulad.' It was one of the ancient Irish provinces (the others were Connaught, Leinster and Munster.). Although it is normally used to refer to Northern Ireland, Ulster also (traditionally) includes Counties Cavan, Monaghan and Donegal, which lie in the Republic of Ireland. The term Ulster is often favoured by the Protestant community.

History

Protestant Today's state is the latest of several unions formed over the last 1000 years. Scotland and England have existed as separate unified entities since the 10th century. Wales, under English control since the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, became part of the Kingdom of England by the Laws in Wales Act 1535. With the Act of Union 1707, the separate kingdoms of England and Scotland, having shared the same monarch since 1603, agreed to a permanent union as the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Act of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, which had been gradually brought under English control between 1169 and 1691, to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland was formed in 1922, after bitter fighting which echoes down to the current political strife, the Anglo-Irish Treaty partitioned Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, with the latter remaining part of the United Kingdom. As provided for in the treaty, Northern Ireland, which consists of six of the nine counties of the Irish province of Ulster, immediately opted out of the Free State and to remain in the UK. The nomenclature of the UK was changed in 1927 to recognise the departure of most of Ireland, with the current name being adopted. 1927 The United Kingdom, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th century, played a leading role in developing Western world ideas of property, liberty, capitalism and parliamentary democracy - to say nothing of its part in advancing world literature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire stretched over one quarter of the Earth's surface and encompassed a third of its population. The first half of the 20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted from the effects of World War I and World War II. The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous nation. The UK has been a member of the European Union since 1973. Its attitude towards further integration is conservative, and there is significant Euroscepticism in UK politics. It has not chosen to adopt the Euro, owing to internal political considerations and the government's judgement of the prevailing economic conditions.

Government and politics

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, with executive power exercised on behalf of the Queen by the Prime Minister and other cabinet ministers who head departments. The cabinet, including the Prime Minister, and other ministers collectively make up Her Majesty's Government. These ministers are drawn from and are responsible to Parliament, the legislative body, which is traditionally considered to be "supreme" (that is, able to legislate on any matter and not bound by decisions of its predecessors). The UK is one of the few countries in the world today that does not have a codified constitution, relying instead on customs and separate pieces of constitutional law. While the monarch is Head of State and holds all executive power, it is the Prime Minister who is the head of government. The government is answerable chiefly to the House of Commons and the Prime Minister is drawn from this chamber of Parliament by constitutional convention. The majority of cabinet members will be from the House of Commons, the rest from the House of Lords. Ministers do not, however, legally have to come from Parliament, though that is the modern day custom. The British system of government has been emulated around the world - a legacy of the United Kingdom's colonial past - most notably in the other Commonwealth Realms. The Prime Minister is chosen as the MP who can command a majority in the House of Commons - usually the leader of the largest party or, if there is no majority party, the largest coalition. The current Prime Minister is Tony Blair of the Labour Party, who has been in office since 1997. In the United Kingdom the monarch has extensive theoretical powers, but his or her role is mainly, though not exclusively, ceremonial. The monarch is an integral part of Parliament (as the "Crown-in-Parliament") and theoretically gives Parliament the power to meet and create legislation. An Act of Parliament does not become law until it has been signed by the Queen (being given Royal Assent), although no monarch has refused to assent to a bill that has been approved by Parliament since Queen Anne in 1708. Although the abolition of the monarchy has been suggested several times, the popularity of the monarchy remains strong in spite of recent controversies. Support for a British republic usually fluctuates between 15% and 25% of the population, with roughly 10% undecided or indifferent [http://www.mori.com/mrr/2000/c000616.shtml]. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II who acceded to the throne in 1952 and was crowned in 1953. Parliament is the national legislature of the United Kingdom. It is the ultimate legislative authority in the United Kingdom, according to the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. It is bicameral, composed of the elected House of Commons and the unelected House of Lords, whose members are mostly appointed. The House of Commons is the more powerful of the two houses. The House of Commons has 646 members who are directly elected from single-member constituencies based on population. The House of Lords has 724 members (though this number is not fixed): hereditary peers, life peers, and bishops of the Church of England. The Church of England is the established church of the state in England. established church]] The two largest political parties are the Labour Party and Conservative Party. The UK has long had a two-party system, but in the last 20 years the Liberal Democrats have re-emerged as a large third party. The electoral system used for general elections is first-past-the-post. The constitution of the United Kingdom is un-codified and partially unwritten, which means that no single document regulates how the government works, and unwritten constitutional conventions are used extensively. The constitution is based on the principle that Parliament is the ultimate sovereign body in the country. There has long been a widespread sense of national identity in the Celtic nations. Throughout the late 19th century the UK debated giving Ireland home rule. The Scottish National Party was founded in 1934, and Plaid Cymru (Party of Wales) in 1925. Referenda for devolution succeeded in 1997 for Scotland and Wales and in 1998 for Northern Ireland. In 1999, the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales were established, the former having primary legislative power. Proportional representation is used for the elections, which has resulted in a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government in Scotland. Due to internal disagreements, the Northern Ireland Assembly has been suspended since 2002.

Subdivisions

The United Kingdom is a country that is divided into four constituent parts:
- England
- Scotland
- Northern Ireland
- Wales The constituent parts of the United Kingdom have administrative subdivisions as follows:
- The regions and administrative counties of England
- The council areas of Scotland
- The counties and county boroughs of Wales
- The districts of Northern Ireland The Laws in Wales Act 1535 incorporated Wales and England into England and Wales for legal purposes. Although all four have historically been divided into counties, England's population is an order of magnitude larger than the others so in recent years it has for some purposes been divided into nine intermediate-level Government Office Regions. Each region is made up of counties and unitary authorities, apart from London, which consists of London boroughs. Although at one point it was intended that each or some of these regions would be given its own regional assembly, the plan's future is uncertain, as of 2004, after the North East region rejected its proposed assembly in a referendum. Scotland consists of 32 Council Areas. Wales consists of 22 Unitary Authorities, styled as 10 County Boroughs, 9 Counties, and 3 Cities. Northern Ireland is divided into 26 Districts. Also sometimes associated with the United Kingdom, though not constitutionally part of the United Kingdom itself, are the Crown dependencies (the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey, and the Isle of Man) as self-governing possessions of the Crown, and a number of overseas territories under the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.

Military

The armed forces of the United Kingdom are known as the British Armed Forces or Her Majesty's Armed Forces, officially the Armed Forces of the Crown. Their Commander-in-Chief is the Queen and they are managed by the Ministry of Defence. Ministry of Defence The British Armed Forces are charged with protecting the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, promoting the United Kingdom's wider security interests, and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. They are active and regular participants in NATO and other coalition operations. The United Kingdom fields one of the most powerful and comprehensive military forces in the World. Its global power projection capabilities are second only to those of the United States Armed Forces. The British Army had a reported strength of 112,700 in 2004, including 7,600 women, and the Royal Air Force a strength of 53,400. The 40,900-member Royal Navy is in charge of the United Kingdom's independent strategic nuclear arm, which consists of four Trident Ballistic Missile Submarines, while the Royal Marines provide infantry units for amphibious assault and for specialist reinforcement forces in and beyond the NATO area. This puts total active duty military troops in the 210,000 range, currently deployed in over 80 countries. The UK's special forces, principally the SAS, provides elite commandos trained for quick, mobile, military responses; often where secrecy or covert operations are required. The Royal Navy is the second largest navy in the World in terms of gross tonnage. Despite the United Kingdom's wide ranging capabilities, recent pragmatic defence policy has a stated assumption that any large operation would be undertaken as part of a coalition. Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq (Granby, No-Fly-Zones, Desert Fox and Telic) may all be taken as precedent - indeed the last true war in which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982, in which military action was initiated by Argentina and the UK was fighting a defensive, rather than offensive, campaign. The British army has been actively involved in the Troubles in Northern Ireland. However, a programme of demilitarisation is being gradually implemented.

Geography

Troubles World Factbook Map of the United Kingdom]] Most of England consists of rolling lowland terrain, divided east from west by more mountainous terrain in the Northwest (Cumbrian Mountains of the Lake District) and north (the upland moors of the Pennines) and limestone hills of the Peak District by the Tees-Exe line. The lower limestone hills of the Isle of Purbeck, Cotswolds, Lincolnshire and chalk downs of the Southern England Chalk Formation. The main rivers and estuaries are the Thames, Severn and the Humber Estuary. The largest urban area is Greater London. Near Dover, the Channel Tunnel links the United Kingdom with France. There is no peak in England that is 1000 metres (3,300 ft) or greater. Wales is mostly mountainous, the highest peak being Snowdon at 1085 metres (3,560 ft) above sea level. North of the mainland is the island of Anglesey. The largest and capital city is Cardiff, located in South Wales. Scotland's geography is varied, with lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west, including Ben Nevis, the UK's highest mountain at 1343 metres (4,406 ft). There are many long and deep-sea arms, firths, and lochs. A multitude of islands west and north of Scotland are also included, notably the Hebrides, Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands. The largest city is Glasgow. Northern Ireland, making up the north-eastern part of Ireland, is mostly hilly. The main cities are Belfast ('Beal Feirste' in Irish) and Londonderry / Derry ('Doire' in Irish). The province is home to one of the UK’s World Heritage Sites, the Giant's Causeway, which consists of more than 40,000 six-sided basalt columns up to 40