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| Jeremaine Copeland |
Jeremaine CopelandJeremaine Copeland is a former XFL and NFL Europe football player, and a current Canadian Football League wide receiver for the Calgary Stampeders. He has also played with the Montreal Alouettes.
College Career
Copeland attended the University of Tennessee. While there, he posted 131 receptions for 1,300 yards (9.92 yards per rec. avg.).
NFL Europe Career
Jermaine Copeland played a year of NFL Europe football for the Barcelona Dragons. He ended the season with 74 receptions for 821 yards (11.1 yards per rec. avg.), and six touchdowns.
Copeland, Jeremaine
Copeland, Jeremaine
Copeland, Jeremaine
Copeland, Jeremaine
XFL
The XFL was a professional football league which played for one season in 2001.
Foundation
Created as a joint venture between NBC and the World Wrestling Federation under the company name "XFL, LLC", the XFL was created as a "single-entity league", meaning that the teams were not individually owned and operated franchises, but that the league was operated as a single unit.
The concept of the league was first announced on February 3, 2000. The XFL was originally conceived to build on the success of the NFL and professional wrestling. It was hyped as "real" football without penalties for roughness and with fewer rules in general. The loud games featured players and coaches with microphones and cameras in the huddle and in the locker rooms. Stadiums featured trash-talking public address announcers and very scantily-clad cheerleaders. Instead of a pre-game coin toss, XFL officials put the ball on the ground and let a player from each team scramble for it to determine who received the kickoff option, which ironically led to the first XFL injury.
The XFL had impressive television coverage for an upstart league, with three games televised each week on NBC, UPN, and TNN.
It should be noted that the "X" in XFL did not stand for "extreme", as in "Extreme Football League." When the league was first organized, promoters wanted to make sure that everyone knew that the "X" did not actually stand for anything. It should also be noted that this particular XFL had no connection to an indoor league also known as the XFL that had attempted to get off the ground a few years earlier but failed, from which some teams joined the fledgling AF2.
2001 season
The XFL's opening game took place on February 3, 2001 between the Las Vegas Outlaws and the New York/New Jersey Hitmen. The game, a 19-0 victory for the Outlaws, was watched on NBC by an estimated 54 million viewers. It should be interesting to note that NBC switched over to the game between the Orlando Rage and the Chicago Enforcers, being that it was closer and not a blowout as the game in Las Vegas was. The show had a 9.5 Nielsen rating.
Although the XFL began with reasonable TV ratings and fair publicity, the TV audience declined sharply after the first week of the season and the media attacked the league for what was perceived as a poor quality of play. This perception was paired with a perception that the XFL was formed from the dregs that were left over after the NFL, AFL and CFL had their drafts.
Despite the early boasts of a "rules-light" game made by the WWF promoters and the nearly universally negative reviews from the mainstream sports media, by and large the XFL's on-field professional athletes played a brand of 11-man outdoor football quite recognizable to fans of the NFL or NCAA. Aside from the innovative opening game sprint to determine initial possession, the other major and obvious change was the lack of extra point kicks. To earn a point after a touchdown, teams ran a single offensive down from the two yard line (functionally identical to the NFL/NCAA two-point conversion), but for just a single point. Ties were resolved in similar fashion to the NCAA game, with at least one possession by each side at a given yard line necessary to decide a winner.
The heavily-hyped "no fair catch" rule, almost by necessity, was also paired with a "five yard halo" rule to protect punt returners. Both rule variations were borrowed from Canadian football. However, the XFL players' inexperience with the "halo" rule led to a tremendous number of "halo"-infraction penalties, which took much of the excitement out of the punt return game (exactly the opposite of the intended effect).
The XFL paid standardized player salaries. Quarterbacks earned $5,000 per week, kick-punt specialists earned $3,500, and all other uniformed players earned $4,000 per week. Players on a winning team received a bonus for the week.
It was observed that the XFL seemed to be attempting to attract two distinct types of audience to games, wrestling fans and football fans. Ultimately it failed to appeal to members of either group. Wrestling fans wanted drama and hype, while football fans simply wanted a better caliber of play on the field. As for attracting fans from other areas of entertainment (e.g., movies), the XFL was again a complete failure.
Also, many football fans distrusted the league because of its relationship to pro wrestling. They had a hard time accepting that a close, come-from-behind win or a controversial ending had not been scripted in advance, although there was absolutely no evidence to support this. The league was panned by critics as boring football with a tawdry broadcast style, although the broadcasts on TNN and to a lesser extent UPN and the Matt Vasgersian-helmed NBC coverage were comparatively professional and workmanlike.
Both Vince McMahon and NBC also seemed to have put far too much stock in a football cliche which is frequently mouthed by fans, particularly older ones, about a desire to return to the era of "old-time smashmouth football." While this is often voiced, in fact football is far more popular as a spectator sport now than it ever was in the earlier era supposedly longed for, and the move away from "smashmouth" to a more wide-open offense featuring more passing is largely responsible for this. The league was forced to change rules during the season to afford receivers more protection, but the mid-season rules changes did little to bolster league credibility.
Notable players included league MVP and Los Angeles quarterback Tommy Maddox, who signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers after the XFL folded. Maddox later became the starting quarterback for the Steelers, and led them to the playoffs. Another of the better-known players was Las Vegas running back Rod Smart whose name on the back of his jersey read "He Hate Me." Smart stated that he had wanted to put "They Hate Me" (a jab at his critics) but there wasn't enough room. Smart later went on to play for the Carolina Panthers, and thus became the first XFL player to play in a Super Bowl, participating in the game's 38th edition.
The league allowed, and even encouraged, players to wear nicknames rather than their actual last names on the backs of their jerseys. Apparently all of the teams but Birmingham had at least some players who engaged in this.
One of the announcers for the XFL was then Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura, himself a former pro wrestler, whose involvement was controversial in that some felt that his being an announcer took time away from his job of running his state, even though he did it on his day off from office. Ventura had previously done commentary for WWF wrestling telecasts, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers radio broadcasts. Other announcers included Matt Vasgersian (who teamed with Ventura on the telecasts), Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler for NBC; Chris Marlowe and Brian Bosworth for UPN; and Craig Minervini and Bob Golic for TNN.
On April 21, 2001, the season concluded as the Los Angeles Xtreme defeated the San Francisco Demons in the XFL Championship Game (which was originally given the Zen-line moniker "The Big Game At The End Of The Season", but was later dubbed the "Million Dollar Game", after the amount of money awarded to the winning team), 38-6.
Failure
Though paid attendance at games remained at respectable, if unimpressive, levels in all its markets, the XFL ceased operations after just one season due to astonishingly low TV ratings. One NBC broadcast received the lowest-ever rating for a major network prime-time TV show.
NBC itself attempted to win back the audience that it had lost when it lost the rights to air NFL games two years previously, which seems to have been the reason behind its both investing in and broadcasting a new professional football league. But despite initially agreeing to broadcast XFL games for two years and owning half of the league, NBC announced it would not broadcast a second XFL season; thus their attempt at airing replacement pro football had flopped. WWF President Vince McMahon initially announced that the XFL would continue, as it still had UPN and TNN as broadcast outlets. However in order to continue broadcasting XFL games, UPN demanded that WWF SmackDown! broadcasts be cut from two hours to one and a half hours. McMahon found these terms unacceptable and he announced the XFL's closure on May 10, 2001.
The operation of the XFL was estimated by both the WWF and NBC to have lost approximately $70 million.
Legacy
Despite its unimpressive showing among the TV audience, the XFL gave its comparatively small group of dedicated fans an intriguing 12 weeks of football. It restored an outdoor professional franchise to Birmingham and Las Vegas, which lacked an outdoor pro team since their CFL franchises were shuttered in 1995; Orlando, which had no professional outdoor football since the WFAF (now NFL Europe) shuttered North American operations in 1992; and Memphis, whose last outdoor professional team was lost in the USFL's shutdown after the 1985 season. The XFL brought a successful football franchise to Los Angeles, a market which has been a troubling wasteland for the NFL for years, and demonstrated that a baseball-specific stadium such as San Francisco's Pac Bell Park made remarkably pleasing venues for football as well. However, none of these novelties translated into commercial success.
The XFL also helped popularize the Sky Cam, an innovative "birds-eye" technique in which the camera hovered directly over the action on the field. The Sky Cam was eventually adopted by the NFL after the XFL folded.
Teams of the XFL
The teams were the following:
- Birmingham Thunderbolts
- Chicago Enforcers
- Las Vegas Outlaws
- Los Angeles Xtreme
- Memphis Maniax
- New York/New Jersey Hitmen
- Orlando Rage
- San Francisco Demons
Standings, 2001
Awards
- Most Valuable Player: Tommy Maddox, QB, Los Angeles Xtreme
- Million Dollar Game MVP: Jose Cortez, K, Los Angeles Xtreme
- Coach of the Year: Galen Hall, Orlando Rage
Statistics Leaders
- Rushing Attempts: 153 James Bostic (Birmingham Thunderbolts)
- Rushing Yards: 800 John Avery (Chicago Enforcers)
- Rushing Touchdowns: 7 Derrick Clark (Orlando Rage)
- Receiving Catches: 67 Jeremaine Copeland (Los Angeles Xtreme)
- Receiving Yards: 828 Stepfret Williams (Birmingham Thunderbolts)
- Receiving Touchdowns: 8 Darnell McDonald (Los Angeles Xtreme)
- Passing Attempts: 342 Tommy Maddox (Los Angeles Xtreme)
- Passing Completions: 196 Tommy Maddox (Los Angeles Xtreme)
- Passing Yards: 2186 Tommy Maddox (Los Angeles Xtreme)
- Passing Touchdowns: 18 Tommy Maddox (Los Angeles Xtreme)
- Passing Interceptions: 10 Brian Kuklick (Orlando Rage)
- Interceptions: 5 Corey Ivy (Chicago Enforcers)
- Quarterback Sacks: 7 Antonio Edwards and Kelvin Kinney (both Las Vegas Outlaws)
Trivia
- Despite the failure of the league, it did give a number of players a chance to resume their careers in the NFL. Ironically, it gave increased exposure to the AFL after initially being viewed as threatening to take the league's best players away. After another year with no professional football on NBC, in 2003 the network convinced the AFL to move its schedule to coincide with the end of the NFL season (just as the XFL's did) and began broadcasting weekly Sunday afternoon games, with a much smaller investment of money and publicity than the XFL received. In 2005, NBC won the rights to Sunday night NFL games beginning in the 2006 season.
- During its only season, the XFL had higher TV ratings in the US market than the NHL.
- The moving overhead camera that travelled on wires that was used in XFL telecasts has since become popular on NFL telecasts as well, particularly on kick offs.
- As the season drew to a close, most of the tawdry elements and gimmicky camera angles of the XFL's broadcasts had been toned down immensely, and the league's fans were optimistic for a second season.
- Fans in non-NFL cities that hosted XFL franchises (Birmingham, Memphis, Las Vegas, Orlando, and Los Angeles) hold out hope that their cities can host a new or re-located NFL franchise just as Jacksonville did when the city enthuastically accepted the Bulls of the USFL. That city, like several XFL cities, had previously been considered too small of a market to host professional football. 10 years later, the Jacksonville Jaguars started play in the NFL.
- The XFL ranked #3 on TV Guide's list of the worst TV shows of all time, published in July 2002.
- On ESPN25, the XFL was #2 in biggest flops in the last 25 years of ESPN's existence. #1 was Ryan Leaf, QB, of the San Diego Chargers.
- The XFL featured a pre-game show in some league cities called XFL Gameday hosted by shock radio jocks Opie & Anthony. During an interview with McMahon, Bob Costas called the pregame show an "abomination", which Opie & Anthony later mocked on their nationally syndicated radio show. When Costas's interview with McMahon turned ugly, Opie & Anthony played clips of McMahon verbally blasting Costas.
radio
- Years before the controversial locker room shower scene between Terrell Owens and Nicolette Sheridan on Monday Night Football on ABC in 2004, the XFL launched a series of cheerleaders commercials on NBC with adult models like Pennelope Jimenez, Karen McDougal and Angel Veil in 2000. The most famous one featured them as some of the cheerleaders taking a shower in the locker room. Using clever camera angles and strategically placed objects, the commercial gave viewers the titillating illusion that the cheerleaders were nude in the shower with little left to the imagination. The edgier XFL commercials backfired and caused a controversy as they were deemed too risqué, they were quickly withdrawn before the launch of 2001 XFL inaugural (and final) season.
- A commercial that aired for the Survivor Series 2003 (a WWE PPV event) poked fun at the XFL. It began with football players walking onto a field getting pumped up for a big game. They found their "opponents" were real-life WWE wrestlers. The next few seconds consisted of the wrestlers fighting the football players with wrestling moves (such as anklelocks and dropkicks). Vince McMahon watched the whole thing from his limo with binoculars saying to himself thoughtfully "The WWE and football? Nah." He then rolled up his window to conclude the commercial.
- Vince McMahon's original plan was to purchase the CFL, which had been on the verge of going under. However, CFL officials decided against selling the league for fear that McMahon would ruin the Canadian game. The CFL has since enjoyed a resurgence in popularity and has expanded back to Ottawa (with the Renegades in 2002) and has talked about adding a tenth team with Quebec City and Halifax as the frontrunners.
- The Simpsons referenced the XFL folding in one episode. The gag was that Homer was sat on the couch wearing XFL merchandise, and holding a miniature XFL flag, and he said "I can't wait for the new season of the XFL. Who will win this year's Million Dollar game?" prompting Marge to tell him that the league had folded.
See also
- List of leagues of American football
External links
- [http://www.xflboard.com/ XFLBoard.com]
- [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/05/11/MN22569.DTL NBC, WWF pull the plug on XFL after just one season of anything-goes football]
- [http://www.sirlinksalot.net/xfl.html XFL Links]
- [http://www.post-gazette.com/businessnews/20030323bizbooks7.asp Books on Business: Bombast fells XFL's gridiron strategy]
- [http://www.all-xfl.com/xfl/ The XFL Memorial Network]
- [http://www.officialxfl.com/ Official XFL.com]
Category:Defunct American football leagues
Category:Sports media
Category:NBC network shows
Category:UPN network shows
Canadian Football League
The Canadian Football League (CFL; French: Ligue canadienne de football) is a professional league located entirely in Canada that plays Canadian football. It is considered to be the highest level of play in Canadian football. The league's top trophy, the Grey Cup, was donated by Governor General Earl Grey in 1909 to the team winning the Senior Amateur Football Championship of Canada. Both the trophy and the championship game have become known as the Grey Cup. Since 1954, when the Ontario Rugby Football Union stopped challenging for the Grey Cup, the trophy has been awarded only to professional teams with the championship generally being an East vs. West competition. This is also the year the British Columbia Lions started play as the ninth professional team, so although the CFL was not technically founded until the late 1950's, 1954 is often referred to as the start of the "modern era" of Canadian professional football. It is also considered to be the year the CFL was founded in substance if not in name. The game is very similar to American football but there are several major rule differences.
History
Early history
The first Canadian football teams played under the auspices of the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU), founded in 1884. The CRFU was an umbrella organization that several leagues were part of. From the 1930s to the 1950s the two senior leagues of the CRFU (the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union and the Western Interprovincial Football Union) gradually evolved from amateur to professional leagues. They found they had less and less in common with the amateur leagues and consequently in 1956 they left the CRFU and formed a new umbrella organization, the Canadian Football Council. It was renamed the Canadian Football League in 1958. Initially, there was no interdivisional play between eastern and western teams except at the Grey Cup final. Limited interlocking play was introduced in 1961 and by 1981 there was a full interlocking schedule of 16 games a season.
The separate histories of the IRFU and the WIFU accounted for the fact that 2 teams had basically the same nickname. To tell the 2 apart, the IRFU's Ottawa Rough Riders (always 2 separate words) were often called the "Eastern Riders," while the WIFU's Saskatchewan Roughriders (always one word) were called the "Western Riders."
Other team nicknames had unusual yet traditional origins. With rowing a national craze in the late 1800's, the Argonaut Rowing Club of Toronto formed a rugby team for its members' off-season participation, and the Club nickname remains with the team. After World War II, the 2 teams in Hamilton--the Tigers and the Wildcats--merged both their organizations and their nicknames, thus accounting for the hyphen in "Tiger-Cats."
After the admission of the expansion British Columbia Lions in 1954, the league remained stable with nine franchises from its 1958 inception until 1982 when the Montreal Alouettes folded and were subsequently replaced the same year by a new franchise named the Concordes. In 1986 the Concordes were renamed the Alouettes to attract more fan support, but the team folded the next year. The demise of the Alouettes, leaving only 3 teams in the Eastern Division compared to 5 teams in the Western Division, forced the League to balance its playoff structure by moving the 'easternmost' Western team, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, into the East--achieving balance, but upsetting the long-standing tradition of 'East vs. West,' as Winnipeg isn't seen as part of eastern Canada.
Attempts at expansion into the United States
:Main article: CFL USA
In 1993 the league admitted its first U.S. franchise, adding the Sacramento Gold Miners in an attempt to broaden Canadian football's popular appeal and boost league revenues. Spearheading the efforts were two former World League of American Football owners, Fred Anderson and Larry J. Benson, who would each receive a franchise. While Benson's team, the San Antonio Texans, would not play a single down, the Gold Miners would see action, finishing a respectable 6-12 (but remaining at the bottom of the West Division).
The following year saw three more American CFL teams as part of a plan that would see the CFL expand to 20 teams, ten in Canada and ten in the United States. The Baltimore CFL Colts, a name that tried to evoke the spirit of a National Football League team that had since moved to Indianapolis (and were forced to change their name to the Stallions after a long legal battle) were the most successful of any American CFL team, having finished second in the East and making it to the Grey Cup Finals (becoming the first American team to play for the Grey Cup). On the other side of the equation were the Las Vegas Posse, who were so unsuccessful due to fan apathy that their final home game had to be moved to Edmonton. The Shreveport Pirates were the other new team.
The 1995 season saw the loss of the Posse and the move of the Gold Miners to San Antonio, while the Birmingham Barracudas and Memphis Mad Dogs were added. However, fan interest in Canadian football, with the possible exception of the Stallions (largely because the Stallions were a top team), was sparse at best, with fans being driven away to see American college football or the NFL late in the season. At the end of the year, which saw the Stallions become the first American team to win the Grey Cup, all but the Stallions and the San Antonio Texans folded due to financial difficulties. The Stallions would later move to Montreal (renamed the Alouettes) when the NFL announced that a new team was to be added in Baltimore, and owner Jim Speros could not see the Stallions remaining there for long. The Texans would later fold with a similar explanation.
After three seasons of American teams, the CFL returned to an all-Canadian format in 1996 with nine teams; however, the Ottawa Rough Riders folded following the season. In 2002 the league expanded back to nine teams with the Ottawa Renegades. After Ford Field was opened in Detroit, there was a small amount of talk about using the NFL Detroit Lions' former home, the Pontiac Silverdome, for a CFL team. Detroit, Michigan is right next to Windsor, Ontario, and this franchise could possibly have been referred to as the CFL franchise from Windsor, or a joint Detroit/Windsor franchise, but would play in Detroit.
Popularity
Although ice hockey is currently Canada's most popular sport, the CFL is highly popular in Quebec and west of Ontario, and its franchises there enjoy a greater level of support than Ontario teams. However, since the 2004 season, both Toronto and Hamilton have seen a resurgence in attendence. The Edmonton Eskimos regularly boast the league's highest average attendance, drawing about 40,000 people per game (although they also play in the league's largest stadium). Football has been gaining in popularity in Quebec with the recent success of the Alouettes, and Quebec university football teams now lead the country in attendance and on the field, with Laval University, the University of Montreal and Concordia University consistently in the top ten in the country. In Southern Ontario, the CFL is now recovering from the bankruptcy that plagued the Toronto and Hamilton teams in the 2003 season. Both teams have improved their attendance figures dramatically since the 2003 season. The league is currently looking to add a tenth team in Atlantic Canada or Quebec City, although the current mayor of Quebec City Andrée Boucher is against using city money to build a CFL stadium. Quebec City and Halifax have recently hosted CFL exhibition games, both of which sold out quickly. Moncton is expected to host a game next season.
CFL vs. NFL Comparisons
In the days when sports teams were financed almost entirely by ticket sales the two leagues were on equal footing and the CFL could sign top U.S. college football stars such as Johnny Rodgers and Joe Theismann. In fact, during the 1950's and 1960's exhibition games were played between CFL and NFL/AFL teams using a mixture of rules. The last such exhibition game saw the CFL's Hamilton Tiger-Cats defeat the AFL's Buffalo Bills. However, since the 1970s the advent of television revenue has allowed the NFL to far outspend the CFL. The CFL also sets a limit on the number of non-Canadian born players on Canadian teams.
Although the difference in average salaries is currently great with only a handful of CFL players making above the NFL minimum, the differences in the rules between the two leagues means that different kinds of players tend to excel at each game. The result of this is that to a significant extent the leagues are not in competition for the same kinds of players.
Format
League training camps open in May, with regular season games beginning by late June and finishing by early November. The current season format has each team playing 18 games over this 20 week span (thus giving each team at least 2 bye weeks, while one team must play 2 games in one week at some point during the schedule, because of the odd number of teams). Teams are divided into 2 divisions, with 4 teams in the East and 5 in the West. Each team plays a home game and an away game against every other team, with 2 additional games versus divisional rivals.
The principal television broadcaster is TSN, with some games also shown on CBC and RDS within Canada, and a variety of regional networks in the U.S. Games are typically scheduled for Thursday to Saturday evenings during June, July and August, but switch to more Saturday and Sunday afternoon games during September and October. TSN has also created a tradition of at least one Friday night game each week.
Another fixture in the CFL season is the Labour Day Classic, played over the course of the Labour Day weekend (typically Week 10 in the regular season), where the matchups for three of the games in the week (Toronto at Hamilton, Edmonton at Calgary, and Winnipeg at Saskatchewan) have always remained the same year after year. The week after also sees matchups that remain the same between years (most notably the Calgary-Edmonton rematch at Commonwealth Stadium).
A lesser known fixture in the CFL season is the Thanksgiving Day Classic, played over Thanksgiving Day (Canada's Thanksgiving Day is the same date as the USA's Columbus Day). Unlike the Labour Day games, however, the matchups are not always the same each year.
The playoffs begin in November. After the regular season, the top team from each division has an automatic berth to the Division Finals, and the second place team has an automatic berth in the Division Semifinals. The third place team from each division will face the second place team, unless the fourth place team from the opposite division finishes with a better record (this provision is known as the crossover rule). The two division champions then face each other in the Grey Cup, which is held on the 3rd or 4th Sunday of November.
Although the crossover rule implies that it is possible for two teams in the same division to play for the Grey Cup, no team that has crossed over has gone past the Division Semifinals.
Teams
Defunct teams
- Atlantic Schooners - never played a game
- Baltimore Stallions
- Birmingham Barracudas
- Las Vegas Posse
- Memphis Mad Dogs
- Montreal Concordes
- Ottawa Rough Riders
- San Antonio Texans
- Sacramento Gold Miners
- Shreveport Pirates
CFL Commissioners/Presidents
# G. Sydney Halter (1958-1966)
# Keith Davey (1966)
# Ted Workman (1967) (interim)
# Allan McEachern (1967-1968)
# J.G. Gaudaur (1968-1984)
# Douglas H. Mitchell (1984-1988)
# C. William Baker (1989)
# R. Roy McMurty (1990) (interim)
# J. Donald Crump (1990-1991)
# Phil Kershaw (1992) (interim)
# Larry W. Smith (1992-1996)
# John H. Tory (1996-2000)
# Michael R. Lysko (2000-2002)
# David Braley (2002) (interim)
# Tom E.S. Wright (2003-present)
See also
- Canadian Football Hall of Fame
- Canadian football
- Comparison of Canadian and American football
- List of CFL seasons
External links
- [http://www.cfl.ca Canadian Football League]
- [http://www.13thman.com/ 13thman.com]
- [http://www.55yardline.com/ 55 Yard Line]
- [http://www.cflfan.com/ CFLFan.com]
- [http://www.cflzone.com CFLZone.com]
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Montreal Alouettes
The Montréal Alouettes (French, Alouettes de Montréal) are a Canadian Football League team based in Montréal, Quebec.
The CFL considers all clubs which have played in Montréal as one in their league records, including those of the Montréal Concordes and the Baltimore Stallions, which relocated to become the current Alouettes club in 1996.
:Founded: Original club founded as Montreal Alouettes in 1946. Original Alouette club ceased operations following 1981 season and replaced by a new team, the Montreal Concordes, which played from 1982 to 1985. The Concordes were rechristened the "new" Alouettes for the 1986 season, but ceased operations the same day the 1987 season was to start. Following the 1995 season, the Baltimore Stallions franchise was relocated to Montreal to become the third team to take the Alouettes name.
:Formerly known as: Montréal Concordes (1982-1986), Baltimore Football Club (1994), Baltimore Stallions (1995).
:Helmet design: Silver background with a blue "A" and a charging lark holding a football
:Uniform colours: Blue, Red, Silver and White.
:Home stadium: Percival Molson Memorial Stadium for regular season, Olympic Stadium for playoff games
:Past stadiums: Delormier Downs (1946), Percival Molson Memorial Stadium (1947-1967, 1972, 1998-present), Autostade (1968-1971, 1973-1976), Stade Olympique (1976-1997)
:Eastern regular season championships: 13 -- 1946, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1977, 1979, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004
:Eastern regular season championship (as Baltimore Stallions{CFL
Barcelona Dragons
The Barcelona Dragons were a team in the World League of American Football from 1991 and 1992, and in NFL Europe from 1995 to 2003.
Their home field in Barcelona was the Estadi OlÃmpic de Montjuic, the 1992 Olympic Stadium.
The team was made part of the FC Barcelona organisation in 2002 as the FC Barcelona Dragons.
After the 2003 season, the Dragons were discontinued to be replaced by the Cologne Centurions.
The Barcelona Dragons won the World Bowl once in 1997, and finished as runner-ups in 1991, 1999 and in 2001.
For the entire duration of the Dragons' history they had only one head coach, El Caballero Jack Bicknell.
Category:Defunct American football teams
Category:Sport in Barcelona
Category:History of Barcelona
Category:Calgary Stampeders playersThese are players who have played with the Canadian Football League's Calgary Stampeders.
Category:Canadian Football League players
Category:Calgary Stampeders
Category:Canadian Football League playersThis category lists Canadian football players that have played in the Canadian Football League, the highest level of play in the sport.
Category:Canadian Football League
Category:Canadian football players
Category:Canadian sportspeople
Category:XFL playersThis is a list of American football players who played for the XFL in 2001.
Category:American football players Battle of Manassas Station Operations
The Manassas Station Operations, also known as the Bristoe Station, Kettle Run, Bull Run Bridge, or Union Mills, took place from August 25–27, 1862, in Prince William County, Virginia, as part of the Northern Virginia Campaign of the American Civil War.
On the evening of August 26, after passing around John Pope’s right flank via Thoroughfare Gap, Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson’s wing of the army struck the Orange & Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station and before daybreak August 27 marched to capture and destroy the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction. This surprise movement forced Pope into an abrupt retreat from his defensive line along the Rappahannock River. On August 27, Jackson routed a Union brigade near Union Mills (Bull Run Bridge), inflicting several hundred casualties and mortally wounding Union Brig. Gen. George W. Taylor. Richard S. Ewell’s Division fought a brisk rearguard action against Joseph Hooker’s division at Kettle Run, resulting in about 600 casualties. Ewell held back Union forces until dark. During the night of August 27–28, Jackson marched his divisions north to the First Bull Run battlefield, where he took position behind an unfinished railroad grade.
References
- [http://www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/battles/bycampgn.htm CWSAC Battle Summaries, National Park Service]
Manassas Station Ops.
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Marcus Tullius Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero, orator et philosophus, natus Arpini a.d. III. Non. Ian. DCXLVII a.u.c. (die 3 Januarii 106 a.C.n.), consul DCXC, mortuus a.d. VII Id. Dec DCCX (die 7 Decembris 43 a.C.n.).
Cicero orator et vir rei publicae peritus Romae fuit, et
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Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero, orator et philosophus, natus Arpini a.d. III. Non. Ian. DCXLVII a.u.c. (die 3 Januarii 106 a.C.n.), consul DCXC, mortuus a.d. VII Id. Dec DCCX (die 7 Decembris 43 a.C.n.).
Cicero orator et vir rei publicae peritus Romae fuit, et
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Socialis Democratico Factio Germaniae
SPD est abbreviatio factionis socialium democraticorum in Germania. Abbreviatio in Germanice significat "Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands". Est una duarum permagnarum factionum Germaniae.
Res gestae
Antiquis temporibus homines in SPD versantes curatores operariorum tantum esse voluerunt. Nunc dicunt partes totius populi esse.
Partes SPD anno MDCCCLXXXX conditae sunt. Iam prius operarii partes constituerant, sed illo demum anno vires suos coniunxerunt. Cum Sociales Democratici temporibu
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