:: wikimiki.org ::

Jerry Kilgore

Jerry Kilgore

Jerry Walter Kilgore, (born August 23, 1961), a Republican, is a former Attorney General of Virginia. He was born August 23, 1961 in Kingsport, Tennessee. Kilgore earned his bachelor's degree from Clinch Valley College (now known as the University of Virginia's College at Wise) and his law degree from the College of William and Mary in 1986. He has a twin brother, Terry Kilgore, who is currently a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He was defeated by Lieutenant Governor Tim Kaine in the 2005 race for Governor of Virginia.

Career

During 1987 and 1988, he served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia. Kilgore was Secretary of Public Safety under Governor George F. Allen from 1994 to 1998. He was elected Attorney General of Virginia in 2001 by a wide margin after succesfully painting his African American opponent, Democrat Donald A. McEachin, as weak on gun control. Jerry W. Kilgore easily won his primary challenge against Warrenton Mayor George Fitch to become the 2005 Republican nominee for Governor of Virginia. He ran against Lt. Governor Tim Kaine, the Democratic nominee, and state Sen. Russ Potts, a pro-choice Republican running as an independent candidate. Kilgore refused to debate Potts throughout the campaign, at times leaving Kaine and Potts to debate only each other in his absence. Early in the race, Kilgore showed solid 10+ leads in the polls, but Kaine steadily closed the gap and ultimately defeated by Kilgore 52% to 46%. Kilgore is known for his socially conservative views, especially on issues such as gun control, religion, and supporting the Pro-Life movement. Kilgore is also critical of Governor Mark Warner's fiscal policy, particularly the cigarette tax that rose from 2 cents to 30 cents.

Criticism

Kilgore's 2005 campaign was at times criticized for first taking steps to avoid debates, and then agreeing to just one statewide debate, only with Kaine, and only if the footage could not be aired in campaign commercials. Additionally, he has been criticized for airing ads related to a purported "gas tax" proposal by Tim Kaine that never actually happened according to The Virginian-Pilot. He criticized for invoking the name of Adolf Hitler in a campaign ad about his opponent, and for failing to agree to limit negative ads to 50% of his campaign's advertising as Kaine did at their only debate. In defending himself, Kilgore has said "I'm not going to let a moderator determine my political strategy... we will make sure all the ads are truthful." Kilgore was also attacked by his own party for refusing during a debate to answer whether or not he would make abortion a crime. This apparent public moderation of his previously open and hard-line stance on abortion troubled many of his conservative supporters. In trying to explain how a solid Republican could lose a traditionally Republican state by such a large margin, commentators have cited numerous key factors. Commonly cited positives for Kaine's effort included: 1) Kaine's association with the state's extremely popular Democratic Governor Mark Warner and defense of Warner's 2004 budget priorities, 2) Kaine's "response ads" which featured him personally speaking to voters about his religious convictions, and 3) Kaine's relentless in-person campaigning across the state. Commonly cited problems with Kilgore's campaign included: 4) a backlash over several highly-personal death penalty ads that Kilgore's campaign ran in the fall, 5) the relatively low poll numbers of current President George W. Bush at the time the election, and 6) a bitter division between the moderate and conservative wings of the Republican party over tax and spending priorities.

References

- [http://www.newsleader.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051019/OPINION01/510190310/1014/NEWS01 They'll kill for this job] – Staunton News-Leader — October 19, 2005
- [http://www.tricities.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=TRI%2FMGArticle%2FTRI_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1128767529841 Death penalty attack is a vile political tactic] – Bristol Herald Courier — October 14, 2005
- [http://www.roanoke.com/editorials/wb/wb/xp-36011 Death penalty demagoguery] – Roanoke Times — October 13, 2005
- [http://www.roanoke.com/editorials/wb/wb/xp-35024 Jerry Kilgore's shrinking low profile] – Roanoke Times — October 6, 2005
- [http://home.hamptonroads.com/stories/story.cfm?story=92942&ran=106355 Ad Watch: Kilgore's gas tax claim in new ad is unfounded] – The Virginian-Pilot — September 30, 2005
- Shapiro, Jeff E. [http://www.timesdispatch.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=RTD/MGArticle/RTD_BasicArticle&c=MGArticle&cid=1031783318855 Kilgore refuses to debate Potts] – Richmond Times-Dispatch — June 16, 2005.
- Branigin, William: [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/08/AR2005110800371.html Kaine Defeats Kilgore in Va. Gubernatorial Race], Washington Post, Nov. 8, 2005.

External links

- [http://www.jerrykilgore.com Campaign Website] Kilgore, Jerry Walter Kilgore, Jerry Walter

August 23

August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining.

Events

- 1305 - William Wallace is executed.
- 1328 - Battle of Kassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers
- 1328 - King Philip VI of France is crowned.
- 1541 - French explorer Jacques Cartier lands near Quebec City in his third voyage to Canada.
- 1566 - Calvinists are granted rights in the Netherlands
- 1614 - The University of Groningen is established
- 1617 - In London, the first one-way street is established
- 1651 - Charles II of England enters Worcester and starts a battle.
- 1784 - Eastern Tennessee declares itself an independent state under the name of Franklin; the step is rejected by Congress one year later
- 1793 - French Revolution: a levée en masse was decreed by the National Convention.
- 1799 - Napoleon leaves Egypt for France en route to seize power
- 1813 - At the Battle of Grossbeeren,the Prussians under Von Bulow repulse the French army.
- 1821 - Mexico gains its independence from Spain
- 1833 - Slavery abolished in the British colonies
- 1839 - The UK captures Hong Kong
- 1864 - The Union Navy captures Fort Morgan, Alabama, thus breaking Confederate dominance of all ports on the Gulf of Mexico
- 1866 - Austro-Prussian War ends with the Treaty of Prague
- 1889 - First wireless message from a ship to the shore received.
- 1904 - The automobile tire chain is patented.
- 1914 - Japan declares war on Germany and bombs Qingdao, China.
- 1924 - The distance between Earth and Mars is the smallest since the 10th century.
- 1927 - Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti are executed in Boston, Massachusetts.
- 1929 - Arabs attack Jews in Israel
- 1939 - World War II: Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression treaty, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. In a secret addition to the pact, Baltic states, Finland and Poland are divided between the two nations.
- 1940 - World War II: The Germans start bombing London.
- 1942 - World War II: Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad
- 1943 - World War II: Kharkov liberated.
- 1944 - World War II: Marseille liberated.
- 1944 - World War II: King Michael of Romania dismisses the pro-Nazi government of General Antonescu. Romania switches sides from the Axis to the Allies.
- 1944 - A US Army Air Force B-24 Liberator bomber crashes into a school in Freckleton, England killing 61 people.
- 1944 - World War II: Ion Antonescu, prime minister of Romania, is arrested and a new gouverment is established. Romania exits the war against Russia joining the Allies.
- 1947 - The Maynard Midgets beat Lock Haven 16-7 to win the first-ever Little League World Series championship.
- 1948 - World Council of Churches is formed.
- 1952 - The Arab League goes into effect.
- 1958 - Chinese Civil War: The Second Taiwan Strait crisis begins with the People's Liberation Army's bombardment of Quemoy.
- 1960 - In Equatorial Guinea, the world's largest frog (3.3 kg) is caught.
- 1962 - First live television connection between the United States and Europe, via the Telstar satellite.
- 1966 - Lunar Orbiter 1 takes the first photograph of Earth from orbit around the Moon.
- 1968 - Ringo Starr temporarily quits The Beatles
- 1973 - The Intelsat communication satellite is launched.
- 1975 - Successful Communist coup in Laos
- 1976 - A major earthquake in China kills thousands of people.
- 1979 - Soviet dancer Alexander Godunov defects to the United States.
- 1985 - Hans Tiedge, top counter-spy of West Germany, defects to East Germany.
- 1987 - Heavy rains and floods in Bangladesh kill hundreds of victims.
- 1989 - Singing Revolution: two million people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania stand on the Vilnius-Tallinn road, holding hands (Baltic way).
- 1989 - All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign after the airlines threaten to sack them and sue them over a dispute.
- 1990 - Saddam Hussein appears on Iraqi state television with a number of Western "guests" (actually hostages to try to prevent the Gulf War).
- 1990 - Armenia declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- 1990 - West Germany and East Germany announce that they will unite on October 3.
- 1992 - Hurricane Andrew hits South Florida.
- 1996 - Osama bin Laden issues message entitled 'A declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places'
- 2000 - A Gulf Air Airbus A320 crashes into the Persian Gulf near Manama, Bahrain, killing 143
- 2000 - Nicaragua becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty. This essentially deprecated the Buenos Aires Convention treaty, because as of this date, all members of the BA Convention were also signatories to Berne.

Births

- 686 - Charles Martel, grandfather of Charlemagne (d. 741)
- 1486 - Sigismund von Herberstein, Austrian diplomat and historian (d. 1566)
- 1524 - François Hotman, French lawyer and writer (d. 1590)
- 1623 - Stanisław Lubieniecki, Polish astronomer (d. 1675)
- 1724 - Abraham Yates, American Continental Congressman (d. 1796)
- 1741 - Jean-François de Galaup, count de La Pérouse, French explorer (d. 1788)
- 1754 - King Louis XVI of France (d. 1792)
- 1769 - Georges Cuvier, French biologist and statesman (d. 1832)
- 1783 - William Tierney Clark, English civil engineer (d. 1852)
- 1785 - Oliver Hazard Perry, U.S. naval officer (d.1819)
- 1805 - Anton von Schmerling, Austrian statesman (d. 1893)
- 1829 - Moritz Cantor, German mathematician (d.1920)
- 1847 - Sarah Frances Whiting, American physicist and astronomer (d. 1927)
- 1849 - William Ernest Henley, British poet, critic, and editor (d. 1903)
- 1852 - Arnold Toynbee, English economist and social reformer (d.1883)
- 1864 - Eleftherios Venizalos, Prime Minister of Greece (d.1936)
- 1869 - Edgar Lee Masters, American author (d. 1950)
- 1875 - William Eccles, English radio pioneer (d. 1966)
- 1880 - Alexander Grin, Russian writer (d. 1932)
- 1883 - Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, U.S. general (d. 1953)
- 1884 - Will Cuppy, American humorist (d. 1949)
- 1900 - Ernst Krenek, Austrian-born composer (d. 1991)
- 1901 - John Sherman Cooper, U.S. Senator from Kentucky (d. 1991)
- 1903 - William Primrose, Scottish violist (d. 1982)
- 1905 - Constant Lambert, British composer (d. 1951)
- 1911 - Birger Ruud, Norwegian athelete (d. 1998)
- 1912 - Gene Kelly, American dancer and actor (d. 1996)
- 1917 - Tex Williams, American singer (d. 1985)
- 1921 - Kenneth Arrow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1922 - George Kell, baseball player
- 1923 - Edgar F. Codd, English computer scientist (d. 2003)
- 1924 - Ephraim Kishon, Israeli writer (d. 2005)
- 1924 - Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1927 - Dick Bruna, Dutch illustrator
- 1929 - Vera Miles, American actress
- 1930 - Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France
- 1931 - Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1932 - Houari Boumedienne, President of Algeria (d. 1978)
- 1932 - Mark Russell, American comedian, musician, and political commentator
- 1933 - Robert Curl, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1933 - Pete Wilson, Governor of California
- 1934 - Barbara Eden, American actress
- 1934 - Sonny Jurgensen, American football player
- 1936 - Henry Lee Lucas, American serial killer (d. 2001)
- 1943 - Nelson DeMille, American novelist
- 1947 - Keith Moon, English singer and drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
- 1947 - David Robb, British actor
- 1949 - Shelley Long, American actress
- 1949 - Rick Springfield, Australian singer and actor
- 1951 - Akhmad Kadyrov, President of Chechnya (d. 2004)
- 1951 - Queen Noor of Jordan
- 1952 - Vicky Leandros, Greek singer
- 1956 - Andreas Floer, German mathematician (d. 1991)
- 1963 - Hans-Henning Fastrich, German field hockey player
- 1963 - Kenny Wallace, American race car driver
- 1966 - Rik Smits, Dutch basketball player
- 1969 - Keith Tyson, Turner prize-winning English artist
- 1970 - Jay Mohr, American actor and comedian
- 1970 - River Phoenix, American actor (d. 1993)
- 1974 - Ray Park, British actor
- 1975 - Eliza Carthy, English singer and fiddler
- 1978 - Kobe Bryant, American basketball player
- 1978 - Julian Casablancas, American musician
- 1982 - Natalie Coughlin, American olympic swimmer
- 1984 - Glen Johnson, English footballer
- 1988 - Niki Leinso, Croatian singer and songwriter

Deaths

- 93 - Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman Governor of Britain (b. 40)
- 634 - Abu Bakr, Arabian caliph
- 1176 - Emperor Rokujo of Japan (b. 1164)
- 1305 - William Wallace, Scottish patriot (executed)
- 1387 - King Olav IV of Norway (b. 1370)
- 1507 - Jean Molinet, French writer (b. 1435)
- 1519 - Philibert Berthelier, Swiss patriot
- 1540 - Guillaume Budé, French scholar
- 1591 - Luis Ponce de León, Spanish poet and mystic (b. 1527)
- 1618 - Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero, Dutch writer (b. 1585)
- 1628 - George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (b. 1592)
- 1723 - Increase Mather, New England Puritan minister (b. 1639)
- 1618 - Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero, Dutch writer (b. 1585)
- 1652 - John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, English royalist politician (b. 1600)
- 1806 - Charles Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist (b. 1736)
- 1813 - Alexander Wilson, Scottish-born ornithologist (b. 1766)
- 1819 - Oliver Hazard Perry, American naval officer (b. 1785)
- 1866 - Auguste Barthelemy, French poet (b. 1796)
- 1926 - Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
- 1927 - Nicola Sacco, Italian anarchist (executed) (b. 1891)
- 1927 - Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian anarchist (executed) (b. 1888)
- 1937 - Albert Roussel, French composer (b. 1869)
- 1955 - Reginald Tate, British actor (b. 1896)
- 1960 - Oscar Hammerstein II, American lyricist (b. 1895)
- 1962 - Walter Anderson, German folklorist (b. 1885)
- 1962 - Hoot Gibson, American actor (b. 1892)
- 1966 - Francis X. Bushman, American actor (b. 1883)
- 1982 - Stanford Moore, American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
- 1997 - John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1917)
- 2001 - Peter Maas, American novelist (b. 1929)
- 2002 - Hoyt Wilhelm, baseball player (b. 1922)
- 2003 - Imperio Argentina, Argentine singer and actress (b. 1906)
- 2003 - Bobby Bonds, baseball player and manager (b. 1946)
- 2003 - Jack Dyer, Australian footballer (b. 1913)
- 2003 - John Geoghan, American Catholic priest
- 2005 - Brock Peters, American actor (b. 1927)

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - Vulcanalia
- RC Saints - Saint Rose of Lima
- Romania - Liberation Day (1944)
- Swaziland - Umhlanga Day
- Astrology - First day of sun sign Virgo

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/23 BBC: On This Day] ---- August 22 - August 24 - July 23 - September 23 -- listing of all days ko:8월 23일 ms:23 Ogos ja:8月23日 simple:August 23 th:23 สิงหาคม

Republican Party (United States)

:This article is about the modern United States Republican Party. For the earlier Republican Party, see Democratic-Republican Party (United States). The Republican Party, often called the GOP (for "Grand Old Party"), is a political party and is one of the two major political parties in the United States (the other being the Democratic Party). The party was first established in 1854 by Northerners who were opposed to the spread of slavery. In the modern political era, the GOP is usually considered the more socially conservative and economically neoliberal of the two major parties. The current President of the United States, George W. Bush, is the party leader. Since 2002 the Republican Party has held a majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives. It also controls a majority of governorships, and a majority of state legislatures. The official symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in Harper's Weekly on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol [http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7]. In the early 20th century, the traditional symbol of the Republican Party in Midwestern states such as Indiana and Ohio was the eagle, as opposed to the Democratic rooster. This symbol still appears on Indiana ballots. The party tends to hold both conservative and libertarian stances on social and economic issues. Major policies that the party has recently supported include the 2003 Iraq War and across-the-board tax cuts. It has sought business deregulation, gun ownership rights, free trade and a partial privatization of Social Security. It favors the death penalty, calls for restricted access to abortion, and opposes the legalization of same-sex marriage. The Republican coalition is quite diverse, and "moderate" and "conservative" factions compete for power to frame platforms and select candidates. The "conservatives" are strongest in the South, where they draw support from religious conservatives. The "moderates" tend to dominate the party in New England, and are well represented in all states. In the 1940s and 1950s under such leaders as Thomas Dewey, Dwight Eisenhower and Nelson Rockefeller they usually dominated the presidential wing of the party. Since Barry Goldwater defeated them in 1964 they have been less powerful, though they were well represented in the cabinets of all Republican presidents.

History and trends

Birth

Both Ripon, Wisconsin, and Jackson, Michigan, claim the honor of setting up the first statewide Republican party organization in 1854. Delegates In Jackson, Michigan on July 6, 1854 declared their new party opposed to the expansion of slavery into new territories, as permitted by the proposed Kansas-Nebraska Act.They selected a state-wide slate of candidates. The Republican Party is not to be confused with the Democratic-Republican party of Thomas Jefferson or the National Republican Party of Henry Clay. Besides opposition to slavery, the new party drew on the previous traditions of the members, most of whom had been Whigs, and some of whom had been Democrats or members of third parties especially the Free Soil Party, and American Party. Since its inception, its chief opposition has been the Democratic Party, which was formed in the 1830s. American Party–1865).]] John C. Frémont ran as the first Republican nominee for President in 1856, using the political slogan: "Free soil, free labor, free speech, free men, Frémont." Although Frémont's bid was unsuccessful, the party showed a strong base. It dominated in New England, New York and the northern Midwest, and had a strong presence in the rest of the North. It had almost no support in the South, where it was roundly denounced in 1856-60 as a divisive force that threatened civil war. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 ended the domination of the fragile coalition of pro-slavery southern Democrats and conciliatory northern Democrats which had existed since the days of Andrew Jackson. Instead, a new era of Republican dominance based in the industrial and agricultural north ensued. Republicans still often refer to their party as the "party of Lincoln" in honor of the first Republican President.

Late nineteenth century

With the end of the Civil War came the upheavals of Reconstruction. Republicans at first welcomed president Andrew Johnson; the Radical Republicans thought he was one of them and would take a hard line in punishing the South. Johnson however broke with them and formed a loose alliance with moderate Republicans and some Democrats. The showdown came in the Congressional elections of 1866, in which the Radicals won a sweeping victory and took full control of Reconstruction, passing key laws over the veto. Johnson was impeached by the House, but acquitted by the Senate. In 1868 the Republicans united around Ulysses S. Grant. In 1872 the party split, as Liberal Republicans detested Grant's corruption and thought that Reconstruction had succeeded and should be ended. Many of the founders of the GOP joined the movement, as did many powerful newspaper editors. They nominated Horace Greeley, who gained unofficial Democratic support, but was defeated in a landslide. Reconstruction came to an end when the contested election of 1876 was handed to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes who promised, through the unofficial Compromise of 1877 to withdraw federal troops from control of the last three southern states. The region then became the Solid South, giving overwhelming majorities of its electoral votes and Congressional seats to the Democrats until 1964. The GOP, as it was now nicknamed, split into "Stalwart" and "Half-Breed" factions, but policy differences were slight; in 1884, "Mugwump" reformers split off and helped elect Democrat Grover Cleveland. As the Northern post-bellum economy mushroomed with industry and immigration, and prosperous agriculture, support for hard money (i.e. gold), high tariffs, and high benefits for veterans became Republican policy. From 1960 to 1912 the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion". Rum stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers, in contrast to the GOP, which had a strong dry element. "Romanism" meant the Catholics, especially the Irish, who staffed the Democratic party in every big city, and whom the Republicans denounced for political corruption. "Rebellion" stood for the Confederates who tried to break the Union in 1861, and the Copperheads in the North who sympathized with them. Demographic trends aided the Democrats, as the German and Irish Catholic immigrants were Democrats, and outnumbered the English and Scandinavian Republicans. During the 1880s and 1890s, the Republicans struggled against the Democrats' efforts, winning several close elections and losing two to Grover Cleveland (in 1884 and 1892). 1892 faction of the Republican Party.]]

Early twentieth century

The election of William McKinley in 1896 is widely seen as a resurgence of Republican dominance and is sometimes cited as a realigning election. He relied heavily on industry for his support and cemented the Republicans as the party of business; his campaign manager, Ohio's Marcus Hanna, developed a detailed plan for getting contributions from the business world, and McKinley outspent his rival William Jennings Bryan by a large margin. This emphasis on business was in part mitigated by Theodore Roosevelt, McKinley's successor after assassination, who engaged in trust-busting. Roosevelt did not seek another term in 1908, instead endorsing Secretary of War William Howard Taft as his successor, but the widening division between progressive and conservative forces in the party resulted in a third-party candidacy for Roosevelt on the Progressive, or "Bull Moose" ticket in the election of 1912. He finished ahead of Taft, but the split in the Republican vote resulted in a decisive victory for Democrat Woodrow Wilson, temporarily interrupting the Republican era. The party controlled the presidency throughout the 1920s, running on a platform of opposition to the League of Nations, high tariffs, and promotion of business interests. Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover were resoundingly elected in 1920, 1924, and 1928 respectively, but the Great Depression cost Hoover the presidency with the landslide election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excepting the two-term presidency of Republican Dwight Eisenhower.

Second half of the twentieth century

Dwight Eisenhower.]] The post-war emergence of the United States as one of two superpowers and rapid social change caused the Republican Party to divide into a conservative faction (dominant in the West and Southeast) and a liberal faction (dominant in New England) – combined with a residual base of inherited progressive Midwestern Republicanism active throughout the century. A Republican like U.S. Sen. Robert Taft of Ohio represented the Midwestern wing of the party that continued to oppose New Deal reforms and continued to champion isolationism. Thomas Dewey represented the Northeastern wing of the party that was closer to liberalism and internationalism. In the end, the isolationists were marginalized by those who supported a strong U.S. role in opposing the Soviet Union throughout the world, as embodied by President Eisenhower. The conservatives made a comeback under the leadership of Barry Goldwater who defeated liberal Nelson Rockefeller as the Republican candidate for the 1964 presidential election. Goldwater was strongly opposed to the New Deal but he rejected isolationism and containment, calling for an aggressive anti-Communist foreign policy. On social issues Goldwater was a libertarian and did not seek support from the social conservatives. One element of the New Deal coalition was the "Solid South", a term describing the Southern states' reliable support for Democratic presidential candidates. Goldwater's electoral success in the South, and Nixon's successful Southern strategy in 1968 and 1972, represented a significant political turnabout, as Southern whites began moving into the party. Later, the Democratic Party's support for liberal social stances such as abortion, criminal law issues such as abolition of the death penalty, and same-sex marriage drove many former Democrats into a Republican party that was embracing the conservative views on these issues. Conversely, liberal Republicans in the northeast began to join the Democratic Party. In The Emerging Republican Majority, Kevin Phillips, then a Nixon strategist, argued (based on the 1968 election results) that support from Southern whites and growth in the Sun Belt, among other factors, was driving an enduring Republican electoral realignment. Today, the South is still solid, but the reliable support is for Republican presidential candidates, and no Democratic presidential candidate who wasn't from the South has won a presidential election since 1960. realignment, providing conservative influence that continues to the present day.]] Any enduring Republican majority, however, was put on hold when the Watergate Scandal forced Nixon to resign under threat of impeachment. Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon under the 25th Amendment and struggled to forge a political identity separate from his predecessor. The taint of Watergate and the nation's economic difficulties contributed to the election of Democrat Jimmy Carter in 1976, a Washington outsider.

Reagan Era, 1980-1992

The trends Phillips described, however, could be seen in the 1980 and 1984 elections of Ronald Reagan - the latter being a landslide in which Reagan won nearly 59% of the popular vote and carried 49 of the 50 states. The Reagan Democrats were Democrats before the Reagan years, and afterwards, but who voted for Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 (and for George H. W. Bush in 1988), producing their landslide victories. They were mostly white ethnics in the Northeast who were attracted to Reagan's social conservatism on issues such as abortion, and to his strong foreign policy. They did not continue to vote Republican in 1992 or 1996, so the term fell into disuse except as a reference to the 1980s. The term is not used to describe southern whites who became permanent Republicans in presidential elections. Stanley Greenberg, a Democratic pollster analyzed white ethnic voters, largely unionized auto workers, in suburban Macomb County, Michigan, just north of Detroit. The county voted 63 percent for Kennedy in 1960 and 66 percent for Reagan in 1984. He concluded that Reagan Democrats no longer saw Democrats as champions of their middle class aspirations, but instead saw it as being a party working primarily for the benefit of others, especially African Americans and the very poor. Bill Clinton targeted the Reagan Democrats with considerable success in 1992 and 1996.

Capture the House 1994

House Republican Minority Whip Newt Gingrich-led "Republican Revolution" of 1994 and its Contract With America. It was the first time since 1952 that the Republicans secured control of both houses of U.S. Congress, which, with the exception of the Senate during 2001-2002, has been retained through the present time. This capture and subsequent holding of congress represented a major legislative turnaround, as Democrats controlled both houses of congress for the forty years preceeding 1994, with the exception of the 1981-1987 congresses (in which Republicans controlled the Senate). In 1994, Republican Congressional candidates on a platform of major reforms of government with measures, such as a balanced budget amendment and welfare reform. These measures and others formed the famous Contract with America, which represented the first effort to have a party platform in an off-year election. The Republicans passed some of their proposals, but failed on others such as term limits. Democratic President Bill Clinton opposed many of the social agenda initiatives, though he co-opted the proposals for welfare reform and a balanced federal budget. The result was a major change in the welfare system, which conservatives hailed and liberals bemoaned. The Republican-controlled House of Representatives also failed to muster the two-thirds majority required to pass one of the most popular proposals—a Constitutional amendment to impose term limits on members of Congress. In 1995, a budget battle with Clinton led to the brief shutdown of the federal government, an event which contributed to Clinton's victory in the 1996 election.

Present day

1996 election With the victory of George W. Bush in the closely contested 2000 election, the Republican party gained control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since 1952, only to lose control of the Senate by one vote when Vermont Senator James Jeffords left the Republican party to become an independent in 2001 and chose to vote with the Democratic caucus. In the wake of the 2001 September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, however, Bush's popularity rose as he pursued a "War on Terrorism" that included the invasion of Afghanistan and the USA PATRIOT Act. The Republican Party fared well in the 2002 midterm elections, solidifying its hold on the House and regaining control of the Senate, in the run-up to the war in Iraq. This marked just the third time since the Civil War that the party in control of the White House gained seats in both houses of Congress in a midterm election (others were 1902 and 1934). On November 2, 2004, Bush was re-elected to a second term, receiving 51% of the popular vote and becoming the first presidential candidate to win a majority of the popular vote since 1988. Republicans gained additional seats in both houses of Congress, leaving Democrats again in the minority. The Republican 2004 political platform was titled "A Safer World and a More Hopeful America".[http://www.gop.com/media/2004platform.pdf] It expressed commitment to:
- Winning the War on Terror
- Ushering in an Ownership Era
- Building an Innovative Economy to Compete in the World
- Strengthening Our Communities
- Protecting Our Families

Current structure and composition

The Republican National Committee (RNC) of the United States is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as for coordinating fundraising and election strategy. There are similar committees in every U.S. state and most U.S. counties (though in some states, party organization lower than state-level is arranged by legislative districts). It is the counterpart of the Democratic National Committee. The chairman of the RNC, since January of 2005, is Ken Mehlman. The Republican Party also has fundraising and strategy committees for House races (National Republican Congressional Committee), Senate races (National Republican Senatorial Committee), and gubernatorial races (Republican Governors Association).

Factions

Republican Governors Association Defining the views of any "faction" of any large political party is difficult at best, and any attempt to apply labels within a single political party is subject to some oversimplification. Nevertheless, there are several ideological groups recognized by some in the modern-day GOP, including the social conservatives, Republican In Name Only, paleoconservatives, neoconservatives, moderates, fiscal conservatives, Log Cabin Republicans, and libertarians.

Future trends, realignment?

Thus, as of 2006, Republicans will have controlled the White House for 26 of the previous 38 years, and both houses of Congress since 1994 (except for over a year in the Senate), leading some Conservative commentators to speculate about a permanent political realignment along the lines of the presidential election of 1896, in which Mark Hanna helped William McKinley construct a Republican majority that lasted for the next 36 years — Karl Rove, President Bush's chief political advisor, has been reported to be a keen student of this election. Evidence supporting this view includes Bush's relative success among Hispanic voters, winning 35% of their vote in 2000 and 44% in 2004, although the latter figure has been questioned by some analysts (most notably the anti-immigration Steve Sailer, whose analysis of several exit polls placed Hispanic support for Bush in 2004 at a maximum of 39%), and Bush's victory in 2004 in ninety-seven of the hundred fastest-growing counties in the country, evidence of Republican strength in quickly growing exurbs and in the booming metropolitan areas of the South. By 2010, the United States Census predicts that state population changes will cause states that voted for Bush in 2004 to gain six Congressional seats and electoral votes, while states that voted for Kerry will lose six.[http://www.willisms.com/archives/2005/06/checking_in_on_1.html] Others, such as left-wing commentators Ruy Teixeira and John Judis see prospects of a Republican realignment as unlikely, given the relative decrease in the proportion of white and rural voters, who traditionally have supported the GOP, and noting that Democrats have tended to win healthy majorities among Hispanics, African Americans, and city dwellers (among African American voters, Bush — like all recent Republican presidential candidates — lost overwhelmingly both times, though he did manage to increase his support from 9% in 2000 to 11% in 2004). Critics claim that an inconsistency in the views held within the Republican Party, which they see as a dramatic difference between anti-government libertarians and social conservatives, will undermine the Party's success. There are several outreach campaigns to attract more minorities to register Republican. Notably, that the head of the NAACP for Florida's Orange County, Derrick Wallace has responded to GOP outreach efforts by changing his party affiliation to Republican.[http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/columnists/orl-maxwell1705nov17,0,2971218.column?coll=orl-news-col] There are other notable minorities who attract other minorities to the GOP. [http://www.gop.com/Teams/AfricanAmericans/]

Presidential tickets

Other noted Republicans

Present-day

- George Allen, Senator from Virginia.
- Howard Baker, Ambassador to Japan and former senator.
- Haley Barbour, Governor of Mississippi and former chair of the Republican National Committee.
- Michael Bloomberg, media entrepreneur and Mayor of New York City/ RINO.
- Jeb Bush, Governor of Florida.
- Saxby Chambliss, Senator from Georgia.
- Norm Coleman, Senator from Minnesota.
- Tom DeLay, former House Majority Leader, from Texas.
- Elizabeth Dole, Senator from North Carolina, former Labor Secretary and Transportation Secretary, and former presidential candidate.
- John Engler, former Governor of Michigan and current head of National Association of Manufacturers.
- Bill Frist, Senate Majority Leader, from Tennessee.
- Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of the House, from Georgia.
- Phil Gramm, former Senator from Texas.
- Rudy Giuliani, former Mayor of New York/RINO.
- Alexander Haig, former Secretary of State.
- Dennis Hastert, Speaker of the House, from Illinois.
- Jesse Helms, former Senator from North Carolina.
- Mike Huckabee, current Governor of Arkansas.
- Thomas Kean, former Governor from New Jersey.
- Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of State.
- Trent Lott, former Senate Majority Leader, from Mississippi.
- John McCain, Senator from Arizona and former presidential candidate.
- George Pataki, Governor of New York.
- Tim Pawlenty, Governor of Minnesota.
- Colin Powell, former Secretary of State.
- Dan Quayle, former Vice President.
- Tom Ridge, former Homeland Security Secretary and former Governor of Pennsylvania.
- Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State.
- Dana Rohrabacher, Representative from California.
- Karl Rove, president George W. Bush's chief political strategist and deputy chief of staff.
- Donald Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense.
- Mark Sanford, Governor of South Carolina.
- Rick Santorum, Senator from Pennsylvania and chairman of the Senate Republican Conference.
- George P. Shultz, former Secretary of State and Secretary of the Treasury.
- Arlen Specter, Senator from Pennsylvania.
- Arnold Schwarzenegger, Governor of California.
- Theodore Stevens, president pro tempore of the U.S. senate.
- Caspar Weinberger. former Secretary of Defense.
- Christine Todd Whitman, former Governor of New Jersey and former administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
- Pete Wilson, former Governor of California.

Historical

- James G. Blaine (1830 - 1893), former Senator from Maine and Presidential candidate
- John Connally (1917 - 1993), a Governor of Texas
- Joseph Gurney Cannon (1836 - 1926), Speaker of the House
- Charles Curtis (1860 - 1936), Vice President
- Charles G. Dawes (1865 - 1951), Vice President
- George Frisbie Hoar (1826 - 1904), Senator from Massachusetts
- Robert G. Ingersoll (1833 - 1899), political activist
- Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924) Senator from Massachusetts
- Joseph McCarthy (1908 - 1957), Senator from Wisconsin and noted anti-communist
- Thomas Brackett Reed (1839 - 1902), Speaker of the House
- Nelson Rockefeller (1908 - 1979), Vice President, Governor of New York, and repeated presidential candidate
- Leland Stanford (1824 - 1893), Governor of California, Senator, and founder of Stanford University
- Robert Alphonso Taft (1889 - 1953), Senator and former presidential candidate
- Strom Thurmond (1902 - 2003), the oldest serving Senator in history (from South Carolina)
- Arthur H. Vandenberg (1884 - 1951), Senator from Michigan
- Earl Warren (1891 - 1974), Governor of California and Chief Justice of the United States

Lists

- List of African American Republicans
- List of Latino Republicans
- List of state Republican Parties in the U.S.
- List of Republican National Conventions
- List of liberal U.S. Republicans
- List of Republican celebrities

External links

- [http://www.rnc.org/ Republican National Committee]
- [http://www.gop.com/media/2004platform.pdf 2004 Platform] (PDF format)
- [http://www.crnc.org/ College Republican National Committee]
- [http://www.savethegop.com/ SavetheGOP.com]
- [http://www.pachyderms.org/ Grand Order of Pachyderm Clubs]
- [http://www.gopwing.com/ National Federation of Republican Assemblies]
- [http://www.republicanmainstreet.org/ Republican Main Street Partnership]
- [http://www.rlc.org/ Republican Liberty Caucus]
- [http://www.RepublicanIssues.com/ Republican Issues Campaign]
- [http://www.GOPToday.com/ Americans for a Republican Majority]
- [http://www.RepublicanLeadership.org/ Republican Leadership Coalition]
- [http://www.GOPinion.com/ GOPinion], conservative news from around the web
- [http://www.yrnf.com/ Young Republican National Federation]
- Thomas Frank, New Statesman, 30 August 2004, [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FQP/is_4703_133/ai_n6247127 "Bush, the working class hero"] - How the Republicans captured the working class vote

Scholarly Secondary Sources

- American National Biography (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries.
- Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics 2006: The Senators, the Representatives and the Governors: Their Records and Election Results, Their States and Districts (2005) covers all the live politicians with amazing detail.
- Ehrman, John, The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2005)
- Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (1970) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=90104191 online at Questia]
- Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas? : How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (2005), an insightful but unflattering appraisal.
- Gienapp, William E. The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (1987).
- Gould, Lewis. Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans (2003), the best overview.
- Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896 (1971)
- Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (2001) well balanced scholarly synthesis.
- Lamis, Alexander P. ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999)
- Mayer, George H. The Republican Party, 1854-1966. 2d ed. (1967), older, well-balanced narrative.
- Patterson, James T. Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (1997) well balanced scholarly synthesis.
- Patterson, James T. Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush vs. Gore (2005) well balanced scholarly synthesis.
- Patterson, James T. Mr. Republican;: A biography of Robert A. Taft (1972)
- Rutland, Robert Allen. The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush (1996), less useful than Gould.
- Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). For each election includes good scholarly history and selection of primary document. Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972)
- Silbey, Joel H. The American Political Nation, 1838-1893 (1991) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94090777 online at Questia]
- Teixeira, Ruy and John B. Judis. The Emerging Democratic Majority, (2002) ISBN 0743254783, by two liberal Democrats.
- Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America sophisticated study by two British journalists (2004).
Primary Sources

- Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1984 (various multivolume editions, 1986). For each election includes good scholarly history and selection of primary document. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Category:Conservative parties Republican Category:U.S. Republican Party Category:International Democrat Union ko:공화당 (미국) ja:共和党 simple:United States Republican Party

August 23

August 23 is the 235th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (236th in leap years), with 130 days remaining.

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

- Roman festivals - Vulcanalia
- RC Saints - Saint Rose of Lima
- Romania - Liberation Day (1944)
- Swaziland - Umhlanga Day
- Astrology - First day of sun sign Virgo

External links

Kingsport, Tennessee

Kingsport is a city located in Sullivan County, Tennessee. As of the

Jerry Kilgore

Career

Criticism

References

External links

August 23

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Republican Party (United States)

History and trends

Birth

Late nineteenth century

Early twentieth century

Second half of the twentieth century

Reagan Era, 1980-1992

Capture the House 1994

Present day

Current structure and composition

Factions

Future trends, realignment?

Presidential tickets

Other noted Republicans

Present-day

Historical

Lists

See also

External links

Scholarly Secondary Sources

Primary Sources

August 23

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Kingsport, Tennessee