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Jill Pole

Jill Pole

Jill Pole is a major character from C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia series. She appears in The Silver Chair and in The Last Battle.

Synopsis

Jill is a schoolmate of Eustace Scrubb, and becomes friends with him after his experience in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. She and Eustace, following the policy of their "experimental" school, address each other by last name throughout The Silver Chair, but develop a genuine affection for each other during the course of the story. Very little is known about Jill's family or her life before she becomes friends with Eustace, although we are told that she belonged to the Guides. The only thing that is made clear is that she did not fit in at her school, and that, when she needed to cry, she often took refuge behind the gym, where we (and Eustace) find her at the beginning of The Silver Chair. With Eustace, she is called by Aslan into Narnia, with the task of finding the missing Prince Rilian. Her experiences in Narnia make her much better able to cope with the adversities that face her in our world, and she and Eustace remain close friends through the period of time that lapses prior to her return to Narnia in The Last Battle. In the latter story, like Eustace, she displays great spiritual and emotional maturity.

Commentary

Symbolically, Jill is comparable to Eustace: a non-believer who is miserable in the "modern" world but can conceive of nothing else, until she is jolted into a quest for spiritual knowledge. Jill's progression in faith, however, is incremental, as contrasted to the singular event which transforms Eustace. Pole, Jill

C.S. Lewis

Clive Staples Lewis (November 29, 1898 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis, was an Irish author and scholar, born into a Protestant family in Belfast, though mostly resident in England. Lewis is known for his work on medieval literature and for his Christian apologetics and fiction, especially the children's series entitled The Chronicles of Narnia.

Early life

Clive Staples Lewis was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland), to Albert James Lewis and Flora Augusta Hamilton Lewis. While living in Belfast he attended Campbell College in the east of the city. He had a brother named Warren Hamilton Lewis (Warnie), three years his elder. He adopted the name "Jack" as a boy after a much-loved pet dog of his, 'Jacksie'. From that point on, he was known by this nickname by close friends and family. Lewis' mother died in 1908, and he was sent to a number of different schools in England. Around 1913, he abandoned his childhood Christian faith. Lewis had a passion for "dressed animals" as a boy, falling in love with Beatrix Potter's stories and often writing and illustrating his own animal stories. He and his brother, Warnie, together created the world of Boxen, which was inhabited and run by animals. Lewis loved to read, and as his father's house was filled with books, he felt that finding a book he hadn't read was as easy as finding a blade of grass. He also had a mortal fear of spiders and insects as a child, so they often haunted his dreams. As a teenager, he was wonderstruck by Richard Wagner and the songs and legends of the North. They intensified a longing he had within him, a deep desire he would later call "joy." He also grew to love nature—the beautiful scenes in nature reminded him of the stories of the North, and the stories of the North reminded him of the beauties of nature. In his teenage years, his writing moved away from the tales of Boxen, and he began to use different art forms (poetry and opera) to try and capture his newfound interest in Norse mythology and in the natural world. In 1916 Lewis won a scholarship to University College, Oxford while World War I was raging. Because he was Irish, Lewis was exempted from the draft, but against his father's wishes he enlisted in the British Army in 1917. He was commissioned as an officer in the third Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry. Lewis arrived at the front line in the Somme Valley in France on his nineteenth birthday, where he met a fellow Irishman, Paddy Moore. Lewis and Moore agreed that if either of them were killed, the other would take care of his family. Moore was killed in action in 1918 and Lewis kept his promise. After the war, Lewis sought out Paddy's mother, Janie Moore, and provided her a place of residence with him and, later, paid for her nursing care until her death in 1951--around the start of the author's Narnia (1950-1956) series of children's books. Maureen Moore(1906-1997), Paddy's sister also lived with CS Lewis and her mother in this domestic household; she would later assume the noble title Lady Dunbar of Hempriggs. Many scholars believe that Paddy's mother is the basis of the characters of "the Patient's mother" in the Screwtape Letters and Mrs. Macready in the Narnia books. Lewis was wounded during the Battle of Arras, and suffered some depression, due in part to missing his Irish home. On his recovery, he was assigned duty in England. He was discharged in December 1918, and returned to his studies. He received a First in Honour Moderations (Greek and Latin Literature) in 1920, a First in Greats (Philosophy and Ancient History) in 1922, and a First in English in 1923.

"My Irish Life"

Lewis experienced a certain cultural shock when living in England. “No Englishman will be able to understand my first impressions of England,” Lewis wrote in Surprised by Joy. “The strange English accents with which I was surrounded seemed like the voices of demons. But what was worst was the English landscape… I have made up the quarrel since; but at that moment I conceived a hatred for England which took many years to heal.” From his youth, Lewis had immersed himself in Irish mythology and literature and expressed an interest in the Irish language. He later developed a particular fondness for W. B. Yeats, in part because of Yeats’s use of Ireland’s Celtic heritage in poetry. In a letter to a friend Lewis wrote, "I have here discovered an author exactly after my own heart, whom I am sure you would delight in, W. B. Yeats. He writes plays and poems of rare spirit and beauty about our old Irish mythology." He was surprised to find his English peers indifferent to Yeats and the Celtic Twilight movement. In describing his time at Oxford he wrote, “I am often surprised to find how utterly ignored Yeats is among the men I have met: perhaps his appeal is purely Irish — if so, then thank the gods that I am Irish.” Perhaps to help cope with his environment, Lewis even expressed a somewhat tongue in cheek chauvinism toward the English. Describing an encounter with a fellow Irishman he wrote, “Like all Irish people who meet in England we ended by criticisms of the inevitable flippancy and dullness of the Anglo-Saxon race. After all, ami, there is no doubt that the Irish are the only people… I would not gladly live or die among another folk.” Lewis did indeed live and die among another folk, due to his Oxford career and often expressed a certain regret at having to leave Ireland. Throughout his life, he sought out the company of his fellow Irish living in England and visited Ireland regularly. He called this “my Irish life”. Early in his career, Lewis considered sending his work to the major Dublin publishers. In a letter to a friend he wrote, "If I do ever send my stuff to a publisher, I think I shall try Maunsel, those Dublin people, and so tack myself definitely onto the Irish school." After his conversion to Christianity, his interests gravitated towards Christian spirituality and away from Celtic mysticism.

Conversion to Christianity

Though raised a Christian, he was an atheist for much of his early life. When he later wrote an account of his adult reconversion to Christianity, under the title Surprised by Joy, he said that he had been "very angry with God for not existing". Some interpret this to mean that he did not so much reject the existence of God as harbor anger at God for the unfairnesses in life. This interpretation appears to be contradicted by a letter to a friend, in which he said "all religions, no, mythologies to give them their proper name, have no proof whatsoever!" However, influenced by his Christian friend J. R. R. Tolkien, and G.K. Chesterton's book, The Everlasting Man, he was slowly swayed to Christianity. In 1929, he came to believe in the existence of God, later writing "In the Trinity Term of 1929 I gave in, and admitted that God was God, and knelt and prayed", describing himself later as "the most reluctant convert of all time." In 1931, after a lengthy discussion with Tolkien and another close friend, he became a Christian again and a member of the Church of England. He noted that "I came into Christianity kicking and screaming."

Career as a scholar

Lewis taught as a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, for nearly thirty years, from 1925 to 1954, and later was the first Professor of Medieval and Renaissance Literature at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge. Using this position, he argued that there was no such thing as an English Renaissance. Much of his scholarly work concentrated on the later Middle Ages, especially its use of allegory. His The Allegory of Love (1936) helped reinvigorate the serious study of late medieval narratives like the Roman de la Rose. Lewis wrote a preface to John Milton's poem Paradise Lost, which is still one of the most important criticisms of that work. His last academic work, The Discarded Image, an Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature (1964), is a summary of the medieval world view, the "discarded image" of the cosmos in his title. Lewis was a prolific writer and a member of the literary discussion society The Inklings with his friends J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, and Owen Barfield.

Career as a writer of fiction

In addition to his scholarly work, Lewis wrote a number of popular novels, including his science-fiction "Space Trilogy", his fantasy Narnia books, and various other novels, most containing allegories on Christian themes such as sin, the Fall, and redemption. For more information about those works, see their individual Wikipedia articles. The Pilgrim's Regress. His first novel after becoming a Christian was The Pilgrim's Regress, his take on John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress which depicted his own experience with Christianity. The book was panned at the time. Most people had not had Lewis's experience and couldn't relate. Space Trilogy. His "Space Trilogy" or "Ransom Trilogy" novels dealt with what Lewis saw as the then-current dehumanizing trends in modern science fiction. The first book, Out of the Silent Planet, was apparently written following a conversation with his friend J. R. R. Tolkien about these trends. Lewis agreed to write a "space travel" story and Tolkien a "time travel" one. Tolkien's story, The Lost Road, a tale connecting his Middle-earth mythology and the modern world, was never completed. Lewis's character of Ransom is generally agreed to be based, in part, on Tolkien. The minor character "Jules", from That Hideous Strength, is an obvious caricature of H. G. Wells. Many of the ideas presented in the books, particularly in That Hideous Strength, are dramatizations of arguments made more formally in Lewis's The Abolition of Man. Works on heaven and hell. The Great Divorce is a short novel about imagined conversations in the foothills of Heaven between the saved and the potentially damned. The title is a reference to William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. This work deliberately echoes two other more famous works with a similar theme: the Divine Comedy of Dante Aligheri, and John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Another short novel, The Screwtape Letters, consists of letters of advice from a senior demon, Screwtape, to his nephew Wormwood, on the best ways to tempt a particular human and secure his damnation. See, Problem of Hell. The Chronicles of Narnia. This is a series of seven fantasy novels for children that is by far the most popular of Lewis's works. The books have Christian themes and describe the adventures of a group of children who visit a magical land called Narnia. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, which was the first published and the most popular book of the series, has been adapted for both stage and screen. Written by Lewis between 1950-1956, The Chronicles of Narnia borrow from Greek and Roman mythology as well as traditional English and Irish fairy tales. Lewis reportedly based his depiction of Narnia in the novels on the geography and scenery of the Mourne Mountains in County Down, Northern Ireland. Lewis cited MacDonald as an influence in writing the series. Other works. Lewis's last novel was Till We Have Faces. Many believe (as he did) that it is his most mature and masterful work of fiction, but it was never a popular success. It is a retelling of the myth of Cupid and Psyche from the unusual perspective of Psyche's sister. It is deeply concerned with religious ideas, but the setting is entirely pagan, and the connections with specific Christian beliefs are left implicit. Before Lewis's conversion to Christianity, he published two books: Spirits in Bondage, a collection of poems, and Dymer, a single narrative poem. Both were published under the pen name of "Clive Hamilton".

Career as a writer on Christianity

In addition to his career as an English professor and an author of novels, Lewis also wrote a number of books about Christianity — perhaps most famously, Mere Christianity, which is considered a classic of Christian apologetics. After some years as an atheist, he converted to Christianity and joined the Church of England. Although he became an Anglican, he stated that he was influenced by his Roman Catholic friend, Tolkien. He was very much interested in presenting a reasonable case for the truth of Christianity. Mere Christianity, The Problem of Pain, and Miracles were all concerned, to one degree or another, with refuting popular objections to Christianity. He has become popularly known as The Apostle to the Sceptics because he says he originally approached religious belief as a sceptic but was converted by the evidence. Consequently, his books on Christianity examine common difficulties in accepting Christianity, such as "How could a good God allow pain to exist in the world?", which he examined in detail in The Problem of Pain. Lewis also wrote an autobiography entitled Surprised by Joy, which describes his conversion. (It was written before he met his wife, Joy Gresham.) His essays and public speeches on Christian belief, many of which were collected in God in the Dock and The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses, remain popular today. His most famous works, the Chronicles of Narnia, contain many strong Christian messages. These are often mistaken for allegory, but, as Lewis himself said, are certainly not allegory. Lewis is said to have stated that he wrote the novels when he wondered what it would be like if Jesus Christ was incarnated on another world or planet to save the souls of those inhabitants.

Trilemma

The term "trilemma" actually comes from Christian apologist Josh McDowell, who based it on one of Lewis's best-known arguments in favor of Christianity from his book Mere Christianity. According to the argument, most people are willing to accept Jesus Christ as a great moral teacher, but the Gospels record that Jesus made many claims to divinity, either explicitly ("I and the father are one." — John 10:30
- ) or implicitly, by assuming authority only God could have ("…the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins…" — Matthew 9:6
- ). Assuming that the Gospels are accurate, Lewis said there are three options: # Jesus was telling falsehoods and knew it, and so he was a liar. # Jesus was telling falsehoods but believed he was telling the truth, and so he was insane. # Jesus was telling the truth, and so he was divine. Thus, Lewis maintained that one cannot argue Jesus was merely a great moral teacher because his moral teachings would be invalidated by virtue of either his lying or his insanity. On the other hand, if he was divine, he must clearly be more than merely a great moral teacher. There are a number of counterarguments offered against this.
- Quotes are from the New International Version of the Bible.

Portrayals of Lewis' life

Recently there has been some interest in biographical material concerning Lewis. This has resulted in several biographies (including books written by close friends of Lewis, among them Roger Lancelyn Green and George Sayer), at least one play about his life, and a 1993 movie, titled Shadowlands, based on an original stage and television play. The movie fictionalizes his relationship with an American writer, Joy Gresham, whom he met and married in London, only to watch her die slowly from bone cancer. Lewis's book A Grief Observed describes his experience of bereavement in such a raw and personal fashion that Lewis originally released it under the pseudonym "N. W. Clerk" to keep readers from associating the book with him (ultimately too many friends recommended the book to Lewis as a method for dealing with his own grief, and he made his authorship public).

Lewis's death and legacy

Lewis died on November 22, 1963, at the Oxford home he shared with his brother, Warren. He is buried in the Headington Quarry Churchyard, Oxford, England. Media coverage of his death was overshadowed by news of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, which occurred on the same day, as did the death of author Aldous Huxley. (This coincidence was the inspiration for Peter Kreeft’s book Between Heaven and Hell: A Dialog Somewhere Beyond Death with John F. Kennedy, C. S. Lewis & Aldous Huxley. In this philosophical work, the three men meet in a limbo before the afterlife, and debate the divinity of Jesus Christ, contrasting the differences in their personalities and world views — humanism, Christianity, and pantheism.) A bronze statue of Lewis looking into a wardrobe stands in Belfast's Holywood Arches. Many books have been inspired by Lewis, including A Severe Mercy by his correspondent Sheldon Vanauken. The Chronicles Of Narnia has been particularly influential. Modern children's authors like Daniel Handler (A Series of Unfortunate Events) and Eoin Colfer (Artemis Fowl) have been influenced more or less by Lewis's series. Authors of adult fantasy literature such as Tim Powers have also testified to being influenced by Lewis's work. Most of Lewis's posthumous work has been edited by his literary executor, Walter Hooper. An independent Lewis scholar, the late Kathryn Lindskoog, argued in several books that Hooper's scholarship is not reliable and that he has made false statements and attributed forged works to Lewis. (See The Dark Tower.) Scholars in the field of Lewis studies are divided over whether these charges have been settled at all, and if so in whose favor. Lewis was strongly opposed to the creation of live-action versions of his works, his major concern being that anthropomorphic animal characters "when taken out of narrative into actual visibility, always turn into buffoonery or nightmare."

Bibliography

Nonfiction

- The Allegory of Love: A Study in Medieval Tradition (1936)
- Rehabilitations and other essays (1939) — with two essays not included in Essay Collection (2000)
- The Personal Heresy: A Controversy (with E. M. W. Tillyard, 1939)
- The Problem of Pain (1940)
- A Preface to Paradise Lost (1942)
- The Abolition of Man (1943)
- Beyond Personality (1944)
- Miracles: A Preliminary Study (1947, revised 1960)
- Arthurian Torso (1948; on Charles Willliams' poetry)
- Mere Christianity (1952; based on radio talks of 1941-1944)
- English Literature in the Sixteenth Century Excluding Drama (1954)
- Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life (1955; autobiography)
- Reflections on the Psalms (1958)
- The Four Loves (1960)
- Studies in Words (1960)
- An Experiment in Criticism (1961)
- A Grief Observed (1961; first published under the pseudonym "N. W. Clerk")
- The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature (1964)
- God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics (1970), = Undeceptions (1971) — all included in Essay Collection (2000)
- Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature (1966) — not included in Essay Collection (2000)
- Spenser's Images of Life (ed. Alastair Fowler, 1967)
- Letters to an American Lady (1967)
- Selected Literary Essays (1969) — not included in Essay Collection (2000)
- Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer (1972)
- Of Other Worlds (1982; essays) — with one essay not included in Essay Collection
- All My Road Before Me: The Diary of C. S. Lewis 1922–27 (1993)
- Essay Collection: Literature, Philosophy and Short Stories (2000)
- Essay Collection: Faith, Christianity and the Church (2000)
- Collected Letters, Vol. I: Family Letters 1905-1931 (2000)
- Collected Letters, Vol. II: Books, Broadcasts and War 1931-1949 (2004)

Fiction

- The Pilgrim's Regress (1933)
- Space Trilogy
- Out of the Silent Planet (1938)
- Perelandra (1943)
- That Hideous Strength (1946)
- The Screwtape Letters (1942)
- The Great Divorce (1945)
- The Chronicles of Narnia
- The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950)
- Prince Caspian (1951)
- The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952)
- The Silver Chair (1953)
- The Horse and His Boy (1954)
- The Magician's Nephew (1955)
- The Last Battle (1956)
- Till We Have Faces (1956)
- Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer (1963)
- The Dark Tower and other stories (1977)
- Boxen: The Imaginary World of the Young C. S. Lewis (ed. Walter Hooper, 1985)

Poetry

- Spirits in Bondage (1919; published under pseudonym "Clive Hamilton")
- Dymer (1926; published under pseudonym "Clive Hamilton")
- Narrative Poems (ed. Walter Hooper, 1969; includes Dymer)
- The Collected Poems of C. S. Lewis (ed. Walter Hooper, 1994; includes Spirits in Bondage)

Books about C. S. Lewis

- Chad Walsh, C. S. Lewis: Apostle to the Skeptics. Macmillan, 1949.
- Clyde S. Kilby, The Christian World of C. S. Lewis. Eerdmans, 1964.
- Jocelyn Gibb (ed.), Light on C. S. Lewis. Geoffrey Bles, 1965.
- Joe R. Christopher & Joan K. Ostling, C. S. Lewis: An Annotated Checklist of Writings about him and his Works. Kent State University Press, n.d. (1972). ISBN 0873381386
- Humphrey Carpenter, The Inklings: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and their friends. George Allen & Unwin, 1978. ISBN 0048090115
- Chad Walsh, The Literary Legacy of C. S. Lewis. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979. ISBN 0156527855.
- Walter Hooper, Through Joy and Beyond: A Pictorial Biography of C. S. Lewis. Macmillan, 1982. ISBN 0025536702
- John Beversluis, C. S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion. Eerdmans, 1985. ISBN 0802800467
- George Sayer, Jack: C. S. Lewis and His Times. Macmillan, 1988. ISBN 0333433629
- G. B. Tennyson (ed.), Owen Barfield on C.S. Lewis. Wesleyan University Press, 1989. ISBN 081955233X.
- A. N. Wilson, C. S. Lewis: A Biography. W. W. Norton, 1990. ISBN 0393323404
- James Como, C. S. Lewis at the Breakfast Table and Other Reminiscences. New edition, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992. ISBN 0156232073
- George Watson (ed.), Critical Essays on C. S. Lewis. Scolar Press, 1992. ISBN 085957853
- Susan Lowenberg, C. S. Lewis: A Reference Guide 1972-1988. Hall & Co., 1993. ISBN 0816118469
- Kathryn Lindskoog, Light in the Shadowlands: Protecting the Real C. S. Lewis. Multnomah Pub., 1994. ISBN 0880706953
- Michael Coren, The Man Who Created Narnia: The Story of C.S. Lewis. Eerdmans Pub Co, Reprint edition 1996. ISBN 0802838227
- Walter Hooper, C. S. Lewis: A Companion and Guide. HarperCollins, 1996. ISBN 0006278000
- Jeffrey D. Schultz and John G. West, Jr. (eds.), The C.S. Lewis Readers' Encyclopedia. Zondervan Publishing House, 1998. ISBN 0310215382
- James Como, Branches to Heaven: The Geniuses of C. S. Lewis, Spence, 1998.
- Roger Lancelyn Green & Walter Hooper, C. S. Lewis: A Biography. Fully revised & expanded edition. HarperCollins, 2002. ISBN 0006281648
- Joseph Pearce, C. S. Lewis and the Catholic Church. Ignatius Press, 2003. ISBN 0898709792
- Bruce L. Edwards, Not a Tame Lion: The Spiritual World of Narnia. Tyndale. 2005. Up and Further In: Understanding C. S. Lewis's The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. Broadman and Holman, 2005.
- Bruce L. Edwards, Further Up and Further In: Understanding C. S. Lewis's The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. Broadman and Holman, 2005.
- James Como, Remembering C. S. Lewis (3rd ed. of C. S. Lewis at the Breakfast Table), . Ignatius, 2006

External links

-
- [http://www.wheaton.edu/learnres/wade/] Marion E. Wade Center at Wheaton College has the world's largest collection of Lewis' works and works about him
- [http://www.bookthoughts.co.nz/authorcslewis.html Read Reviews On Books By C S Lewis]
- [http://personal.bgsu.edu/~edwards/lewis.html C. S. Lewis & The Inklings: Bruce Edwards' site full of resources and insights into Lewis and friends]
- [http://personal.bgsu.edu/~edwards/news.html C. S. Lewis Blog: Bruce Edwards' on Lewis and sundry matters]
- [http://cslewis.drzeus.net Into the Wardrobe: a Web site devoted to C. S. Lewis]
- [http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/people/lewis.htm ReligionFacts.com: C.S. Lewis] Fast facts, timeline, summary of works
- [http://www.mrrena.com/Lewis.shtml In Lenten Lands]
- [http://www.narniafans.com/ NarniaFans.com - C.S. Lewis News, Database, and Community]
- [http://www.thestonetable.com/ The Stone Table - The latest C.S. Lewis News, Reviews and Community]
- [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/questionofgod/ PBS | The Question of God] A look at the lives of C.S. Lewis and of Sigmund Freud, analyzing the "question of God"
- [http://ic.net/~erasmus/RAZ26.HTM C.S. Lewis: 20th-Century Christian Knight]
- [http://www.scriptoriumnovum.com/l.html C.S. Lewis Chronicles] A Compendium of Information about Lewis
- [http://www.aslan.demon.co.uk/cslfaq.htm The alt.books.cs-lewis FAQ]
- [http://www.cslewis.com/ C.S. Lewis Classics] a website by HarperCollins Publishers
-
- [http://www.tektonics.org/jesusclaims/trilemma.html The Trilemma. Lord Liar or Lunatic?] Defending one of Lewis's most famous arguments)
- [http://www.solcon.nl/arendsmilde/cslewis/reflections/e-definitivebiography.htm Sweetly Poisonous in a Welcome Way: Reflections on a Definitive Biography] A detailed critique of A.N. Wilson's CSL biography
- [http://www.cslewis.org/ C.S. Lewis Foundation] Dedicated to Christian scholarship and artistic expression within the contemporary university
- [http://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1455 FindAGrave C.S.Lewis]
- [http://www.theherald.co.uk/goingout/52082.html Herald article on Lewis's opposition to live version]
- [http://atheism.about.com/od/cslewisnarnia/a/biography.htm Biography from atheistic viewpoint.] Lewis, Clive Staples Lewis, Clive Staples Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. Lewis, C. S. ko:클라이브 스테이플스 루이스 ja:C・S・ルイス simple:C. S. Lewis

Chronicles of Narnia

The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of seven fantasy novels for children written by C.S. Lewis. They present the adventures of children who play central roles in the unfolding history of the realm of Narnia, a place where some animals talk, magic is common, and good is fighting evil. For more information regarding the fictional universe in which the story takes place, including lists of characters and locations, see Narnia. Pauline Baynes illustrated the original books in the series.

The books: publication and reading order

The books of the series, in the order of their publication, are: # The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) # Prince Caspian (1951) # The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952) # The Silver Chair (1953) # The Horse and His Boy (1954) # The Magician's Nephew (1955) # The Last Battle (1956) The first American publisher, Macmillan, put numbers on the books and used the publication order. When HarperCollins took over the series, the books were renumbered using the internal chronological order, as suggested by Lewis' stepson, Douglas Gresham. # The Magician's Nephew (1955) # The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1950) # The Horse and His Boy (1954) # Prince Caspian (1951) # The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952) # The Silver Chair (1953) # The Last Battle (1956) Gresham quoted Lewis' reply to a letter from an American fan in 1957, who was having an argument with his mother about the order: :"I think I agree with your order (i.e. chronological) for reading the books more than with your mother's. The series was not planned beforehand as she thinks. When I wrote The Lion I did not know I was going to write any more. Then I wrote P. Caspian as a sequel and still didn't think there would be any more, and when I had done The Voyage I felt quite sure it would be the last. But I found as I was wrong. So perhaps it does not matter very much in which order anyone read them. I'm not even sure that all the others were written in the same order in which they were published." Nevertheless, many fans of the series who appreciate the original order, which introduces important parts of the Narnia universe in the early part of the series and then provides explanation for them later in the prequels, in particular the creation story in The Magician's Nephew, take offense with the reordering. Other arguments for the publication order include that Prince Caspian is subtitled "The Return to Narnia", and that the following fragments of text from The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe support it as being the first book in the series: :"None of the children knew who Aslan was, any more than you do." :"That is the very end of the adventure of the wardrobe. But if the Professor was right, it was only the beginning of the adventures of Narnia." Another argument cited by proponents of the original order is that if the series is first read in the chronological order, the reader can never experience the original order without the knowledge of the prequels. On the other hand, the chronological order can still be enjoyed after first reading the original order.

Christian parallels

:Specific Christian parallels may be found in the entries for individual books and characters. The Chronicles of Narnia contain many allusions to Christian ideas which are easily accessible to younger readers; however, the books are not weighty, and can be read for their adventure, colour, and mythological ideas alone. Because of this, The Chronicles of Narnia have become favourites with both children and adults, Christians and non-Christians. Although he did not set out to do so, in the process of writing his fantasy works, Lewis (an adult convert to Christianity) found himself incorporating Christian theological concepts into his stories. As he wrote in Of Other Worlds: :"Some people seem to think that I began by asking myself how I could say something about Christianity to children; then fixed on the fairy tale as an instrument, then collected information about child psychology and decided what age group I'd write for; then drew up a list of basic Christian truths and hammered out 'allegories' to embody them. This is all pure moonshine. I couldn't write in that way. It all began with images; a faun carrying an umbrella, a queen on a sledge, a magnificent lion. At first there wasn't anything Christian about them; that element pushed itself in of its own accord." Lewis, an expert on the subject of allegory, himself maintained that the books were not allegory, and preferred to call the Christian aspects of them "suppositional". This is similar to what we would now call alternative history. As he wrote in a letter to a Mrs. Hook in December of 1958: :"If Aslan represented the immaterial Deity in the same way in which Giant Despair represents despair, he would be an allegorical figure. In reality however he is an invention giving an imaginary answer to the question, 'What might Christ become like, if there really were a world like Narnia and He chose to be incarnate and die and rise again in that world as He actually has done in ours?' This is not allegory at all." With the release of the 2005 Disney movie there has been renewed interest in the Christian parallels found in the books. Some find them distasteful, while noting that they are easy to miss if you are not familiar with Christianity. Others see the chronicles as an excellent tools for Christian evangelism.

Criticism

CS Lewis and the Chronicles of Narnia series have received various criticisms over the years, much of it by fellow authors. Allegations of sexism center around the decription of Susan Pevensie in The Last Battle. She is characterized as being "no longer a friend of Narnia" and interested "in nothing nowadays except lipstick, nylons and invitations". J.K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, has said: :"There comes a point where Susan, who was the older girl, is lost to Narnia because she becomes interested in lipstick. She's become irreligious basically because she found sex, I have a big problem with that." Philip Pullman author of the His Dark Materials trilogy, interprets it this way: :"Susan, like Cinderella, is undergoing a transition from one phase of her life to another. Lewis didn't approve of that. He didn't like women in general, or sexuality at all, at least at the stage in his life when he wrote the Narnia books. He was frightened and appalled at the notion of wanting to grow up. [...] Death is better than life; boys are better than girls; light-coloured people are better than dark-coloured people; and so on. There is no shortage of such nauseating drivel in Narnia, if you can face it." Defenders of Lewis assert that the majority of criticism against Lewis' works comes from those who disagree with Christianity. One example is Pullman, who is an atheist. Some believe that the religious aspect of Lewis and his books makes it difficult for a truly objective analysis of Narnia simply as a children's story. Fans of Lewis uphold that applying intense scrutiny using modern ethical standards a childrens book written in another social context is unreasonable. If literary critics do not hold other classic works accountable to modern day social norms, they should therefore not make exceptions for Lewis. In regards to the role of women in his works, Lewis' apologists cite their positive roles in the series, like Lucy Pevensie and Aravis, who are main characters in the The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and The Horse and His Boy, respectively. , , Hensher and Pullman have also implicated The Chronicles of Narnia series in fostering racism. This is based on a perceived negative representation of other races and religions, particularly the Calormenes, as enemies of Aslan and Narnia . The Calormenes are described as oily and dark-skinned people who wear turbans, pointy slippers and are armed with scimitars. This depiction has been cited as a blatant allegorical comparison to the traditional attire of Islam and Sikhism. Turbans are worn by Muslim clerics, and most adult Sikh males. Scimitars originated in the Middle East, and are highly symbolic of Islam. The Calormenes worship the "false god" Tash, portrayed as a stereotypical Satanic being who requires evil deeds and sacrifices from his followers. Lewis's Calormen is contextually and historically similar to the Ottoman Empire and comparisons have been made depicting the Calormenes as saracens and the Narnians as medieval crusaders. Since the historical aftermath of the Crusades and Ottoman Empire are still being felt centuries later in the current Middle East Conflicts and by calls for jihad against the Western World, it is probably unavoidable that such criticisms would arise at this time. Despite being Irish, it is evident that Lewis was a distinctly British author, as were his contemporaries J.R.R. Tolkien, Charles Williams and others. Therefore, his writings can be expected to a particularly British Victorian era flavour that may seem dated, old-fashioned or conservative to some. The ongoing popular of these authors suggests that people may well be interpreting any apparent bias as a consequence of these authors being a product of their times, and therefore not holding them accountable for what might look like bigotry to modern eyes.

Narnia in other media

Television

The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe was first turned into a television series in 1967. Unlike subsequent adaptations, it is currently unavailable to purchase for home viewing. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe was turned into an animated television special in 1979. It was given an Emmy award for Outstanding Animated Program. The Chronicles of Narnia were turned into a series of successful BBC television miniseries in 1988–1990. Only The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe, Prince Caspian, The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, and The Silver Chair were filmed. The Magician's Nephew, The Horse and His Boy, and The Last Battle were not filmed. The four miniseries were later edited into three feature-length films (combining "Prince Caspian" and "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader") and released on DVD.

Radio

There have also been BBC Radio and Focus on the Family Radio Theatre dramatisations of the novels.

Cinema

:Main article: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe A film version of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, titled The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, distributed by Walt Disney Pictures and produced by Walden Media, has been released. It was directed by Andrew Adamson. The screenplay was written by Ann Peacock. Principal photography for the film took place in the Czech Republic and New Zealand. The film was released in 2005 (on December 9 in the United States). Narnia director Andrew Adamson has hinted that he is already planning on making a sequel. The New Zealander said: "I don’t like the ’franchise’ word, but if this film is successful I will make another." His thoughts were echoed by producer Mark Johnson. He said: "I think it would be cocky if we say we are going to make another film — but I would certainly like to. The next one we would make would be Prince Caspian because that is the only [other] one that has all four children in it. And if we don’t make it now we will never be able to make it because they will be too old. That Chronicle is set one year after this one is so it would allow for the kids to get a bit older. I would be perfectly happy to make all seven."

Influence on other works

A more recent British series of novels, Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, has been seen as an "answer" to the Narnia books. Pullman's series favours science and reason over religion, wholly rejecting the themes of Christian theology which permeate the Narnia series, but has many of the same issues, subject matter, and types of characters (including talking animals) as the Chronicles of Narnia. Author J.K. Rowling says that Lewis's sentimentality about children gets on her nerves, and that she has big problems with some aspects of the books to the point where she has not bothered to finish reading the series. However, Cedric Diggory may have been an homage to Digory AKA Prof. Kirke. The Sandman graphic novel series written by Neil Gaiman, in its story arc entitled "A Game of You," features a Narnia-like "dream island" that can be accessed by the character Barbie. Incidentally, Neil Gaiman wrote a "sequel" short story of sorts, "The Problem of Susan." [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/13/movies/13narnia.html?ei=5090&en=49132a2956301464&ex=1289538000&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all] Carlton Cuse, the executive producer of Lost, is a big fan of the Chronicles of Narnia, and those works have apparently influenced the direction of the show.

Geographical influences

Lewis reportedly based his depiction of Narnia on the geography and scenery of the Mourne Mountains in County Down in his native Northern Ireland.

External/cultural references

It should be noted that the word 'aslan' is Turkic for 'lion' and while it is likely that most references to leonine things/beings named 'Aslan' or something similar refer to the one from Narnia, this may not necessarily be the case.
- In modern slang, to "go through the wardrobe" has acquired a similar meaning as to "go down the rabbit-hole".
- Steve Hackett's song "Narnia" on the album Please Don't Touch (1978) is based on The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe.
- Neil Gaiman's 2004 short story "The Problem of Susan" tells the story of Susan Pevensie long after the conclusion of Lewis' series (available in Flights: Extreme Visions of Fantasy edited by Al Sarrantonio).
- In an episode of Friends, Chandler gets defensive about his "nubbin" when Ross asks "if it does anything", and replies: "Why yes Ross, pressing my third nipple opens the delivery entrance to the magical land of Narnia."
- In Katherine Paterson's Bridge to Terabithia, Leslie refers often to the Narnia books and lends them to Jesse to read so he can learn to act like a king.
- In the British comedy series, The Young Ones (episode FLOOD) - Vyvyan enters a wardrobe whilst playing hide and seek and enters Narnia. (As he does so a member of the studio audience can clearly be heard saying "it's Narnia!") There he is met by the White Witch and her dwarf sleigh-driver. She offers him Turkish Delight but is repulsed by his bad breath. He lets on that he is looking for one of his housemates who was earlier frightened by a Lion (a lion-tamer was using his bedroom). This worries her and the dwarf says "It's the prophecy." She threatens Vyvyan to stay but he leaves. Later in the same episode landlord Mr Balowski briefly enters Narnia looking for the boys.
- Mike Scott of The Waterboys draws from the world of Narnia and C.S. Lewis in a number of his songs. "Further Up, Further In" from the album "Room to Roam" is a direct quote from "The Last Battle". Appearing in italics in the text of the book, Aslan proclaims it as he enters the new world. The song "A Church not made with Hands" from an early Waterboys album A Pagan Place begins with the words "Bye bye Shadowlands, the term is over".
- A Dublin rock band called Aslan have a loyal local Irish following, although they have not made it on the international scene. Their most famous song is "Crazy World".
- In the television series Black Books, the character "Gus" (who is played by the actor who played the Witch's dwarf and Trumpkin in the BBC adaptations) asks for some Turkish Delight.
- In Roald Dahl's book Matilda, the character Matilda mentions that she loves the book The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
- An episode of South Park, "Here Comes the Neighborhood", includes scenes with a pride of lions. The leader of the lions is named Aslan, copying the voice intonation and general animated look from an earlier animated film, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
- In another South Park episode, "Chickenlover", Cartman pretends to have read the novel, and summarizes the plot, "a bunch of uh, hippies, walk around and paint stuff. They eat lunch, and then they find a magical... camel... which they have to eat to stay alive."
- Peter, from the animated television show Family Guy, briefly visited Narnia when he plunged into the clothes dryer in pursuit of a lost sock. Upon landing, he was greeted by a small creature, who introduces himself as Mr. Tumnus, and says, "Welcome to Narnia!" Peter responds with "Gimme back my sock, you goat-bastard!" Mr. Tumnus runs quickly away with his sock.
- In an episode of Buffy The Vampire Slayer, Willow has a nightmare in which she is dressed as a nerd and giving an oral book report on The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe to a very uninterested class.
- In a Season 6 episode of Gilmore Girls, when pressed about her religious affiliation, Rory replies "I read The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe."
- Also in Season 6 of Gilmore Girls, episode 10, Christopher shows up to tell Lorelai that he has inherited a vast sum of money and can buy them anything like a castle: ""Doesn't have to be in Ireland. It can be in Germany, Czech Republic, Scotland...Narnia."
- The second installment of the Simon the Sorcerer series, called "Simon the Sorcerer 2: The Lion, The Wizard and the Wardrobe" contains several references to the original history. In it, the main character (Simon) is sent to a magical land where Calypso the Wizard, an old friend, lives. Simon falls into a trap which involves an enchanted wardrobe which appears right into his bedroom. Once the trap is set, he has to escape from his enemy, the evil Sordid the Sorcerer.
- A song by the band Phish is titled "Prince Caspian" and features what may be "the sound of horse's hooves galloping under water" and the repeating lyric, "Oh to be Prince Caspian, afloat upon the waves... with nothing to return to but the demons in their caves."
- The Swedish Christian progressive metal band, Narnia [http://www.narniaworld.com/], is named after the series.
- The Discworld series of humorous fantasy novels by Terry Pratchett contain occasional references to wardrobes that lead to magical lands, although none of the wardrobes encountered thus far in the series are known to do so.
- In The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen comic vol. 2, #1, reference is made in a text fragment to the apple tree from The Magician's Nephew. A text piece in #2 refers to the possibility of making a wardrobe from it.
- In Fables comic vol. 1, it's mentioned that one of the worlds that fell to the Adversary was a land ruled by a lion whom the Fables residents considered to be a bit "holier-than-thou".
- The expression "so far back in the closet they're in Narnia" is used humorously to describe a gay person who is deeply closeted, often to the extent of not realizing their own sexual orientation, or not admitting it to themselves. Such people are also sometimes referred to as "Narnians".
- [http://www.aslan.fi/ Aslan ry] is a Finnish Christian fundamentalist group which advocates reparative therapy for homosexuals, complete with a lionhead as their logo.
- One of the time portals in the Chrono Trigger console role-playing game is a wardrobe.
- Narnia is used as the theme of a ballet in Come a Stranger [Dicey's Song perspective of Mina], part of the Tillerman Cycle, by Cynthia Voigt.
- The singer Aselin Debison is named after Aslan the Lion. Though spelled differently, the two names are pronounced the same way.
- In the graphic novel Associated Student Bodies, Jesus is depicted as an anthropomorphic lion.
- The Traveller role-playing game contains a leonine race known as the Aslan.
- Marcy Playground produced a song called The Ballad of Aslan for their record Zog Bog Bean.
- An episode of X-Men: Evolution was titled The Toad, the Witch, and the Wardrobe
- An episode of Sabrina The Teenage Witch was titled "The Lyin', the Witch and the Wardrobe".
- A song by Spanish Christian musician Marcos Vidal is called "Aslan" [Nada Especial - Vida Music, 1993]. It talks about God's love, using the image of a lion and its roar.
- On the ABC series Lost, one of the books in the hatch is The Magician's Nephew
- In the final issue of Books of Magick: Life During Wartime Hunter travels from Fairie to Earth via Wardrobe.

External links

-
- [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-1903338,00.html Narnia's lion really is about Jesus]
- [http://www.slate.com/id/2131908/nav/tap1/ The Lion King: C.S. Lewis' Narnia isn't simply a Christian allegory.], Meghan O'Rourke, Slate magazine, 9 December 2005
- [http://www.rapidnet.com/~jbeard/bdm/exposes/lewis/cs-lewis.htm RapidNet.com — C. S. Lewis FAQ]
- [http://www.pineapple-girl.com/narnia.htm The Proper Order of The Chronicles of Narnia: A Case for Publication Order]
- [http://www.narnia.com/movie/index.htm Narnia.com — Disney Narnia movie official website]
- [http://www.narniafans.com/ NarniaFans.com — Dedicated to the Chronicles of Narnia]
- [http://www.narniaweb.com/ Narniaweb.com — In-depth news and discussion of the Narnia books and films]
- C. S. Lewis on Wikiquote.
- [http://s13.invisionfree.com/EnterNarnia/ The Lion's Wardrobe — A Narnia RPG and Discussion forum]
- [http://narniaconfidential.com/ Narnia Confidential — A wiki devoted to The Chronicles of Narnia]

References

[http://web.archive.org/web/20010628221443/http://riff.hiof.no/~steinabl/PULLMANLEW.HTML] Narnia, The Chronicles of Chronicles Narnia Chronicles of Narnia, The Narnia, The Chronicles of
ko:나르니아 연대기 ja:ナルニア国ものがたり

The Last Battle

:This article is about the novel by C. S. Lewis. For the film by Luc Besson, see The Last Battle (film) The Last Battle is the final novel in The Chronicles of Narnia series by C. S. Lewis. Lewis was awarded the Carnegie Medal for the book in 1956.

Synopsis

In The Last Battle, Lewis brings The Chronicles of Narnia to an end. The book deals with the end of time in Narnia and sums up the series by linking the experience of the human children in Narnia with their lives in this world. The story begins during the reign of the last king of Narnia, King Tirian. Narnia has experienced a long period of peace and prosperity begun during the reign of King Caspian X, whose dynasty was established in Prince Caspian and confirmed by the succession of his son Rilian at the conclusion of The Silver Chair. Tirian, who is the great-grandson of the great-grandson of Rilian, becomes aware that strange and uncomfortable things are happening to his land and that the stars portend ominous developments. The king's magical call for help results in the arrival of Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole, the two children who last visited Narnia during the final year of the reign of Caspian, to help him battle an invasion by an army from the southern land of Calormen. The Calormenes have internal allies in Narnia, in the form of an Antichrist-figure, Shift the Ape, and his dupe Puzzle the donkey, who pretends to be Aslan and spreads the heresy that Aslan and the Calormene god Tash (one of the figures in the series with Satanic qualities) are one and the same. The heresy causes the dwarves and some other Narnian talking beasts to lose faith in, and loyalty to Aslan and the King; meanwhile, Shift proceeds to sell Narnia into Calormene slavery. Tirian has only a small loyal force to fight the Calormenes, and prepares to die in a last stand against the forces of darkness. The Battle concludes with Aslan stepping in to bring Narnia to an end. All creatures, including those who had previously died, are judged by Aslan as they approach a door; those who have been loyal to Aslan, or to the morality upheld by Narnians, join Aslan in Aslan's country (heaven), while those who have opposed or deserted him do not pass through the door, but disappear to an uncertain fate. It becomes clear that nearly all those who had travelled to Narnia in previous books have been reunited in Aslan's country where they realise that Narnia and England are linked and that they have in fact died on earth and can enjoy an afterlife in a perfect version of Narnia where they are reunited with characters from previous books, and their deceased relatives.

Commentary

In the Narnia cycle, parts of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe are loosely based on Gospel stories, and "The Magician's Nephew" on Genesis. "The Last Battle" completes the cycle and is based on Christian doctrines of the end of the world, judgement, Heaven, death and afterlife. The exposition of theological points is more laboured than in some of the earlier books, and the overall tone is darker, to the extent that "The Last Battle" is harder to enjoy on a purely superficial level as a fairy story, particularly at the end. Lewis has been criticised, by Philip Pullman and others, over the values conveyed by "The Last Battle". In particular, that Susan Pevensie, one of the children who appeared in previous stories, is described as no longer a friend of Narnia as she is interested only in "nylons, lipstick and invitations" — as if it is inherently sinful for a woman to become sexually mature. Such criticisms are often quickly countered by Lewis's supporters, as they are not necessarily symbols of female sexual maturity, but more symbols of commercialism and materialism, both of which Lewis, with his close friend JRR Tolkien, saw as evils. The implied misogyny is also contradicted by the generally good representation of females in the Chronicles of Narnia, through the two Pevensie Queens, Susan and Lucy, Jill Pole, Polly Plummer, the Calormene girl Aravis, and particularly, the Daughter of the Star, who features in Voyage of the Dawn Treader, with whom King Caspian falls in love. Another accusation stems from the fact that the dark-skinned Calormenes are the enemies of Aslan's followers: their god Tash is a Satanic figure, taking away the souls of the wicked characters, and accepting any evil deed as a service to him. On the other hand, one of the better-developed characters is a good Calormene, Emeth. The protagonist and antagonist groups are both ethnically diverse. It is worth noting that while the majority of the antagonists presented in the Chronicles are light-skinned, the dark-skinned people are not all evil. Last Battle, The Last Battle, The Last Battle, The Last Battle, The

Eustace Scrubb

Eustace Clarence Scrubb is a character in C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia. He appears in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, The Silver Chair, and The Last Battle. In The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, he is accompanied by Edmund and Lucy Pevensie, his cousins. In The Silver Chair, and The Last Battle, he is accompanied by Jill Pole, a classmate from his school.

Synopsis

We meet Eustace at the beginning of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. He is the only child of what Lewis describes as progressive parents, who send him to a progressive mixed school. Eustace calls his parents by their first names; his parents are vegetarians, nonsmokers, teetotallers, and wear a special kind of underclothes. At his school, the bullies are supported by the administration, and all the pupils address each other by surname only. It can be gathered from Eustace's behavior, and the tone that Lewis used in describing his family and school, that Lewis thought such behavior silly and disliked it a great deal. In fact, at the beginning of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Lucy and Edmund (heroes from earlier books) find Eustace unbearable and hate having to visit him and his parents. The narrative of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader focuses a great deal on Eustace. Part of the story is told from extracts of his diary, mostly to show how skewed his point of view is. He describes the ship being in a perpetual storm, complains a great deal about how Lucy has been given Caspian's cabin, and spends time trying to convince members of the crew that by giving girls special treatment they are actually 'putting them down, and making them weaker.' The change in Eustace starts after he is turned into a dragon by sleeping on the hoard of a recently deceased dragon, with "greedy, dragonish thoughts" in his head. When he returns to the crew, he is nearly attacked, but Lucy realizes that the dragon is Eustace. The experience of being a dragon changes him; instead of being his usual sulky self, he uses his new abilities to be helpful. The problem comes when it is time to leave the island, as the ship will not hold a dragon, or enough food to feed a dragon. During this period, Reepicheep, the talking mouse, is very kind to him, even though Eustace has been quite cruel to Reepicheep previously. Eustace is very grateful for this and becomes friends with Reepicheep for the rest of the voyage. Eventually, Eustace has an encounter with Aslan during which he becomes human again. He returns to camp and tells the story to Edmund first; Edmund shares with Eustace his own redemption story, remarking that "you were only an ass, but I was a traitor." After this, Eustace improves, though he still retains some of his bad habits. When Eustace returns to our world at the end of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, his parents notice the changes in him. His mother thinks he has become tiresome and commonplace, and blames it on the influence of his cousins. Eustace returns to his school, and at the beginning of The Silver Chair, we are informed that he no longer fits in there the way he used to. As a result, he befriends fellow misfit Jill Pole, and their joint desire to be away from the school is what draws them into Narnia. In any event, Eustace displays considerable courage and responsibility in Silver Chair and upon his return to Narnia in The Last Battle.

Commentary

The narrator has a great deal of sympathy for Eustace, which is not surprising since Eustace very strongly resembles Lewis himself: a intellectual and skeptic who formerly enjoyed raking believers over his satirical coals, but is brought to a saving knowledge of Christ through a great personal crisis. Eustace's experience in this regard makes him the ideal person to reach out to others of his kind, as exemplified by his bringing Jill into the circle of "friends of Narnia". In the context of the Christian themes of the Chronicles of Narnia, Eustace's story of repentance and change is a surprisingly literal illustration of 2 Corinthians 5:17 ("if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new"). It is also, of course, an "alternate take" on Edmund's experience. This also brings to mind Christ's admonition to the formerly lame man that he had healed: "Behold, thou art made whole: sin no more, lest a worse thing come unto thee." John 5:14. Scrubb, Eustace

Girl Guides

:The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts is the international governing body of the girl guiding/scouting movement, which comprises the largest international youth organization for girls and young women. "Girl Scouts" redirects here; this is the name of the organization's United States branch. Girl Guides was founded as the female version of Lord Robert Baden-Powell's Boy Scouts, in 1910 with the assistance of his sister Agnes Baden-Powell. In September, 1908, a number of girls had turned up to the first Scout Rally at the Crystal Palace, calling themselves Girl Scouts. Lord Baden-Powell set up the Girl Guides as a parallel movement for them, run by his sister Agnes Baden-Powell. While Agnes played a major role until her death, Lord Baden-Powell's wife, Lady Olave Baden-Powell, became Chief Guide of England in 1918, and World Chief Guide in 1930. 1930]] The Girl Guides were named after the famous corps of guides in India. Baden-Powell thought that to call them Scouts might alienate the boys, as well as the girls' parents. Guides have come a long way since they were founded after the Crystal Palace rally and the new programmes for all sections reflect modern values and interests. Although some people see Guides as being outdated, the organisation currently has around 50,000 girls on its waiting lists, indicating that the problems reside not in attracting the girls but in persuading adults to give their time to the organisation. Further details and history of the Girl Guides can be found in the article on Scouting.

External links

- [http://www.wagggs.org WAGGGS]
- [http://worldguiding.net/ Girl Guides and Girl Scouts around the world] Category:Scouting ! ko:걸스카우트 ms:Pandu Puteri ja:ガールスカウト

Aslan

:This article is about the character in C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia. For other uses see Aslan (disambiguation). ---- Aslan the Great Lion is the main character in C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia and the eponymous lion of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Creator and ruler of Narnia, he appears in all seven books of the series. Throughout the series it is often repeated that he is "not a tame lion", since, despite his gentle and loving nature, he is powerful and can be dangerous. He takes the role of a Christ-like figure, though according to Lewis he is not an allegorical portrayal of Christ, but rather a different, hypothetical, incarnation of Christ himself: :If Aslan represented the immaterial Deity, he would be an allegorical figure. In reality however he is an invention giving an imaginary answer to the question, 'What might Christ become like if there really were a world like Narnia and He chose to be incarnate and die and rise again in that world as He actually has done in ours?' This is not allegory at all. The words aslan and arslan are Farsi for "lion", with the word later being adopted in Turkish; it was used as a title by a number of rulers, including the notorious Ali Pasha.

Portrayals in film and television

In all three TV series (The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Prince Caspian, and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader) Aslan is played by William Todd Jones. In the 2005 film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, he is voiced by Liam Neeson.

Commentary

In the course of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Aslan is put to death (crucified) in the place of a traitor; he subsequently rises from the dead, and makes appearances in the remaining books in the series. He appears as the creator of Narnia in the prequel The Magician's Nephew. When Narnia is destroyed in The Last Battle, Aslan (god like being) judges every creature who has died. It turns out his kingdom is the real Narnia and the one that was destroyed was merely a copy. Lewis attempts to convey something of the ineffable mystery of the divine by frequently reminding his readers that "Aslan is not a tame lion." The books also make reference to an Emperor-Over-the-Sea, whose son Aslan is said to be; this further highlights his Christ-like status. The Emperor-over-the-Sea is similar to Eru Ilúvatar of J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, in His separation from His creation. Aslan is often mentioned in popular culture, usually in refrence to his powerful name (zoo lions named after him). Recently, do to the Narnia movie(s), Aslan is being produced into action figures and stuffed animals.

References

- [http://www.farhangsara.com/names.htm Persian language names including meaning]
- [http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/lion/section10.rhtml Spark notes reference to the meaning of Aslan's death]
- [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/010/22.32.html "Aslan is still on the move" Christianity Today editorial, 6 August 2001, retrieved 27 November 2005]

Rilian

Rillian is the son of King Caspian, who appears in The Silver Chair in the Chronicles of Narnia. When his mother is murdered he goes off in search of her and is captured by the Emerald Witch, leaving Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole to find him. Category:Narnia characters

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Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, duc de Bouillon, in Deutschland auch bekannt als Heinrich von Bouillon, (
- 28. September 1555 auf Schloss Joze-en-Auvergne b. Clermont; † 25. März 1623 in Sedan) war ein französischer Heerführer, Diplomat, Politiker und Protestantenführer, Reiter) bezeichnet mitteldeutsch einen Heureiter. Reuter ist der Name von
- Christian Reuter (1665- ca. 1712), Schriftsteller
- Edzard Reuter (
- 1928), Industrieller
- Eike Reuter (1938 - 2005), Kirchenmusiker
- Erich Fritz Reuter (1

Radiofrequenzen
Ein Radiofrequenzband ist ein Frequenz-Bereich, der für die Ausstrahlung von Radiosendungen bestimmt ist. Es gibt verschiedene Frequenzbänder, auf denen Radiosendungen ausgestrahlt werden:
- Langwellenrundfunk
- Mittelwellenrundfunk
- Kurzwellenrundfunk
- UKW-R

Yosemite-Nationalpark
Der Yosemite-Nationalpark (ausgesprochen „Jo-ssi-me-dih“) ist einer der Nationalparks in den USA. Er liegt in Zentral-Kalifornien 200 km östlich von San Francisco. Er erstreckt sich über eine Fläche von 3.079 Quadratkilometern an den westlichen Hängen der Sierra Nevada.

Landschaft und Natur

Das Yosemite Valley ist der zentrale Teil des Region Murcia und wird in Spanien dem Levante zugeordnet. Es ist eine der größten Universitätsstädte Spaniens.

Geographie und Klima

Murcia liegt im Tal des Río Segura. Südlich erhebt sich eine kleine Gebirgskette, die die Alice Walker, der mit dem Pulitzer-Preis ausgezeichnet wurde.

Handlung

Auf Grundlage des Romans schuf Steven Spielberg 1985 seinen ersten ernsthaften Film - ohne die sonst für ihn typischen fantastischen Elemente. Die in Tagebuchform geschriebene Vorlage schildert das Leben einer unterdrückt aufwachsenden Schwarzen namens Celie (

Radiofrequenz
Ein Radiofrequenzband ist ein Frequenz-Bereich, der für die Ausstrahlung von Radiosendungen bestimmt ist. Es gibt verschiedene Frequenzbänder, auf denen Radiosendungen ausgestrahlt werden:
- Langwellenrundfunk
- Mittelwellenrundfunk
- Kurzwellenrundfunk
- UKW-R

Methoden der Politikwissenschaft
Die Politikwissenschaft besitzt keine einheitliche Methodik. Sie benutzt eine Vielzahl von Methoden. Die Wahl der Methode hängt von der jeweiligen Fragestellung ab, die es zu beantworten gilt. Zudem unterscheiden sich die Methoden von Theoretikern von den Methoden der Empiriker, wobei es aber auch empirische Theorietests gibt. In der empirischen Politikwissenschaft haben sich zwei Kategorien vo

Felix Huby
Felix Huby ist das Pseudonym des am 21. Dezember 1938 in Dettenhausen als Eberhard Hungerbühler geborenen Journalisten und Autors. Er lebt in Berlin, ist verheiratet und hat zwei erwachsene Söhne. Felix Huby hat für das deutsche Fernsehen unzählige Niedersachsens an der Weser im Weserbergland in der Nähe von Höxter und Holzminden. Die Porzellanmanufaktur Fürstenberg, gegründet 1747, ist die zweitälteste

Jill Pole

Synopsis

Commentary

C.S. Lewis

Early life

"My Irish Life"

Conversion to Christianity

Career as a scholar

Career as a writer of fiction

Career as a writer on Christianity

Trilemma

Portrayals of Lewis' life

Lewis's death and legacy

Bibliography

Nonfiction

Fiction

Poetry

Books about C. S. Lewis

See also

External links

Chronicles of Narnia

The books: publication and reading order

Christian parallels

Criticism

Narnia in other media

Television

Radio

Cinema

Influence on other works

Geographical influences

External/cultural references

Further reading

External links

References

The Last Battle

Synopsis

Commentary

Eustace Scrubb

Synopsis

Commentary

Girl Guides

See also

External links

Aslan

Portrayals in film and television

Commentary

References

See also

Rilian

Category:Stad Sydney

Landschaft und Natur

Geographie und Klima

Handlung