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Jim Doyle

Jim Doyle

:This article is about the Governor of Wisconsin. For the Canadian politician, see Jim Doyle (Canadian politician). Jim Doyle (Canadian politician) James Edward Doyle (born November 23, 1945) is an American politician and the current and 44th Governor of Wisconsin. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected Governor in 2002 and took office in January of 2003, after defeating incumbent Governor Scott McCallum by a margin of 45% to 41%. The race was influenced by a third party candidate, Ed Thompson, a Libertarian.

Personal background

Governor Doyle was born in Madison, Wisconsin to James E. Doyle Sr. and Ruth Bachhuber Doyle. Doyle's parents were founding members of the modern Democratic Party in Wisconsin. James E. Doyle, Sr. ran for governor in 1954 and was appointed as a federal judge in 1965. Ruth Doyle was the first woman from Dane County to be elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1948. Doyle attended Stanford University for three years, then returned home to Madison to finish his senior year at UW-Madison. After graduating from college, Doyle left for Africa to work as a teacher in the Peace Corps, inspired by John F. Kennedy’s call to public service. In 1972, Doyle earned his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Harvard University. Doyle then moved to the Navajo Indian Reservation in Chinle, Arizona where he worked as an attorney in a federal legal services office. Doyle is married to Jessica Laird Doyle and they have two adult sons, Gus and Gabe.

Attorney General

In 1975, Doyle returned to Madison, was elected Dane County District Attorney and served three terms from 1977 to 1982. After he left that office, he spent eight years building his own private law practice. Doyle was elected Wisconsin Attorney General in 1990. Doyle was reelected as Attorney General in 1994 and 1998, during which time he served as the president of the National Association of Attorneys General (1997-1998). During his 12 years as Attorney General, Doyle was considered tough on crime, but not unsympathetic to its causes. He also gained recognition through several successful lawsuits against tobacco companies in the state.

The 2002 election

After Tommy Thompson resigned as Wisconsin Governor to become Secretary of Health and Human Services under President George W. Bush in 2001, Lieutenant Governor Scott McCallum became Governor, serving out the remaing two years of Thompson's term. Governor McCallum inherited a state with a $2.8 billion budget deficit. His solution to Wisconsin's economic problems turned out to be an ill-fated decision that more than likely cost him the Governor's mansion. In 2003, McCallum signed a budget-repair bill that traded most of a long-term return from the state’s $1.6 billion tobacco settlement for a one-time lump sum that fixed the deficit for a year but didn’t provide the necessary long-term solutions. He then spent all of the money in an attempt to balance the budget in under one year. While McCallum didn't cause the state's deficit, he was accused of not creating long-term solutions for the state and poor decision making. Doyle seized McCallum's faults and brought them to the surface in his 2002 campaign, accusing him of fiscal mismanagement. The 2002 governor's race is considered the most negative campaign in the state's history, with constant mudslinging from both candidates. This negativity turned off voters and made them lose interest in both McCallum and Doyle. Therefore, Libertarian Ed Thompson, publicly critical of the negative campaigning of both major party candidates, became a welcome option for many voters. Thompson garnered a surprising 10% of the vote, reviving the Libertarian party in Wisconsin and directly influencing the results of the election. As the dust settled on election day, Doyle defeated McCallum by just over four points, becoming the first Democratic governor in the state since the long reign of Tommy Thompson began 16 years earlier with the defeat of Tony Earl. Doyle was sworn in on January 6, 2003 in Madison.

Governor

With Doyle's election, alongside Barbara Lawton, his Lieutenant Governor, nearly all of Wisconsin's statewide offices are now held by Democrats. Both of the state's U.S. Senators, the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the State Attorney General and the WI Secretary of State are all Democrats. This was a striking blow to the state Republican party, which has long controlled the assembly and won the state senate the very night Doyle was elected governor. As Governor, Doyle has made investing in public schools, support for regional economic development, transportation reform, and funding of scientific pursuits such as stem cell research his major successes. However, with a GOP-controlled state legislature, Doyle has had his share of difficulties turning many of his plans into actions. Doyle has vetoed over 100 bills, including bills involving such hot button issues as concealed carry, a Defense of Marriage Act, an expansion of school vouchers, state level tax breaks for Health Savings Accounts, and IDs being required for voting. In 2004 Republicans mounted a large effort to win enough seats to override his vetoes, but they only gained one seat in each chamber.

The 2006 election

Doyle will be up for reelection on November 7, 2006, along with all of Wisconsin's statewide offices and the United States Senate seat of incumbent Senator Herb Kohl. Doyle's Republican opponents include Milwaukee County executive Scott Walker and Congressman Mark Green. Former four-term Governor and former United States Secretary of Health and Human Services Tommy Thompson has indicated that he will not run for governor again, though some still look to him as a contender. 2002 gubernatorial candidate Ed Thompson has also said he may run again as a Libertarian or independent if he can raise enough funds to win. Doyle, Jim Doyle, Jim Doyle, Jim

Jim Doyle (Canadian politician)

Jim Doyle is a Canadian politician and member of the New Democratic Party. He served as a MLA of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Columbia River-Revelstoke electoral district, elected in 1991 and 1996. Doyle is originally from Northern Ireland and worked for the Canadian Pacific Railway prior to his election as MLA.

External links


- [http://www.legis.gov.bc.ca/mla/36thparl/Doyle.htm Hon. Jim Doyle] Doyle, Jim

November 23

November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining.

Events


- 1499 - Pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck is hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London. He had invaded England in 1497, claiming to be the lost son of King Edward IV of England.
- 1644 - Areopagitica by John Milton is published.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Chattanooga begins - Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee and counter-attack Confederate troops.
- 1869 - In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper Cutty Sark is launched - one of the last clippers ever to be built, and the only one still surviving to this day.
- 1876 - Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City after being captured in Spain.
- 1890 - King William III of the Netherlands dies without a male heir and a special law is passed to allow his daughter Princess Wilhelmina to become Queen.
- 1903 - Colorado Governor James Peabody sends the state militia into the town of Cripple Creek to break up a miners' strike.
- 1934 - An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lay well within Ethiopian territory. This leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
- 1936 - The first edition of Life is published.
- 1943 - The Deutsche Opernhaus on Bismarckstraße in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg is destroyed. It will eventually be rebuilt in 1961 and be called the Deutsche Oper Berlin.
- 1954 - For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the peak it reached just before the 1929 crash.
- 1955 - The Cocos Islands are transferred from the control of the United Kingdom to Australia.
- 1958 - Have Gun, Will Travel debuts on radio.
- 1959 - General Charles de Gaulle, President of France, declares in a speech in Strasbourg his vision for a "Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals."
- 1960 - The long-running serial, Ma Perkins, airs its last episode on CBS radio.
- 1963 - The first episode of the science fiction television series Doctor Who debuts on the BBC.
- 1971 - The People's Republic of China is given Taiwan's seat on the United Nations Security Council. (See China and the United Nations)
- 1979 - In Dublin, Ireland, Irish Republican Army member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten.
- 1980 - A series of earthquakes in southern Italy kills approximately 4,800 people.
- 1981 - Iran-Contra scandal: Ronald Reagan signs the top secret National Security Decision Directive 17 (NSDD-17), giving the Central Intelligence Agency the authority to recruit and support Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
- 1984 - Boston College quarterback Doug Flutie throws a game-winning 48-yard Hail Mary pass to Gerard Phelan to defeat the University of Miami Hurricanes 45-41. It is one of the most famous plays in American college football history.
- 1985 - Gunmen hijack EgyptAir Flight 648 while en route from Athens to Cairo. When the plane lands in Malta, Egyptian commandos storm the hijacked jetliner, but 60 people die in the raid.
- 1991 - Queen frontman Freddie Mercury publicly announces that he has AIDS. He dies the next day.
- 1993 - Rachel Whiteread wins both the £20,000 Turner Prize award for best British modern artist and the £40,000 K Foundation art award for the worst artist of the year.
- 1996 - Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 is hijacked, then crashes after running out of fuel off the coast of Comoros into the Indian Ocean, killing 127.
- 1996 - The Republic of Angola officially joins the World Trade Organization, as Angola.
- 2003 - Beleaguered Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns following weeks of mass protests over flawed elections.
- 2003 - Berkeley Breathed begins the comic strip Opus.
- 2005 - Jessica Simpson and Nick Lachey announce their separation after months of speculation that their marriage was kaput.

Births


- 912 - Otto I the Great, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 973)
- 1221 - King Alfonso X of Castile (d. 1284)
- 1402 - Jean de Dunois, French soldier (d. 1468)
- 1417 - William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1487)
- 1553 - Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist (d. 1617)
- 1616 - John Wallis, English mathematician (d. 1703)
- 1632 - Jean Mabillon, French palaeographer and diplomat (d. 1707)
- 1641 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (d. 1720)
- 1705 - Thomas Birch, English historian (d. 1766)
- 1715 - Pierre Charles Le Monnier, French astronomer (d. 1799)
- 1719 - Spranger Barry, Irish actor (d. 1777)
- 1749 - Edward Rutledge, U.S. statesman (d. 1800)
- 1760 - François-Noël Babeuf, French revolutionary (d. 1797)
- 1804 - Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States (d. 1869)
- 1820 - Isaac Todhunter, British mathematician (d. 1884)
- 1837 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923)
- 1860 - Billy the Kid, American bandit (d. 1881)
- 1860 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1925)
- 1869 - Valdemar Poulsen, Danish engineer (d. 1942)
- 1875 - Anatoly Lunacharsky, Russian literary critic and politician (d. 1933)
- 1876 - Manuel de Falla, Spanish composer (d. 1946)
- 1887 - Eduardo Corrochio, Spanish-born dancer (d. 1943)
- 1887 - Boris Karloff, British actor (d. 1969)
- 1888 - Harpo Marx, American comedian (d. 1964)
- 1890 - El Lissitzky, Russian artist and architect (d. 1941)
- 1892 - Erté, French artist (d. 1990)
- 1897 - Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Indian writer (d. 1999)
- 1902 - Victor Jory, Canadian actor (d. 1982)
- 1907 - Lars Leksell, Swedish physician (d. 1986)
- 1909 - Nigel Tranter, British historian and writer (d. 2000)
- 1920 - Paul Celan, Romanian-born German poet (d. 1970)
- 1921 - Fred Buscaglione, Italian singer and actor (d. 1960)
- 1922 - Manuel Fraga Iribarne, president of Spanish Galicia
- 1923 - R.L. Burnside, American musician (d. 2005)
- 1923 - Billy Haughton, American harness driver and trainer (d. 1986)
- 1924 - Colin Macmillan Turnbull, British-born anthropologist (d. 1994)
- 1925 - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (d. 1990)
- 1926 - Sathya Sai Baba, Indian "God-man", widely believed to be Avatar of the age
- 1931 - Dervla Murphy, Irish traveller and author
- 1933 - Krzysztof Penderecki, Polish composer
- 1934 - Robert Towne, American writer, director, producer, and actor
- 1935 - Vladislav Volkov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1971)
- 1941 - Franco Nero, Italian actor
- 1943 - Andrew Goodman, American civil rights activist (d. 1964)
- 1943 - Sue Nicholls (The Honourable Susan Frances Harmer Nicholls), British actress
- 1944 - Joe Eszterhas, Hungarian-born film producer and writer
- 1944 - James Toback, American writer and director
- 1945 - Steve Landesberg, American actor
- 1953 - Francis Cabrel, French singer
- 1954 - Bruce Hornsby, American musician
- 1955 - Steven Brust, American author
- 1955 - Ludovico Einaudi, Italian composer and pianist
- 1956 - Steve Harvey, American actor and comedian
- 1959 - Maxwell Caulfield, British actor
- 1959 - Dominique Dunne, American actress (d. 1982)
- 1968 - Hamid Hassani, Iranian lexicographer
- 1970 - Zoë Ball, British television and radio presenter
- 1974 - Jamie Sharper, American football player
- 1975 - Dan Portnoy, American Comedian, Innovator
- 1977 - Myriam Boileau, Canadian diver

Deaths


- 1407 - Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France (murdered) (b. 1372)
- 1457 - King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (b. 1440)
- 1499 - Perkin Warbeck, Flemish imposter (b. 1474)
- 1503 - Margaret of York, wife of Charles I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1446)
- 1572 - Agnolo di Cosimo, Italian artist and poet (b. 1503)
- 1585 - Thomas Tallis, English composer (b. 1505)
- 1616 - Richard Hakluyt, English writer (b. 1552)
- 1682 - Claude Lorrain, French painter (b. 1604)
- 1763 - Friedrich Graf von Seckendorf, German soldier (b. 1673)
- 1783 - Yoriyuki Arima, Japanese mathematician (b. 1714)
- 1803 - Roger Newdigate, British politician (b. 1719)
- 1804 - Richard Graves, British writer (b. 1715)
- 1807 - Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (b. 1747)
- 1814 - Elbridge Gerry, Vice President of the United States of America (b. 1744)
- 1833 - Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, French marshal (b. 1762)
- 1890 - King William III of the Netherlands (b. 1817)
- 1902 - Walter Reed, American bacteriologist (b. 1851)
- 1923 - Urmuz, Romanian writer (b. 1883)
- 1937 - Jagdish Chandra Bose, Indian physicist (b. 1858)
- 1966 - Sean O'Kelly, President of Ireland (b. 1882)
- 1973 - Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese actor (b. 1889)
- 1974 - Cornelius Ryan, Irish-born author (b. 1920)
- 1979 - Merle Oberon, British actress (b. 1911)
- 1979 - Judee Sill, American musician and songwriter (b. 1944)
- 1990 - Roald Dahl, British author (b. 1916)
- 1991 - Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926)
- 1992 - Roy Acuff, American musician (b. 1903)
- 1992 - Jean-François Thiriart, Belgian politician (b. 1922)
- 1995 - Louis Malle, French director (b. 1932)
- 1995 - Junior Walker, American musician (b. 1931)
- 2002 - Roberto Matta, Chilean painter (b. 1911)
- 2004 - Pete Franklin, American talk radio host (b. 1928)
- 2005 - Frank Gatski, Pro Football Hall of Fame center

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Pope Clement I, Saint Columban
- Bahá'í Faith - Feast of Qawl (Speech) - First day of the 14th month of the Bahá'í Calendar
- Georgia - St George's Day
- Japan - Kinro kansha no hi (Labour Thanksgiving Day)
- Slovenia - Rudolf Maister Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/23 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 22 - November 24 - October 23 - December 23 -- listing of all days ko:11월 23일 ms:23 November ja:11月23日 simple:November 23 th:23 พฤศจิกายน

1945

1945 (MCMXLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 5 - The Soviet Union recognizes the new pro-Soviet government of Poland.
- January 7 - British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference at Zonhoven describing his contribution to the Battle of the Bulge.
- January 12 - World War II: The Soviet Union begin a very large offensive in Eastern Europe against the Nazis.
- January 13 - A Soviet patrol arrests Raoul Wallenberg in Hungary.
- January 16 - Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so-called Führerbunker
- January 17 - World War II: Soviets occupy Warsaw
- January 17 - Holocaust: Nazis begin to evacuate from Auschwitz concentration camp
- January 20 - Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated to an unprecedented fourth term as President of the United States.
- January 20 - Hungary drops out of the Second World War, agreeing to an armistice with the Allies.
- January 24 - First successful launch of the German A4b-Rocket
- January 27 - The Red Army arrives at Auschwitz and Birkenau in Poland and find the Nazi concentration camp where 1.3 million people were murdered.
- January 28 - World War II: Supplies begin to reach China over the newly reopened Burma Road.
- January 30 - The Wilhelm Gustloff with about 10,000 Nazi troops and refugees from Gotenhafen in the Gdansk Bay sunk with three torpedoes from the Soviet submarine S-13. More 9,300 drowned in the Baltic Sea.
- January 31 - Eddie Slovik is executed by firing squad for desertion, the first American soldier since the American Civil War and last to date to be executed for this offence.

February


- February 2 - World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill leave to meet with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference.
- February 3 - World War II: Russia agrees to enter the Pacific Theatre conflict against Japan.
- February 4 - World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin begin the Yalta Conference (ends February 11)
- February 6 - Reggae musician Bob Marley (Robert Nesta) is born at Nine Miles, St. Ann, Jamaica.
- February 6 - French writer Robert Brasillach executed for collaboration with the Germans
- February 7 - World War II: General Douglas MacArthur returns to Manila
- February 9 - Walter Ulbricht becomes the leader of German communists in Moscow
- February 10 - World War II: The SS General von Steuben sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13.
- February 13 - World War II: Soviet Union forces capture Budapest, Hungary from the Nazis.
- February 13 - World War II: The British Air Force bombs Dresden, Germany.
- February 14 - Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru join the United Nations.
- February 16 - World War II: American forces land on Corregidor island in the Philippines.
- February 16 - American forces recapture the Bataan Peninsula
- February 19 - World War II: Battle of Iwo Jima - about 30,000 United States Marines landed on Iwo Jima starting the battle.
- February 21 - Last launch of an A4-rocket at Peenemünde
- February 23 - World War II: Following the American victory at the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Surabachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo will later win a Pulitzer Prize.
- February 23 - World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by American forces.
- February 23 - World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznań, city is liberated by Red Army and Polish forces.
- February 24 - Egyptian Premier Ahmed Maher Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.

March


- March 1 - Jesse Holman Jones starts his term of office as U.S. Secretary of Commerce, serving under President Franklin D. Roosevelt
- March 2 - Launch of the Natter from Stetten am kalten Markt. The Natter was the first manned rocket and developed as anti-aircraft weapon. The launch failed and the pilot died.
- March 3 - World War II: Previously neutral Finland declares war on the Axis powers.
- March 3 - A possible experimental atomic test blast occurs at the Nazis' Ohrdruf military testing area [http://www.recorder.ca/cp/World/050314/w031435A.html].
- March 6 - Communist-led government formed in Romania
- March 7 - World War II: American troops seize the bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross.
- March 8 - Josip Broz Tito forms a government in Yugoslavia
- March 9-March 10 - World War II: American B-29 bombers attack Japan with incendiary bombs. Tokyo is fire-bombed killing 100,000 citizens.
- March 16 - World War II: The Battle of Iwo Jima ends but small pockets of Japanese resistance persist.
- March 17 - World War II: Japanese city of Kobe is fire-bombed by 331 B-29 bombers, killing over 8,000.
- March 18 - World War II: 1,250 American bombers attack Berlin.
- March 19 - World War II: Adolf Hitler orders that all industries, military installations, shops, transportation facilities and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.
- March 19 - Off the coast of Japan, bombers hit the aircraft carrier USS Franklin, killing 800 of her crew and crippling the ship.
- March 21 - World War II: British troops liberate Mandalay, Burma
- March 22 - The Arab League was formed with the adoption of a charter in Cairo, Egypt.
- March 30 - World War II: Soviet Union forces invade Austria and take Vienna. Alger Hiss congratulated in Moscow for his part in bringing about the Western betrayal at the Yalta Conference.
- From February 14, 1936, to March 1, 1945, AG Weser launched a total of 162 U-boats.

April


- April 1 - World War II: United States troops land on Okinawa in the last campaign of the war. The Battle of Okinawa starts.
- April 4 - World War II: American troops liberate Ohrdruf death camp in Germany.
- April 7 - World War II: The Japanese battleship Yamato is sunk 200 miles north of Okinawa while in-route to a suicide mission.
- April 9 - Abwehr conspirators Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Oster, and Hans Dohanyi are hanged at Flossenberg concentration camp along with pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer.
- April 10 - The Allied Forces liberated their first Nazi concentration camp, Buchenwald.
- April 12 - United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945) dies in office; Vice President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) takes the Oath of Office.
- April 15 - Bergen-Belsen concentration camp liberated.
- April 16 - World War II: The Goya sunk by the Soviet submarine L-3.
- April 25 - Founding negotiations of United Nations in San Francisco
- April 25 - World War II: Elbe Day, United States and Russian troops link up at the Elbe River, cutting Germany in two
- April 27 - U.S. Ordinance troops find the coffins of Frederick Wilhelm I, Frederick the Great, Paul Von Hindenburg,and his wife
- April 28 - Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, are hanged upside down by Italian partisans as they attempt to flee the country.
- April 29 - Start of Operation Manna.
- April 30 - Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit suicide as Red Army approaches Führerbunker in Berlin. Karl Dönitz succeeds Hitler as President of Germany. Joseph Goebbels succeeds Hitler as Chancellor of Germany.

May


- May 1 - Joseph Goebbels and his wife commit suicide after killing their 6 children. Karl Dönitz appoints Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk as the new Chancellor of Germany.
- May 1 - World War II: Troops of Yugoslav 4th Army together with Slovene 9th Corpus NOV enter Trieste.
- May 2 - World War II: The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin. Soviet soldiers hoist the red flag over the Reichstag building.
- May 2 - World War II: Troops of New Zealand Army 2nd Division enter Trieste a day after the Yugoslavs. German Army in Trieste surrenders to the New Zealand Army.
- May 2 - The last postage stamp utilized by Manzhouguo is issued.
- May 3 - World War II: Sinkings of the floating-jails Cap Arcona, Thielbek and Deutschland by the RAF in the Lübeck Bay.
- May 3 - Rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and 120 members of his team surrender to US forces. They later help start the US space program.
- May 4 - World War II: Liberation of the concentration camp Neuengamme near Hamburg by the British army.
- May 4 - World War II: Reddition of the North Germany army by Marshal Bernard Montgomery.
- May 4 - World War II: Holland liberated by Canadians troops. [http://www-lib.usc.edu/~anthonya/war/lib.htm]
- May 5 - World War II: Prague uprising against the Nazis.
- May 5 - Ezra Pound, poet and author, is arrested by American soldiers in Italy for treason.
- May 5 - World War II: US armored unit liberates prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp - including Simon Wiesenthal
- May 5 - World War II: Canadian soldiers liberate the city of Amsterdam from Nazi occupation.
- May 5 - World War II: Admiral Karl Dönitz orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.
- May 5 - World War II: A Japanese balloon bomb killed five children and a woman, Elsie Mitchell near Lakeview, Oregon, when it exploded as they dragged it from the woods. They were the only people killed by enemy attack on the United States mainland during World War II.
- May 6 - World War II: Axis Sally delivers her last propaganda broadcast to Allied troops (first was on December 11, 1941).
- May 7 - World War II: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document will take effect the next day.
- May 8 - World War II: V-E Day (Victory in Europe, as Nazi Germany surrenders) commemorates the end of World War II in Europe.
- May 8 - World War II: British 8th Army together with Slovene partisan troops and motorized detachment of Yugoslav 4th Army arrives to Carinthia and Klagenfurt.
- May 8-May 29 - In Algeria, French troops and released Italian POWs defeat rebellion of Algerians
- May 9 - World War II: Hermann Göring is captured by the United States Army; Norway arrests Vidkun Quisling; Soviet Union marks V-E Day.
- May 9 - World War II: Red Army enters Prague (capitulation of German occupation troops)
- May 9 - World War II: General Alexander Löhr Commander of German Army Group E near Topolšica, Slovenia, signs capitulation of German occupation troops.
- May 9 - World War II: Alderney, annex of the concentration camp Neuengamme liberated.
- May 12 - World War II: Yugoslav Army capitulates to the New Zealand Army, in Trieste and hands over the city.
- May 15 - World War II: the last WWII battle in Europe is fought at Poljana near Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
- May 23 - President of Germany Karl Dönitz and Chancellor of Germany Count Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British forces at Flensburg. They would respectively be the last German Head of state and Head of government until 1949.
- May 23 - Heinrich Himmler, the head of the Nazi Gestapo, commits suicide in British custody.
- May 25 - In Atlantic, ships can finally keep their lights lit. Leo Szilard begs Harry S. Truman not to use the bomb. [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- May 28 - William Joyce, known as "Lord Haw-Haw" is captured. He is later charged with high treason in London for his English-language wartime broadcasts on German radio. He is hanged in January of 1946.
- May 29 - Group of German communists, Ulbricht in the lead, arrive in Berlin
- May 30 - Iranian government demands that Soviet and British troops leave the country

June


- June 1 - British take over Lebanon and Syria
- June 5 - Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.
- June 6 - King Haakon VII of Norway returns to Norway
- June 11 - William Lyon Mackenzie King is reelected as Canadian prime minister. Franck Committee recommends against a surprise nuclear bombing of Japan. [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- June 12 - Yugoslav Army leaves Trieste, leaving the New Zealand Army in control.
- June 21 - World War II: The Battle of Okinawa ends.
- June 24 - World War II: Victory parade in Red Square
- June 25 - Seán T. O'Kelly is elected the second President of Ireland.
- June 26 - United Nations charter signed.
- June 29 - Czechoslovakia cedes Ruthenia to Soviet Union

July


- July 1 - World War II: Germany is divided between Allied occupation forces
- July 5 - World War II: Liberation of the Philippines declared.
- July 8 - World War II: Harry S. Truman informed that Japan will talk peace if she can keep the Emperor. [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- July 9 - A forest fire breaks out in the Tillamook Burn, the third fire in that area since 1933.
- July 16 - Nuclear testing: The Trinity Test, the first test of an atomic bomb, using 6 kilograms of plutonium, succeeds in detonating, unleashing an explosion equivalent to that of 19 kilotons of TNT.
- July 17 - World War II: Potsdam Conference - At Potsdam, the three main Allied leaders begin their final summit of the war. The meeting will end on August 2.
- July 21 - World War II: Harry S. Truman approves order for atomic bombs to be used. [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- July 23 - World War II: French marshall Philippe Pétain, who headed the Vichy government during World War II goes on trial, charged with treason.
- July 26 - Winston Churchill resigns as Britain's prime minister after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new prime minister.
- July 26 - Potsdam Declaration demands Japan's unconditional surrender; Article 12 permitting Japan to retain the Emperor had been deleted by Truman. [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- July 28 - An Army Air Forces B-25 bomber accidentally crashes into the Empire State Building, killing 14 people.
- July 28 - World War II: Japan rejects Potsdam Declaration [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html].
- July 29 - The BBC Light Programme radio station was launched, aimed at mainstream light entertainment and music.
- July 30 - World War II: The USS Indianapolis is hit and sunk by the Japanese submarine I 58. Some 900 survivors jump into the sea and are adrift for 4 days. Nearly 600 die before help arrives. Captain Charles Butler MacVey III is later court-martialed.
- July 31 - World War II: Pierre Laval, fugitive former leader of Vichy France, surrenders to Allied soldiers in Austria.

August


- August 6 - World War II: the Atomic bombing of Hiroshima. The United States detonates an atomic bomb nicknamed "Little Boy" on Hiroshima, Japan at 8:16 AM (local time).
- August 7 - President Harry Truman announces the successful bombing of Hiroshima with an atomic bomb while returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the heavy cruiser USS Augusta (CA-31) in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
- August 8 - The United Nations Charter is ratified by the United States, and that nation becomes the third to join the new international organization. Soviets declare war on Japan.
- August 9 - World War II: The United States detonates an atomic bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" over the city of Nagasaki, Japan at 11:02 AM (local time). World War II: The Soviet Union begins its offensive against Japan in the then Japanese controlled Chinese region of Manchuria. [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1986/RMF.htm]
- August 10 - World War II: US drops warning leaflets on Nagasaki. [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- August 13 - Zionist World Congress approaches British government to talk about founding of Israel.
- August 14 - World War II: Emperor Hirohito accepts the terms of the Potsdam Declaration.
- August 15 - World War II: Emperor Hirohito announces Japan's surrender on the radio. The United States called this day V-J Day (Victory in Japan). This ends the period of Japanese expansionism and begins the period of Occupied Japan.
- August 15 - Korea gains independence following Japan's surrender
- August 17 - Indonesian nationalists Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta declare the independence of Republic of Indonesia, Sukarno as a president. Dutch colonial authorities do not approve
- August 19 - Vietnam War: Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh take power in Hanoi, Vietnam.
- End of August - Chinese Civil War: Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek meet in Chongqing to discuss an end to hostilities between the Communists and the Nationalists.

September


- September 2 - World War II ends: The final official surrender of Japan was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz from a delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu, aboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay. But in Japan August 14 is well recognized as the day the Pacific War ended.
- September 2 - Ho Chi Minh promulgates the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, and unity from the north to the south.
- September 4 - World War II: Japanese forces surrender on Wake Island after hearing word of their nation's surrender.
- September 5 - Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese-American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist "Tokyo Rose," is arrested in Yokohama.
- September 8 - US troops occupy southern Korea, Russians occupy the north. This arrangement proves to be the beginning of a divided Korea.
- September 8 - Hideki Tojo, Japanese prime minister during most of World War II, attempts suicide to avoid facing a war crimes tribunal.
- September 9 - "First actual case of bug being found" Moth found in Relay 70, Panel F Mark II Aiken Relay Computer
- September 11 - [http://www.rri-online.com/ Radio Republik Indonesia] starts broadcasting.
- September 12 - Japanese army formally surrendered in Singapore.
- September 20 - Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru demand that British troops leave India

October

India]
- October 1 - to October 15 - Launch of three A4 rockets near Cuxhaven in order to show Allied forces the rocket with liquid fuel (Operation Backfire)
- October 10 - Russian code clerk Igor Gouzenko defects to Canada. He helps the West gain an understanding of Soviet spy rings in North America.
- October 15 - World War II: Former premier of Vichy France, Pierre Laval, is executed by firing squad for treason.
- October 17 - Colonel Juan Peron stages a coup d'état, becoming ruler of Argentina.
- October 18 - The first German war crimes trial begins in Nuremberg.
- October 18 - Isaías Medina Angarita, president of Venezuela, is overthrown by a military coup.
- October 21 - Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.
- October 23 - Jackie Robinson signs a contract with the Montreal Royals.
- October 24 - United Nations founded.
- October 24 - Norwegian Nazi leader, Vidkun Quisling, is shot by firing squad for treason.
- October 27 - Indonesian separatists riot and fight Dutch and British security forces.
- October 29 - Getulio Vargas, president of Brazil, resigns.
- October 29 - At Gimbels Department Store in New York City, the first ballpoint pens go on sale at $12.50 each.

November


- November 1 - John H. Johnson publishes the first issue of the magazine Ebony.
- November 13 - Charles De Gaulle elected head of a French provisional government
- November 15 - Harry S. Truman, Clement Attlee, and Mackenzie King call for a UN Atomic Energy Commission.[http://www.nuclearfiles.org/hitimeline/1945.html]
- November 16 - Cold War: The United States controversially imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of rocket technology.
- November 16 - Yeshiva College founded
- November 20 - Nuremberg Trials begin: Trials against 24 Nazi war criminals of World War II start at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.
- November 29 - The Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia is declared (this day was celebrated as Republic Day until 1990s). Marshal Tito is named president.
- November 29 - Assembly of the world's first general purpose electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), is completed. It covers 1800 feet of floor space. The first set of calculations is run on the computer.

December


- December 2 - General Eurico Gaspar Dutra elected president of Brazil
- December 3 - Communist demonstrations in Athens - preliminary of the Greek Civil War
- December 4 - By a vote of 65 to 7, the United States Senate approves the entry of the United States into the United Nations.
- December 21 - General George S. Patton dies from injuries sustained in a car accident on December 9.
- December 27 - Twenty-eight nations sign an agreement creating the World Bank.
- December 27 - Terror strikes against British military bases in Palestine.

Unknown date


- Foundation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- Poland has two rival governments
- Discovery of Nag Hammadi scriptures
- Dutch painter Han van Meegeren is arrested for collaboration with Nazis but the paintings he had sold to Hermann Göring are found to be his fakes.
- Female suffrage in Guatemala and Japan
- Saskatchewan Government Insurance, the first state-owned automobile insurance company in North America, is created.
- Denmark recognizes independent Iceland
- US house of representatives calls for unrestricted Jewish immigration to Palestine in order to establish a Jewish commonwealth there
- Roben Hollis Fleet pays $11.550.000 alimony to his second wife Dorothy

Ongoing events


- Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)

Science and Technology


- Arthur C. Clarke puts forward the idea of a communications satellite in a Wireless World magazine article.
- At the Mayo Clinic, streptomycin is first used to treat tuberculosis.
- Percy Spencer accidentally discovers that microwaves can heat food. Invention of the microwave oven follows.
- Grand Rapids, Michigan and Newburgh, New York become the first cities to add fluoride to drinking water.
- The first nuclear reactor outside of the U.S. is built in Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.
- High-altitude, west-to-east winds across the Pacific Ocean — discovered by the Japanese in 1942 and by Americans in 1944 — are dubbed the jet stream.
- Salvador Edward Luria and Alfred Day Hershey independently recognize that viruses undergo mutations.
- The herbicide 2,4-D is introduced; it is later used as a component of Agent Orange.
- A team led by Charles DuBois Coryell discovers chemical element 61, the only one still missing between 1 and 96 on the periodic table. The new element is called promethium.
- Raymond Libby develops oral penicillin.
- American Canamid discovers folic acid, a vitamin abundent in green leafy vegetables, liver, kidney, and yeast.

Births

January-February


- January 3 - Victoria Principal, American actress
- January 3 - Stephen Stills, American singer and songwriter (Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young)
- January 4 - Richard R. Schrock, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 10 - Rod Stewart, English singer
- January 26 - Jacqueline du Pré, English cellist (d. 1987)
- January 29 - Tom Selleck, American actor
- January 30 - Michael Dorris, American author (d. 1997)
- February 3 - Bob Griese, American football player
- February 5 - Charlotte Rampling, English actress
- February 6 - Bob Marley, Jamaican singer and musician (d. 1981)
- February 7 - Gerald Davies, Welsh rugby player
- February 7 - Pete Postlethwaite, English actor
- February 9 - Mia Farrow, American actress
- February 14 - Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein
- February 17 - Brenda Fricker, Irish actress
- February 24 - Barry Bostwick, American actor
- February 27 - Carl Anderson, American singer and actor (d. 2004)
- February 28 - Bubba Smith, American football player and actor

March-April


- March 1 - Dirk Benedict, American actor
- March 7 - John Heard, American actor
- March 8 - Jim Chapman, American politician
- March 8 - Micky Dolenz, American actor, director, and musician (The Monkees)
- March 8 - Anselm Kiefer, German painter
- March 9 - Dennis Rader, American serial killer
- March 19 - Cem Karaca, Turkish musician
- March 26 - Mikhail Voronin, Russian gymnast (d.

United States

:For alternative meanings, see the disambiguation page for US, USA, United States, or American. The United States of America is a federal democratic republic situated primarily in central North America. It comprises 50 states and one federal district, and has several territories. It is also referred to, with varying formality, as the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., the States, or simply and most commonly, America. The official founding date of the United States is July 4, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress—representing thirteen British colonies—adopted the Declaration of Independence. However, the structure of the government was profoundly changed in 1788, when the states replaced the Articles of Confederation with the United States Constitution. The date on which each of the fifty states adopted the Constitution is typically regarded as the date that state "entered the Union" (became part of the United States). Since the mid-20th century, following World War II, the United States has emerged as a dominant global influence in economic, political, military, scientific, technological, and cultural affairs.

Geography and climate

The United States shares land borders with Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south), and territorial water boundaries with Canada, Russia, the Bahamas, and numerous smaller nations. It is otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea, in the west; the Arctic Ocean, in the northernmost areas; and the Atlantic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea, in the eastern and southeastern areas. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the continental or contiguous United States, sometimes abbreviated CONUS, and as the Lower 48. Alaska, which is not included in the term contiguous United States, is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The archipelago of Hawaii is in the Pacific Ocean. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland. (Virginia also donated land, but it was returned in 1847.) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization. When inland water is included in the total area, only Russia and Canada are larger than the United States; if inland water is excluded, China ranks third and the U.S. ranks fourth. The United States' total area is 3,718,711 square miles (9,631,418 km²), of which land makes up 3,537,438 square miles (9,161,923 km²) and water makes up 181,273 square miles (469,495 km²). The United States' landscape is one of the most varied among those of the world's nations: among its many features are temperate forestland and rolling hills, on the east coast; mangrove, in Florida; the Great Plains, in the center of the country; the Mississippi–Missouri river system; the Great Lakes, four of the five of which are shared with Canada; the Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains; deserts and temperate coastal zones, west of the Rocky Mountains; and temperate rain forests, in the Pacific northwest. Alaska's tundra, and the volcanic, tropical islands of Hawaii add to the geographic diversity. Hawaii The climate varies along with the landscape, from tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida to tundra in Alaska and atop some of the highest mountains. Most of the North and East experience a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. Most of the South experiences a subtropical humid climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. Rainfall decreases markedly from the humid forests of the Eastern Great Plains to the semi-arid shortgrass prairies on the high plains abutting the Rocky Mountains. Arid deserts, including the Mojave, extend through the lowlands and valleys of the southwest, from westernmost Texas to California and northward throughout much of Nevada. Some parts of California have a Mediterranean climate. Rainforests line the windward mountains of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to Alaska.

History

American history started with the migration of people from Asia across the Bering land bridge approximately 12,000 years ago following large animals that they hunted into the Americas. These Native Americans left evidence of their presence in petroglyphs, burial mounds, and other artifacts. It is estimated that 2-9 million people lived in the territory now occupied by the U.S. before European contact, and the subsequent introduction of foreign diseases such as small pox that greatly diminished the native populations. Some advanced societies were the Anasazi of the southwest, who inhabited Chaco Canyon, and the Woodland Indians, who built Cahokia, located near present-day St Louis, a city with a population of 40,000 at its peak in AD 1200. Vikings first visited North America around 1000, but did not settle permanently. Following the discovery voyages of Christopher Columbus around 1492, other Europeans began to explore and settle there. During the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish settled parts of the present-day Southwest and Florida, founding St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 and Santa Fe (in what is now New Mexico) in 1607. The first successful English settlement was at Jamestown, Virginia, also in 1607. Within the next two decades, several Dutch settlements, including New Amsterdam (the predecessor to New York City), were established in what are now the states of New York and New Jersey. In 1637, Sweden established a colony at Fort Christina (in what is now Delaware), but lost the settlement to the Dutch in 1655. This was followed by extensive British settlement of the east coast. The British colonists remained relatively undisturbed by their home country until after the French and Indian War, when France ceded Canada and the Great Lakes region to Britain. Britain then imposed taxes on the 13 colonies, widely regarded by the colonists as unfair because they were denied representation in the British Parliament. Tensions between Britain and the colonists increased, and the thirteen colonies eventually rebelled against British rule. British Parliament, George Washington (1789-1797).]] In 1776, the 13 colonies split from Great Britain and formed the United States, the world's first constitutional and democratic federal republic, after their Declaration of Independence of that year, and the Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783). The original political structure was a confederation in 1777, ratified in 1781 as the Articles of Confederation. After long debate, this was supplanted by the Constitution in 1789, forming a more centralized federal government. Prior to all these was the Albany Congress in 1754, in which a union was first seriously proposed. From early colonial times, there was a shortage of labor, which encouraged unfree labor, particularly indentured servitude and slavery. In the mid-19th century, a major division occurred in the United States over the issue of states' rights and the expansion of slavery. The northern states had become opposed to slavery, while the southern states saw it as necessary for the continued success of southern agriculture and wanted it expanded to the territories. Several federal laws were passed in an attempt to settle the dispute, including the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. The dispute reached a crisis in 1861, when seven southern states seceded1 from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, leading to the Civil War. Soon after the war began, four more southern states seceded. During the war, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, mandating the freedom of all slaves in states in rebellion, though full emancipation did not take place until after the end of the war in 1865, the dissolution of the Confederacy, and the Thirteenth Amendment took effect. The Civil War effectively ended the question of a state's right to secede, and is widely accepted as a major turning point after which the federal government became more powerful than state governments. Thirteenth Amendment). The title of the painting, from a 1726 poem by Bishop Berkeley, was a phrase often quoted in the era of Manifest Destiny, expressing a widely held belief that civilization had steadily moved westward throughout history. [http://americanart.si.edu/t2go/1lw/1931.6.1.html (more)] ]] During the 19th century, many new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the continent. Manifest Destiny was a philosophy that encouraged westward expansion in the United States. As the population of the Eastern states grew and as a steady increase of immigrants entered the country, settlers moved steadily westward across North America. In the process, the U.S. displaced most American Indian nations. This displacement of American Indians continues to be a matter of contention in the U.S. with many tribes attempting to assert their original claims to various lands. In some areas American Indian populations were reduced by foreign diseases contracted through contact with European settlers, and US settlers acquired those emptied lands. In other instances American Indians were removed from their traditional lands by force. Though some would say the U.S. was not a colonial power until the Spanish-American War when it acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, the dominion exercised over land in North America the United States claimed is essentially colonial. The Philippines became independent in 1946. During this period, the nation also became an industrial power. This continued into the 20th century, which has been termed "the American Century" because of the nation's overriding influence on the world. The US became a center for innovation and technological development; major technologies that America either developed or was greatly involved in improving include the