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Jive

Jive

- Jive is Swing music, or a type of quick-paced and energetic jazz. Cow Cow Davenport recorded a song called State Street Jive in 1928. Mitchell Parish defined it as "syncopated music played noisily, and (usually) fast, with great emphasis on rhythm."
- Jive Records is a record label
- Jive is a dance.
- Modern Jive dance.
- Hand Jive
- The jive dialect of American English.
- Jive filter, a simple computer program that produces a comic parody of jive.
- JIVE Magazine, a music magazine
- JIVE, Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe

Swing (genre)

:This article is about a period of jazz music history. For the rhythmic effect, see swung note. Swing music, also known as swing jazz, is a form of jazz music that solidified as a distinctive style during the 1930s in the United States. Swing is distinguished primarily by a strong rhythm section, usually consisting of double bass and drums, medium to fast tempo, and the distinctive "swing" that's common to many forms of jazz.

History

Though swing evolved out of the lively experimentation that began in New Orleans and that developed further (and in varying forms) in Kansas City and New York City, the swing style diverged slightly from the former in ways that distinguished it as a form in its own right. Swing bands tended to be bigger, and more crowded than other jazz bands, necessitating a slightly higher level of organization than was then the norm. This resulted in band leaders putting more energy into developing arrangements capable of cutting down on the chaos that would result from as many as 12 or 16 musicians spontaneously improvising. Instead, a typical song played in the swing style would feature a strong, anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind, brass, string, and vocal sections. The level of improvisation that the audience might expect at any one time varied depending on the arrangement, the band, the song, and the band-leader. The most common style consisted of having one soloist at a time taking center stage, and take up an improvised routine, with her/his bandmates playing support. As a song progressed, multiple soloists might be expected to pick up the baton, and then pass it on. That said, it was far from uncommon to have two or three band members improvising at any one time. As jazz in general, and swing jazz in particular, began to grow in popularity throughout the States, a number of changes occurred in the culture that surrounded the music. For one, the introduction of swing in the early 1930s, with its strong rhythms, loud tunes, and "swinging" style led to an explosion of creative dance in the black community. The various rowdy, energetic, creative, and improvisational dances that came into effect during that time came to be known, collectively, as swing dance. The second change that occurred as swing music increased in popularity outside the black community, was, to some extent, an increasing pressure on musicians and band leaders to soften (some would say dumb-down) the music to cater to a more staid and conservative, Anglo-American audience. Similar conflicts arose when Swing spread to other countries. In Germany, it conflicted with Nazi ideology (see Swing Kids) and was declared officially forbidden by the Nazi regime. And, while jazz music was initially embraced during the early years of the Soviet Union, it was soon forbidden as a result of being deemed politically unacceptable. After a long hiatus, though, jazz music was eventually readmitted to Soviet audiences. In later decades, the popular, sterilized, mass-market form of swing music would often, and unfortunately, be the first taste that younger generations might be exposed to, which often led to it begin labeled something akin to 'old fogey big-band dance music'. Ironically, early swing musicians were often in fact annoyed by the young people who would throw a room into chaos by seemingly tossing each other across the floor at random -- thus somewhat nullifying the idea that swing was developed as dance music, when in fact, swing dancing evolved among young aficionados to complement the energy of the music.

Samples

- Download sample of "Begin the Beguine" by Artie Shaw, a surprise hit that turned the clarinetist into a swing star
- Download sample of "Jumpin' at the Woodside" by Count Basie & His Orchestra, a popular swing song by a jazz legend
- Download sample of "And the Angels Sing" by Benny Goodman and Martha Tilton, a legendary swing recording that helped keep Goodman's career afloat as band members departed

Band leaders

Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Fletcher Henderson, Jean Goldkette, Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Gene Krupa, Glenn Miller, Chick Webb

Clarinet

Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw

Trumpet

Louis Armstrong, Roy Eldridge, Harry Edison,...

Piano

Count Basie, Earl Hines, Art Tatum, Teddy Wilson, Jelly Roll Morton

1928

1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-May

- January 6-7 - River Thames floods in London - 14 drowned
- January 7 - Moat at the Tower of London, previously drained in 1843, is completely refilled by a tidal wave
- January 12 - US murderer Ruth Snyder executed at Ossining
- January 17 - OGPU arrests Lev Trotsky in Moscow; he assumes a status of passive resistance and is exiled to Turkestan
- February - Kurume University (Japan) established
- February 11 - 1928 Winter Olympic Games open in St. Moritz, Switzerland
- February 12 - Heavy hails kill 11 in England
- February 25 - Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, DC becomes the first holder of a television license from the Federal Radio Commission.
- March 12 - Malta becomes a British dominion
- March 12 - In California, the St. Francis Dam north of Los Angeles fails killing 400
- March 21 - Charles Lindbergh is presented the Congressional Medal of Honor for his first trans-Atlantic flight.
- April 10 - Pineapple Primary - Republican Party primary elections in Chicago preceded by assassinations and bombings
- April 12 - Bomb attack against the King of Italy in Milan - 17 bystanders dead
- April 22 - Earthquake destroys Corinth - 200.000 buildings destroyed
- May 15-17 - Christian X of Denmark visits Finland
- May 15 - Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, commenced operations
- May 15 - Release of the animated short Plane Crazy, featuring the first appearances of Mickey and Minnie Mouse.
- May 23 - Bomb attack against Italian consulate in Buenos Aires - 22 dead, 41 injured
- May 24 - Airship Italia crashes on the North Pole; one of the occupants is Italian general Umberto Nobile
- May 30 - A rescue expedition leaves for the North Pole

June-August

- June 11 - Medical doctor's strike begins in Vienna
- June 14 - Students take over the medical wing of Rosario University in Argentina
- July 6 - The world's largest hailstone falls in Potter, Nebraska.
- July 12 - Mexican aviator Emilio Carranza dies in a solo plane crash in the New Jersey Pine Barrens while returning from a goodwill flight to New York City.
- June 17 - Aviator Amelia Earhart starts her attempt to become the first woman to successfully pilot an aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean (she succeeded the next day).
- July 17 - Jose del León Toral assassinates Alvaro Obregon, president of Mexico
- June 20 - Shooting incident in Yugoslavian parliament - Punica Rasic shoots 3 opposition representatives and injures three others
- June 24 - Swedish aeroplane rescues part of Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. Soviet icebreaker Krasin saves the rest July 12
- July 16 - Leon Toral assassinates Álvaro Obregón, president of Mexico
- July 25 - USA recalls its troops from China
- July 27 - Tich Freeman becomes only bowler ever to take 200 first-class wickets before end of July.
- July 28 - Official opening ceremony of the 1928_Summer_Olympics in Amsterdam.
- August 16 - Murderer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, DC after killing about 20 people.
- August 25 - Ahmet Zogu proclaims himself King Zog I of Albania; he is crowned September 1
- August 28 - The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed in Paris - it was the first treaty which outlawed aggressive war.

September-December

- September 1 - Richard Byrd leaves New York for Arctic
- September 3 - Alexander Fleming discovers Penicillin
- September 15 - Tich Freeman sets all-time record for number of wickets taken in an English cricket season.
- September 16 - The 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida.
- October 2 Saint Josemaria Escriva, founds Opus Dei
- October 7 - Haile Selassie crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia
- October 12 - An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Children's Hospital, Boston.
- November 3 - cartoon star Mickey Mouse appears in Steamboat Willie, an animated short produced by Walt Disney.
- November 4 - At Park Central Hotel in Manhattan, Arnold Rothstein, New York City's most notorious gambler, is shot to death over a poker game.
- November 6 - Swedes start a tradition of eating Gustavus Adolphus pastries to commemorate the old warrior king.
- November 6 - U.S. presidential election, 1928: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin over Democrat Alfred E. Smith.
- November 10 - Hirohito was enthroned as Emperor of Japan.
- November 11 - US gambling king Arnold Rothstein is shot to death in New York City
- December 3 - In Rio de Janeiro, a seaplane sunk near Cap Arcona with Alberto Santos-Dumont on board.
- December 5 - Police disperses Sicilian gangs' meeting in Cleveland
- December 21 - U.S. Congress approves the construction of The Boulder Dam, later renamed The Hoover Dam
- December 31 - Bells of Big Ben first time in a radio

Unknown dates

- Charles King elected president of Liberia with 600,000 votes; the whole of country has only 15,000 voters.
- Chaco war
- Coca Cola enters Europe through the Amsterdam Olympics.
- Eliot Ness begins to lead the prohibition unit in Chicago, Illinois.
- The old Canaanite city of Ugarit is rediscovered.
- Turkey switches from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.
- The right to vote extended to all women in the United Kingdom.
- Frederick Griffith conducts the Griffith experiment, indirectly proving existence of DNA.
- Motorola is founded.
- First (and last) Best Title Writing Academy Award given.
- The Episcopal Church in the United States of America ratifies a new revision of the Book of Common Prayer.
- W2XBS, RCA's first television station, is established in New York City.
- Australian farmer, Jack Trott, finds Rhizanthella gardneri in his garden.

Births

January

- January 5 - Ali Bhutto, President of Pakistan and Prime Minister of Pakistan (d. 1979)
- January 5 - Walter Mondale, U.S. Senator and Presidential candidate
- January 7 - William Peter Blatty, American writer
- January 11 - David L. Wolper, television producer
- January 16 - William Kennedy, American author
- January 17 - Jean Barraqué, French composer (d. 1973)
- January 17 - Vidal Sassoon, English cosmetologist
- January 23 - Chico Carrasquel, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 2005)
- January 23 - Jeanne Moreau, French actress
- January 24 - Desmond Morris, anthropologist and writer
- January 26 - Roger Vadim, French film director (d. 2000)
- January 30 - Hal Prince, American stage producer and director

February

- February 5 - Andrew Greeley, American Catholic priest and novelist
- February 9 - Frank Frazetta, American illustrator
- February 9 - Roger Mudd, American journalist
- February 23 - Vasili Lazarev, cosmonaut (d. 1990)
- February 26 - Fats Domino, American musician
- February 26 - Anatoli Filipchenko, cosmonaut
- February 27 - Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel

March-April

- March 4 - Alan Sillitoe, English writer
- March 6 - Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 8 - Gerald Bull, Canadian engineer (d. 1990)
- March 10 - James Earl Ray, American assassin (d. 1998)
- March 12 - Edward Albee, American dramatist
- March 16 - Christa Ludwig, German mezzo-soprano
- March 19 - Hans Küng, Swiss theologian
- March 19 - Patrick McGoohan, Irish actor
- March 20 - Fred Rogers, American children's television host (d. 2003)
- March 24 - Byron Janis, American pianist
- March 25 - Jim Lovell, astronaut
- March 28 - Zbigniew Brzezinski, Polish-born U.S. National Security Advisor
- March 31 - Gordie Howe, Canadian hockey player
- March 31 - Lefty Frizzell, American country music performer
- April 1 - Jane Powell, American dancer, actress, and singer
- April 1 - George Grizzard, American actor
- April 2 - Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (d. 1991)
- April 4 - Maya Angelou, American poet and novelist
- April 6 - James D. Watson, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- April 7 - James Garner, American actor
- April 7 - Alan J. Pakula, American producer and director (d. 1998)
- April 8 - Eric Porter, English actor (d. 1995)
- April 9 - Tom Lehrer, American songwriter
- April 12 - Jean-François Paillard, French conductor
- April 19 - Alexis Korner, British blues musician (d. 1984)
- April 23 - Shirley Temple, American actress and politician

May-June

- May 3 - Dave Dudley, American singer (d. 2003)
- May 4 - Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt
- May 8 - Theodore Sorenson, American lawyer and speechwriter
- May 9 - Colin Chapman, English automotive engineer (d. 1982)
- May 9 - Pancho Gonzalez, American tennis player (d. 1995)
- May 9 - Barbara Ann Scott, Canadian figure skater
- May 12 - Burt Bacharach, American composer
- May 16 - Billy Martin, baseball player and manager (d. 1989)
- May 18 - Pernell Roberts, American actor
- May 23 - Rosemary Clooney, American singer and actress (d. 2002)
- May 26 - Jack Kevorkian, American physician
- June 1 - Georgi Dobrovolski, cosmonaut (d. 1971)
- June 1 - Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (d. 2003)
- June 13 - John Forbes Nash, Jr., American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics
- June 14 - Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna, Argentine-born revolutionary (d. 1967)
- June 19 - Nancy Marchand, American actress (d. 2000)
- June 25 - Alexei Abrikosov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 26 - Jacob Druckman, American composer (d. 1996)

July-September

- July 5 - Warren Oates, American actor (d. 1982)
- July 10 - Moshe Greenberg, American-Israeli Bible scholar
- July 11 - Bobo Olson, American boxer (d. 2002)
- July 12 - Elias James Corey, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 13 - Leroy Vinnegar, American musician (d. 1999)
- July 16 - Robert Sheckley, American writer
- July 25 - Keter Betts, American jazz bassist (d. 2005)
- July 26 - Stanley Kubrick, American film director (d. 1999)
- July 26 - Bernice Rubens, British novelist (d. 2004)
- August 6 - Andy Warhol, American artist (d. 1987)
- August 10 - Eddie Fisher, American singer
- August 12 - Bob Buhl, baseball player (d. 2001)
- August 15 - Nicolas Roeg, English film director
- August 18 - Marge Schott, baseball team owner (d. 2004)
- August 25 - Herbert Kroemer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 11 - William Kienzle, American author (d. 2001
- September 14 - Angus Ogilvy, husband of Princess Alexandra of Kent (d. 2004)
- September 15 - Julian Cannonball Adderley, American saxophonist
- September 19 - Adam West, American actor
- September 22 - James Lawson, American civil rights activist and minister
- September 30 - Elie Wiesel, Romanian Holocaust survivor, writer, and lecturer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

October-December

- October 1 - George Peppard, American actor (d. 1994)
- October 8 - Bill Maynard, British actor
- October 9 - Einojuhani Rautavaara, Finnish composer
- October 27 - Kyle Rote, American football player (d. 2002)
- October 30 - Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1999)
- November 3 - Osamu Tezuka, Japanese artist (d. 1989)
- November 3 - George Yardley, American basketball player (d. 2004)
- November 10 - Ennio Morricone, Italian composer
- November 11 - Carlos Fuentes, Panamanian writer
- November 17 - Rance Howard, American actor
- November 29 - Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois (d. 2003)
- December 7 - Noam Chomsky, American linguist
- December 15 - Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Austrian artist (d. 2000)
- December 16 - Philip K. Dick, American author (d. 1982)
- December 25 - Dick Miller, American actor

Unknown date

- Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu, King of Malaysia

Deaths

- January 1 - Loie Fuller, American dancer (b. 1862)
- January 6 - Alvin Kraenzlein, American athlete (b. 1876)
- January 11 - Thomas Hardy, English writer (b. 1840)
- January 29 - Douglas Haig, British soldier (b. 1861)
- January 30 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1867)
- February 1 - Hughie Jennings, baseball player (b. 1869)
- February 4 - Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
- February 15 - Herbert Henry Asquith, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1852)
- February 16 - Eddie Foy, American vaudevillian (b. 1856)
- April 2 - Theodore William Richards, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- April 5 - Roy Kilner, English cricketer (b. 1890)
- June 4 - Chang Tso-lin, Chinese warlord (b. 1873)
- June 22 - A. B. Frost, American illustrator (b. 1851)
- August 12 - Leos Janacek, Czech composer (b. 1854)
- August 30 - Wilhelm Wien, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
- October 22 - Andrew Fisher, fifth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862)
- December 1 - José Eustasio Rivera, Colombian writer (b. 1888)
- December 10 - Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Scottish architect (b. 1868)
- Robert Abbe, American surgeon (b. 1851)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Owen Willans Richardson
- Chemistry - Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
- Physiology or Medicine - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
- Literature - Sigrid Undset
- Peace - not awarded ko:1928년 ms:1928 ja:1928年 simple:1928 th:พ.ศ. 2471

Mitchell Parish

Mitchell Parish (July 10, 1900 – March 31, 1993) was a United States lyricist. Parish was born to a Jewish family in Lithuania and his family emigrated to the U.S. when he was less than a year old, settling first in Louisiana and later moving to New York City. By the late 1920s he was a well regarded Tin Pan Alley lyricist in New York City. His best known works include the songs "Star Dust," "Sweet Lorraine," "Deep Purple," "Stars Fell on Alabama," "Sophisticated Lady," "Volare," "Moonlight Serenade," "Sleigh Ride," and "One Morning in May." He died in Manhattan at the age of 92 and is buried in Beth David Cemetery in Elmont, New York. In 1987 a revue entitled "Stardust" was staged on Broadway featuring Mitchell Parish's lyrics; it ran for 101 performances and was revived for further performances in 1999.

Work on Broadway

- Continental Varieties (1935) - revue - featured lyricist
- Lew Leslie's Blackbirds of 1939 (1939) - revue - performer
- Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1940 (1940) - revue - featured lyricist
- Bubbling Brown Sugar (1976) - revue - featured lyricist
- Sophisticated Ladies (1981) - featured lyricist for "Sophisticated Lady"
- Stardust (1987) - revue - lyricist

References

- Hill, Tony L. "Mitchell Parish, 1900-1993," in Dictionary of Literary Biography 265. Detroit: Gale Research, 2002.

External links

- [http://www.4stardust.com/mitchell.htm Michell Parish on the Stardust site]
- [http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=4440 Mitchell Parish] at the Internet Broadway Database Parish, Mitchell Parish, Mitchell Parish, Mitchell

Syncopation

In music, syncopation is the stressing of a normally unstressed beat in a bar or the failure to sound a tone on an accented beat. For example, in 4/4 time, the first and third beats are normally stressed. If, instead, the second and fourth beats are stressed and the first and third unstressed, the rhythm is syncopated. Also, if the musician suddenly does not play anything on beat 1, that would also be syncopation. The stress can also shift by less than a whole beat so it falls on an off-beat, as in the following example where the stress in the first bar is shifted by a quaver (or eighth-note): Image:Syncopation example.png Playing a note ever-so-slightly before or after a beat is another form of syncopation because this produces an unexpected accent. Syncopation is used on occasion in many music styles, including classical music, but it is a fundamental constant presence in such styles as ragtime and jazz. In the form of a back beat, syncopation is used in virtually all contemporary popular music. Another type of syncopation is the missed beat, in which a rest is substituted for an expected note's beginning (van der Merwe 1989, p.321). Richard Middleton (1990, p.212-13) suggests adding the concept of transformation to Narmour's (1980, p.147-53) prosodic rules which create rhythmic successions in order to explain or generate syncopations. "The syncopated pattern is heard 'with reference to', 'in light of', as a remapping of, its partner." He gives examples of:
- Latin equivalent of simple 4/4: transformation
- Backbeat transformation of simple 4/4: transformation
- Before-the-beat phrasing, combined with backbeat transformation of a simple repeated trochee, which gives the phraseology of "Satisfaction": trochee

Syncopation in dance

The term syncopation in dancing is used in two senses: #The first one matches the musical one: stepping on (or otherwise emphasizing) an unstressed beat. For example, ballroom Cha cha is a syncopated dance in this sense, because the basic step "breaks on two." When dancing to the dispartate threads contained within the music, hands, torso, and head can independently move in relation to a thread, creating a fluidly syncopated performance of the music. #The word syncopation is often used by dance teachers to mean improvised or rehearsed execution of step patterns that have more rhythmical nuances than "standard" step patterns. It takes advanced dancing skill to dance syncopations in this sense. Advanced dancing of West Coast Swing makes heavy use of "syncopation" in this sense. A common incorrect usage of syncopation is to refer to a double-time rhythm as syncopation. Incorrect statement: "In music, splitting the beat into two parts is syncopation." Many dance teachers are now abandoning the use of the term syncopation in the second, loose, sense. They are now using the term "double-time" steps when that is what they mean. They've decided that they don't change the meaning of other musical terms, so they should honor the musical definition of syncopation. In this way, they can enjoy subtle musical syncopations and dance to them as well. Dance syncopation often matches musical syncopation, such as when (in West Coast Swing) the leader touches slightly before beat 3 or stomps on beat 6. Two Time US Open WCS Champion [http://www.havetodance.com/kelly_buckwalter.html/ Kelly Buckwalter] teaches these syncopations. Another example of dance syncopation is that of anticipated bass in the son montuno dance music of Cuba. Anticipated bass is a bass tone that comes syncopated shortly before the downbeat. Timing can vary, but it usually comes less than an eighth note before the one and three beats in 4/4. Compared to Mexican mariachi music, the anticipated bass in son montuno is quicker (though in mariachi the bass is usually on the one beat exactly, while the upbeat is a guitar chord).

Syncopation in poetry

The term syncopation in poetry is used when we drop a vowel (omit the pronunciation) before a liquid or nasal consonant, like in wand'ring.

References

- Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0335152759.
- van der Merwe, Peter (1989). Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0193161214.
- What Makes Music Work (1997). Forest Hill Music. ISBN 0-9651344-0-7 ( http://www.LovemusicLoveDance.com )

External link

- [http://www.lovemusiclovedance.com/syncopat.htm Syncopation in Music and Dance] by Philip Seyer category:Dance technique category:Rhythm ja:シンコペーション

Jive Records

Jive Records is an American record label that specializes in producing and releasing pop and hip hop music. It is a sub-label of Zomba Records. They were a vanity label during the early 80s to 1987, marketed and distributed by Arista Records/BMG. From 1988 to 1990, RCA/BMG handled Jive Records and from 1993 to present, Jive Records were marketed solely. In 2003, So So Def, Jive Records and LaFace Records were absorbed into the Zomba Music Group. that is now part of Sony BMG.

Jive Records artists

(incomplete list)
-
- NSYNC
- A Tribe Called Quest
- a1
- Aaron Carter
- Nick Carter
- Backstreet Boys
- Billy Ocean
- BoneCrusher
- Britney Spears
- Channing Tatum
- Chris Brown
- Ciara
- Dirtbag
- Easyworld
- E-40
- JC Chasez
- J-Kwon
- Justin Timberlake
- Kelis
- Living Things
- MOS
- Melissa Lefton
- Nick Cannon
- Nick Lachey
- Nivea
- Noah
- Petey Pablo
- Rasheeda
- Reel Big Fish
- Romeo's Daughter
- Steps
- Syleena Johnson
- T Pain
- Tha Future
- Too $hort
- Usher
- Youngbloodz

External link

- http://www.jiverecords.com/ Jive Records

Jive (dance)

Jive is a dance style that originated among African-Americans in the early 1940s. It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the Jitterbug, i.e., belongs to Swing dances. In Ballroom dancing, Jive is one of the five International Latin dances. See also Modern Jive, skip jive. Category:Swing dances Category:ballroom dance Category:Latin dances

Hand jive

Hand jive is a kind of dance game to Rock and roll and Rhythm and blues music in 1950s. It involves complicated patterns of hand moves and claps at various parts of the body, following and/or imitating the percussion instruments while sitting at the concerts or crowding around jukeboxes. It could also be a highly elaborate version of Pat-a-cake. Hand moves include thigh spalling, cross-wrist slapping, fist pounding, breast slapping and pounding , hand clapping elobow touching, hitch hike moves, etc. Hand jive was particularly populaized by 1958 Johnny Otis' hit song Willie and the Hand Jive: :"Mama, mama, look at Uncle Joe :Doing the hand jive with sister Flo..." It is also featured in the Grease movie: :"Born to hand-jive, baby, born to hand-jive, baby - yeah..." The term is also used by some jugglers in reference to certain hand motions in the Mills Mess juggling pattern.
See also

- Hambone
- Cowboy Hand Jive, a four wall line dance. Category:Hand games Category:Dance behavior

Jive (dialect)

African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called Black English, Black Vernacular, or Black English Vernacular (BEV), is a type of Southern American English lect (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of the American English language. It is known colloquially as Ebonics or Jive. With pronunciation that in some respects is common to that of southern U.S. English, the lect is spoken by many blacks in the United States. AAVE shares many characteristics with various Creole English dialects spoken by blacks in much of the world. AAVE also has grammatical origins in, and pronunciation characteristics in common with, various West African languages.

History and social context

AAVE has its deepest roots in the trans-Atlantic African slave trade, but also has features of English spoken in the British Isles during the 16th and 17th centuries. Distinctive patterns of language usage among African slaves and, later, blacks arose out of the need for multilingual populations of African captives to communicate among themselves and with their captors. During the Middle Passage, these captives (many already multi-lingual speakers of dialects of Wolof, Twi, Hausa, Yoruba, Dogon, Akan, Kimbundu, Bambara and other languages) developed pidgins (simplified mixtures of two or more languages). Over time in the Americas, some of these pidgins became fully developed creoles. Significant numbers of blacks still speak some of these creoles, notably Gullah on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. Any language used by isolated groups of people is likely to split into various dialects. The pronunciation of AAVE is based in large part on Southern American English, an influence that no doubt was reciprocal in many ways. The traits of AAVE that separate it from Standard American English (SAE) include:
- grammatical structures traceable to West African languages;
- changes in pronunciation along definable patterns, many of which are found in creoles and dialects of other populations of West African descent (but which also emerge in English dialects uninfluenced by West African languages, such as Newfoundland English);
- distinctive slang; and
- differences in the use of tenses.
AAVE also has contributed to Standard American English words of African origin ("gumbo", "goober", "yam", "banjo", "bogus") and slang expressions ("cool," "hip," "hep cat"). In areas of close socialization between speakers of AAVE and other groups of people, many speakers of AAVE are not black. AAVE's departure from Southern American English was a natural consequence of cultural differences between blacks and whites. Language becomes a means of self-differentiation that helps forge group identity, solidarity and pride. AAVE has survived and thrived through the centuries also as a result of various degrees of isolation from Southern American English and Standard American English—through both self-segregation from and marginalization by mainstream society. Most speakers of AAVE are bilectal, since they use Standard American English to varying degrees as well as AAVE. Generally speaking, the degree of exclusive use of AAVE decreases with the rise in socioeconomic status, although almost all speakers of AAVE at all socioeconomic levels readily understand Standard American English. Most blacks, regardless of socioeconomic status, educational background, or geographic region, use some form of AAVE to various degrees in informal and intra-ethnic communication. (This selection of lect according to social context is called code switching.) AAVE is often erroneously perceived by members of mainstream American society as indicating low intelligence or educational attainment. Furthermore, as with many other creole dialects, AAVE sometimes has been called "lazy" or "bad" English by those who do not understand Creolization or the role of null phonemes. Such appraisals also may be due in part to AAVE's substitution of aspect for tense in some cases. Some challenge whether AAVE should be considered a valid form of English at all. However, among linguists there is no such controversy, since AAVE, like all lects, shows consistent internal logic and structure. In the late 1990s, the formal recognition of AAVE ("Ebonics") as a distinct lect and its proposed use as an educational tool to help black students become more fluent in SAE became a controversial subject in the United States.

AAVE as a Creole

When European slavers arrived in Africa to buy slaves, they found that many had no common language. Dillard (1972) quotes slave ship Captain William Smith: :As for the languages of Gambia, they are so many and so different, that the Natives, on either Side of the River, cannot understand each other.… [T]he safest Way is to trade with the different Nations, on either Side of the River, and having some of every Sort on board, there will be no more Likelihood of their succeeding in a Plot, than of finishing the Tower of Babel. Some slave owners preferred slaves from a particular tribe. For consigned cargoes, language mixing aboard ship was sometimes minimal. There is evidence that many enslaved Africans continued to use fairly intact native languages until almost 1700, when Wolof became the basis of a sort of intermediary pidgin among Africans. It is Wolof that comes to the fore in tracing the African roots of AAVE. By 1715, the African pidgin was widely enough known to make its way into novels by Daniel Defoe, in particular, The Life of Colonel Jacque. Cotton Mather claimed to have been very familiar with his slaves' speech, knowing enough to affirm that one of his slaves was from the Coromantee tribe. Mather's imitative writing shows features present in many creoles and even in modern day AAVE. By the time of the American Revolution, black creoles had not quite established themselves to the point of mutual intelligibility among varieties. Dillard (1972) quotes a recollection of "slave language" toward the latter part of the 18th century: :Kay, massa, you just leave me, me sit here, great fish jump up into da canoe, here he be, massa, fine fish, massa; me den very grad; den me sit very still, until another great fish jump into de canoe; but me fall asleep, massa, and no wake 'til you come… It was not until the time of the Civil War that the language of the slaves became familiar to a large number of educated whites. The abolitionist papers before the war form a rich corpus of examples of plantation creole. In Army Life in a Black Regiment (1870), Thomas Wentworth Higginson detailed many features of his soldiers' language. In particular, this book contains the first reference to the distinction within AAVE "been" between stressed BÍN and unstressed bin. After emancipation, some freed slaves traveled to West Africa, taking their creole with them. In certain African tribal groups, such as those in east Cameroon, there are varieties of Black English that show strong resemblances to the creole dialects in the U.S. documented during this period. The languages have remained similar due to the homogeneity within tribal groups, and so can act as windows into a past state of Creole English.

Educational issues

Proponents of various bills across the U.S., notably a resolution from the Oakland, California school board on December 18, 1996, wanted Ebonics officially declared a language or dialect. At its last meeting, the lame duck Oakland school board unanimously passed the resolution before stepping down from their positions to the newly elected board, who held different political views. The new board modified the resolution and then effectively dropped it. Had the measure remained in force, it would have affected funding and education-related issues. The Oakland resolution declared that Ebonics was not English, and was not an Indo-European language at all, asserting that the speech of black children belonged to "West and Niger-Congo African Language Systems". This claim was quickly ruled inconsistent with current linguistic theory, whereby AAVE is a dialect of English and thus of Indo-European origin. Further, the differences between modern AAVE and Standard English are nowhere near as great as those between the French language and the Haitian Creole language, that can rightly be called a separate language in its own right. The statement that "African Language Systems are genetically based" also contributed to widespread incredulity and hostility. (Supporters of the resolution later stated that "genetically" was not a racist term but a linguistic one.) Proponents of Ebonics instruction in public education believe that their proposals have been distorted by political debate and misunderstood by the general public. The belief underlying it is that black students would perform better in school and more easily learn standard American English if textbooks and teachers acknowledged that AAVE was not a substandard version of standard American English but a legitimate speech variety with its own grammatical rules and pronunciational norms. For black students whose primary dialect was Ebonics, the Oakland resolution mandated some instruction in that dialect, both for "maintaining the legitimacy and richness of such language [sic]... and to facilitate their acquisition and mastery of English language skills." Teachers were encouraged to recognize that the "errors" in standard American English that their students made were not the result of lack of intelligence or effort, and indeed were not errors at all but instead features of a grammatically distinct form of English. Rather than teaching standard English by proscribing non-standard usage, the idea was to teach standard English to Ebonics-speaking students by showing them how to translate expressions from AAVE to standard American English. Framers of the Oakland resolution recognized that, when teaching anyone a language or lect with which they are unfamiliar, it is important to differentiate between understanding and pronunciation. (This consideration appears in later discussion, not in the resolution itself.) For instance, if a child reads "He passed by both of them" as "he pass by bowf uh dem", a teacher must determine whether the child is saying passed or pass, since they are identical in AAVE phonology. Appropriate remedial strategies here would be different from effective strategies for an SAE speaker who read "passed" as "pass". Pedagogical techniques similar to those used to teach English to speakers of foreign languages appear to hold promise for speakers of AAVE. Baratz and Stewart (1969) introduced AAVE speakers to reading using "dialect readers"—sets of text nearer to the child's dialect than SAE text. This helps the child focus on translating symbols on paper into words without worrying about learning a new language at the same time. Simpkins, Holt, and Simpkins (1977) developed a comprehensive set of dialect readers, called bridge readers, which included the same content in three different dialects: AAVE, a bridge version, which was closer to SAE without being prohibitively formal, and a Standard English version. The results were very promising, but in the end the program was not widely adopted for various political and social reasons which impacted the refusal of school systems to recognize AAVE as a dialect of English. Opinions on Ebonics still run the gamut from advocacy of official language status in the United States to denigration as "poor English". Teaching children whose first language is AAVE poses problems beyond simply that of which pedagogic techniques to add, and the Oakland approach has support among some educational theorists. However, such pedagogical approaches give rise to educational and political disputes that often show strong racial and cultural biases. Despite the clear linguistic evidence, the American public and policymakers remain divided over whether to even recognize AAVE as a legitimate lect of English. In July 2005, Mary Texeira, a sociology professor at Cal State San Bernardino, suggested that Ebonics be included in the San Bernardino City Unified School District. Though she had no standing in the school district, the recommendation was met with a backlash similar to that in Oakland nine years before.

Grammatical features

Phonological features

- Reduction of certain diphthong forms to monophthongs, in particular, to and to . For example, "boy" pronounced as "boh".
- Pronunciation of the dental fricatives voiceless dental fricative (as in SE thing) and voiced dental fricative (as in SE then) changes depending on position in a word. Word-initially, they become the alveolar stops and and elsewhere they become the labiodental fricatives and . Examples: then is pronounced den , smooth is pronounced smoov , thin is pronounced tin , and tooth is pronounced toof . This contrasts with West African-based English creoles and pidgins where instead of the SE "th" occurs regardless of placement, e.g., "brudda" for "brother." The rule for AAVE can be expressed in standard phonological rule notation: #

\begin
- & \mbox \\
+ & \mbox \\
+ & \mbox \\
+ & \mbox \\
\end \to \begin
- & \mbox \\
- & \mbox \\
+ & \mbox \\
\end \quad / \quad \# \_\_\_

\begin
- & \mbox \\
+ & \mbox \\
+ & \mbox \\
+ & \mbox \\
\end \to \begin
- & \mbox \\
+ & \mbox \\
\end \quad / \quad \_\_\_

- AAVE is non-rhotic, so the alveolar approximant is usually dropped if not followed by a vowel. However, intervocalic may also be dropped e.g. "story" realized as "sto'y" i.e. . A number of rhotic AAVE speakers do appear to exist, however.
- Realization of final ng , the velar nasal, as the alveolar nasal in function morphemes and content morphemes with two syllables like -ing, e.g. "tripping" as "trippin". This change does not occur in one-syllable content morphemes, that is sing is sing and not sin , but singing is singin wedding can be weddin , morning is often mornin , something is somethin , nothing is nuthin .
- More generally, reduction of vocally homogeneous final consonant clusters. That is, test becomes tes (they are both voiceless), hand becomes han (they are both voiced), but pant is unchanged, as it contains both a voiced and an voiceless consonant in the cluster (Rickford, 1997).
- In certain cases, transposition of adjacent consonants, particularly when the first is . For instance "ask" realized as "aks" or "gasp" as "gaps".
- Pronunciation of and both as before nasal consonants, making pen and pin homonyms.
- Pronunciation of and both as before 'l', making feel and fill homonyms.
- Dropping of /t/ at the end of contractions i.e. the pronunciation of don't and ain't as and .
- Dropping of word initial /d/, /b/, and /g/ in tense-aspect markers i.e. the pronunciation of don't like own.
- Lowering of to or before causing pronunciations such as theng/thang for thing, thenk/thank for think, reng/rang for ring etc.

Aspect marking

The most distinguishing feature of AAVE is the use of forms of be to mark aspect in verb phrases. The use or lack of a form of be can indicate whether the performance of the verb is of a habitual nature. In SAE, this can be expressed only using adverbs such as usually. It is disputed whether the use of the verb "to be" to indicate a habitual status or action in AAVE has its roots in various West African languages.

Remote Phase Marker

The aspect marked by stressed 'been' has been given many names, including Perfect Phase, Remote Past, Remote Phase (Fickett 1970, Fasold and Wolfram 1970, Rickford 1999, respectively). This article uses the third. With non-stative verbs, the role of been is simple: it places the action in the distant past, or represents total completion of the action. A Standard English equivalent is to add "a long time ago". For example, She been tell me that translates as, "She told me that a long time ago". However, when been is used with stative verbs or gerund forms, been shows that the action began in the distant past and that it is continuing now. Rickford (1999) suggests that a better translation when used with stative verbs is "for a long time". For instance, in response to "I like your new dress", one might hear Oh, I been had this dress, meaning that the speaker has had the dress for a long time and that it isn't new. To see the difference between the simple past and the gerund when used with been, consider the utterances: : I been bought her clothes means "I bought her clothes a long time ago". : I been buyin' her clothes means "I've been buying her clothes for a long time".

Negation

In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:
- Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It is used in place of SE "am not", "isn't", and "aren't".
- Negation agreement, as in I didn't go nowhere, such that if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This can be traced to West African languages, but is usually stigmatized in Standard English (although this wasn't always so; see double negative).
- If the subject is indefinite (e.g. nobody instead of Sally or he), it can be inverted with the negative qualifier (turning Nobody knows the answer to Don't nobody know the answer, also adding multiple negation). This emphasizes the negative, and is not interrogative, as it would be in SAE.

Lexical features

For the most part, AAVE uses the lexicon of SAE, particularly informal and southern dialects. There are some notable differences, however. It has been suggested that some of this vocabulary has its origin in West African languages, but etymology is often difficult to trace and without a trail of recorded usage the suggestions below cannot be considered proven. In fact, several have other more widely accepted etymologies.
- bogus from Hausa boko, meaning deceit or fraud.
- cat from the Wolof suffix -kat, which denotes a person.
- dig from Wolof dëgg or dëgga, meaning "to understand/appreciate".
- hip from Wolof hipi, meaning "to be aware of what is going on".
- honky, a derogatory term for a white person, may come from Wolof xonq, meaning red or pink. AAVE also has a separate vocabulary of words that have no Standard English-language equivalent, or with strikingly different meanings from their common usage in SAE. For example, there are several words in AAVE referring to white people which are not part of mainstream SAE and may be little known outside the black community. A "gray dude" is a white male, as is a "paddy boy", the latter likely derived from "paddyroller", a corruption of "patroller", who were vigilantes who caught runaway slaves and kidnapped free blacks and made a living collecting bounties or selling them into bondage. "Ofay" is another general term for a white. "Kitchen" refers to the particularly curly or kinky hair at the nape of the neck, "siditty" means snobbish or bourgeois, and "roach-in-the-corner killers" are pointy-toed shoes.

Other grammatical characteristics

Some of these characteristics, notably double negatives and the use of been for "has been", are also characteristic of general colloquial American English. Linguist William Labov carried out and published the first thorough grammatical study of African American Vernacular English in 1965.
- Perhaps most strikingly, the copula is often dropped, as in Russian, Hungarian, Hebrew, and Arabic. For example: You crazy! ("You are crazy") or She my sister ("She is my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who are you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you?"). As in Russian and Arabic, the copula is omitted only in the present tense, and must be specified in the past tense.
- Present-tense verbs are uninflected for person: there is no -s ending in the present tense third person singular. Example: She write poetry (="She writes poetry")
- There is no -s ending indicating possession—the genitive relies on adjacency. This is similar to many creoles throughout the Caribbean. Many languages forms through the world use an unmarked possessive; it may, here, result from a simplification of grammatical structures and tendency to eschew particle usage. Example: my mama sister (="my mama's sister")
- The word it denotes the existence of something, equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". This usage is also found in the English of the US South. Examples It's a doughnut in the cabinet (="There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon (="There is no spoon").
- Altered syntax in questions: She signifyin' all hankty (snobbish). Who duh hell she think she is? (="She's acting like a snob. Who the hell does she think she is?") Note also the use of "all" as an adverb of manner or degree, as well as the omission of the dummy verb "do" (does). How you tole him I'm try'na see her? (="Why did you tell him I want to see her?") Normal clause inversion of the past tense verb in forming questions is not practised.
- Use of say to introduce quotations, actual or otherwise. For example, "I thought, say, 'Why don't he just rap wit' her?'"

References

- Dillard, J. L. (1972). Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States. Random House. ISBN 0-394-71872-0.
- Mufwene, Salikoko et al. (1998). African-American English: Structure, history and use. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11732-1.
- Rickford, John (December 1997). Suite for Ebony and Phonics. Discover magazine Vol. 18 No. 12.
- Rickford, John (1999). African American Vernacular English. Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-21245-0.
- Rickford, John and Rickford, Russell (2000). Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English. John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-39957-4.

External links

- [http://www.rehabmed.ualberta.ca/spa/phonology/features.htm Large inventory of AAVE phonological features]
- [http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/aave.htm AAVE page from UNE's Language Varieties site]
- [http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Linguistics/DIALECT_READERS_REVISITED.html Dialect Readers Revisited]
- [http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Linguistics/Home_Linguistics.html Find the Experts, the Linguists who know the most about this topic.]
- [http://www.linguistlist.org/topics/ebonics/ebonics-res1.html full text of the Oakland resolution]
- [http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/8/8-56.html a later, revised resolution from Oakland] clarifying the school board's position
- [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jlawler/ebonics.lsa.html a resolution from the Linguistic Society of America] in support of the Oakland school board's decision
- [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1997/01/19/SC55142.DTL Opening Pandora's Box]—Toni Cook interview that clarifies the intent of the Oakland resolution
- [http://www.missouri.edu/~bkstdwww/ebonics.html 1999 essay in The African-Americanist] University of Missouri
- [http://www.dandrake.com/ebonics.html The Ebonics resolution] Critique of the Oakland resolution (with annotated text) and of most of its critics
- [http://www.stanford.edu/~rickford/ebonics/EbonicsExamples.html Ebonics Notes and Discussion] History and coinage of "Ebonics".
- [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/African+American+Vernacular+English-english/ African American Vernacular English Wordlist] from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition
- [http://www.cabcalloway.cc/_vti_bin/shtml.exe/jive_dictionary.htm The Cab Calloway Orchestra Jive Dictionary ] Category:American English Category:African American culture Category:Languages of the United States Category:Sociolinguistics ja:黒人英語

Jive filter

Jive, also known as the Jive Filter, is a novelty program that converts plain English to a comic dialect known as jive--a parody of African American speech. Some versions of the filter were adapted to parody other forms of English speech, such as valspeak, cockney, geordie, Pig Latin, and even Swedish Chef. The latter form is sometimes known as the "Encheferator" or "Encheferizer". This family of programs became quite popular in the late 1980s. The program is very simple and has been duplicated or translated many times on many different programming platforms and many different forms, for instance as a CGI application to run on a website to translate text typed by visitors into a comic dialect. The program in its classic form is a simple filter that performs text substitution on its input stream to produce an output form. For instance "black" when preceded by a space is always translated to "brother" and "come" when surrounded by spaces is always translated to "mosey on down". The original author of the jive filter (and its sister, the valspeak filter) is unknown. Its earliest known appearance was when it was submitted to the USENET group net.sources in September, 1986 by a contributor from JPL called Adams Douglas, who was not the author of the program. He resubmitted it to mod.sources.games in April of 1987. This version is still downloadable from archives of that group and still compiles and runs on UNIX or LINUX. The program was discussed in net.sources in March, 1986 and was apparently quite well known.

Borking

At one stage of the Scientology internet wars of the mid-1990s, some opponents of the church's fight to pursue unauthorized publisher of its scriptures using copyright and trade secret law adopted the ruse of publishing copies that had first been garbled, "borked", or "borkified", by passing them through the Jive filter or the encheferizer. The holder of the copyright on the church's scripture Religious Technology Center, sued in some cases, for instance in Scientology versus Zenon Panoussis (Stockholm, 1998) samples of the scriptures translated in this way were submitted in evidence. The defendants claimed that this was parody; the plaintiffs, violation of copyright.

External links

- [http://www.isc.org/sources/games/non_interactive/jive-val.php Metadata and downloadable source of original submission of jive-val to mod.sources.games]
- Contains lex sources and Makefile for Unix. Compiles on most Unix-like operating systems.
- [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/jbc/home/chef.html Online Jive/Chef/Valspeak translator] (also has downloadable source programs)
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Entertainment/Humor/Computers_and_Internet/Filters/Web_Based/ Web-based humor filters] (Yahoo!)
- [http://www.tuco.de/home/jschef.htm The Encheferizer], a program which "translates" English into Mock Swedish.
- [http://www.rinkworks.com/dialect/ The Dialectizer], which can translate webpages into comic dialects.
- [http://www.google.com/intl/xx-bork/ Google Bork, Bork, Bork!], Google interface in Mock Swedish.
- [http://www.tiffman.com/bork.cgi?url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_chef Veekipedia, zee free-a incyclupedeea] - Wikipedia's Swedish Chef page translated into Swedish Chef.
- [http://www.hyperrealm.com/main.php?s=talkfilters GNU Talk Filters] converts ordinary English text into text that mimics a comic dialect.
- [http://www.gizoogle.com/ Gizoogle] a search engine that presents its results in "gangsta" slang. Category: Novelty software Category: Scientology and the legal system

JIVE Magazine

JIVE Magazine is a popular entertainment/technology/urban culture magazine. JIVE Magazine publishes full features, reviews, editorials, photographic galleries, and art productions on the web as well as in print. The web edition of JIVE is updated frequently. JIVE Magazine features articles on alternative music such as dance, electronic, world, hip-hop, experimental, and indie rock. It also covers video PC and console games, anime/manga, fashion, art, film, and alt-cultural literature. JIVE Magazine's primarary market demographic is the 18 to 25-year-old college or post-college consumer who enjoys alternative entertainment--especially obscure or independent music, Internet culture, and gaming. JIVE Magazine also covers various Southeastern conventions including Dragon
- Con, one of the largest fantasy/sci-fi-oriented conventions on the East Coast, and Anime Weekend Altanta, one of the larger anime conventions. JIVE Magazine launched its website in August of 2000. In 2002, the first print version of JIVE Magazine was published. JIVE Magazine provides quarterly print issues for subscribers. JIVE Magazine is listed in the top 200,000 websites in the world according to alexa.com and currently has a readership over over 80,000 people per month.

External links

- [http://www.jivemagazine.com JIVE Magazine Official site]

Jive

Азор

Азор (тж. Азур) — населённый пункт городского типа в Израиле, в 2-х километрах к юго-востоку от Тель-Авива. Население — ок. 10000 чел. Стадион. Клуб. Музей. Промышленная зона. Развалины древней крепости. Category:Города Израиля

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Ángel
de Sidney.]] Sidney existente en Toledo (España).]] En religión, un ángel es un ser espiritual que asiste y sirve al Dios o dioses de algunas religiones tradicionales. Además suele ser una figura opuesta a los demonios.

Origen e historia

La palabra proviene del latín angelus, derivado a su vez del griego άγγελος