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Joe Engle

Joe Engle

Joseph "Joe" Henry Engle (born August 26 1932 in Dickinson County, Kansas) is a former NASA astronaut and a retired U.S. Air Force colonel. He is married to the former Mary Catherine Lawrence of Mission Hills, Kansas and has two children. Engle's recreational interests include flying (including World War II fighter aircraft), big game hunting, back-packing and athletics. Engle received a bachelor of science in Aeronautical Engineering from the University of Kansas in 1955. He is a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Engle helped to flight test the joint NASA-Air Force X-15 rocket airplane. During the course of testing, Engle earned his USAF astronaut wings, a Distinguished Flying Cross and other awards. Engle was one of the first astronauts in the Space Shuttle program, having flight tested the Space Shuttle Enterprise in 1977. He also was on board the second orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1981.

Background

Engle received his commission in the Air Force through the Reserve Officers Training Program at the University of Kansas, and entered flying school in 1957. He served with the 474th Fighter Day Squadron and the 309th Tactical Fighter Squadron at George Air Force Base, California. He is a graduate of the USAF Test Pilot School and the Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School. Engle was a test pilot in the X-15 research program at Edwards Air Force Base, California, from June 1963 until his assignment to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Three of his 16 flights in the X-15 exceeded an altitude of 50 miles (80 km) (the altitude that qualifies a pilot for astronaut rating). Prior to that time, he was a test pilot in the Fighter Test Group at Edwards. He has flown over 155 different types of aircraft (25 different fighters) during his career: logging more than 12,400 hours flight time; 9,000 in jet aircraft. Engle was one of the 19 astronauts selected by NASA in April 1966. He was back-up lunar module pilot for the Apollo 14 mission and was due to land on the moon as lunar module pilot for Apollo 17, but was replaced by Harrison Schmitt when Apollo 18 was cancelled. He was commander of one of the two crews that flew the Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Test Flights from June through October 1977. The Space Shuttle Enterprise was carried to 25,000 feet on top of the Boeing 747 carrier aircraft, and then released for its two minute glide flight to landing. In this series of flight tests, he evaluated the Orbiter handling qualities and landing characteristics, and obtained the stability and control, and performance data in the subsonic flight envelope for the Space Shuttle. Engle and Richard Truly flew the first flight of the Space Shuttle that was boosted into orbit. He was the back-up commander for STS-1, the first orbital test flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. He was spacecraft commander on STS-2 and STS-51-I, and has logged over 225 hours in space. He served as Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight at NASA headquarters from March 1982 to December 1982. He retained his flight astronaut status and returned to the Johnson Space Center in January 1983. He also participated in the Challenger disaster investigation in 1986, and would do other consulting work on the Shuttle well into the 1990s. Joe Engle retired from the USAF on November 30, 1986. On December 1, 1986 he was appointed to the Kansas Air National Guard and subsequently promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. He is currently an aerospace and sporting goods consultant, and continues an active flying career in high performance aircraft.

External links

[http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/engle-jh.html NASA Bio] Engle, Joseph H. Engle, Joseph H. Engle, Joseph H.

August 26

August 26 is the 238th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (239th in leap years). There are 127 days remaining.

Events


- The Chinese invent first toilet paper (official date unknown)
- 55 BC - Julius Caesar invades Britain
- 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire at Manzikert
- 1278 - Ladislaus IV of Hungary and Rudolph I of Germany defeat Premysl Ottokar II of Bohemia in the Battle of Marchfield near Dürnkrut in Moravia.
- 1346 - Hundred Years' War: The military supremacy of the English longbow over the French combination of crossbow and armoured knights is established at the Battle of Crécy.
- 1429 - Joan of Arc enters Paris.
- 1498 - Michelangelo commissioned to carve the Pietà.
- 1778 - The first ascent of Triglav, the highest mountain of Slovenia.
- 1789 - Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen approved by Constituent Assembly at Palace of Versailles
- 1839 - The ship Amistad is captured off Long Island.
- 1858 - First news dispatch by telegraph.
- 1862 - American Civil War: The Second Battle of Bull Run begins.
- 1883 - Eruption of Mount Krakatoa.
- 1914 - World War I: Germans defeat Russians in Battle of Tannenberg.
- 1914 - World War I: The British Expeditionary Force briefly checks the German advance at Le Cateau.
- 1914 - World War I: The German colony of Togoland is invaded by French and British forces, who take it after 5 days.
- 1920 - 19th amendment to U.S. Constitution gives women the right to vote.
- 1939 - The first Major League Baseball game is telecast, a double-header between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field, in Brooklyn, New York.
- 1940 - Chad is the first French colony to join the Allies under the administration of Félix Éboué, France's first black colonial governor.
- 1944 - World War II: Charles de Gaulle enters Paris.
- 1957 - The USSR announces the successful test of an ICBM - a "super longdistance intercontinental multistage ballistic rocket ... a few days ago," according to Tass Soviet News Agency.
- 1968 - Democratic National Convention opens in Chicago, Illinois
- 1968 - The Beatles' "Hey Jude" is released as a single in the United States under the Apple Records label.
- 1972 - Games of the XX Olympiad open in Munich, Germany.
- 1976 - Raymond Barre becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1978 - Papal conclave, 1978 (August): Pope John Paul I is elevated to the Papacy.
- 1978 - Sigmund Jähn becomes first German cosmonaut on board of the Soyuz 31 spacecraft.
- 1986 - Toxic gas kills 1700 in Cameroon.
- 1987 - President Ronald Wilson Reagan proclaims September 11, 1987 as 9-1-1 Emergency Number Day.
- 1988 - Merhan Karimi Nasseri arrives at Charles de Gaulle International Airport.
- 1997 - Beni-Ali massacre in Algeria; 60-100 people killed.
- 2002 - Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Éric Gagné converts his first of a record 84 consecutive successful save opportunities.
- 2002 - Earth Summit 2002 begins in Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 2003 - Columbia Accident Investigation Board releases its final reports on Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
- 2005 - Fiji's High Court rules that the island's sodomy law is unconstitutional.

Births


- 1469 - Ferdinand II of Naples (d. 1496)
- 1540 - King Magnus of Livonia (d. 1583)
- 1676 - Robert Walpole, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1745)
- 1694 - Elisha Williams, American rector of Yale College (d. 1755)
- 1743 - Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (d. 1794)
- 1775 - William Joseph Behr, German writer (d. 1851)
- 1792 - Manuel Oribe, Uruguayan political figure (d. 1857)
- 1850 - Charles Robert Richet, French physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1935)
- 1873 - Lee DeForest, American inventor (d. 1961)
- 1874 - Zona Gale, American novelist (d. 1938)
- 1875 - John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, Scottish novelist, Governor General of Canada (d. 1940)
- 1880 - Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet and art critic (d. 1918)
- 1882 - James Franck, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
- 1896 - Ivan Mihailov, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1990)
- 1897 - Yoon Boseon, President of South Korea (d. 1990)
- 1898 - Peggy Guggenheim, American art collector (d. 1979)
- 1900 - Hellmuth Walter, German engineer and inventor (d. 1980)
- 1901 - Maxwell Taylor, American general (d. 1987)
- 1904 - Christopher Isherwood, English-born writer (d. 1986)
- 1906 - Albert Sabin, American polio researcher (d. 1993)
- 1909 - Jim Davis, American actor (d. 1981)
- 1914 - Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (d. 1984)
- 1921 - Benjamin Bradlee, American journalist
- 1922 - Irving R. Levine, American journalist
- 1923 - Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor and pianist
- 1934 - Tom Heinsohn, American basketball player and commentator
- 1935 - Geraldine Ferraro, U.S. Vice Presidential candidate
- 1936 - Yvette Vickers, American actress
- 1940 - Don LaFontaine, movie trailer announcer
- 1941 - Barbet Schroeder, Swiss film director
- 1941 - Akiko Wakabayashi, Japanese actress
- 1942 - Vic Dana, American singer
- 1942 - Dennis Turner, British politician
- 1944 - Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
- 1946 - Valerie Simpson, American singer
- 1946 - Tom Ridge, first United States Secretary of Homeland Security
- 1952 - Michael Jeter, American actor (d. 2003)
- 1956 - Brett Cullen, American actor
- 1957 - Dr. Alban, Nigerian singer
- 1960 - Branford Marsalis, American saxophonist and bandleader
- 1965 - Chris Burke, American actor
- 1965 - Jon Hensley, American actor
- 1966 - Jacques Brinkman, Dutch field hockey player
- 1966 - Shirley Manson, Scottish singer
- 1971 - Thalía, Mexican actress
- 1979 - Jamal Lewis, American football player
- 1980 - Macaulay Culkin, American actor

Deaths


- 1278 - King Otakar II of Bohemia
- 1346 - Killed in the Battle of Crécy:
  - Charles II of Alençon (b. 1297)
  - Louis I of Flanders (b. 1304)
  - John I, Count of Luxemburg (b. 1296)
  - Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1320)
- 1349 - Thomas Bradwardine, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1551 - Margareta Leijonhufvud, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1516)
- 1595 - Antonio, Prior of Crato, claimant to the throne of Portugal (b. 1531)
- 1666 - Frans Hals, Dutch painter
- 1714 - Edward Fowler, English Bishop of Gloucester (b. 1632)
- 1723 - Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist (b. 1632)
- 1785 - George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville, British soldier and politician (b. 1716)
- 1850 - Louis-Philippe of France (b. 1773)
- 1915 - John Bunny American comedian (b. 1863)
- 1930 - Lon Chaney, Sr., American actor (b. 1883)
- 1944 - Adam von Trott zu Solz, German diplomat opposing the Nazi regime (executed)
- 1945 - Franz Werfel, Austrian writer (b. 1890)
- 1958 - Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (b. 1872)
- 1968 - Kay Francis, American actress (b. 1899)
- 1974 - Charles Lindbergh, American aviator (b. 1902)
- 1976 - Lotte Lehmann, German soprano (b. 1888)
- 1978 - Charles Boyer, French actor (b. 1899)
- 1978 - José Manuel Moreno, Argentine footballer (b. 1916)
- 1979 - Mika Waltari, Finnish author (b. 1908)
- 1980 - Rosa Albach-Retty, German actress (b. 1874)
- 1980 - Tex Avery, American cartoonist (b. 1908)
- 1981 - Roger Nash Baldwin, founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (b. 1884)
- 1986 - Ted Knight, American actor (b. 1923)
- 1987 - Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
- 1989 - Irving Stone, American author (b. 1903)
- 1990 - Minoru Honda, Japanese astronomer (b. 1913)
- 1998 - Frederick Reines, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- 2003 - Jim Wacker, American football coach (b. 1937)
- 2004 - Laura Branigan, American singer (b. 1957)
- 2005 - Robert Denning, Interior designer (b. 1927)

Holidays and observances


- RC saints - St Zephyrinus, Saint Ninian, David Lewis (one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales)
- Namibia - Namibia Day or Heroes' Day
- Zanzibar - Sultan's Birthday

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/26 BBC: On This Day] ---- August 25 - August 27 - July 26 - September 26 -- listing of all days ko:8월 26일 ms:26 Ogos ja:8月26日 simple:August 26 th:26 สิงหาคม

1932

1932 (MCMXXXII) is a leap year starting on Friday.

Events

January-February


- January 3 - British arrest and intern Mohandas Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel
- January 8 - In Britain the Archbishop of Canterbury forbids church remarriage of divorcees
- January 12 - Hattie W. Caraway becomes the first woman elected to the United States Senate
- January 14 - Maurice Ravel's Concerto in G (Ravel) debuts with piano soloist Marguerite Long and Ravel conducting the Lamoureux Orchestra
- January 15 - Pierre Laval forms a new government in France
- January 15 - About 6 million unemployed in Germany
- January 26 - British submarine M-2 sinks with all 50 hands
- January 28 - Japan occupies Shanghai
- January 29 - Minority government of Karl Mureschi in Austria ends the governmental crisis
- January 31 - Japanese warships arrive in Nanking
- February 2 - General convention of disarmament begins in Geneva
- February 2 - League of Nations again recommends negotiations between the Republic of China and Japan
- February 4 - 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York. Japan occupies Harbin, China
- February 11 - Pope Pius XI meets Benito Mussolini in the Vatican City
- February 18 - Japan declares Manzhouguo (Japanese name for Manchuria) formally independent from China
- February 27 - Adolf Hitler gains German citizenship prior to elections
- February 27 - Mäntsälä Rebellion in Finland

March-April


- March 1 - Charles Augustus Lindbergh III, the baby son of Anne Morrow Lindbergh and Charles Lindbergh is kidnapped
- March 9 - Eamon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council. It is the first change of government in the Irish Free State in 10 years.
- March 18 - Peace negotiations between China and Japan begin.
- March 19 - Sydney Harbour Bridge opens
- March 20 - Graf Zeppelin begins a regular route to South America
- March 25 - Tarzan the Ape Man opens, with Olympic gold medal swimmer Johnny Weissmuller in the title role. Weismuller starred in a total of 12 Tarzan films.
- April 5 - Prohibition is lifted in Finland at 10 in the morning (local time), inventing a new mnemonic "543210".
- April 6 - U.S. president Herbert Hoover supports armament limitations
- April 6 - Trial against fraudulent art dealer Otto Wacker begins in Berlin
- April 10 - Paul von Hindenburg elected president of Germany. Adolf Hitler receives over 13 million votes.
- April 17 - Haile Selassie announces an anti-slavery law in Abyssinia
- April 19 - German art dealer Otto Wacker is sentenced for 19 months for selling fraudulent paintings of Vincent van Gogh

May-June


- May 2 - Comedian Jack Benny's radio show airs for the first time.
- May 6 - Paul Gorguloff assassinates French president Paul Doumer in Paris - Doumer dies the next day.
- May 10 - Albert Lebrun becomes the new president of France
- May 12 - Ten weeks after his abduction, the infant son of Charles Lindbergh is found dead in Hopewell, New Jersey just a few miles from the Lindbergh's home.
- May 13 - The Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang, is dismissed by the State Governor, Sir Phillip Game
- May 15 - Japanese troops leave Shanghai; May 15 Incident, the assassination of Japanese prime minister Tsuyoshi Inukai, occurs.
- May 16 - Massive riots between Hindus and Muslims in Bombay - thousands dead and injured.
- May 20-21 - Amelia Earhart flies from USA to Londonderry, Northern Ireland in 14 hours 54 minutes
- May 30 - German chancellor Heinrich Brüning resigns. President Hindenburg takes Franz von Papen to form a new government.
- June - 15,000 World War I veterans march in Washington, DC
- June 4 - Military coup in Chile
- June 6 - The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States at 1 cent per US gallon (0.26 ¢/L) sold.
- June 14 - Bans against SS and SA overturned in Germany
- June 20 - Benelux customs union negotiated
- June 24 - After a relatively bloodless military rebellion, Siam becomes a constitutional monarchy

July-October


- July 1- ABC (Australian Broadcasting Commission) established
- July 5 - António de Oliveira Salazar becomes the fascists prime minister of Portugal (for the next 36 years)
- July 7 - French submarine Sromethee sinks off Cherbourg - 66 dead
- July 12 - Hedley Verity establishes a new first-class record by taking all ten wickets for only ten runs against Nottinghamshire on a pitch affected by a storm.
- July 17 - Bloody Sunday of Altona in Germany - armed communists attack a national socialist demonstration - 18 dead. Many other political street fights follow.
- July 28 - US President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, DC. US troops dispersed the last of the "Bonus Army" the next day.
- July 30 - 1932 Summer Olympics open in Los Angeles.
- August 6 - First Venice Film Festival
- August 10 - A 5.1 kg chondrite type meteorite broke into at least seven fragments and struck earth near the town of Archie in Cass County, Missouri.
- August 18 - Auguste Piccard reaches altitude of 16.500 meters with an air balloon
- August 30 - Hermann Göring elected as a chairman of German senate
- August 31 - Total solar eclipse visible from northern Canada through NE Vermont, New Hampshire, SW Maine, and the Capes of Massachusetts
- September 9 - The Generalitat reinstaurated, Catalonia regains political autonomy inside the 2nd Spanish Republic from September 25
- September 18 - Actress Peg Entwhistle commits suicide jumping from the letter H of the (then) Hollywoodland sign
- September 20 - Mohandas Gandhi begins an hunger strike in Poona prison
- September 28 - According to Prussian statistics, 115 people have been killed in political riots during the year
- October 15 - Tata Airlines (later to become Air India) makes its first flight
- October 19 - Wedding of Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

November-December


- November 1 - San Francisco Opera House opened
- November 7 - Buck Rogers in the 25th Century airs on radio for the first time.
- November 8 - U.S. presidential election, 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory.
- November 9 - Riots between conservative and socialist supporters in Switzerland - 12 dead, 60 injured
- November 11 - Tornado and huge waves kills about thousand in Santa Crus del Sure in Cuba
- November 19 - Second wife of Josef Stalin is found dead in her home
- November 21 - German president Hindenburg begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government
- November 24 - In Washington, DC, the FBI Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory (better known as the FBI Crime Lab) officially opens.
- December 3 - Hindenburg names Kurt von Schleicher as a German chancellor
- December 12 - Japan and Soviet Union reform their diplomatic connections
- December 25 - Earthquake in the Kansu Province in China - 70,000 dead

Unknown dates


- Saudi Arabia is declared a unified nation with Ibn Saud as a king.
- Female suffrage in Brazil
- Norway annexes northern Greenland.
- Chaco war between Bolivia and Paraguay
- In the next five years, Dr. Morris Bolber and associates successfully murder and collect the insurance money for more than 30 victims.
- Mars candy bar
- Zippo lighters
- Zero-length springs invented, revolutionizing seismometers and gravimeters
- The Kennedy-Thorndike experiment shows that measured time as well as length are affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of special relativity.
- Chadwick discovers the neutron.
- Geneticist J. B. S. Haldane publishes The Causes of Evolution and thereby unifies the findings of Mendelian genetics with those of evolutionary science.
- Second Polar Year, an international scientific collaboration.
- Kreuger & Toll of the "Match King" Ivar Kreuger collapses - he commits suicide.
- Republican Citizens Committee Against National Prohibition established for repeal of prohibition in U.S.

Births

January


- January 3 - Dabney Coleman, American actor
- January 3 - Coo Coo Marlin, American race car driver (d. 2005)
- January 5 - Johnny Adams, American musician (d. 1998)
- January 5 - Umberto Eco, Italian scholar and author
- January 6 - Stuart A. Rice, American chemist
- January 16 - Dian Fossey, American zoologist (d. 1985)
- January 18 - Robert Anton Wilson, American author
- January 22 - Piper Laurie, American actress
- January 26 - Coxsone Dodd, Jamaican record producer (d. 2004)
- January 29 - Tommy Taylor, English footballer (d. 1958)
- January 30 - Knock Yokoyama, Japanese comedian and politician

February-March


- February 3 - Peggy Ann Garner, American actress (d. 1984)
- February 6 - François Truffaut, French film director (d. 1984)
- February 7 - Gay Talese, American author
- February 8 - John Williams, American composer and conductor
- February 9 - Gerhard Richter, German painter
- February 11 - Jerome Lowenthal, American pianist
- February 12 - Julian Lincoln Simon, American economist and author (d. 1998)
- February 14 - Alexander Kluge, German author and film director
- February 16 - Harry Goz, American actor (d. 2003)
- February 18 - Milos Forman, Czech film director
- February 22 - Edward Kennedy, American politician
- February 23 - Majel Barrett, American actress
- February 24 - Michel Legrand, French composer
- February 25 - Faron Young American singer (d. 1996)
- February 26 - Johnny Cash, American singer (d. 2003)
- February 27 - Elizabeth Taylor, English-born actress
- March 4 - Miriam Makeba, South African singer
- March 12 - Andrew Young, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
- March 16 - Don Blasingame, Major League Baseball player and Japanese baseball manager (d. 2005)
- March 18 - John Updike, American author
- March 21 - Walter Gilbert, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 30 - Ted Morgan, French-born author, biographer, and journalist

April-July


- April 1 - Gordon Jump, American television actor (d. 2003)
- April 1 - Debbie Reynolds, American actress
- April 2 - Michael Vernon, Australian consumer activist (d.1993)
- April 4 - Anthony Perkins, American actor (d. 1992)
- April 4 - Andrei Tarkovsky, Russian film director (d. 1986)
- April 8 - Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, King of Malaysia
- April 9 - Carl Perkins, American musician (d. 1998)
- April 12 - Lakshman Kadirgamar, Sri Lankan politician (assassinated) (d. 2005)
- April 12 - Tiny Tim, American musician (d. 1996)
- April 23 - Halston, American fashion designer (d. 1990)
- April 26 - Michael Smith, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
- April 27 - Casey Kasem, American disc jockey and voice actor
- April 27 - Gian-Carlo Rota, Italian-born mathematician and philosopher (d. 1999)
- May 8 - Phyllida Law, Scottish actress
- May 8 - Sonny Liston, American boxer (d. 1970)
- May 25 - John Gregory Dunne, American writer (d. 2003)
- June 4 - John Drew Barrymore, American actor (d. 2004)
- June 4 - Maurice Shadbolt, New Zealand writer (d. 2004)
- June 12 - Rona Jaffe, American novelist
- June 18 - Dudley R. Herschbach, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 18 - Geoffrey Hill, English poet
- June 25 - Peter Blake, English artist
- June 27 - Anna Moffo, American soprano
- June 28 - Pat Morita, American actor (d. 2005)
- July 2 - Dave Thomas, American fast-food entrepreneur (d. 2002)
- July 9 - Donald Rumsfeld, U.S. Secretary of Defense
- July 12 - Otis Davis, American runner
- July 21 - Ernie Warlick, American football player
- July 29 - Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker, U.S. Senator

August-December


- August 1 - Meena Kumari, Indian actress
- August 2 - Lamar Hunt, American sportsman
- August 2 - Peter O'Toole, Irish-born actor
- August 6 - Howard Hodgkin, British painter and print-maker
- August 11 - Fernando Arrabal, Moroccan-born writer
- August 17 - V. S. Naipaul, West Indian-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 18 - William R. Bennett, Premier of British Columbia
- September 4 - Dinsdale Landen, British actor (d. 2003)
- September 7 - Paul Getty, American-born philanthropist (d. 2003)
- September 8 - Patsy Cline, American singer (d. 1963)
- September 18 - Nikolai Rukavishnikov, cosmonaut (d. 2002)
- September 22 - Algirdas Brazauskas, President of Lithuania
- September 25 - Glenn Gould, Canadian pianist (d. 1982)
- September 26 - Richard Herd, American actor
- September 26 - Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India
- September 27 - Oliver E. Williamson , American economist
- September 30 - Shintaro Ishihara, Japanese author and politician
- October 19 - Robert Reed, American actor (d. 1992)
- October 20 - Rosey Brown, American football playerr (d. 2004)
- October 24 - Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 24 - Robert Mundell, Canadian economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 28 - Suzy Parker, American actress (d. 2003)
- November 3 - Albert Reynolds, President of Ireland
- November 4 - Thomas Klestil, President of Austria (d. 2004)
- November 4 - Noam Pitlik, American actor and director (d. 1999)
- November 15 - Petula Clark, British singer, actress, and songwriter
- November 20 - Richard Dawson, British-born game show host
- November 29 - Jacques Chirac, President of France
- December 2 - Manuel Puig, Argentinian writer (d. 1990)
- December 5 - Sheldon Lee Glashow, American physicist
- December 9 - Bill Hartack, American jockey
- December 24 - Earl Dodge, American temperance movement leader
- December 28 - Dhirubhai Ambani, Indian businessman (d. 2002)
- December 28 - Dorsey Burnette, American singer (d. 1979)
- December 28 - Roy Hattersley, British politician

Unknown dates


- Mehmood, Indian actor (d. 2004)
- Irene Jai Narayan, Fiji politician
- Blaze Starr, American dancer

Deaths


- January 21 - Giles Lytton Strachey British writer and biographer (b. 1880)
- January 24 - Sir Alfred Yarrow, English shipbuilder and philanthropist (b. 1842)
- February 10 - Edgar Wallace, English novelist and screenwriter (b. 1875)
- February 16 - Ferdinand Buisson, French pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1841)
- March 1 - Frank Teschemacher, American musician (b. 1906)
- March 6 - John Philip Sousa, American band leader, conductor, and composer (b. 1854)
- March 7 - Aristide Briand, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1862)
- March 14 - George Eastman, American inventor (b. 1854)
- March 31 - Eben Byers, American steel tycoon and socialite (radiation poisoning) (b. 1880)
- April 4 - Wilhelm Ostwald, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
- April 20 - Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician (b. 1858)
- April 26 - Hart Crane, American poet (b. 1899)
- April 26 - William Lockwood, English cricketer (b. 1868)
- May 3 - Charles Fort, American researcher of the unusual (b. 1874)
- May 7 - Paul Doumer, President of France (assassinated) (b. 1857)
- May 15 - Tsuyoshi Inukai, Prime Minister of Japan (assassinated) (b. 1855)
- May 17 - Frederick C. Billard, Commandant of the United States Coast Guard (b. 1873)
- June 21 - Major Taylor, American cyclist (b. 1878)
- July 6 - Kenneth Grahame, English author (b. 1859)
- July 23 - Alberto Santos-Dumont, Brazilian aviation pioneer (b. 1873)
- September 16 - Ronald Ross, English physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1857)
- September 20 - Wovoka, Paiute visionary
- September 23 - Jules Chéret, French poster designer (b. 1836)
- December 19 - Yoon Bong-Gil, Korean resister against Japanese occupation of Korea (executed) (b. 1908)

Unknown date


- Lucy Bacon, American painter

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Werner Karl Heisenberg
- Chemistry - Irving Langmuir
- Physiology or Medicine - Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian
- Literature - John Galsworthy
- Peace - not awarded Category:1932 ko:1932년 ms:1932 ja:1932年 simple:1932 th:พ.ศ. 2475

Kansas

Kansas, derived from the Siouan word Kansa meaning "People of the south wind," is a Midwestern state in the United States. The U.S. postal abbreviation for the state is KS.

History

Main article: History of Kansas Kansas, as part of the Louisiana Purchase, was annexed to the United States in 1803 as unorganized territory. Kansas then became part of the Missouri Territory until 1821. The Kansas-Nebraska Act became law on May 30, 1854 and established the U.S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas. Fort Leavenworth was the first community in the area around 1827. To travelers en route to Utah, California, or Oregon, Kansas was a waystop and outfitting place. On March 30, 1855 "Border Ruffians" from Missouri invaded Kansas during the territory's first election and forced the election of a pro-slavery legislature. Kansas entered the Union as a Free State on January 29, 1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. Civil War veterans constructed homesteads in Kansas following the war. On February 19, 1861 it became the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages. On August 21, 1863, William Quantrill led Quantrill's Raid into Lawrence destroying much of the city and killing hundreds of people. Wild Bill Hickok was a deputy marshal at Fort Riley and a marshal at Hays and Abilene. Kansas has been home to President Eisenhower, presidential candidates Bob Dole and Alf Landon, Amelia Earhart, and Carrie Nation. Famous athletes from Kansas include Barry Sanders, Gale Sayers, Wilt Chamberlain, Jim Ryun, Walter Johnson, Maurice Greene, and Lynette Woodard. Despite its agricultural reputation, Kansas is the home of Walter Chrysler of automotive fame, Clyde Cessna (aviation) and Jack St. Kirby (mircochip inventor) and George Washington Carver (educator/African American pioneer)

Law and government

The state capital is Topeka. The top executives of the state are Governor Kathleen Sebelius and Lieutenant Governor John E. Moore. Both are elected on the same ticket to a maximum of two consecutive 4-year terms. Their current term will end in January of 2007, and they are able to run for re-election in 2006. The current Attorney General is Phill Kline; his office is also up for re-election in November of 2006. The state's current delegation to the Congress of the United States includes Senators Sam Brownback and Pat Roberts and Representatives Jerry Moran (District 1), Jim Ryun (District 2), Dennis Moore (District 3), and Todd Tiahrt (District 4). Moore is the only Democrat in the delegation; all others are Republicans. Kansas had a reputation as a progressive state with many firsts in legislative initiatives—it was the first state to institute a system of workers compensation (1910). Kansas was also one of the first states to permit women's suffrage in 1912. Suffrage in all states would not be guaranteed until ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. The council-manager government was adopted by many larger Kansas cities in the years following World War I while many American cities were being run by political machines or organized crime. Kansas was first among the states to ban the concept of separate but equal schools. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka banned racially segregated schools throughout the U.S. Since the 1960s, Kansas has grown more socially conservative. The 1990s brought new restrictions on abortion, the defeat of prominent Democrats, including Dan Glickman, and the Kansas State Board of Education's infamous 1999 decision to eliminate the theory of evolution from the state teaching standards, a decision that was later reversed. In 2005, voters accepted a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, and the Kansas State Board of Education resumed hearings to determine if evolution should once again be removed from state science standards. On November 8, 2005, a 6-4 majority voted in favor of intelligent design. [http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-evolution9nov09,0,416642.story?coll=la-home-nation] Kansas has not supported a Democratic presidential candidate since 1964. In 2004, George W. Bush won the state's 6 electoral votes by an overwhelming margin of 25 percentage points with 62% of the vote. The only two counties to support Democrat John Kerry were those containing the city of Kansas City and the college town of Lawrence. See also: List of Governors of Kansas; U.S. Congressional Delegations from Kansas

Geography

U.S. Congressional Delegations from Kansas Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north, Missouri on the east, Oklahoma on the south, and Colorado on the west. It is located equidistant from the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. The geodetic center of North America is located in Osborne County. This spot is used as the central reference point for all maps produced by the government. The geographic center of the 48 contiguous states is located in Smith County near Lebanon, Kansas, and the geographic center of Kansas is located in Barton County. The state is divided up into 105 counties with 628 cities. Kansas is one of the six states located on the Frontier Strip.

Topography

The state, lying in the great central plain of the United States, has a generally flat or undulating surface. Its altitude above the sea ranges from 750 feet at the mouth of the Kansas River to 4000 feet on the western border. (Mount Sunflower is the highest point.) The rivers flow through bottomlands, varying from ¼ to 6 miles in width, and bounded by bluffs, rising 50 to 300 feet. The Missouri River forms nearly 75 miles of the state's northeastern boundary. The Kansas River, formed by the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, joins the Missouri at Kansas City, after a course of 150 miles across the state. The Arkansas River, rising in Colorado, flows with a tortuous course for nearly 500 miles across three-fourths of the state. It forms, with its tributaries, the Little Arkansas, Walnut, Cow Creek, Cimarron, Verdigris (which is the lowest point in Kansas at 680 feet), and the Neosho, the southern drainage system of the state. Other important rivers are the Saline and Solomon, tributaries of the Smoky Hill River; the Big Blue, Delaware, and Wakarusa, which flow into the Kansas River; and the Marais des Cygnes, a tributary of the Missouri River.

Landmarks


- The disputed World's Largest Ball of Twine created August 15, 1953, in Cawker City, Kansas, is still growing.
- Big Brutus, the World's second largest Electric Shovel resides in West Mineral, Kansas. It is 160 feet (49 m) tall and weighs 11 million pounds (5000 t).
- S.P. Dinsmoor created the Garden of Eden in Lucas, Kansas in 1905, and opened it up to tourists in 1908. The garden features sculptures of biblical scenes and political messages. One scene has labor being crucified by a doctor, lawyer, banker, and preacher. Dinsmoor even built his own mausoleum in which you can still see him today in his concrete coffin by paying for the tour. [http://www.missioncreep.com/tilt/dinsmoor.html]
- Lucas, Kansas is also home to the Grassroots Art Center [http://home.comcast.net/~ymirymir/index2.htm]. The museum features many works of art created by people with no formal training, and it sits only a block or two from the Garden of Eden.
- The John Brown museum is located in Osawatomie, Kansas.
- Monroe Elementary, the school Linda Brown attended when the historic case Brown v. Board of Education was filed, is now a National Historic site in Topeka, Kansas.
- The Sunflower Army Ammunition Plant in De Soto, Kansas opened in 1942 to manufacture gunpowder and munitions propellants for World War II. The closed plant sits on over 9000 acres (36 km²) of land which was made up of more than 100 farms.
- The boyhood home of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Eisenhower Library, and his grave are located in Abilene, Kansas. The Greyhound Hall of Fame is located in Abilene. Abilene, Kansas is also the ending point of the Chisholm Trail where the cattle driven from Texas were rail loaded.
- The house of Carrie Nation, now a museum, is located in Medicine Lodge, Kansas.
- Constitution Hall in Lecompton, Kansas is the location where the Kansas Territorial Government convened and drafted a pro-slavery constitution. ([http://www.lecomptonkansas.com/index.php?doc=consthall.php website])
- The Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics houses the largest collection of papers for a politician other than a president. The institute is located in Lawrence, Kansas on the campus of the University of Kansas. ([http://www.doleinstitute.org website])
- The Boot Hill Museum in Dodge City, Kansas features Old West memorabilia and history.
- The Wizard of Oz Museum in Liberal, Kansas features Dorothy's House, a recreation of the farm house featured in the film The Wizard of Oz.
- The National Teachers Hall of Fame is located in Emporia, Kansas.
- The National Agriculture Center and Hall of Fame is located in Bonner Springs, Kansas.
- The Horace Greeley museum is located in Tribune, Kansas.
- The Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, located in Hutchinson, Kansas is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institute. The museum features the largest collection of artifacts from the Russian Space Program outside of Moscow. It is also home to Apollo 13, an SR-71 Blackbird, and many other space artifacts.
- The Boyer Gallery, a collection of animated sculptures made by Paul Boyer is located in Belleville, Kansas.
- The fifth largest collection of civilian and military aircraft in the United States is located at the Mid-America Air Museum.
- The Big Well, the world's largest hand dug well, is in Greensburg, Kansas.
- The Sternberg Museum of Natural History in Hays, features exhibits of several fossils discovered by Charles Hazelius Sternberg as well as various temporary exhibits ([http://www.fhsu.edu/sternberg/]).
- Big Basin and Little Basin, two large sinkholes in Clark County.
- Arikaree Breaks, badlands in Cheyenne County.
- The Cimarron National Grassland, Kansas's largest tract of public land in Morton County.
- Monument Rocks (Kansas), a series of chalk arcs and other formations. Kansas also has many other formations of this nature.

Major highways

The state is served by two interstate highways with six spur routes. I-70 is a major east/west route connecting to St. Louis, Missouri, in the east and Denver, Colorado, in the west. Cities along this route (from east to west) include Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka, Junction City, Salina, Hays, and Colby. I-35 is a major north/south route connecting to Des Moines, Iowa, in the north and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the south. Cities along this route (from north to south) include Kansas City (and its suburbs), Ottawa, Emporia, El Dorado, and Wichita. Spur routes serve as connections between the two major routes. I-135, a north/south route, connects I-70 at Salina to I-35 at Wichita. I-335, a northeast/southwest route, connects I-70 at Topeka to I-35 at Emporia. I-335 and portions of I-35 and I-70 make up the Kansas Turnpike. I-435 and I-635 serve a dual purpose as connections between the major routes and bypasses around the Kansas City metropolitan area. Other bypasses are I-235 around Wichita and I-470 around Topeka. In January 2004, the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) announced the new Kansas 511 traveler information service.[http://www.ksdot.org/offtransinfo/News04/511_Release.htm] By calling 511, callers will get access to information about road conditions, construction, closures, detours and weather conditions for the state highway system. Weather and road condition information is updated every 15 minutes. See also: [http://www.kanroad.org KDOT road condition information]

Economy

The 2003 total gross state product of Kansas was $93 billion, an increase of 4.3% over the prior year, but trailing the national average increase of 4.8%. Its per-capita income was $29,438. The December 2003 unemployment rate was 4.9%. The agricultural outputs of the state are cattle, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, hogs and corn. The industrial outputs are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum and mining. Kansas ranks 8th in oil production, behind only Texas, Alaska, California, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. Production has experienced a steady, natural decline as it becomes increasingly difficult to extract oil over time. Since oil prices bottomed in 1999 oil production has remained fairly constant, with an average monthly rate of about 2.8 million barrels in 2004. The recent higher prices have made carbon dioxide sequestration and other oil recovery techniques more economical. Kansas ranks 8th in natural gas production, behind only Texas, Alaska, Colorado, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. Production has steadily declined since the mid-1990’s with the depletion of the Hugoton natural gas field—the state's largest field which extends into Oklahoma and Texas. In 2004 slower declines in the Hugoton gas fields and increased coalbed methane production contributed to a smaller overall decline. Average monthly production was over 32 billion cubic feet (0.9 km³). The state sales tax rate has increased twice since January 1990—first from 4.25% to 4.9% in June 1992, and most recently to 5.3% in July 2002. Except during the 2001 recession (March–November 2001) when monthly sales tax collections were flat, collections have trended higher as the economy has grown and the two rate increases have been enacted. Total sales tax collections for 2003 amounted to $1.63 billion, compared to $805.3 million in 1990. Major employers in Kansas include the Sprint Nextel Corporation (with operational headquarters in Overland Park), Raytheon (mostly in Wichita), Hallmark (Topeka, Lawrence & Kansas City), Goodyear (Topeka), Payless Shoes (National headquarters and major distribution facilities in Topeka), Koch Industries (Wichita), Department of Defense (Ft.Riley/Junction City and Fort Leavenworth) and Boeing.

Demographics

As of 2004, the population of Kansas was 2,735,502. This includes 149,800 foreign-born (5.5% of the state population), and an estimated 47,000 illegal aliens (1.7% of state population). The increase in population was only 0.4% from the prior year. Only eight states and the District of Columbia have slower growth rates. Between 1990 and 2004, the state grew by 246,000, a 9% increase.

Race and ancestry

The racial makeup of the state and comparison to the prior census: The largest reported ancestries in the state are: German (25.9%), Irish (11.5%), English (10.8%), American (8.8%), French (3.1%), and Swedish (2.4%). 'American' includes those reported as Native American or African American. Americans of British ancestry are common throughout Kansas, as are German-Americans. People of German ancestry are especially strong in the northwest, people of British ancestry and descendents of white Americans from other states are especially strong in the southeast. Mexicans are present in parts of the southwest. Kansas City and Junction City are predominantly black. Many African Americans in Kansas are descended from the "Exodusters", newly freed blacks who fled the South for land in Kansas following the Civil War.

Religion

The religious affiliations of the people of Kansas are as follows:
- Christian – 82%
  - Protestant – 60%
    - Methodist – 14%
    - Baptist – 14%
    - Lutheran – 4%
    - Presbyterian – 3%
    - Church of Christ – 3%
    - Mennonite/Pietist – 1%
    - Other Protestant – 21%
  - Roman Catholic – 20%
  - Other Christian – 2%
- Other Religions – 1%
- Non-Religious – 17%

"Rural flight"

Kansas, as well as five other Midwest states (Nebraska, Oklahoma, North and South Dakota and Iowa), is feeling the brunt of falling populations. 89% of the total number of cities in those states have fewer than 3000 people; hundreds have fewer than than 1000. Between 1996 and 2004, almost half a million people, nearly half with college degrees, left the six states. "Rural flight" as it is called has led to offers of free land and tax breaks as enticements to newcomers.

Major cities and towns

See also: List of cities in Kansas

Education

Education in Kansas is governed primarily by the Kansas State Board of Education. On August 9, 2005, the Board approved a draft of science curriculum standards that mandated equal time for the theories of "evolution" and "intelligent design" This echoes a previous decision in Kansas. In 1999, the Board ruled that instruction about evolution, the age of the earth, and the origin of the universe was permitted, but not mandatory, and that those topics would not appear on state standardized tests. However, the Board reversed this decision February 14th, 2001, ruling that instruction of all those topics was mandatory and that they would appear on standardized tests.

Professional sports teams


- Kansas City T-Bones, Wichita Wranglers, Wichita Thunder, Topeka Tarantulas, Wichita Wings (defunct).
- Although there are no major professional sports league teams within Kansas itself, many Kansans support the sports teams of Kansas City, Missouri, including the Kansas City Royals, the Kansas City Chiefs, and the Kansas City Wizards.

See also


- List of Kansas-related topics

External links


- [http://www.kansas.gov/ Kansas.gov: the official website for the State of Kansas]
- [http://www.kansashistoryonline.org/ksh/ Kansas History Online]
- [http://www.kancoll.org/books/cutler/ Cutler's History of Kansas]
- [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/kansas.html Kansas Maps]
- [http://www.ksdot.org/maps/main.html Kansas Department of Transportation maps]
- [http://iwin.nws.noaa.gov/iwin/ks/ks.html Kansas weather]
- [http://www.webcambiglook.com/ks.html Kansas webcam directory]
- [http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/KS/ks.gif Map of average annual precipitation] at Oregon State University
- [http://obit.obitlinkspage.com/ks.htm Kansas Obituary Links Page]
- [http://www.genealogybuff.com/ks/ GenealogyBuff.com - Kansas Library of Files]
- [http://www.kansasheritage.org/ Kansas Heritage the first Kansas history on the web]

Criticism


- [http://pharyngula.org/index/weblog/comments/goodbye_kansas/ Goodbye, Kansas]

References


- Kansas, Inc. (April 2005) [http://www.kansasinc.org/pubs/working/IKE2004DataBook.pdf Indicators of the Kansas Economy] . Kansas economic information.
- Kansas Board of Regents. [http://www.kansasregents.org/download/news/fall04enrolltable.pdf "Enrollment Headcount at Kansas State Universities—Fall 2004"] .
- U.S. Census Bureau.
  - [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/20000.html Kansas QuickFacts]. Geographic and demographic information.
  - [http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0056/tab31.pdf Kansas - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990]
- Category:States of the American West Category:States of the United States ko:캔자스 주 ja:カンザス州

NASA

] The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which was established in 1958, is the agency responsible for the public space program of the United States of America. It is also responsible for long-term civilian and military aerospace research.

Vision and mission

NASA's vision is "to improve life here, extend life to there, and to find life beyond." Its mission is "to understand and protect our home planet; to explore the Universe and search for life; and to inspire the next generation of explorers."

History

Space Race

:For additional background, please see the Space Race article Space Race launch of Redstone rocket and NASA's Mercury 3 capsule Freedom 7 with Alan Shepard Jr. on the United States' first human flight into sub-orbital space. (Atlas rockets were used to launch Mercury's orbital missions.)]] Following the Soviet space program's launch of the world's first man-made satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to U.S. security and technological leadership, urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of debate produced agreement that a new federal agency was needed to conduct all nonmilitary activity in space. On July 29, 1958, President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA consisted mainly of the four laboratories and some 8,000 employees of the government's 46-year-old research agency for aeronautics, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), though the probably most important contribution actually had its roots in the German rocket program led by Wernher von Braun, who is today regarded as the father of the United States space program. NASA's early programs were research into human spaceflight, and were conducted under the pressure of the competition between the USA and the USSR (the Space Race) that existed during the Cold War. The Mercury program, initiated in 1958, started NASA down the path of human space exploration with missions designed to discover simply if man could survive in space. Representatives from the U.S. Army (M.L. Raines, LTC, USA), Navy (P.L. Havenstein, CDR, USN) and Air Force (K.G. Lindell, COL, USAF) were selected/requested to provide assistance to the NASA Space Task Group through coordination with the existing U.S. military research and defense contracting infrastructure, and technical assistance resulting from experimental aircraft (and the associated military test pilot pool) development in the 1950s. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr. became the first American in space when he piloted Freedom 7 on a 15-minute suborbital flight. John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962 during the 5-hour flight of Friendship 7. Once the Mercury project proved that human spaceflight was possible, project Gemini was launched to conduct experiments and work out issues relating to a moon mission. The first Gemini flight with astronauts on board, Gemini III, was flown by Virgil "Gus" Grissom and John W. Young on March 23, 1965. Nine other missions followed, showing that long-duration human space flight was possible, proving that rendezvous and docking with another vehicle in space was possible, and gathering medical data on the effects of weightlessness on humans.

Apollo program

Following the success of the Mercury and Gemini programs, the Apollo program was launched to try to do interesting work in space and possibly put men around (but not on) the Moon. The direction of the Apollo program was radically altered following President John F. Kennedy's announcement on May 25, 1961 that the United States should commit itself to "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by 1970. Thus Apollo became a program to land men on the Moon. The Gemini program was started shortly thereafter to provide an interim spacecraft to prove techniques needed for the now much more complicated Apollo missions. Gemini program.]] After eight years of preliminary missions, including NASA's first loss of astronauts with the Apollo 1 launch pad fire, and the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon (Apollo 8) at the end of 1968, the Apollo program achieved its goals with Apollo 11 which landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon's surface on July 20, 1969 and returned them to Earth safely on July 24. Armstrong's first words upon stepping out of the Eagle lander captured the momentousness of the occasion: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Twelve men would set foot on the Moon by the end of the Apollo program in December 1972. NASA had won the moon race, and in some senses this left it without direction, or at the very least without the public attention and interest that was necessary to guarantee large budgets from Congress. After President Lyndon Johnson left office, NASA lost its main political supporter, and rocket scientist Wernher von Braun was moved to a position lobbying in Washington. Plans for ambitious follow-on projects to construct a space station, establish a lunar base and launch a human mission to Mars by 1990 were proposed but with the end to procurement of