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Johann Tetzel

Johann Tetzel

Johann Tetzel (also Johann Tietzel, as seen on the image; 1465 – August 11, 1519) was a German Dominican monk and his promotion of indulgence aroused the indignation of Martin Luther. Their dispute became quite famous throughout Germany. He was also the lynchpin that led to Luther's eventual development of his 95 Theses. Tetzel was born at Pirna in Meissen and studied in Leipzig.
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14539a.htm "Johann Tetzel" in the 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia]
- [http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/1994/9411fea1.asp "A Primer on Indulgences" by James Akin] This person abused the system of endulgences. Tetzel, Johann Tetzel, Johann Tetzel, Johann

1465

Events

- July 13 - Battle of Montlhéry Troops of King Louis XI of France fight inconclusively against an army of the great nobles organized as the League of the Public Weal.
- Charles VIII of Sweden is deposed. Clergyman Kettil Karlsson Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden.
- August 11- Regent Kettil Karlsson Vasa dies and is succeeded by Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna.
- Amadeus IX of Savoy becomes Duke of Savoy
- Former King Henry VI of England is captured by Yorkist forces and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Queen consort Margaret of Anjou and the Prince of Wales Edward of Westminster had fled to France.

Births

- December 11 - Ashikaga Yoshihisa, Japanese shogun (died 1489)
- Bernardo Accolti, Italian poet (died 1536)
- Francisco Alvarez, Portuguese missionary and explorer (died 1541)
- Hector Boece, Scottish historian (died 1536)
- William Cornysh, English composer (died 1523)
- Mercurino Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (died 1530)
- Konrad Peutinger, German humanist and antiquarian (died 1547)
- Philibert I of Savoy (died 1482)
- Selim I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (died 1520)
- Johann Tetzel, German Dominican priest (died 1519)
- Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (died 1524)

Deaths

- January 5 - Charles, duc d'Orléans, French poet (born 1394)
- January 14 - Thomas Beckington, English statesman and prelate
- August 11 - Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden
- Isabella of Bourbon, wife of Charles the Bold (born 1436)
- John Hardyng, English chronicler (born 1378)
- Louis of Savoy (born 1413) Category:1465 ko:1465년

1519

Events

- March 4 - Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico.
- June 28 - Charles I of Spain becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (ruled until 1556).
- July 4 - Martin Luther joins the debate regarding papal authority against John Eck at Leipzig.
- September 20 - Ferdinand Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the world.
- November 8 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great pomp as would befit a returning god.
- Erasmus publishes his Colloquia.
- Martin Luther questions the infallibility of papal decrees.
- Mannerism, artistic form appears in Italy and spreads.
- Spanish find Barbados.
- Cacao comes to Europe.
- Panama founded.

Births

- February 5 - René of Châlon, Prince of the House of Orange (d. 1544)
- February 16 - Gaspard de Coligny, French Huguenot leader (died 1572)
- February 17 - Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (d. 1563)
- March 31 - King Henry II of France (died 1559)
- April 13 - Catherine de Medici, queen of Henry II of France (died 1589)
- May 27 - Girolamo Mei, Italian humanist historian (died 1594)
- June 6 - Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (died 1603)
- June 12 - Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (died 1574)
- June 24 - Theodore Beza, French theologian (died 1605)
- July 22 - Pope Innocent IX (died 1591)
- Thoinot Arbeau, French priest and author (died 1596)
- Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (died 1579)
- Nicholas Grimald, English poet (died 1562)
- Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, first Spanish Governor of Florida
- Ikeda Nagamasa, Japanese military commander (died 1563)
- Edwin Sandys, English prelate (died 1588)
- Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese warlord
- Stanislaw Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (died 1572)

Deaths

- January 12 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1459)
- January 21 - Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish explorer
- May 2 - Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor and painter (born 1452)
- May 4 - Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (b. 1492)
- June 24 - Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara (born 1480)
- August 11 - Johann Tetzel, German opponent of the Reformation (born 1465)
- August 23 - Philibert Berthelier, Swiss patriot
- September 10 - John Colet, English churchman and educator
- Francesco II of Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (born 1466)
- William Grocyn, English scholar (born 1446)
- Ambrosius Holbein, German painter (born 1494)
- Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (born 1492)
- Alonso Alvarez de Pineda, Spanish explorer and cartographer (born 1494) Category:1519 ko:1519년 simple:1519

Dominican monk

The Order of Preachers (Ordo Praedicatorum), more commonly known as the Dominican Order, or Dominicans is a Catholic religious order. In England and some other countries the Dominicans are referred to as Blackfriars on account of the black "cappa" or cloak they wear over their white habits, just as the Carmelites are known as "Whitefriars" for the same reason. Founded by Saint Dominic in the early 13th century, it is one of the great orders of mendicant friars that revolutionized religious life in Europe during the high middle ages. It is managed by the Master of the Order, currently the brother Carlos Azpiroz Costa. Like his contemporary Francis of Assisi, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization to address the needs of his time, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a felt need. Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. His new order was to be a preaching order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages but with a sound background in academic theology. Dominic saw the need to establish a new kind of Order when travelling through the south of France. He had been asked to accompany his Bishop from Osma on a diplomatic mission to Denmark, to arrange the marriage between the son of king Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of king Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of Albigensian thought, centered around the town of Albi. This expression of Christianity held that matter was evil and only spirit was good, a fundamental challenge to the notion of incarnation, central to Catholic theology. The Albegensians, more commonly known as the Cathars (a heretical gnostic sect), lived very simply and saw themselves as more fervent followers of the poor Christ. Dominic saw the need for a response that would take the good elements in the Albigensian movement to sway them back to mainstream Christian thought. The mendicant preacher emerged from this insight. Unfortunately Dominic's ideal of winning the Albigensians over was not held by all office bearers and the population of Albi was decimated in the Albigensian crusade. The organization of the Order of Preachers was approved in 1216 by Pope Honorius III. The Dominicans were a major force in the development and maintenance of the Inquisition, then later of the Holy Office and the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Four Dominican Cardinals have reached the Papacy: Innocent V, Benedict XI, Pius V and Benedict XIII. Currently, in the College of Cardinals there are two Dominican Cardinals: Christoph Cardinal Schönborn, Archbishop of Wien (Vienna) and Georges Marie Martin Cardinal Cottier, Theologian of the Papal Household.

List of Dominicans

See also: :Category:Dominicans Important Dominicans include:
- St. Bartolome de las Casas
- St. Dominic
- St. Albertus Magnus
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- St. Catherine of Siena
- Tomas de Torquemada
- Giordano Bruno
- Andrew of Longjumeau
- Girolamo Savonarola
- Edward Fenwick, first Bishop of Cincinnati, OH
- John Bromyard
- Nicolas Eymeric
- Meister Eckhart
- Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire
- Timothy Radcliffe
- Felix Faber
- Joseph Sadoc Alemany

External links

- [http://www.op.org/ Order of Preachers Homepage] - Available in English, French and Spanish
- [http://english.op.org/ The English Dominicans]
- [http://www.australia.op.org/ Australian Dominicans]
- [http://www.opwest.org/ Western Province Dominicans USA]
- [http://www.op-stjoseph.org/ Eastern Province Dominicans USA]
- [http://www.domcentral.org/ Central Province Dominicans USA]
- [http://www.opsouth.org/ Southern Province Dominicans USA] Dominican Nuns
- [http://www.op.org/usaopnuns/ Conference of U.S. Dominican Nuns] Dominican Sisters
- [http://www.op.org/international/english/Links/categories/sisters.htm Dominican Apostolic Sisters Worldwide]
- [http://www.nashvilledominican.org Dominican Sisters of St. Cecilia]
- [http://www.sistersofmary.org Dominican Sisters of Mary, Mother of the Eucharist]
- [http://www.sanrafaelop.org/ Dominican Sisters of San Rafael, California] Other
- [http://torch.op.org/ Dominican Preaching Online]

Indulgence

In Catholic theology, an indulgence is the remission of the temporal punishment due to God for sin. sin in 1517. The text reads: "By the authority of all the saints, and in mercy towards you, I absolve you from all sins and misdeeds and remit all punishments for ten days."]]

Theology

Sin

Personal sins, as opposed to original sin, are either mortal or venial.
- Mortal sins are sins of grave (serious) matter, where the sinner is aware that the act (or omission) is both a sin and a grave matter, and performs the act (or omission) with deliberate consent. The act of committing a mortal sin cuts off the sinner from God’s grace; it is in itself a rejection of God as well as His Church. If left un-reconciled, mortal sins result in eternal punishment in Hell.
- Venial sins are sins which do not meet the conditions for mortal sins. The sin may be one that is not a grave matter, or if a grave matter, the individual does not realize that the act is a sin or grave matter, or does not deliberately consent to the sin. The act of committing a venial sin does not cut off the sinner from God’s grace, as the sinner has not rejected God. However, venial sins do injure the relationship between the sinner and God, and as such, may be reconciled either through the sacrament of reconcliation or by some other means (i.e. receiving the Eucharist). Both mortal and venial sins have a dual nature of punishment. They incur both guilt for the sin, yielding eternal punishment, and temporal punishment for the sin. Reconciliation is an act of God’s mercy, and addresses the guilt and eternal punishment for sin. Purgatory and indulgences address the temporal punishment for sin, and exercise of God’s justice.

Reconciliation

Indulgences are only granted by the Church after the individual earning the indulgence receives the sacrament of reconciliation (penance) or experiences perfect contrition. Because the sacrament of reconciliation removes the guilt of sin, and by association, the punishment of eternal damnation resulting from un-reconciled mortal sins, the penitent is restored by reconciliation to the state of grace. However, while the individual’s guilt is removed by reconciliation, the sin is not completely erased; the individual still must be punished for the sin. God has mercy upon sinners who repent of their sins, but like a good parent, His justice still requires that the sinner be punished for the wrongdoing. This punishment is called temporal punishment, both because it is a punishment of time, as opposed to eternal punishment, and because it relates to the temporary world (Earth or Purgatory), rather than to the “final destination” (Heaven or Hell).

Temporal Punishment in Purgatory

Some individuals experience trials and tribulations in this world which serve as their temporal punishment for forgiven sins (Catechism 1473); other individuals die without having served the temporal punishment for their sins. These individuals do not have guilt for sin, because it has been forgiven either through reconciliation or perfect contrition before death, and therefore they will attain Heaven. However, they are not yet ready to enter Heaven, as their punishment has yet to be served. Therefore, these individuals “enter” Purgatory (although Purgatory is a state of the soul and not an actual “place"), and the punishment they owe is "purged." The Church teaches that the souls in Purgatory desire to be there, because they have realized that they are not yet ready to attain Heaven. Purgatory may be illustrated as a place of preparation for the deceased; they know they will enter Heaven, and Purgatory is a place to cleanse themselves for God.

Merit

In general, certain acts result in gaining favor with God, called merit. (Catechism, 2008) These acts do not gain the individual forgiveness for their sin; forgiveness results from God’s grace, freely given through Christ, which cannot be earned. After the sins are forgiven, the individual's meritorious acts remove the penalty due for sin. The nature of an “act of merit” is difficult to nail down. While the merits of the faithful are important in remitting the temporal punishment owed to God for that individual’s sins, they also play a role in remitting temporal punishment for other’s sins (Catechism 1477). Merit is “stored” as it were, in the “treasury of the Church” (Catechism 1476). However, the Church’s treasury is not a storehouse of "extra" merit, in which the good deeds of the faithful are collected and accounted by individual; while the “extra” merit of the faithful is in the treasury, it is first and foremost the infinite value of Christ’s merits before God (Catechism 1476). The Church recognizes three forms of merit:
- The infinite merit of Jesus Christ;
- The merit of the Blessed Virgin Mary; and
- The treasury of merit in the Communion of Saints. Because Christ is God, He is the source of infinite merit which can never be exhausted. Christ’s merit in and of itself is sufficient to remit all temporal punishment due for sin for every individual. In addition, the merit of the Virgin Mary and other saints exists in the treasury of the Church. Under the Catholic concept of merit, the infinite merit of Christ, and the merits of the various saints above and beyond what was needed to satisfy God and get them into Heaven has been granted by the Church, which can apply this surplus merit — sometimes called works of supererogation — against the deficits in merit suffered by penitent but believing sinners.

The Indulgence

In Catholic theology, the salvation made possible by Jesus allows the faithful sinner eventual admittance to Heaven. Baptism forgives all of the baptized person's existing sins; any sin committed after baptism incurs both guilt and a penalty that must be addressed. These are the sins addressed in reconciliation. After reconciliation, the temporal punishment for sin remains. This punishment may be remitted in Purgatory, or by indulgence. The granting of an indulgence is the spiritual reassignment, as it were, of existing merit to an individual requiring that merit. Indulgences occur when the Church, acting by virtue of its authority, applies existing merit from the Church’s treasury to an individual. The individual “earns” the indulgence by participating in certain activities, most often the recitation of prayers. By decree of Pope Pius V in 1567, following the Council of Trent, it is forbidden to attach the receipt of an indulgence to any financial act, including the giving of alms. In addition, the only punishment remitted by an indulgence is existing punishment, that is, for sins already committed. Indulgences do not remit punishment for future sins, as those sins have yet to be committed. Thus, indulgences are not a “license to sin” or a “get-out-of-Hell-free” card; they are a means for the sinner to “pay” the “wages” of sin. Indulgences are "plenary" or "partial”:
- "plenary" indulgences remit all of the existing temporal punishment due for the individual’s sins. An individual can only earn one plenary indulgence per day.
- "partial" indulgences remit only a part of the existing punishment. Before the Second Vatican Council, partial indulgences were stated as a term of days, weeks, months, or years. This has resulted in Catholics and non-Catholics alike believing that indulgences remit a specific period of time equal to the length of the soul's stay in Purgatory. The stated length of time actually indicated that the indulgence was equal to the amount of remission the individual would have earned by performing a canonical penance for that period of time. For example, the amount of punishment remitted by a “forty day” indulgence would be equal to the amount of punishment remitted by the individual performing forty days of penance. In addition to remitting punishment for the individual's own existing sins, an individual may perform the actions necessary to gain an indulgence with the intention of gaining the indulgence for a specific individual in Purgatory. In doing so, the individual both gains the indulgence for the soul in Purgatory, and performs a spiritual act of mercy. To gain an indulgence the individual must be “in communion” with the Church, and have the intention of performing the work for which the indulgence is granted. To be “in communion,” the individual must be a baptized Catholic without any un-reconciled mortal sins (if there are any un-reconciled mortal sins, the individual has cut himself/herself off from God and cannot receive the indulgence) and must not be dissenting from the Church’s teaching. Most importantly, the individual must intend to receive the indulgence. Generally, a plenary indulgence requires the following conditions in order to be valid (in addition to the acts performed to earn the indulgence).
- reconciliation, which is required for all indulgences
- receiving the Eucharist
- complete renunciation of all attachment to sin, including venial sin.
- pray for the intentions of the Holy Father. An Our Father and a Hail Mary said for the intentions of the Pontiff is sufficient, although you are free to substitute other prayers of your own choice. It is recommended that the Communion be received at Mass on the same day that the indulgence is earned. Reconciliation may be within a prudent period before or after the act (typically, one week, though during the Great Jubilee, the Vatican specifically allowed confession within three weeks of the act). Several indulgences may be earned under the same confession (reconciliation). If any of these additional acts is missing, the plenary indulgence will instead be partial.

“Indulgent” Acts

The following acts result in the award of an indulgence:
- An act of spiritual communion, expressed in any devout formula whatsoever, is endowed with a partial indulgence.
- A partial indulgence is granted the Christian faithful who devoutly spend time in mental prayer.
- A plenary indulgence is granted when the rosary is recited in a church or oratory or when it is recited in a family, a religious community, or a pious association. A partial indulgence is granted for its recitation in all other circumstances.
- A partial indulgence is granted the Christian faithful who read sacred Scripture with the veneration due God’s word and as a form of spiritual reading. The indulgence will be a plenary one when such reading is done for at least one-half hour [provided the other conditions are met].
- A partial indulgence is granted to the Christian faithful who devoutly sign themselves with the cross while saying the customary formula: "In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen."
- A partial indulgence is granted for the recitation of the Angelus.

History

The doctrine of indulgences has historically been one of the more controversial teachings in Catholic soteriology. The ability to offer a full pardon of the punishment due for sins was abused by some unscrupulous members of the Church’s hierarchy for monetary gain (a problem during the time of Martin Luther), particularly to raise money for the building or renovation of churches. Additionally, indulgences were utilized to motivate the faithful to perform non-spiritual acts. For example, a plenary indulgence was proclaimed by Pope Urban II in 1095, and by several of his successors, to anyone who went on the Crusades to re-claim the Holy Land from the Saracens, or who died along the way. In 1517, Pope Leo X offered indulgences for those who gave alms to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, a situation that took on the appearance of "selling indulgences." The aggressive marketing practices of Johann Tetzel in promoting this cause provoked Martin Luther to write his 95 theses, protesting what he saw as the purchase and sale of salvation. According to tradition, he nailed these theses to a church door in Wittenberg, but this story is held to be apocryphal by some. From this controversy the Protestant Reformation was launched. The indulgence pictured at the top of this page, granted by authority of the Pope by Johann Tetzel in 1517 reads: "By the authority of all the saints, and in mercy towards you, I absolve you from all sins and misdeeds and remit all punishments for ten days." This description is confusing, particularly in the wording "I absolve you from all sins and misdeeds;" authentic indulgences do not offer forgiveness or absolution, rather, they remit the temporal punishment due for sins already forgiven. Further, under the current practice, lengths of time are not specified on indulgences.

Other Christian Traditions

Because the underlying doctrine of salvation differs from the Catholic model, indulgences do not exist in Eastern Orthodoxy (although Eastern Orthodoxy had a similar practice of Absolution Certificates up until the twentieth century. or in Protestantism. Those traditions which reject a Catholic concept of Purgatory (or alternatively, a “condition of waiting”) also reject indulgences, as there is no need for remission of temporal punishment where no temporal punishment exists. Many Christian traditions, particularly those which reject the sacramental confession of sins in favor of personal contrition to God, reject the existence of temporal punishment; instead, the individual confesses his or her sin to God through prayer, and is forgiven by God, erasing any existence of the sin. Because the sin no longer exists, there cannot be any punishment, eternal or temporal.

External links

- [http://www.fisheaters.com/indulgences.html Gaining Indulgences]
- [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_29091999_en.html Pope John Paul II's General Audience on Indulgences] - 29 September 1999
- [http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_pro_20000129_indulgence_en.html The Apostolic Penitentiary publication on 'The Gift of the Indulgence']
- [http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c2a4.htm#X "Indulgences"], in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
- [http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/1994/9411fea1.asp "A Primer on Indulgences" by James Akin]
- [http://www.catholic.com/library/myths_about_indulgences.asp "Myths About Indulgences" from Catholic Answers] Category:Christian history Category:Sacrament of Confession ja:贖宥状 nb:avlat

Meissen

Meißen, internationally most known for porcelain, is a town of approximately 35,000 near Dresden on the river Elbe in the State of Saxony in the southern part of eastern Germany. Points of interest are mainly the Meißen porcelain label, the Albrechtsburg castle, the Gothic Meißen Cathedral, the Meißen Frauenkirche, and the St. Afra high school for gifted children.

History

In 929, King Henry I erected a stronghold on the hill that is the center of today's old town, where formerly a Slavic castle had been located. The castle, called Albrechtsburg, was the centre of the Margravate of Meißen, which later became the Electorate of Saxony and then the Kingdom of Saxony. With minor changes, its territory corresponds to that of the Free State of Saxony today. In 963, the Diocese of Meißen-Dresden was founded, and Meißen became the seat of a bishop. Around 1000, Meißen became a market town, and in 1150 it was officially documented as a city (Stadt). The construction of the cathedral was started in 1260 on the same hill as the castle. This created a lack of space due to which the cathedral is one of the smallest cathedrals in Europe. The cathedral is also known as being one of the most pure examples of gothic architecture. The first European porcelain was manufactured in Meißen in 1710, when the Royal-Polish-Electoral-Saxonian Porcelain Manufactory was opened in the Albrechtsburg Castle. Later, in 1861, it was moved to the Triebisch valley of Meißen, where the Porcelain Manufactory of Meißen can still be found today. Porcelain Manufactory of Meißen Porcelain Manufactory of Meißen

Tourism

Tourism is a major economic force in Meißen today. Some of its attractions are:
- The historic district: The area of the city located mostly around the market at the foot of the castle's hill. Its narrow serpentine streets make a picturesque scenery, complemented by several remarkable Renaissance buildings.
- The porcelain factory: Visitors can watch how the Meißen porcelain is manufactured, or have a look at the exhibition hall which displays around 3000 selected items, historical and modern.
- Albrechtsburg and the cathedral: the hill on which the castle and the cathedral are built offers a view over the roofs of the old town.
- Markets and festivals: From spring to autumn, several festivals take place in Meißen, for example the pottery market or the Weinfest, which celebrates the wine harvest.
- Wine: Meißen wine is produced at the vineyards in the river valley around the town.

External links

- [http://www.stadt-meissen.de/ Meißen's official website (in German)]
- [http://www.meissen.de/engl/ Meißen Porcelain] Category:Towns in Saxony ja:マイセン

Leipzig

[] (Sorbian/Lusatian: Lipsk) is the largest city in the federal state (Bundesland) of Saxony in Germany. The name is derived from the Slavic word (see Sorbian) Lipsk (= "settlement where the linden trees stand"). It is situated at the confluence of the rivers Pleiße, White Elster and Parthe. Leipzig's population's historical peak was around 750,000 before the Second World War; the figure for 2002 was around 500,000.

History

First documented in 1015, and endowed with city and market privileges in 1165, Leipzig has always been known as a place of commerce. The Leipzig Trade Fair became an event of international importance; especially as a point of contact to the East-European economic bloc (Comecon) of which East Germany was a member. East Germany by 18 October 1813]] The foundation of the University of Leipzig in 1409 initiated the city's development into a center of the publishing industry, and towards being a location of the German National Library (founded in 1912). Johann Sebastian Bach worked in Leipzig from 1723 to 1750, at the St. Thomas church. Richard Wagner, the composer, was born in Leipzig in 1813. Later in the same year, the Leipzig region was the arena of the Battle of the Nations. In 1913 a monument, the Völkerschlachtdenkmal, celebrating the hundred year anniversary of this event was finished. Völkerschlachtdenkmal] Having been a terminal of the first German long distance railroad (1838, to Dresden, the capital of Saxony), Leipzig became a hub of Central-European railroad traffic, with a renowned station building, now the largest passenger train station in Europe. Leipzig expanded rapidly towards one million inhabitants. Huge Gründerzeit areas were built, which survived, for the greater part, the War and after war demolitions. Nowadays these areas are unique in modern Germany. The decline of the number of inhabitants however remain a threat to these precious rich decorated remains of once Imperial Germany. [http://www.slovakia.tk/ Source: Press] The first German labour party, the General German Workers' Association (in German Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein, ADAV) was founded in Leipzig on 23 May 1863 by Ferdinand Lassalle; about 600 workers from across Germany travelled to it using the new railway line. Nobel prize laureate Werner Heisenberg worked as a physics professor at Leipzig University from 1927 to 1942. 1942 On November 9, 1938, on a night now known as Kristallnacht, Nazis in Leipzig destroyed Jewish synagogues and establishments in Leipzig as they did all over Germany. A U.S official in Leipzig described what he saw of the atrocities. "Having demolished dwellings and hurled most of the moveable effects to the streets," he wrote, "the insatiably sadistic perpetrators threw many of the trembling inmates into a small stream that flows through the zoological park, commanding horrified spectators to spit at them, defile them with mud and jeer at their plight." The city was heavily damaged by Allied bombing during World War II. American troops of the 69th Infantry Division captured the city on April 20 1945, Adolf Hitler's 56th and final birthday. The US later ceded the city to the Red Army, and it was one of the major cities of East Germany. In 1989 after prayers for peace at the Nikolai Church (established in 1983 as part of the peace-movement) the Monday demonstrations started as the most prominent mass event that led to democratisation and later on to the German reunification. Leipzig was also the German candidate for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but didn't make it into the final list of bidders. See also: List of mayors of Leipzig

Quotations

Mein Leipzig lob' ich mir! Es ist ein klein Paris und bildet seine Leute. (I praise my Leipzig! It is a small Paris and educates its people.) - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Faust

Buildings

- City-High-Rise-Building Leipzig

Twinning

Leipzig is twinned with:
- Birmingham, England [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/twins Birmingham's Partner City page]
- Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Houston, Texas.

Sights

Among Leipzig's noteworthy institutions are also the Gewandhaus Orchestra, the opera house, Oper Leipzig, and the [http://www.zoo-leipzig.de/ Leipzig Zoo], which houses the world's largest facilities for primates. Additionally, Leipzig has an international trade fair ground in the north of the city with the world largest levitated Glass Hall. (Leipzig Trade Fair)

Webcam

Live image of tram station in front of the main train station: http://www.lvb.de/webcam.html

Events

- Summer Safari 60s Festival (August): http://www.summer-safari.de/
- Literature expostition & festival (March): http://www.leipziger-buchmesse.de/
- The Johann Sebastian Bach Festival (May): http://www.bach-leipzig.de/
- International Dark, Wave, Gothic Festival (Whitsun): Wave Gotik Treffen http://wave-gotik-treffen.de/
- Emancipatoric Punk & Electro Festival (August): http://www.ladyfestleipzig.de/
- International Documentary and Animated Film Festival (October): http://www.dokfestival-leipzig.de/homepage/en/
- French Film Festival (October): http://www.franzoesische-filmtage.de/
- Leipzig Jazz Festival (November): http://www.leipziger-jazztage.de/
- Contemporary European Theater Festival (November): http://www.leipzig-online.de/euro-scene/
- Games Convention, computer- and videogames fair for customers: http://www.gc-germany.de/gcinfo_e.shtml Wave Gotik Treffen

Culture

- Summer Safari: Germany's biggest 60s weekender: http://www.summer-safari.de/
- Sprachenabend: International languages nights: http://www.leipzig.sprachenabend.de/
- Tangofabrik: Tango, Jazz in Fusion: http://www.tangofabrik-leipzig.de/
- Moritzbastei: Concerts, Lectures, Theater, Café, Students: http://www.moritzbastei.de/
- Conne Island: Emancipatoric Rock, Punk, Ska, Electro: http://www.conne-island.de
- 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig (first German champion in 1903): http://www.lok-leipzig.com
- Leipzig Lions (First Saxonian American Football Team)http://www.leipzig-lions.de
- Dark Flower: Alternative Club: http://www.darkflower.de/

External links

- The city's official website: http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/
- The city's trade fair: [http://www.leipziger-messe.com Leipzig Trade Fair]
- [http://web2.airmail.net/napoleon/Leipzig_battle.htm Battle of Leipzig 1813 -"The Battle of the Nations" The Biggest Battle of Napoleonic Wars]
- Stay for free with friendly Leipzig inhabitants: [http://secure.hospitalityclub.org/hc/membersrcexternal.php?country=73&xregion=Sachsen&city=Leipzig Hospitality Club Leipzig]
- A collection of photos from Leipzig: [http://www.leipzig-picture.com/ leipzig-picture.com]
- Some photos from Leipzig: [http://ganjineh.com/gallery/?page=germany,leipzig&cat=place Leipzig Gallery]
- Images and impressions in different languages: [http://blogs.lib24.de/augenblicke/ augenblicke :: A photoblog from Leipzig] Category:Cities in Germany Category:Towns in Saxony
- ko:라이프치히 ja:ライプツィヒ simple:Leipzig

Category:1465 births

Category:1519 deaths

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