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Johannes Schefferus

Johannes Schefferus

Johannes Schefferus (February 2, 1621 - March 26, 1679) was born in Strassburg, the present Strasbourg, in present-day France (at that time it was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and outside of France). Schefferus came from a patrician Strassburg family (Scheffer), studied at university there and briefly in Leiden, and was in 1648 made professor Skytteanus of eloquence and government at Uppsala University, a chair he held until his death in 1679. He was one of the most important Swedish humanists of his time. Schefferus also spent time on philological and archaeological studies. His De orbibus tribus aureis became the first publication on Swedish archaeology. The story of the Saami, Lapponia (1673) became popular around Europe but was not translated into Swedish (as Lappland) until 1956. His posthumous publication, Suecia literata ("The Learned Sweden") (1680) is a Swedish history of science bibliography. He was late in life involved in an intellectual dispute with (in particular) Olof Verelius (1618-1682) over the localation of the Temple at Uppsala. He argued that the temple should be found near the current location of Helga Trefaldighets kyrka (Church of the Holy Trinity) in Uppsala. It is today known that his opponents usually used forgery to meet his argumentation (this was presumably the cause parts of the largest survived Gothic text, Codex Argenteus, were retouched.) In 1648, he married Regina Loccenia, the daughter of a previous (1628-1642) professor skytteanus, Johannes Loccenius, and had two sons (see Scheffer). He died in March 26, 1679. Schefferus, Johannes Schefferus, Johannes

February 2

February 2 is the 33rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 332 days remaining (333 in leap years).

Events

- 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor in nearly 40 years.
- 1032 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor becomes King of Burgundy.
- 1119 - Callixtus II becomes Pope.
- 1509 - Battle of Diu takes place near Diu, India, between Portugal and Turkey.
- 1536 - Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 1653 - New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated.
- 1709 - Alexander Selkirk is rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe.
- 1812 - Russia establishes a fur trading colony at Fort Ross, along the California coast.
- 1848 - Mexican-American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed ending the war.
- 1848 - California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese emigrants seeking fortune in California's gold country arrive in San Francisco.
- 1870 - It is revealed that the famed Cardiff Giant was just carved gypsum and not the petrified remains of a human.
- 1876 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is formed.
- 1878 - Greece declares war on Turkey.
- 1880 - The first electric streetlight is installed in Wabash, Indiana.
- 1882 - The Knights of Columbus are formed in New Haven, Connecticut.
- 1887 - In Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania the first Groundhog Day is observed.
- 1897 - The Pennsylvania state capitol is destroyed by fire.
- 1899 - The Australian Premiers' Conference held in Melbourne decides to locate Australia's capital (Canberra) between Sydney and Melbourne.
- 1920 - Estonia declares its independence from Russia.
- 1920 - France occupies Memel.
- 1925 - Dog sleds reach Nome, Alaska with diphtheria serum, inspiring the Iditarod race.
- 1933 - Adolf Hitler dissolves the German Parliament.
- 1935 - The polygraph machine is tested for the first time. Leonard Keeler conducts the experiment in Portage, Wisconsin.
- 1940 - Frank Sinatra debuts with the Tommy Dorsey orchestra.
- 1943 - World War II: The last Nazi forces surrender to the Soviets after the Battle of Stalingrad.
- 1945 - World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill leave to meet with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference.
- 1952 - A tropical storm forms north of Cuba and moves northeast making landfall in Florida. It is the earliest reported formation of a tropical storm on record in the Atlantic basin.
- 1962 - For the first time in 400 years Neptune and Pluto align.
- 1967 - The American Basketball Association is formed.
- 1971 - After a coup in Uganda, Idi Amin replaces President Milton Obote as leader.
- 1972 - The British embassy in Dublin is destroyed in protest over Bloody Sunday
- 1976 - Groundhog Day gale of 1976 hits the north-eastern United States and south-eastern Canada.
- 1979 - Sid Vicious dies of a heroin overdose.
- 1980 - Abscam: Reports surface that FBI personnel were targeting members of the U.S. Congress in a sting operation.
- 1980 - Founding congress of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Turkey.
- 1982 - Hama Massacre: The government of Syria attacks the town of Hama and kills thousands of people.
- 1986 - Nurse Anita Cobby is found dead in a paddock in Prospect, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. She had been robbed, raped, and murdered. Five men (Micheal Murphy, Gary Murphy, Les Murphy, Micheal Murdoch, and John Travers) are later sentenced to life imprisonment without parole in June of 1987 for Anita Cobby's murder.
- 1989 - Soviet war in Afghanistan: The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending nine years of military occupation.
- 1990 - Apartheid: In South Africa President F.W. de Klerk allows the African National Congress to legally function again and promises to set Nelson Mandela free.
- 1998 - A Cebu Pacific Air DC-9-32 crashes into a mountain near Cagayan de Oro, Philippines, killing 104.

Births

- 1208 - James I of Aragon (d. 1276)
- 1455 - King John of Denmark (d. 1513)
- 1494 - Bona Sforza, queen of Sigismund I of Poland (d. 1557)
- 1502 - Damião de Góis, Portuguese philosopher (d. 1574)
- 1506 - René de Birague, French cardinal and chancellor (d. 1583)
- 1522 - Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (d. 1565)
- 1600 - Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (d. 1653)
- 1613 - Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1649)
- 1621 - Johannes Schefferus, Alsatian-born humanist (d. 1679)
- 1649 - Pope Benedict XIII (d. 1730)
- 1650 - Nell Gwynne, English actress and royal mistress (d. 1687)
- 1669 - Louis Marchand, French organist and harpsichordist (d. 1732)
- 1695 - William Borlase, English naturalist (d. 1772)
- 1700 - Johann Christoph Gottsched, German writer (d. 1766)
- 1711 - Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, Austrian diplomat (d. 1794)
- 1714 - Gottfried August Homilius, German composer (d. 1785)
- 1717 - Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, Austrian field marshal (d. 1790)
- 1754 - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician (d. 1838)
- 1802 - Jean Baptiste Boussingault, French chemist (d. 1887)
- 1803 - Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1862)
- 1829 - Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884)
- 1846 - Francis Marion Smith, American borax magnate (d. 1931)
- 1841 - François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss hydrologist (d. 1912)
- 1875 - Fritz Kreisler, Austrian violinist (d. 1962)
- 1878 - Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer (d. 1955)
- 1882 - James Joyce, Irish author (d. 1941)
- 1887 - Ernst Hanfstängl, German pianist and politician (d. 1975)
- 1888 - Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (d. 1969)
- 1890 - Charles Correll, American actor (d. 1972)
- 1895 - George Halas, American football player, coach, and league founder (d. 1983)
- 1897 - Howard Johnson, American hotelier (d. 1972)
- 1901 - Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (d. 1987)
- 1905 - Ayn Rand, Russian-born author (d. 1982)
- 1906 - Gale Gordon, American actor (d. 1995)
- 1913 - Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
- 1915 - Abba Eban, Israeli diplomat (d. 2002)
- 1918 - Hella S. Haasse, Dutch writer
- 1923 - James Dickey, American poet and author (d. 1997)
- 1923 - Bonita Granville, American actress (d. 1988)
- 1923 - Red Schoendienst, baseball player and manager
- 1923 - Liz Smith, American gossip columnist
- 1924 - Elfi von Dassanowsky, Austrian-American producer and musician
- 1925 - Elaine Stritch, American actress
- 1926 - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French politician
- 1927 - Stan Getz, American musician (d. 1991)
- 1931 - Dries van Agt, Dutch politician
- 1931 - Judith Viorst, American author
- 1932 - Robert Mandan, American actor
- 1937 - Tom Smothers, American musician and comedian
- 1942 - Christine Keeler, British model
- 1942 - Graham Nash, American musician
- 1944 - Geoffrey Hughes, British actor
- 1947 - Farrah Fawcett, American actress
- 1947 - Melanie Safka, American singer
- 1949 - Brent Spiner, American actor
- 1949 - Ross Valory, American musician (Journey)
- 1954 - Christie Brinkley, American model
- 1963 - Eva Cassidy, American singer (d. 1996)
- 1966 - Robert DeLeo, American musician (Stone Temple Pilots)
- 1967 - Arturs Irbe, Latvian hockey player
- 1969 - Valeri Karpin, Russian footballer
- 1972 - Dana International, Israeli singer
- 1975 - Ieroklis Stoltidis, Greek football player
- 1976 - James Hickman, British swimmer
- 1977 - Shakira, Colombian singer
- 1983 - Jordin Tootoo, Canadian hockey player
- 1987 - Martin Spanjers, American actor

Deaths

- 1124 - Duke Bořivoj II of Bohemia
- 1218 - Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1186)
- 1250 - King Eric XI of Sweden (b. 1216)
- 1461 - Owen Tudor, Welsh founder of the Tudor dynasty of England
- 1529 - Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer (b. 1478)
- 1580 - Bessho Nagaharu, Japanese retainer (b. 1558)
- 1594 - Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (b. 1525)
- 1648 - George Abbot, English writer
- 1660 - Govert Flinck, Dutch painter (b. 1615)
- 1660 - Gaston, Duke of Orléans, French politician (b. 1608)
- 1661 - Lucas Holstenius, German humanist (b. 1596)
- 1688 - Abraham Duquesne, French naval officer (b. 1610)
- 1704 - Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de l'Hôpital, French mathematician (b. 1661)
- 1712 - Martin Lister, English naturalist and physician
- 1714 - John Sharp, English Archbishop of Yorkshire (b. 1643)
- 1768 - Robert Smith, English mathematician (b. 1689)
- 1769 - Pope Clement XIII (b. 1693)
- 1802 - Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip, British statesman (b. 1713)
- 1895 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (b. 1817)
- 1907 - Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist (b. 1834)
- 1922 - William Desmond Taylor, Irish film director (b. 1872)
- 1925 - Jaap Eden, Dutch skater and cyclist (b. 1873)
- 1942 - Daniil Kharms, Russian playwright (b. 1906)
- 1948 - Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (b. 1894)
- 1950 - Constantin Carathéodory, Greek mathematician (b. 1873)
- 1956 - Charles Grapewin, American actor (b. 1869)
- 1969 - Boris Karloff, English actor (b. 1887)
- 1970 - Bertrand Russell, British mathematician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1872)
- 1979 - Sid Vicious, English musician (Sex Pistols) (b. 1957)
- 1980 - William Howard Stein, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- 1987 - Castilho, Brazilian footballer (b. 1927)
- 1987 - Alistair MacLean, Scottish novelist (b. 1922)
- 1992 - Bert Parks, American television host (b. 1914)
- 1995 - Donald Pleasence, English actor (b. 1919)
- 1996 - Gene Kelly, American dancer, actor, and director (b. 1912)
- 1997 - Sanford Meisner, American actor (b. 1904)
- 2003 - Lou Harrison, American composer (b. 1917)
- 2004 - Bernard McEveety, American film director (b. 1924)
- 2005 - Max Schmeling, German boxer (b. 1905)

Holidays and observances

- Ancient Latvia - Veja Diena observed
- Catholicism - Candlemas, The Presentation of the Lord, The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, World Day for Consecrated Life (also February 3 in the United States)
- France - Crêpe Day
- Paganism - Imbolc
- Scotland - A quarter day in the Christian calendar (due to Candlemas)
- United States and Canada - Groundhog Day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/2 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050202.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 1 - February 3 - January 2 - March 2 -- listing of all days February 02 ko:2월 2일 ms:2 Februari ja:2月2日 simple:February 2 th:2 กุมภาพันธ์

1621

Events

- February 9 - Gregory XV is elected pope.
- February 17 - Miles Standish is appointed as first commander of Plymouth Colony
- March 22 - The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.
- March 16 - Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them, "Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset."
- April 5 - The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth on a return trip to Great Britain.
- May 24 - Protestant Union was formally dissolved.
- June 21 - an execution of 27 Czech lords on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the battle on the "White Mountain".
- The Swedish city of Gothenburg is founded by Gustavus Adolphus
- Riga falls under rule of Sweden

Births

- February 2 - Johannes Schefferus, Alsatian-born humanist (d. 1679)
- February 21 - Rebecca Nurse, accused witch (d. 1692)
- March 31 - Andrew Marvell, English poet (d. 1678)
- April 25 - Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, British soldier, statesman, and dramatist (d. 1679)
- July 6 - Jean de La Fontaine, French writer (d. 1695)
- July 22 - Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, British politician (d. 1683)
- August 19 - Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, Dutch painter (d. 1674)
- September 8 - Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French general (d. 1686)
- December 23 - Edmund Berry Godfrey, English magistrate (d. 1678)
- December 23 - Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1682) See also :Category:1621 births.

Deaths

- January 28 - Pope Paul V (b. 1550)
- February 15 - Michael Praetorius, German composer
- February 28 - Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1590)
- March 31 - King Philip III of Spain (b. 1578)
- April 1 - Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (b. 1577)
- April 15 - John Carver, first governor of Plymouth Colony
- June 8 - Anne de Xainctonge, French saint (b. 1567)
- June 21 - Kryštof Harant z Polžic a Bezdružic, Bohemian composer, soldier, and author (executed) (b. 1564)
- July 2 - Thomas Harriot, English astronomer and mathematician
- July 10 - Karel Bonaventura Buquoy, French soldier (b. 1571)
- July 13 - Archduke Albert of Austria, Governor of the Low Countries (b. 1559)
- August 3 - Guillaume du Vair, French writer (b. 1556)
- August 15 - John Barclay, Scottish writer (b. 1582)
- September 17 - Robert Bellarmine, Italian saint (b. 1542)
- September 24 - Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Polish military commander (b. 1560)
- October 8 - Antoine de Montchrétien, French dramatist and economist
- October 16 - Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch commposer (b. 1562)
- November 26 - Radulph Agas, English surveyor
- December 13 - Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1535)
- December 15 - Charles de Luynes, Constable of France (b. 1578)
- Dirk Hartog, Dutch explorer (b. 1580) See also :Category:1621 deaths. Category:1621 ko:1621년 simple:1621

1679

Events

- January 24 - King Charles II of England disbands Parliament
- June 22 - the Duke of Monmouth subdues a insurrection of Scottish Covenanters at Birthwell Bridge
- August 7 - The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes.
- Battle of Bothwell Bridge
- Habeas Corpus Act 1679 passed in England.
- European explorers discover Niagara Falls.

Births

- January 24 - Christian Wolff, German philosopher (d. 1754)
- March 18 - Matthew Decker, English merchant and writer (d. 1749)
- August 22 - Pierre Guérin de Tencin, French cardinal (d. 1758)
- October 16 - Jan Dismas Zelenka, Bohemian composer (d. 1745)
- October 18 - Ann Putnam, Jr., American accuser in the Salem witch trials (d. 1716)
- Firmin Abauzit, French scientist (d. 1767)

Deaths

- January 1 - Jan Steen, Dutch painter
- March 16 - John Leverett, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. 1616)
- March 26 - Johannes Schefferus, Alsatian-born humanist (b. 1621)
- May 3 - James Sharp, English archbishop (assassinated) (b. 1613)
- May 26 - Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1636)
- June 15 - Guillaume Courtois, French painter (b. 1628)
- July 11 - William Chamberlayne, English poet (b. 1619)
- August 6 - John Snell, English royalist (b. 1629)
- August 24 - Jean François Paul de Gondi, cardinal de Retz, French churchman and agitator (b. 1614)
- September 17 - John of Austria the Younger, Spanish general (b. 1629)
- October 12 - William Gurnall, English writer (b. 1617)
- October 26 - Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, British soldier, statesman, and dramatist (b. 1621)
- December 4 - Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (b. 1588)
- December 31 - Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (b. 1608)
- Lady Anne Finch Conway, English philosopher (b. 1631) Category:1679 ko:1679년

Patrician

:This is an article about the privileged class in ancient Rome. For other uses of the term, see patrician (disambiguation). Patricians were originally the elite caste in ancient Rome. In the time of the late Roman Empire, the term patrician was a specific title given to a high court official. The Latin word for "patrician" is patricius (plural patricii). This comes from patrēs (cōnscrīptī), the plural of pater ("father") and the added sense of "enrolled fathers" (members of the Roman Senate). The word comes down in English as "patrician" from the Middle English patricion, from the Old French patricien.

Patrician caste

In the early days of the Roman Republic, patricians formed a hereditary ruling group within the state. The patricians claimed to be able to trace their family to the original populus of Roman before the reign of Ancus Marcius and strong ties to the earliest members of Roman Senate. All magistracies were off-limits to non-patricians, who were known as plebeians. Patrician status was inherited, and intermarriage between patricians and plebeians was forbidden. Trade between patricians and plebeians was also forbidden. Over time, conflict raged between the two classes, and patricians were slowly forced to relinquish their power. In 494 BC, the office of tribune was created to safeguard the interests of plebeians; no patrician could hold this office. By the 320s BC, all magistracies were open to plebeian candidates, and the importance of the distinction between patricians and plebeians began to fade. In addition, because patrician status was strictly inherited and no new patrician families were created, the number of patrician families decreased. By the last days of the Roman Republic in the first century BC, wealthy plebeian families had long become an integral part of the Roman elite, and patrician status offered little more than prestige. This reality was made clear in 59 BC, when the patrician Publius Clodius Pulcher arranged to be adopted by a plebeian (who was a year younger than he!) so that he could stand for the office of tribune. One of the few positions that remained reserved to patricians at this time was the office of Rex Sacrorum, king of sacred rites, who was theoretically the highest ranking priest, responsible for carrying on the religious duties of the early kings of Rome. In practice, his authority was superceded by that of the Pontifex Maximus, who was not necessarily a Patrician.

Patrician position

Under the Roman Empire, patrician status as it had been understood in the Republic ceased to have meaning in everyday life. The emperor Constantine reintroduced the term; Patrician (Patricius) became an honorific title for those who demonstrated faithful service to the Empire. There were generally only a few patricians in the Empire at any given time, and sometimes only one. By the fifth century in the West, the title generally denoted a man who held the power behind the imperial throne, usually a general of the Roman army. Patricians of this era included Stilicho, Constantius III (before he became co-emperor), Aëtius, Boniface, and Ricimer. The term was occasionally used in this sense in Western Europe after the end of the Roman Empire; for instance, Pope Stephen III granted the title "Patrician of the Romans" to the Frankish ruler Pippin III. In the East, where the Emperors maintained their hold on power, the title maintained its meaning as an honorific until Latin titles fell out of use as Greek became the language of the court.

List of Patricii

- Flavius Julius Constantius: 335-337
- Flavius Stilicho: 394-408 (also magister militum)
- Flavius Constantius: 417-421 (later emperor February-September 421)
- Flavius Castinus: 420s
- Bonifacius: 432
- Flavius Aëtius: 433-454 (also magister militum)
- Petronius Maximus: 445-455 (later emperor March-April 455)
- Ricimer: 456-472 (also magister militum)
- Gundobad: 472-473 (also magister militum, and later King of the Burgundians 473-516)
- Odoacer: 476-493 (also King of Italy)
- al-Harith ibn Jabalah: 529-569 (also King of the Ghassanids)

Modern usage

In modern English, the word patrician is generally used to denote a member of the upper class, often with connotations of inherited wealth, elitism, and a sense of noblesse oblige. This definition derives from the first meaning of the word above.

Use in fiction

In the satirical fantasy series Discworld by British author Terry Pratchett, the city of Ankh-Morpork is run by a Presidential like figure akin to the old roman nobility. The ruler rules under the title of Patrician but is in all respects simply a tyrant. In the City Watch (see Guards! Guards!) series of novels the Patrician is named Havelock Vetinari and though he often puts up a democratic facade he is to all intents and purposes a dictator, albeit a (relatively) benign one. In the science-fiction 'Foundation' trilogy of Isaac Asimov, in the novel 'Foundation and Empire', Ducem Barr is referred to as a Patrician of the Empire. Within the story it is an inherited noble title, clearly derived of the Roman Imperial meaning, after which Asimov's Galactic Empire was modeled. Additionally, a fan series spin-off to Stargate SG-1, titled 'StarGate: Haven,' has the Patrician Empire as the main enemy.

1648

Events

- Peace treaty signed at Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War.
- Chmielnicki Uprising in Republic of Both Nations (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth).
- The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Treaty of Munster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state, (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the Estates General) which was before a province of the Spanish Empire. The Netherlands becomes the first European power with a republican form of government.
- November 11 - France and Netherlands agree to divide the island of Sint Maarten/Saint Martin.
- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Ibrahim I (1640-1648) to Mehmed IV (1648-1687)
- The Rump Parliament finds Charles I guilty of treason, and sentences him to be executed.
- Admiral Robert Blake defeats Prince Rupert and the remnants of the Royalist navy in the English Civil War.
- In India, building of the Red Fort is completed.
- Discovery of strait (Bering Strait) between Asia and North America by Semyon Dezhnev
- The west bank of Prague (including the Prague Castle) occupied and looted by Swedish armies.
- Sabbatai Zevi declares himself the Messiah at Smyrna.

Ongoing events

- English Civil War (1642-1649)

Births

- January 1 - Elkanah Settle, English writer (d. 1724)
- February 23 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730)
- April 4 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (d. 1721)
- April 7 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721)
- April 9 - Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Galway, French soldier and diplomat (d. 1720)
- April 13 - Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motte Guyon, French mystic (d. 1717)
- April 26 - King Peter II of Portugal (d. 1712)
- August 9 - Johann Michael Bach, German composer (d. 1694)
- December 15 - Gregory King, English statistician (d. 1712)
- John Blow, British composer (d. 1708) See also :Category:1648 births.

Deaths

- February 2 - George Abbot, English writer
- February 28 - Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway (b. 1577)
- March 12 - Tirso de Molina, Spanish writer
- March 14 - Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron, English general (b. 1584)
- May 20 - King Wladislaus IV of Poland (b. 1595)
- May 26 - Vincent Voiture, French poet (b. 1597)
- August 12 - Ibrahim I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1615)
- August 20 - Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English diplomat, poet, and philosopher (b. 1583)
- September 1 - Marin Mersenne, French mathematician (b. 1588)
- November 17 - Thomas Ford, English composer See also :Category:1648 deaths. Category:1648 ko:1648년

1679

Events

Births

Deaths

Lapponia

Lapponia or Laponia is the Latin name of the historic region of Lappland, a large area covering the northern part of present Sweden and Finland. Lapponia can also mean:
- Lapponia, an ethnographic account of the region, authored by Johannes Schefferus and published 1673.
- Lapponia, the name of a Finnish Eurovision song contest entry.
- Lapponia, the name of a line of Finnish designer jewellery
- Lapponia, the name of a Finnish cloudberry liqueur

Temple at Uppsala

The Temple at Uppsala was a Temple in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala), near modern Uppsala, Sweden, created to worship the Norse gods of ancient times. ancient The temple is only sparsely documented, but it is referred to in the Norse sagas and Gesta Danorum, and it is described by Adam of Bremen. The chief controversies are exactly where in Old Uppsala the temple was located and whether or not it was a building. Some believe that the temple was confused with the hall of the Swedish kings (located some tens of metres to the north of the present church). Churches were usually built on top of previous pagan temples, and during an excavation of the church, the remains of one, and possibly several, large wooden buildings were found. Snorri Sturluson wrote that the temple had been built by the god Freyr who used to reside at Uppsala. Snorri and Saxo Grammaticus claimed that it was Freyr who began the human sacrifices. The Norse sagas, Saxo Grammaticus and Adam of Bremen describe the sacrifices at Uppsala as popular festivals attracting people from all over Sweden, and many of these sources provide accounts of human sacrifice for the Norse gods. The Temple at Uppsala was probably destroyed by King Ingold I in 1087 during the last known battle between the pagans and the Christians. In the year 2000, a blót was performed at Old Uppsala. This was almost certainly the first one in 900 years. It was done by the Swedish Asatrúer.

Heimskringla

Asatrú Snorri Sturluson relates that the Temple was built by the god Frey, who settled at Uppsala: :Odin took up his residence at the Maelare lake (Mälaren), at the place now called Old Sigtun. There he erected a large temple, where there were sacrifices according to the customs of the Asaland people. He appropriated to himself the whole of that district, and called it Sigtun (by some suggested to be the same as Tacitus's Sitones). To the temple priests he gave also domains. Njord dwelt in Noatun, Frey in Upsal, Heimdal in the Himinbergs, Thor in Thrudvang, Balder in Breidablik; to all of them he gave good estates.[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_01.php] :Frey built a great temple at Upsal, made it his chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land, and goods. Then began the Upsal domains, which have remained ever since.[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/000_02.php] :But after Frey was buried under a cairn at Upsala, many chiefs raised cairns, as commonly as stones, to the memory of their relatives.[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/000_02.php] He also relates that there were human sacrifices: :Domald took the heritage after his father Visbur, and ruled over the land. As in his time there was great famine and distress, the Swedes made great offerings of sacrifice at Upsal. The first autumn they sacrificed oxen, but the succeeding season was not improved thereby. The following autumn they sacrificed men, but the succeeding year was rather worse. The third autumn, when the offer of sacrifices should begin, a great multitude of Swedes came to Upsal; and now the chiefs held consultations with each other, and all agreed that the times of scarcity were on account of their king Domald, and they resolved to offer him for good seasons, and to assault and kill him, and sprinkle the stalle of the gods with his blood. And they did so. [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_03.php] :After Ole's fall, On returned to Upsal, and ruled the kingdom for twenty-five years. Then he made a great sacrifice again for long life, in which he sacrificed his second son, and received the answer from Odin, that he should live as long as he gave him one of his sons every tenth year, and also that he should name one of the districts of his country after the number of sons he should offer to Odin.[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_05.php] Moreover, he relates that many people gathered there for the sacrifices: :Onund's district-kings were at that time spread widely over Sweden, and Svipdag the Blind ruled over Tiundaland, in which Upsal is situated, and where all the Swedish Things are held. There also were held the mid-winter sacrifices, at which many kings attended. One year at midwinter there was a great assembly of people at Upsal, and King Yngvar had also come there with his sons. Alf, King Yngvar's son, and Ingjald, King Onund's son, were there -- both about six years old. They amused themselves with child's play, in which each should be leading on his army.[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/heim/001_07.php] According to Snorri, there was a main blót at the Temple at Uppsala in February, and they sacrificed for peace and for the victories of the king. Then the Ting of all Swedes was conducted and there was a grand fair, and this continued even after Sweden had been Christianized. The Dísablót was performed to see how large the next harvest would be.

Gesta Danorum

Like Snorri, Saxo wrote it was a place for human sacrifice founded by the god Frey: :Also Frey, the regent of the gods, took his abode not far from Upsala, where he exchanged for a ghastly and infamous sin-offering the old custom of prayer by sacrifice, which had been used by so many ages and generations. For he paid to the gods abominable offerings, by beginning to slaughter human victims.[http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/DanishHistory/book3.html] He also writes that there were assemblies of people entertaining themselves: :And when he (Starkad) had done many noteworthy deeds among them, he went into the land of the Swedes, where he lived at leisure for seven years' space with the sons of Frey (House of Yngling). At last he left them and betook himself to Hakon, the tyrant of Denmark, because when stationed at Upsala, at the time of the sacrifices, he was disgusted by the effeminate gestures and the clapping of the mimes on the stage, and by the unmanly clatter of the bells. [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/DanishHistory/book6.html]

Adam of Bremen

House of Yngling (1555)]] Adam of Bremen wrote that the Swedes had a famous temple named Ubsola near which there was a large tree with wide branches. It was always green, and no one knew what species it was. There was also a well where they apparently used to perform the sacrifices. One of these was to immerse a living man in the well. If the man disappeared the gods would answer the prayers. It was not far from the towns of Sigtuna and Birka. A golden chain was around the temple hanging over its gables. The chain could be seen glittering far and wide for those who approached. It stood on flat ground surrounded by mounds like a theatre. Inside the temple, which was richly decorated with gold, there were three statues of gods. The most important god, Thor sat on a throne in the centre and beside him sat the gods Odin (called Wotan by Adam) and Frey (called Fricco by Adam). Thor was said to govern the air, thunder, lightning, winds, rain, good weather and harvests. Odin, which meant the furious, brought war and gave strength against enemies. Frey who gave peace and pleasure was represented by a statue with an immense phallos. Odin's statue was armed, and was likened to Mars and Thor was likened by Adam to Jupiter. The people also worshiped heroes who had been elevated to gods, such as king Erik about whom it is told in Vita Ansgari. There were priests appointed for the gods, and if plague or famine threatened they sacrificed to Thor, whereas they sacrificed to Odin for war and to Frey for marriages. The tradition was that every ninth year, there was a great feast at the vernal equinox which was attended obligatorily by all Swedes. Not long ago, a Christian king named Anund (Anund Gårdske) had refused to sacrifice to the gods and had left glady for his faith. All the kings and the people brought gifts to Uppsala and even the Christians had to redeem themselves by attending, which Adam found to be distressing. There were feasts and sacrifices for nine days and each day they sacrificed a man and animals so that when the nine days had passed seventy-two men and animals had been sacrificed. They offered nine male heads of every living thing that was used in sacrifices, even dogs and horses together with the men (the remaining were probably rams, cocks, pigs, goats and bulls) and the bodies hanged in the sacred grove adjoining the temple. Every tree in the grove was sacred due to the death and decomposition of the corpses. A 72-year-old Christian had seen the corpses hanging arbitrarily from the branches and reported that the songs sung were many and improper. Adam considered it best not to be more specific about their content.

Destruction

When Olof Skötkonung had been baptised he wanted to have it destroyed, but the Temple at Uppsala was probably destroyed by king Ingold I in 1087 during the last battle between the pagans and the Christians. The new cathedral of the Swedish archbishopric was constructed on the site, and during an excavation of the church the remains of one or several wooden constructions were found. The area also has a vast grave field that once comprised 2000-3000 mounds, and the remains of the houses of the Swedish kings. Since the Iron age, the area has always been the property of either the Swedish king or the Swedish state (the centre of the Uppsala öd). There is a museum and a restaurant where visitors can drink mead from horns. See also:
- Fyris Wolds Category:Medieval literature Category:Nordic folklore Category:Sagas of Iceland Category:Norse mythology Category:Germanic paganism Category:Religious buildings

Category:1621 births

Category:1679 deaths

Arzneimittelverzeichnisse

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Weblinks

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