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John Addington Symonds

John Addington Symonds

John Addington Symonds was the name of a father and son, both English writers. The father, John Addington Symonds MD (1807-1871), was the author of an essay on Criminal Responsibility (1869), The Principles of Beauty (1857) and Sleep and Dreams (2nd ed., 1857). He married Harriet Sykes of Leatherhead, Surrey. Their only son, John Addington Symonds (October 5 1840 - April 19, 1893), was a critic and poet. He was born at Bristol. Considered delicate, he did not take part in games while at Harrow School and showed no particular promise as a scholar. In 1858 he proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford as a commoner but was elected to an exhibition in the following year. At Oxford, Symonds began to reveal his academic ability. In 1860 he took a first in "Mods" and won the Newdigate prize with a poem on The Escorial; in 1862 he obtained a first in Literae Humaniores and in the following year was winner of the Chancellor's English Essay. In 1862 he had been elected to an open fellowship at Magdalen. The strain of study proved too great for him. Immediately after his election to a fellowship, his health broke down, and he left for Switzerland. There he met Janet Catherine North. After a romantic betrothal in the mountains, he married her at Hastings on November 10, 1864. They settled in London. Symonds hoped to study law, but his health again broke down and forced him to travel. Returning to Clifton, he lectured there, both at the college and to ladies' schools; the results can be seen in his Introduction to the Study of Dante (1872) and his Studies of the Greek Poets (1873-1876). Meanwhile he was occupied with his major work, Renaissance in Italy, which appeared in seven volumes at intervals between 1875 and 1886. The Renaissance had been the subject of Symonds' prize essay at Oxford, and this had aroused a desire to produce a more complete picture of the reawakening of art and literature in Europe. His work, however, was again interrupted by illness, this time in a more serious form. In 1877 his life was in danger, and the recovery he made at Davos Platz led to a belief that this was the only place where he was likely to be able to enjoy life. He practically made his home at Davos. A charming picture of his life there is drawn in Our Life in the Swiss Highlands (1891). Symonds became a citizen of the town; he took part in its municipal business, made friends with the peasants and shared their interests. There he wrote most of his books: biographies of Shelley (1878), Sir Philip Sidney (1886), Ben Jonson (1886) and Michelangelo (1893), several volumes of poetry and essays, and a translation of the Autobiography of Benvenuto Cellini (1887). There, too, he completed his study of the Renaissance, the work for which he is mainly remembered. He was feverishly active throughout his life. The amount of work he achieved was remarkable, considering his poor health. He had a passion for Italy and for many years resided during the autumn in the house of his friend, Horatio F Brown, on the Zattere, in Venice. He died in Rome and was buried close to Shelley. He left his papers and his autobiography in the hands of Brown, who published a comprehensive biography in 1895. Two works, a volume of essays, In the Key of Blue, and a monograph on Walt Whitman, were published in the year of his death. His activity was unbroken to the last. In life Symonds was morbidly introspective, but with a capacity for action. Robert Louis Stevenson described him, in the Opalstein of Talks and Talkers, as "the best of talkers, singing the praises of the earth and the arts, flowers and jewels, wine and music, in a moonlight, serenading manner, as to the light guitar." Beneath his good fellowship lurked a haunting melancholy. He was tormented by the riddles of existence. This side of his nature is revealed in his gnomic poetry, and particularly in the sonnets of his Animi Figura (1882), where he has portrayed his own character with great subtlety. His poetry is perhaps rather that of the student than of the inspired singer, but it has moments of deep thought and emotion. It is, indeed, in passages and extracts that Symonds appears at his best. Rich in description, full of "purple patches," his work lacks the harmony and unity essential to the conduct of philosophical argument. His translations are among the finest in the language; here his subject was found for him, and he was able to lavish on it the wealth of colour and quick sympathy which were his characteristics. This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Symonds, John Addington Symonds, John Addington Symonds, John Addington Symonds, John Addington Symonds, John Addington Symonds, John Addington Symonds, John Addington

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1807

1807 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).

Events

- February - Napoleon attacks Russia
- February 6 - Naval Engagement
- February 8 - Battle of Eylau - Napoleon defeats Russians under General Benigssen
- February 19 - In Alabama, Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is tried for conspiracy and aquitted.
- March 2 - The U.S. Congress passes an act to "prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States ... from any foreign kingdom, place, or country."
- March 25 - The Slave Trade Act becomes law abolishing slavery in the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
- March 29 - H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Vesta
- May 22 - Sufficient evidence is presented to a grand jury to indict former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr for treason.
- June - Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
- June 6 - Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal
- July 5 - Disastrous British attack to Buenos Aires
- July 7 - Peace of Tilsit between France, Prussia and Russia.
- July 9 - Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia
- July 13 - With the death of Henry Benedict Stuart, the last Stuart claimant to the throne of the United Kingdom, the movement of Jacobitism ends.
- August 17 - The Clermont, Robert Fulton's first American steamboat, leaves New York City for Albany, New York on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world.
- September 1 - Former US Vice President Aaron Burr is acquitted of treason. He had been accused of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Mexico to become part of an independent republic.
- September 2 - September 7 - British Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon. 30% of the city was destroyed and 2000 citizens were killed.
- October 9 - Serfdom is abolished in Prussia by law.
- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Selim III (1789-1807) to Mustafa IV (1807-1808)
- Battle of Abrantes - The French under Junot take the town.

Ongoing events

- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Fourth Coalition

Births

- January 19 - Robert E. Lee, American Confederate general (d. 1870)
- February 27 - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American poet (d. 1882)
- March 1 - Wilford Woodruff, American religious leader (d. 1898)
- April 20 - John Milton, Governor of Florida (d. 1865)
- May 28 - Louis Agassiz, French zoologist and geologist (d. 1873)
- July 4 - Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (d. 1882)
- August 11 - David Rice Atchison, American politician (d. 1886)
- October 8 - Harriet Taylor English philosophical writer (d. 1858)
- Abd al-Kader, Algerian military and religious leader

Deaths

- February 5 - Pasquale Paoli, Corsican patriot and military leader (b. 1725)
- April 10 - Anna Amalia, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, regent of Weimar and Eisenach (b. 1739)
- May 10 - Comte de Rochambeau, French soldier (b. 1725)
- May 13 - Eliphalet Dyer, American statesman and judge (b. 1721)
- May 18 - John Douglas, Scottish Anglican bishop and man of letters (b. 1721)
- July 13 - Henry Benedict Stuart, claimant to the throne of the United Kingdom (b. 1725)
- September 14 - George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend, British field marshal (b. 1724)
- November 5 - Angelica Kauffmann, Swiss painter (b. 1741)
- November 23 - Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (b. 1747)
- December 19 - Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm, German writer (b. 1723)
- December 21 - John Newton, English cleric and hymnist (b. 1725)
- Baron de Breteuil, prime minister of King Louis XVI of France (b. 1730) Category:1807 ko:1807년 ms:1807 simple:1807

1871

1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April

- January 2 - Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
- January 10 - France surrenders to end the Franco-Prussian War
- January 18 - The member-states of the North German Confederation unite into a single nation-state known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.
- January 21 - Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops win in Dijon
- March 21 - Marriage of Princess Louise to John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, whose father, the 8th Duke of Argyll, is the serving Secretary of State for India.
- March 22 - In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.
- March 26 - The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris.
- March 29 - The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
- April - Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.
- April 20 - President Ulysses Grant signs the Ku Klux Klan Act.

May - August

- May 11 - First trial of the case of Tichborne Claimant begins in the London Court of Common Pleas.
- May 21-30 - French Third Republic.government troops invade Paris Commune and crush the rebellion.
- July 20 - British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.
- July 20 - C. W. Alcock proposes that 'a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association', giving birth to the FA Cup.
- August 31 - Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.

September - December

- October 8 - Three major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois, Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and Holland, Michigan
- The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, burning 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²) in one day, eventually destroying about 17,450 buildings, and killing about 250 people while leaving another 90,000 homeless.
- The Peshtigo Fire burns 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²) across six counties in one day and kills 1,200 to 2,500 people, making it the deadliest in United States history.
- The Holland Fire destroys at least two towns.
- October 20 - The Royal Regiment of Artillery formed the first regular Canadian army units when they created two batteries of garrison artillery which eventually became The Royal Canadian Artillery.
- October 27 - The Comte de Chambord refuses to be crowned 'King Henry V of France' until France abandons its tricolour and returns to the old bourbon flag.
- October 27 - New York mayor Boss Tweed arrested
- October 27 - British occupy the Klipdrift in South Africa, ending the Klipdrift Republic
- November 10 - Henry Morton Stanley locates missing explorer and missionary, Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him saying "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
- November 17 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.
- December 10 - The German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state.

Unknown date

- University Tests Act removes religious tests at Oxford and Cambridge.
- Trade Union Act - British trade unions legalized.
- Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy.
- Japan forms its own police force based on French model.
- George Biddell Airy discovers astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.
- Abolition of the han system in Japan.
- William Marcy Tweed serves his last year as the "Boss" of Tammany Hall.
- Neath RFC founded
- Cary, North Carolina named in honor of Samuel Fenton Cary

Births

- January 7 - Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel, French mathematician and politician (d. 1956)
- January 30 - Wilfred Lucas, Canadian-born actor (d. 1940)
- February 4 - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925)
- February 18 - Harry Brearley, English inventor (d. 1948)
- March 1 - Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (d. 1938)
- March 5 - Rosa Luxemburg, German politician (d. 1919)
- March 19 - Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (d. 1921)
- March 27 - Heinrich Mann, German writer (d. 1950)
- March 31 - Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (d. 1922)
- May 3 - Walter Robinson Parr, English-born pastor (d. 1922)
- May 6 - Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1935)
- May 6 - Christian Morgenstern, German author (d. 1914)
- May 27 - Georges Rouault, French painter and graphic artist (d. 1958)
- July 10 - Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)
- July 17 - Lyonel Feininger, German painter (d. 1956)
- July 25 - Richard Ernest Turner, Canadian soldier (d. 1961)
- August 14 - Guangxu Emperor of China (d. 1908)
- August 19 - Orville Wright, American aviation pioneer (d. 1948)
- August 25 - Ross Winn, American anarchist writer and publisher (d. 1912)
- August 27 - Theodore Dreiser, American writer (d. 1945)
- August 29 - Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
- August 30 - Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1937)
- September 24 - Lottie Dod, English athlete (d. 1960)
- September 26 - Winsor McCay, American cartoonist and animator (d. 1934)
- September 27 - Grazia Deledda, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
- October 2 - Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
- October 30 - Paul Valéry, French poet (d. 1945)
- November 1 - Stephen Crane, American writer (d. 1900)
- December 9 - Joe Kelley, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1943)
- December 13 - Emily Carr, Canadian artist (d. 1945)

Deaths

- January 15 - Edward C. Delevan, American temperance movement leader (b. 1793)
- February 11 - Gaspard Théodore Ignace de la Fontaine, Luxembourg politician
- February 20 - Paul Kane, Irish-born painter (b. 1810)
- May 11 - John Herschel, English astronomer (b. 1792)
- September 20 - John Coleridge Patteson, Anglican bishop and missionary (martyred) (b. 1827)
- September 23 - Louis-Joseph Papineau, Canadian politician (b. 1786)
- October 18 - Charles Babbage, English mathematician and inventor (b. 1791)
- December 28 - John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (b. 1809)
- March 18 - Augustus De Morgan, Professor of mathematics and mathematician (b. 1806) Category:1871 ko:1871년 simple:1871

Leatherhead, Surrey

Leatherhead is a medium-sized town in Surrey, on the River Mole. It has a small and 1970s pedestrianised town centre, which despite containing a brand-new supermarket and many specialist shops has recently been voted amongst the worst in the UK. ( - this is most undeserved - user: RichardHarrold) Leatherhead Football Club was renowned in the early 1970s for its "Giant Killing" exploits in the FA Cup, but has since retreated into obscurity. Since the summer of 2000 Leatherhead Football Club has been run by the Tanners supporters who stepped into the breach when it seemed their Club would go out of existence. A small army of volunteers has worked hard to bring stability to Fetcham Grove and they can take great pride in their achievements. The playing side of the Club has made steady progress whilst the infrastructure at the ground has been restored and a sound financial position established. A new long-term lease on Fetcham Grove has helped secure the Tanners future. Sponsorship by Milners, who back the Ryman League team, and Toshiba Carrier, who assist the youth team, has been of great benefit in the Leatherhead recovery. Chris Kelly (the "Leatherhead Lip"), star player in the 70's team is now back at Fetcham Grove in the role of Commercial Manager. Leatherhead's School for the Blind, was once the work-place for Paul Heaton, but he was fired after encouraging residents to try cycling! Other famous residents have included: Marc Bolan, who went to school at Therfield, the Beaverbrook family, and Kevin Williams the "Home Doctor".

External link

- [http://www.tanners.blogspot.com Leatherhead Football Club] Category:Towns in Surrey

October 5

October 5 is the 278th day of the year (279th in Leap years). There are 87 days remaining.

Events

- 1582 - Due to the implementation of the Gregorian calendar this day does not exist in this year in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain.
- 1665 - The University of Kiel is founded.
- 1793 - French Revolution: Christianity is disestablished in France.
- 1864 - The Indian city of Calcutta is almost totally destroyed by a cyclone; 60,000 die.
- 1869 - A strong hurricane devestates the Bay of Fundy region of Maritime Canada. The storm had been predicted over a year before by a British naval officer.
- 1877 - Chief Joseph surrenders his Nez Percé band to General Nelson A. Miles.
- 1895 - The first individual time trial for racing cyclists is held on a 50-mile course north of London.
- 1905 - Wilbur Wright pilots Wright Flyer III in a flight of 24 miles in 39 minutes. A world record that stands until 1908.
- 1910 - Portugal overthrows its monarchy and declares itself a republic.
- 1915 - Bulgaria enters World War I as one of the Central Powers.
- 1921 - Baseball: The World Series was broadcast on the radio for the first time.
- 1930 - British Airship R101 crashed in France en-route to India on its maiden voyage.
- 1936 - The Jarrow March sets off for London.
- 1944 - Canadian Air Force pilots shoot down the first German Jet fighter over France.
- 1947 - The first televised White House address is given by U.S. President Harry S. Truman.
- 1949 - WSAZ, West Virginia's first television station, begins broadcasting in Huntington.
- 1953 - The first documented recovery meeting of Narcotics Anonymous is held.
- 1953 - Earl Warren is sworn in as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States.
- 1962 - The Beatles release their first hit, "Love Me Do," in Britain.
- 1966 - Near Detroit, Michigan, there is a partial core meltdown at the Enrico Fermi demonstration nuclear breeder reactor, killing three workers.
- 1969 - The first broadcast of Monty Python's Flying Circus.
- 1970 - PBS became a television network.
- 1970 - Montreal, Quebec: British Trade Commissioner James Cross is kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group.
- 1973 - Signature of the European Patent Convention
- 1974 - Guildford pub bombing by the IRA leaves 5 dead and 65 injured.
- 1974 - I Honestly Love You first reaches #1 on the Billboard charts, giving Olivia Newton-John her first top-selling single in the United States.
- 1981 - Raoul Wallenberg becomes an honorary U.S. citizen.
- 1984 - Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space, aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger.
- 1988 - in the first fair poll since 1973, chileans vote "NO" to a 3th term in office for General Augusto Pinochet, sparking a transition to democracy process.
- 1990 - After one hundred and fifty years The Herald broadsheet newspaper in Melbourne, Australia, is published for the last time as a separate newspaper.
- 1991 - An Indonesian military transport crashes after takeoff from Jakarta killing 137.
- 1991 - The first official version of the Linux kernel, version 0.02, is released.
- 1999 - The Ladbroke Grove rail crash.
- 2000 - Mass demonstrations in Belgrade lead to resignation of Serbian strongman Slobodan Milošević.
- 2001 - Tom Ridge resigned as Governor of Pennsylvania to become President Bush's Homeland Security Advisor.
- 2003 - Akhmad Kadyrov elected President of Chechnya.
- 2005 - NHL started its season to end a year-and-a-half lockout.

Births

- 1520 - Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, Italian cardinal (d. 1589)
- 1641 - Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan, French mistress of King Louis XIV of France (d. 1707)
- 1658 - Mary of Modena, queen of James II of England (d. 1718)
- 1695 - John Glas, Scottish minister (d. 1773)
- 1703 - Jonathan Edwards, American minister (d. 1758)
- 1712 - Francesco Guardi, Italian painter (d. 1793)
- 1713 - Denis Diderot, French philosopher and encylopedist (d. 1784)
- 1715 - Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, French economist (d. 1789)
- 1717 - Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle duchess de Châteauroux, French mistress of King Louis XV of France (d. 1744)
- 1781 - Bernard Bolzano, Czech mathematician and philosopher (d. 1848)
- 1795 - Alexander Keith, brewer (d. 1873)
- 1824 - Henry Chadwick, baseball writer and statistician (d. 1908)
- 1829 - Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (d.1886)
- 1878 - Louise Dresser, American actress (d. 1965)
- 1879 - Francis Peyton Rous, American pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1970)
- 1882 - Robert Goddard, American rocket scientist (d. 1945)
- 1887 - René Cassin, French judge, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1976)
- 1889 - Teresa de la Parra, Venezuelan writer (d. 1936)
- 1894 - Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (d. 1948)
- 1902 - Larry Fine, American actor and comedian (d. 1975)
- 1902 - Ray Kroc, American fast food entrepreneur (d. 1984)
- 1903 - M. King Hubbert, American geophysicist (d. 1989)
- 1905 - Harriet E. MacGibbon, American actress (d. 1987)
- 1907 - Mrs. Miller, American singer (d. 1997)
- 1908 - Joshua Logan, American film director and writer (d. 1988)
- 1911 - Flann O'Brien, Irish humorist (d. 1966)
- 1917 - Allen Ludden, American television game show host (d. 1981)
- 1919 - Donald Pleasence, English actor (d. 1995)
- 1921 - Bill Willis, American football player
- 1922 - José Froilán González, Argentine race car driver
- 1922 - Bil Keane, American cartoonist
- 1922 - Jock Stein, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 1985)
- 1923 - Albert Guðmundsson, Icelandic professional football player and politician (d. 1994)
- 1923 - Glynis Johns, British actress
- 1924 - Bill Dana, American actor and comedian
- 1925 - Gail Davis, American actress (d. 1997)
- 1926 - Willi Unsoeld, American climber (d. 1979)
- 1928 - Louise Fitzhugh, American author (d. 1974)
- 1929 - Richard F. Gordon, Jr., American astronaut
- 1930 - Anne Haddy, Australian actress (d. 1999)
- 1930 - Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut
- 1930 - Reinhard Selten, German economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1933 - Diane Cilento, Australian actress
- 1934 - Angelo Buono, Jr., American serial killer (d. 2002)
- 1935 - Diahann Carroll, American actress
- 1936 - Václav Havel, playwright and President of the Czech Republic
- 1937 - Barry Switzer, American football coach
- 1938 - Teresa Heinz Kerry, American philanthropist, wife of John Kerry
- 1941 - Eduardo Duhalde, President of Argentina
- 1943 - Steve Miller, American musician
- 1948 - Tawl Ross, American musician (P Funk)
- 1948 - Zoran Živković, Serbian writer
- 1949 - B. W. Stevenson, American singer and songwriter (d. 1988)
- 1950 - Jeff Conaway, American actor
- 1951 - Karen Allen, American actress
- 1951 - Bob Geldof, Irish musician (The Boomtown Rats)
- 1952 - Clive Barker, English writer
- 1952 - Duncan Regehr, Canadian actor
- 1957 - Mark Geragos, American attorney
- 1958 - André Kuipers, Dutch astronaut
- 1958 - Bernie Mac, American actor and comedian
- 1960 - Daniel Baldwin, American actor
- 1962 - Michael Andretti, American race car driver
- 1963 - Caron Keating, Irish television personality (d. 2004)
- 1965 - Mario Lemieux, Canadian hockey player
- 1965 - Patrick Roy, Canadian hockey player
- 1967 - Guy Pearce, English-born actor
- 1972 - Grant Hill, American basketball player
- 1975 - Kate Winslet, English actress
- 1980 - Paul Thomas, American musician (Good Charlotte)
- 1983 - Nicky Hilton, American heiress

Deaths

- 578 - Justin II, Byzantine Emperor
- 877 - Charles the Bald (b. 823)
- 1056 - Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1017)
- 1112 - Sigebert of Gembloux, French chronicler
- 1214 - King Alfonso VIII of Castile (b. 1155)
- 1285 - King Philip III of France (b. 1245)
- 1528 - Richard Fox, English churchman
- 1540 - Helius Eobanus Hessus, German poet (b. 1488)
- 1564 - Pierre de Manchicourt, Flemish composer
- 1565 - Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (b. 1522)
- 1606 - Philippe Desportes, French poet (b. 1546)
- 1714 - Kaibara Ekiken, Japanese philosopher (b. 1630)
- 1740 - Johann Philipp Baratier, German scholar (b. 1721)
- 1791 - Grigori Potemkin, Russian statesman (b. 1739)
- 1805 - Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British general (b. 1738)
- 1813 - Tecumseh, Shawnee leader
- 1837 - Hortense de Beauharnais Queen of Holland and mother of the Emperor Napoleon III of France (b. 1783)
- 1861 - Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish bishop (b. 1778)
- 1913 - Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856)
- 1918 - Roland Garros, French pilot (shot down) (b. 1888)
- 1930 - Christopher Birdwood Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson, British military officer (b. 1875)
- 1933 - Renée Adorée, French actress (b. 1898)
- 1936 - J. Slauerhoff, Dutch poet and novelist (tuberculosis) (b. 1898)
- 1938 - Saint Faustina Polish religious (b. 1905)
- 1941 - Louis Dembitz Brandeis, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1856)
- 1943 - Leon Roppolo, American musician (b. 1902)
- 1969 - Walter Hagen, American golfer (b. 1892)
- 1976 - Lars Onsager, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
- 1981 - Gloria Grahame, American actress (b,1923)
- 1983 - Earl Tupper, American inventor (b. 1907)
- 1986 - Hal B. Wallis, American film producer (b. 1898)
- 1986 - James H. Wilkinson, English mathematician (b. 1919)
- 1992 - Eddie Kendricks, American singer (b. 1939)
- 1995 - Linda Gary, voice actress (b. 1944)
- 1996 - Seymour Cray, American computer pioneer (b. 1925)
- 2000 - Catalin Haldan, Romanian football player (b. 1976)
- 2001 - Mike Mansfield, American politician (b. 1903)
- 2003 - Denis Quilley, British actor (b. 1927)
- 2003 - Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (b. 1978)
- 2004 - Rodney Dangerfield, American comedian (b. 1921)
- 2004 - Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1916)

Holidays

- Roman festivals - mundus patet: one of the three days that the mundus was opened for public.
- Eastern Orthodox name day for St. Charitini; also see October 5 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Portugal - Republic Day, celebrates the overthrow of the Monarchy in 1910
- International World Teachers' Day [http://www.ei-ie.org/worldteachersday/en/]

Trivia

- Birthdays - More people are born on this day in the United States than any other date in the year.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/5 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 4 - October 6 - September 5 - November 5 – more historical anniversaries ko:10월 5일 ms:5 Oktober ja:10月5日 simple:October 5 th:5 ตุลาคม

1840

1840 is a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

- January 3 - One of the predecessor papers to the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia, The Port Phillip Herald, is founded by George Cavanaugh.
- January 10 - Uniform penny postage introduced in the UK.
- January 13 - The steamship Lexington burns and sinks four miles off the coast of Long Island with the loss of 139 lives.
- January 19 - Captain Charles Wilkes circumnavigates Antarctica, claiming what became known as Wilkes Land for the United States.
- January 20 - Dumont D'Urville discovers Adélie Land, Antarctica.
- January 22 - British colonists reach New Zealand. Official founding date of Wellington.
- February 6 - Treaty of Waitangi, document granting British sovereignty in New Zealand, is signed.
- February 10 - Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom marries Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg-Gotha.
- February 11 - Gaetano Donizetti's opera La Fille du Regiment premieres in Paris.
- March 1 - William Hobson, first Governor of New Zealand, suffers a stroke.
- March 1 - Adolphe Thiers becomes prime minister of France.
- May 1 - Britain issues the Penny Black, world's first postage stamp.
- May 6 - The Penny Black, world's first postage stamp becomes valid for the pre-payment of postage.
- May 7 - The Great Natchez Tornado: A massive tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi during the early afternoon hours. Before it was over, 317 people had lost their lives and 209 were injured. It is the second deadliest tornado in U.S. history.
- July 4 - The Cunard Line's 700-ton wooden paddlewheel steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first transatlantic passenger cruise.
- July 15 – Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia sign a London Treaty with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
- August 10 - Fortsas hoax - number of book collectors gather to Binche, Belgium to attend a non-existent book auction of the late "Count of Fortsas"
- September 10 - Ottoman and British troops bombard Beirut and land troops on the coast to pressure Egyptian Muhammad Ali to retreat from the country.
- October 7 - Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.
- October 14 – Maronite leader Bashir II surrenders to the British forces and goes into exile in Malta.
- November - William Henry Harrison defeats Martin Van Buren in the U.S. presidential election.
- David Livingstone leaves for Africa.
- Punch caricature magazine begins publication.
- Pedro II is declared "of age" prematurely and begins to reassert central control in Brazil.
- Mount Allison University is founded in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada.
- Washingtonian Temperance Society is founded.

Births

- January 3 - Father Damien, Belgian missionary priest (d. 1888)
- January 23 - Ernst Abbe, German physicist (d. 1905)
- February 4 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, American firearms inventor (d. 1916)
- February 5 - John Boyd Dunlop, Scottish inventor (d. 1921)
- February 21 - Murad V, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1904)
- February 22 - August Bebel, German politician (d. 1913)
- February 23 - Carl Menger, Austrian economist (d. 1921)
- February 29 - John Philip Holland, Irish inventor (d. 1914)
- March 28 - Emin Pasha, German doctor and African administrator (d. 1892)
- April 2 - Emile Zola, French writer (d. 1902)
- April 22 - Odilon Redon, French painter (d. 1916)
- April 27 - Edward Whymper, English mountaineer (d. 1911)
- May 7 - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1893)
- May 13 - Alphonse Daudet, French writer (d. 1897)
- June 2 - Thomas Hardy, English writer (d. 1928)
- August 4 - Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German sexologist (d. 1902)
- October 9 - Simeon Solomon, British artist (d. 1905)
- October 16 - Kuroda Kiyotaka, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1900)
- November 12 - Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (d. 1917)
- November 14 - Claude Monet, French painter (d. 1926)
- November 21 - Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom and Empress of Germany (d. 1901)
- November 29 - Rhoda Broughton, Welsh writer (d. 1920)

Deaths

- January 6 - Fanny Burney, English novelist (b. 1752)
- January 22 - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist (b. 1752)
- February 13 - Nicolas Joseph Maison, French marshal and Minister of War (b. 1770)
- April 25 - Siméon-Denis Poisson, French mathematician, geometer, and physicist (b. 1781)
- May 7 - Caspar David Friedrich, German artist (b. 1774)
- May 26 - Sidney Smith, British admiral (b. 1764)
- May 27 - Nicolo Paganini, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1782)
- June 7 - King Frederick William III of Prussia (b. 1770)
- September 7 - Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, French marshal (b. 1765)
- December 11 - Emperor Kokaku of Japan (b. 1771) Category:1840 ko:1840년 th:พ.ศ. 2383

April 19

April 19 is the 109th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (110th in leap years). There are 256 days remaining.

Events

- 1012 - Martyrdom of St Alphege in Greenwich, London.
- 1529 - At the Diet of Speyer, a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.
- 1587 - Sir Francis Drake sinks the French fleet in Cádiz Harbor.
- 1692 - Bridget Bishop's (in Salem, MA--accused of being a witch) trial.
- 1713 - With no living male heirs, Emperor Charles VI issues the Pragmatic Sanction to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inherited by his daughter, Maria Theresa.
- 1775 - American Revolutionary War: The Battle of Lexington and Concord – British General Thomas Gage attempts to confiscate American colonists' firearms. Captain John Parker orders his band of minutemen to not fire unless fired upon. Random shots rang out among the British soldiers. The minutemen promptly fired back. This was the "shot heard round the world." The British are driven back to Boston, Massachusetts, thus beginning the American Revolutionary War.
- 1809 - The army of Austria attacks and is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition.
- 1810 - Venezuela achieves home rule: Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a Junta is installed.
- 1839 - The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom.
- 1861 - American Civil War: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore, Maryland, attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.
- 1892 - Charles Duryea claims to have driven the first automobile in the United States, in Springfield, Massachusetts.
- 1904 - Much of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is destroyed by fire.
- 1909 - Joan of Arc receives beatification.
- 1919 - Leslie Irvin of the United States makes the first successful parachute jump and free fall.
- 1927 - Mae West is sentenced to 10 days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex.
- 1928 - The 125th and final fascicle of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
- 1933 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt announces that the United States will be abandoning the gold standard.
- 1934 - Shirley Temple debuts in Stand Up and Cheer.
- 1938 - RCA–NBC begins regular television broadcasts.
- 1943 - World War II: In Poland, German troops enter the Warsaw ghetto to round up the remaining Jews, beginning the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
- 1943 - Bicycle Day – Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann deliberately takes LSD for the first time.
- 1950 - Argentina becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1951 - General Douglas MacArthur retires from the military.
- 1956 - Actress Grace Kelly marries Rainier III of Monaco.
- 1960 - Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against their president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.
- 1961 - The Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba ends in failure.
- 1971 - Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president.
- 1971 - Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans Against the War begin a five-day demonstration in Washington, DC.
- 1971 - Charles Manson is sentenced to life in prison for the Sharon Tate murders.
- 1971 - Launch of Salyut 1, first human-made space station.
- 1978 - Lagumot Harris is elected President of Nauru.
- 1980 - In The Hague, Netherlands, Johnny Logan wins the twenty-fifth Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland singing "What's Another Year".
- 1989 - A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.
- 1989 - Trisha Meili, the "Central Park Jogger" is raped.
- 1993 - The 50-day siege of the Branch Davidian building outside Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Eighty-one people die.
- 1995 - Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, is bombed, killing 168.
- 1999 - The German Bundestag returns to Berlin.
- 2000 - An Air Philippines Boeing 737-200 crashes near Davao International Airport, killing 131.
- 2005 - Joseph Ratzinger elected Pope Benedict XVI on the second day of the Papal conclave.

Births

- 1320 - King Peter I of Portugal (d. 1367)
- 1452 - King Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1504)
- 1603 - Michel le Tellier, French statesman (d. 1685)
- 1658 - Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (d. 1716)
- 1665 - Jacques Lelong, French bibliographer (d. 1721)
- 1686 - Vasily Tatishchev, Russian statesman (d. 1750)
- 1721 - Thomas McKean, signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence (d. 1817)
- 1721 - Roger Sherman, signer of the U.S. Declaration of Independence (d. 1793)
- 1785 - Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French composer (d. 1858)
- 1793 - Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
- 1832 - José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
- 1874 - Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (d. 1952)
- 1882 - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (d. 1954)
- 1883 - Richard von Mises, Austrian-born mathematician (d. 1953)
- 1892 - Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983)
- 1897 - Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1970)
- 1897 - Constance Talmadge, American actress (d. 1973)
- 1899 - George O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985)
- 1900 - Richard Hughes, English novelist (d. 1976)
- 1903 - Eliot Ness, American lawman (d. 1957)
- 1912 - Glenn Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- 1919 - Merce Cunningham, American dancer and choreographher
- 1922 - Erich Hartmann, German pilot (d. 1993)
- 1925 - Hugh O'Brian, American actor
- 1928 - Alexis Korner, English musician (d. 1984)
- 1930 - Dick Sargent, American actor (d. 1994)
- 1933 - Dickie Bird, English cricket umpire
- 1933 - Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967)
- 1935 - Dudley Moore, English actor, musician, comedian, composer (d. 2002)
- 1936 - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium
- 1937 - Elinor Donahue, American actress
- 1937 - Joseph Estrada, actor and President of the Philippines
- 1944 - James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize
- 1944 - Bernie Worrell, American keyboardist (P Funk)
- 1946 - Tim Curry, British actor
- 1947 - Murray Perahia, American pianist
- 1952 - Alexis Arguello, Nicaraguan boxer
- 1953 - Ruby Wax, British television personality
- 1960 - Roger Merrett, Australian footballer
- 1960 - Frank Viola, baseball player
- 1962 - Al Unser, Jr., American race car driver
- 1965 - Suge Knight, American record producer
- 1967 - Steven H Silver, American science fiction editor
- 1967 - Greg Ferrara, Independent Filmmaker, writer
- 1967 - Dar Williams, American musician and songwriter
- 1968 - Mswati III, King of Swaziland
- 1968 - Ashley Judd, American actress
- 1970 - Kelly Holmes, English athlete
- 1970 - Luis Miguel, Puerto Rican singer
- 1972 - Rivaldo, Brazilian footballer
- 1975 - Jason Gillespie, Australian cricketer
- 1975 - Jussi Jaaskelainen, Finnish footballer
- 1978 - James Franco, American actor
- 1978 - Gabriel Heinze, Argentinian footballer
- 1979 - Kate Hudson, American actress
- 1981 - Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor
- 1981 - Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian actress
- 1987 - Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player

Deaths

- 1012 - Alphege, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 954)
- 1054 - Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
- 1390 - King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1316)
- 1560 - Philipp Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer (b. 1497)
- 1578 - Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1530)
- 1588 - Paolo Veronese, Italian painter
- 1608 - Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (b. 1536)
- 1627 - John Beaumont, English poet (b. 1583)
- 1629 - Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer
- 1632 - King Sigismund I of Sweden (b. 1561)
- 1686 - Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish writer (b. 1610)
- 1689 - Queen Christina of Sweden (b. 1626)
- 1733 - Elizabeth Villiers, mistress of William III of England
- 1768 - Canaletto, Italian artist (b. 1697)
- 1791 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (b. 1723)
- 1813 - Benjamin Rush, physician, activist (b. 1745)
- 1824 - George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, English poet (b. 1788)
- 1881 - Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
- 1882 - Charles Darwin, English biologist (b. 1809)
- 1906 - Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
- 1914 - Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher and mathematician (b. 1839)
- 1916 - Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839)
- 1926 - Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Russian statistician (b. 1874)
- 1930 - Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, Canadian senator (b. 1827)
- 1937 - William Martin Conway, British art critic and mountaineer (b. 1856)
- 1949 - Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
- 1950 - Ernst Robert Curtius, Alsatian philologist (b. 1886)
- 1967 - Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
- 1971 - Russ Hodges, American sports broadcaster (b. 1910)
- 1971 - Earl Thomson, Canadian athlete (b. 1895)
- 1973 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian-born legal theorist
- 1974 - Ayub Khan, President of Pakistan (b. 1907)
- 1975 - Percy L. Julian, American chemist (b. 1899)
- 1987 - Hugh Brannum, American actor (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Maxwell D. Taylor, American general and diplomat (b. 1901)
- 1989 - Daphne du Maurier, English author (b. 1907)
- 1992 - Frankie Howerd, English comedian and actor (b. 1917)
- 1993 - David Koresh, American cult leader (b. 1959)
- 1998 - Octavio Paz, Mexican diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
- 2002 - Layne Staley, American musician (b. 1967)
- 2004 - Norris McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (b. 1925)
- 2004 - John Maynard Smith, English bioligist (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Bryan Ottoson, American musician (b. 1978)
- 2005 - Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Danish jazz bassist (b. 1946)

Holidays and observances

- Patriots Day (Massachusetts, Maine, and Wisconsin, USA)
- Declaration of Independence Day (Venezuela)
- Republic Day (Sierra Leone)
- Landing of the 33 (Uruguay)
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church:
- Saint Emma
- George of Antioch
- Ursmar
- Expeditus
- Primrose Day (England) – primroses are placed on the statue of Benjamin Disraeli in Parliament Square, London on the anniversary of his death (1881). There was a mistaken idea that the primrose was Lord Beaconsfield's favourite flower, since Queen Victoria sent them to his funeral.
- The Roman holiday of Cerealia ends. (Roman Empire)
- Bicycle Day
- Easter Sunday 1908, 1981, 1987, 1992. In the Gregorian Calendar Easter Sunday falls on 19 April more often than on any other date.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/19 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/4/19 Today in History: April 19] ---- April 18 - April 20 - March 19 - May 19 – listing of all days ko:4월 19일 ms:19 April ja:4月19日 simple:April 19 th:19 เมษายน

Critic

A critic (from Greek κριτικός, kritikós - one who discerns, from Ancient Greek κριτής, krités, a judge) is a person who offers judgement or analysis, value judgement, interpretation, or observation. The term can also be used to describe an adherent of a position disagreeing with or opposing the object of criticism. Critics include professionals or amateurs who regularly judge or interpret performances or other works (such as that of artists, scientists, musicians or actors) and, typically, publishes their observations, often in periodicals. Critics are numerous in certain fields, including art critics, music critics, film critics, theatre or drama, restaurant and scientific publication critics. Criticism is the activity of judgement or interpretation. In literary and academic contexts, the term most frequently refers to literary criticism, art criticism, or other such fields, and to scholars' attempts to understand the aesthetic object in depth. In these contexts the term "critic", used without qual