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John Blow

John Blow

John Blow (1649 - October 1, 1708) was an English composer and organist. His pupils included William Croft and Henry Purcell. John Blow was probably born at North Collingham in Nottinghamshire. He became a chorister of the Chapel Royal, and distinguished himself by his proficiency in music. He composed several anthems at an unusually early age, including Lord, Thou host been our refuge, Lord, rebuke me not and the so-called "club anthem", I will always give thanks, the last in collaboration with Pelham Humfrey and William Turner, either in honor of a victory over the Dutch in 1665, or more probably simply to commemorate the friendly intercourse of the three choristers. To this time also belongs the composition of a two-part setting of Robert Herrick's Goe, perjur'd man, written at the request of Charles II to imitate Giacomo Carissimi's Dite, o cieli. In 1669 Blow became organist of Westminster Abbey. In 1673 he was made a gentleman of the Chapel Royal and in the September of this year he married Elizabeth Braddock, who died in childbirth ten years later. Blow, who by the year 1678 was a doctor of music, was named in 1685 one of the private musicians of James II. Between 1680 and 1637 he wrote the only stage composition by him of which any record survives, the Masque for the entertainment of the King, Venus and Adonis. In this Mary Davies played the part of Venus, and her daughter by Charles II, Lady Mary Tudor, appeared as Cupid. In 1687 he became master of the choir of St Paul's Cathedral; in 1695 he was elected organist of St Margaret's, Westminster, and is said to have resumed his post as organist of Westminster Abbey, from which in 1680 he had retired or been dismissed to make way for Henry Purcell. In 1699 he was appointed to the newly created post of Composer to the Chapel Royal. Fourteen services and more than a hundred anthems by Blow are known. In addition to his purely ecclesiastical music Blow wrote Great sir, the joy of all our hearts, an ode for New Year's Day 1682, similar compositions for 1683, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1693 (?), 1694 and 1700; odes, &c., for the celebration of St Cecilia's Day for 1684, 1691, 1695 and 1700; for the coronation of James II. two anthems, Behold, O God, our Defender and God spake sometimes in visions; some harpsichord pieces for the second part of Henry Playford's Musick's handmaid (1689); Epicedium for Queen Mary (1695) and Ode on the Death of Purcell (1696). In 1700 he published his Amphion Anglicus, a collection of pieces of music for one, two, three and four voices, with a figured bass accompaniment. A famous page in Charles Burney's History of Music is devoted to illustrations of Dr Blow's "crudities", most of which only show the meritorious if immature efforts in expression characteristic of English music at the time, while some of them (where Burney says "Here we are lost") are really excellent. Blow died on October 1 1708 at his house in Broad Sanctuary, and was buried in the north aisle of Westminster Abbey.

Listening

Image:audiobutton.png Listen to John Blow's Prelude (MIDI file).

References


- Blow, John Blow, John Blow, John Blow, John Blow, John

1649

Events


- January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is beheaded. His widow Henrietta Maria resides in her native France.
- January 30 - The Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and later of Scotland and Ireland. Members of the Long Parliament serve as government.
- January 30 - Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At the time all three Kingdoms had not recognized him as ruler.
- February 5 - In Edinburgh, Scotland claimant King Charles II of England is declared King in his absence. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.
- March 11 - The Frondeurs (rebels) and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.
- March 19 - The House of Commons pass an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is "useless and dangerous to the people of England".
- May 17 - Banbury mutiny ends - leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged
- May 19 - [http://wikisource.org/wiki/An_Act_declaring_England_to_be_a_Commonwealth An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth] is passed by the Rump Parliament.
- Robert Blake is promoted to become an Admiral of the English fleet
- August 15 - Admiral Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert to allow Oliver Cromwell to land in Dublin and begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
- September 2 - The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
- Unknown date - Urga founded (now Mongolian capital)

Ongoing events


- Fronde civil war in France (1648-1653)

Births


- February 2 - Pope Benedict XIII (d. 1730)
- February 8 - Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian (d. 1728)
- February 11 - William Carstares, Scottish minister (d. 1715)
- April 5 - Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University (d. 1721)
- April 9 - James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1685)
- June 13 - Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic (d. 1706)
- July 23 - Pope Clement XI (d. 1721)
- September 15 - Titus Oates, English minister and plotter (d. 1705)
- December 7 - Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1606)
- December 8 - Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1613) See also :Category:1649 births.

Deaths


- January 30 - King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (executed) (b. 1600)
- March 9 - James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (b. 1606)
- March 9 - Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed) (b. 1590)
- March 16 - Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1593)
- March 19 - Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian (b. 1577)
- March 26 - John Winthrop First Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony
- May 14 - Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian (b. 1600)
- June 3 - Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portugues historian and poet (b. 1590)
- September 6 - Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer (b. 1574)
- September 15 - John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher (b. 1572)
- October 3 - Giovanni Diodati, Swiss protestant clergyman (b. 1576)
- October 16 - Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter (b. 1621)
- November 19 - Caspar Schoppe, German scholar (b. 1576)
- December 4 - William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (b. 1585) See also :Category:1649 deaths. Category:1649 ko:1649년

1708

Events


- March 23 - James Francis Edward Stuart lands at the Firth of Forth
- July 1 - Tewoflos becomes Emperor of Ethiopia
- September 28 - Peter the Great defeats the Swedes at the Battle of Lesnaya
- Kandahar conquered by Mir Wais
- In Masuria one third of the population die during the plague
- J.S. Bach appointed as chamber musician and organist at the court in Weimar, Germany

Ongoing events


- Great Northern War (1700 - 1721)
- War of the Spanish Succession (1702 - 1713)

Births


- April 23 - Friedrich von Hagedorn, German poet (d. 1754)
- October 16 - Albrecht von Haller, Swiss anatomist and physiologist (d. 1777)
- October 22 - Frederic Louis Norden, Danish explorer (d. 1742)
- November 15 - William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, British politician (d. 1778)
- December 8 - Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1765)
- Pompeo Batoni, Italian painter (d. 1787)
- Richard Dawes, British classical scholar (d. 1766)

Deaths


- March 29 - John Partridge, English astrologer and almanack-maker (b. 1644)
- May 6 - François de Laval, first bishop of New France (b. 1623)
- May 11 - Jules Hardouin Mansart, French architect (b. 1646)
- May 12 - Adolf Friedrich II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1658)
- June 30 - Emperor Tekle Haymanot I of Ethiopia (stabbed to death)
- September 6 - John Morden, English merchant and philanthropist (b. 1623)
- October 1 - John Blow, British composer (b. 1649)
- October 2 - Anne-Jules, 2nd duc de Noailles, French general (b. 1650)
- October 7 - Guru Gobind Singh, Indian religious leader (b. 1666)
- October 10 - David Gregory, Scottish astronomer (b. 1659)
- October 11 - Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus, German mathematician (b. 1651)
- October 22 - Hermann Witsius, Dutch theologian (b. 1636)
- October 24 - Seki Kowa, Japanese mathematician
- October 28 - Prince George of Denmark, consort of Anne of England (b. 1653)
- November 17 - Ludolf Backhuysen, Dutch painter (b. 1631)
- December 22 - Hedwig Sophia, duchess of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish writer (b. 1681)
- December 28 - Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, French botanist (b. 1656) Category:1708 ko:1708년

Composer

A composer is a person who writes music. The term refers particularly to someone who writes music in some type of musical notation, thus allowing others to perform the music. This distinguishes the composer from a musician who improvises. However, a person may be called a composer without creating music in documentary form, since not all musical genres rely on written notation. In this context, the composer is the originator of the music, and usually its first performer. Later performers then repeat the musical composition they have heard. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians also varies, which affects issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. For example, in the development of classical music in Europe, the function of composing music initially had no greater importance than the function of performing music. The preservation of individual compositions received little attention, and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. Over time, however, the written notation of the composer has come to be treated as strict instructions, from which performers should not deviate without good reason. This notion is often seen as a purist one. The term "composer" is often used specifically to mean a composer in the Western tradition of classical music. In popular and folk music, the composer is typically called a songwriter (since the music generally takes the form of a song.)

Lists of composers


- List of composers
- List of opera composers
- List of uncategorized composers
- List of soundtrack composers

By style, time period, or technique


- List of classical music composers
- List of 20th century classical composers
- List of 21st century classical composers
- List of modernist composers

By nationality, culture, or identity


- List of French composers
- List of Dutch and Flemish composers
- List of Indonesian composers
- List of Italian composers
- List of Russian composers
- List of Polish composers
- List of Indian composers
- List of female composers
- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual composers
- List of composers of African descent

By chronology


- [http://members.chello.nl/epzachte/Wikipedia/EasyTimeline/Introduction.htm Timeline of classical composers] Category:Classical music Composers Category:Occupations in music ko:작곡가 ja:作曲家 th:คีตกวี

Organist

An organist is a musician who plays the organ, whether pipe or electronic. In the United States there is a national organisation called the American Guild of Organists (AGO). Comparable bodies in other countries include the Royal College of Organists (RCO) in the United Kingdom and the Royal Canadian College of Organists (RCCO). All these institutions are oriented toward the organist involved in classical music rather than popular music.

Classical and church organists

Worldwide, the greatest number of organists are principally involved in church music, due to the vital role that the organ plays in traditional Christian worship. The role of the organ varies from denomination to denomination; for example, Lutheran churches in the U.S. have greater emphasis on use of the organ in worship than some others. Since there were few organs installed in locations other than churches until the late 19th century, classical organ literature was almost exclusively written for liturgical use. Organists are expected to accompany congregational singing of hymns, accompany the choir, and provide solo music for preludes, postludes, and covering music during otherwise silent portions of the worship service. Many organists also direct a choir. Since the strengths and weaknesses of the organ are difficult to understand without a good deal of playing experience, most music composed for organ has been written by organists. Like other musicians, many organists also teach.

Theater organists

The theater organ has a separate repertoire and playing style, and in its heyday there were considerable numbers of organists employed. A few carry on the tradition today.

Organists in popular music

There are many organists employed in the production of popular and jazz music. Most of them play the Hammond organ. Most are classically trained, often in piano rather than organ.

Famous organists

Notable classical organists of today include: Carlo Curley, Marie-Claire Alain, John Weaver, Ken Cowan, Alan Morrison, Diane Meredith Belcher, Felix Hell, Paul Jacobs, Daniel Roth, Thomas Murray, Cherry Rhodes, Olivier Latry, Gillian Weir, Eberhard Fölster, Rosalinde Haas, Lionel Rogg, Evgenija Lisitsina, Frederick Hohman, and [http://www.everhardzwart.nl/ Everhard Zwart]. Notable organists of the past, many of whom were also composers for the instrument, include: [http://www.feikeasmastichting.com/ Feike Asma], Johann Sebastian Bach, Marcel Dupré, Louis Vierne, César Franck, Jean Langlais, Helmut Walcha, Virgil Fox, Charles Courboin, Fernando Germani, Maurice Durufle, Marie-Madeleine Durufle-Chevalier, Jeanne Demessieux, Pierre Cochereau, Karl Richter, George Dorringtion Cunningham, Sir George Thalben-Ball, Alexander Schreiner, Camille Saint-Saens, Karl Straube, [http://www.everhardzwart.nl/ Everhard Zwart]. In Europe, the historical importance of churches as employers of musicians meant that many composers not now remembered for their association with the organ nevertheless were engaged as professional organists: for example, Mozart, Reger, and Elgar.

List of active concert and church organists


- Alain, Marie-Claire (France)
- Belcher, Diane Meredith (USA)
- Burroughs, Michael (USA)
- Cowan, Ken (USA, born in Canada)
- Frenkel, Simonah (USA, born in Russia)
- Haas, Rosalinde (Germany)
- Hell, Felix (USA, born in Germany)
- Jacobs, Paul (USA)
- Lohmann, Ludger (Germany)
- Morrison, Alan (USA)
- Nordstoga, Kåre (Norway)
- Sherer, John (USA)
- Teti, Federico (USA, born in Italy)
- Watanabe, Kiyo (USA, born in Japan)
- Weaver, John (USA)

See also


- organ recital
- [http://www.mattaniah.org/organist.htm Organ Music Sample]
- [http://www.andreknevel.com International Organist] Category:Classical musicians by instrument ko:오르가니스트

William Croft

:This article is about William Croft the composer. For the linguist, see William Croft (linguist). William Croft (December 30 (baptism), 1678 - August 14, 1727) was an English composer and organist. Croft was born at the Manor House, Nether Ettington, Warwickshire. He was educated at the Chapel Royal, under the instruction of John Blow, and remained there until 1698. In 1700 he became organist of St. Anne's Church, Soho. In 1707, he took over the post vacated by the death of Jeremiah Clarke as "Master of the Children" at the Chapel Royal (one of his pupils was Maurice Greene), and the following year succeeded Blow as organist of Westminster Abbey. He composed works for the funeral of Queen Anne in 1714 and for the coronation of King George I the following year. In 1724, Croft published Musica Sacra, a collection of church music, the first such collection to be printed in the form of a score. The Burial Service included in the collection has been used at state funerals ever since. Shortly afterwards his health deteriorated, and he died while visiting Bath. Croft, William Croft, William Croft, William Croft, William Croft, William

Chapel Royal

The Chapel Royal originally referred not to a building but an establishment in the Royal Household. It is a body of priests and singers to serve the spiritual needs of the Sovereign. Over time the term has become associated with a number of chapels used by monarchs for worship over the centuries. Today the two main Chapels Royal are located at St James's Palace in London: The Chapel Royal and The Queen's Chapel. Organizationally, the Chapel Royal is a department of the Ecclesiastical Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom. It is formally known as the royal Free Chapel of the Household. There are two parts, with the Ecclesiastical Household in Scotland being distinct from that in England, the latter being Church of England.

History

Emerging as a distinct body in the late 13th century, it formerly had no official base, but travelled, like the rest of the court, with the monarch and held services wherever he or she was residing at the time. It dates from 1483 as presently constituted. The Dean of the Chapel Royal is a senior office dating from 1312, which has been held since 1748 by the Bishop of London. Daily control is vested in the Sub-dean, who is also Domestic Chaplain to the Sovereign at Buckingham Palace. In the 17th century the chapel had its own building in Whitehall, which burned down in 1698; since 1702 it has been based in St. James's Palace. The Chapel possesses an important choir. This achieved its greatest eminence during the reign of Elizabeth I, when William Byrd and Thomas Tallis were joint organists. The "Master of the Children" had until at least 1684 the power to press-gang promising boy trebles from provincial choirs for service in the chapel; the boy choristers were also used until 1626 as actors in productions of plays at court and in the 18th century to sing the soprano parts in performances of Handel's oratorios and other works. Under Charles II the choir was often augmented by violinists from the royal band; at various times the chapel has also employed composers, lutenists and viol players.

Today

The Chapel Royal has a number of buildings, including the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace, and the Queen's Chapel in the same complex. The Chapel most commonly used its that in St James's Palace, which has been used regularly since 1702. These are served by a Choir comprising Gentlemen-in-Ordinary and Children of the Chapel - all boys - and by a small number of Priests-in-Ordinary (and usually also Deputy Priests-in-Ordinary) appointed to assist the Sub-dean on an occasional basis. The current Sub-dean is the Rev'd Preb William Booth, LVO MA, appointed in 1991. There is an Organist, Choirmaster and Composer, who is assisted by a Sub-Organist. The current Organist is Dr Andrew Gant, who was appointed in 2000. Previously holders of these offices have included George Handel (1723-59), Jeremiah Clarke (1704-1707), William Croft (1708-27), John Blow (1674-1708), Orlando Gibbons (1605-25), John Bull (1591-1613), William Byrd (c.1572-c.1618), and Thomas Tallis (c.1545-85). The Choir rehearses twice weekly at St James's Palace. The children used to attend a residential Choir School, but this closed in 1923 and they now attend the City of London School as Queen's Scholars. There are additional Chapels Royal in Hampton Court Palace and in the Tower of London, both cared for by their own Chaplains and Choirs. The Chapel Royal in Scotland is under a Dean. Another Chapel Royal once existed in Ireland. The former is Church of Scotland, and the later was Church of Ireland.

See also


- Religion in the United Kingdom
- Anglican church music

External link


- [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page3250.asp Chapels Royal] - From the Official site of the British Monarchy

Reference

"London (i), §II, 1: Music at court: The Chapel Royal", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 16 Sept. 2004) http://www.grovemusic.com Category:Classical music in the United Kingdom Category:Chapels Category:British monarchy Category:Religion in the United Kingdom

1665

Events


- March 4 - Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
- March 6 - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society begins publication.
- March 16 - Bucharest allows Jews to settle in the city in exchange of annual tax of 16 guilders.
- June 3 - The Duke of York defeats the Dutch Fleet off the coast of Lowestoft.
- June 15 - Jean-Baptiste Denis makes the first blood transfusion from lamb to human.
- June 12 - England installs a municipal government in New York City. This was the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam.
- July 7 - King Charles II of England leaves London with his entourage, fleeing the Great Plague. He moves his court to Salisbury, then Exeter
- October 5 - The University of Kiel is founded.
- November 7 - The London Gazette, the oldest surviving journal, is first published.
- Charles II of Spain becomes King.
- London has its last severe outbreak of the Bubonic plague, possibly introduced by Dutch prisoners of war. Two-thirds of Londoners leave the city, but over 68,000 die. (See the Great Plague.)
- Rumours abound that syphilis wards off the Plague, causing many Londoners to frequent the brothels.
- Battle of Ambuila: Portuguese forces defeat and kill king Garcia II of Kongo, ending native rule of that kingdom.
- Molière publishes L'Amour médecin.
- John Bunyan publishes The Resurrection, Alexendre Le Grand, and The Indian Emperor.
- Approximate date of the discovery of the Great Red Spot.

Births


- February 6 - Queen Anne of Great Britain (d. 1714)
- February 12 - Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (d. 1721)
- March 4 - Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, Swedish soldier
- April 19 - Jacques Lelong, French bibliographer (d. 1721)
- April 29 - James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman and soldier (d. 1745)
- June 4 - Zacharie Robutel de La Noue, Canadian soldier (d. 1733)
- July 2 - Samuel Penhallow, English-born American colonist and historian (d. 1726)
- August 21 - Giacomo F. Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer (d. 1729)
- August 27 - John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician (d. 1751)
- December 25 - Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish songwriter (d. 1746)
- December 28 - George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (d. 1716) See also :Category:1665 births.

Deaths


- January 12 - Pierre de Fermat, French mathematician (b. 1601)
- January 31 - Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (b. 1622)
- June 13 - Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer, Dutch admiral (b. 1604)
- June 25 - Sigismund Francis of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (b. 1630)
- July 11 - Kenelm Digby, English privateer (b. 1603)
- July 18 - Stefan Czarniecki, Polish general (b. 1599)
- September 12 - Jean Bolland, Flemish Jesuit writer (b. 1596)
- September 17 - King Philip IV of Spain (b. 1605)
- September 25 - Maria Anna of Austria (b. 1610)
- November 17 - John Earle, English bishop
- November 19 - Nicolas Poussin, French painter
- December 2 - Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet, French socialite (b. 1588)
- December 10 - Tarquinio Merula, Italian composer See also :Category:1665 deaths. Category:1665 ko:1665년

Charles II of England

Charles II (29 May 1630–6 February 1685) was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland from 30 January 1649 (retrospectively de jure) or 29 May 1660 (de facto) until his death. His father Charles I had been executed in 1649, following the English Civil War; the monarchy was then abolished and the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland became a republic under Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector (see Commonwealth of England and The Protectorate). In 1660, shortly after Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored under Charles II. Unlike his father, Charles II was skilled at managing the Parliament of England so much so that Charles is still considered one of England's greatest kings. It was during his reign that the Whig and Tory political parties developed. He famously fathered numerous illegitimate children, of whom he acknowledged fourteen. Known as the "Merry Monarch", Charles was a patron of the arts and less restrictive than many of his predecessors. By converting to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed, Charles II became the first Roman Catholic to reign over England since the death of Mary I of England in 1558 and over Scotland since the deposition of Mary I of Scotland in 1567.

Early life

Charles, the eldest surviving son of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, was born in St. James's Palace on 29 May 1630. At birth, he automatically became (as the eldest surviving son of the Sovereign) Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay; shortly after his birth, he was created Prince of Wales. Due to the disruption caused by the English Civil War, he was never formally invested with the Honours of the Principality of Wales. During the 1640s, when the Prince of Wales was still young, Charles I fought parliamentary and Puritan forces in the English Civil War. The Prince accompanied his father during the Battle of Edgehill and, at the age of fifteen, participated in the campaigns of 1645, when he was made titular commander of the English forces in the West Country. In 1646, due to fears for his safety, he left England, going first to the Isles of Scilly, then to Jersey, and finally to France, where his mother was already living in exile. In 1648, during the Second Civil War, Charles moved to The Hague, where his sister Mary and brother-in-law the Prince of Orange seemed more likely to provide substantial aid to the Royalist cause than the Queen's French relations. Unfortunately, Charles was neither able to use the royalist fleet that came under his control to any advantage, nor to reach Scotland in time join up with the royalist "Engagers" army of the Duke of Hamilton, before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston. At the Hague, Charles II had an affair with Lucy Walter (who, some alleged, secretly married him); their son, James Crofts (afterwards Duke of Monmouth and Duke of Buccleuch), was to become the most prominent of Charles's many illegitimate sons in English political life. Charles I was captured by the rebels in 1647, escaped, and was recaptured in 1648. Despite his son's efforts to save him, Charles I was executed in 1649, and England was proclaimed a republic. republic At the same time, however, Scotland recognized Charles as his father's successor—even the Covenanters (led by the Marquess of Argyll), the most extreme Presbyterian group in Scotland, proved unwilling to allow the English to decide the fate of their monarchy. On 5 February 1649, Charles II was proclaimed King of Scots in Edinburgh, on the understanding that he would agree to the Solemn League and Covenant (an agreement between England and Scotland that the Church of Scotland should not be remodelled on Anglican lines but should remain Presbyterian – the form of church governance preferred by most in Scotland – and that the Church of England and the Church of Ireland should be reformed along the same lines) (see also Treaty of Breda (1650). Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, he formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Anglicanism, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to hate his Scottish hosts (or jailers, as he came to see the dour Covenanters), and supposedly celebrated at the news of the Covenanters' defeat at Dunbar in September 1650. Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scots at Scone on 1 January 1651. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England. With many of the Scots (including Argyll and other leading Covenanters) refusing to participate, and with few English royalists joining the force as it moved south into England, the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on September 3 1651, following which Charles is said to have hidden in the Royal Oak at Boscobel House, subsequently escaping to France in disguise. Parliament put a reward of £1000 on the king's head, and the penalty of death for anyone caught helping him. Through six weeks of narrow escapes Charles managed to flee England. (See also Escape of Charles II.) Impoverished, Charles could not obtain sufficient support to mount a serious challenge to Cromwell's government. Despite the Stuart familial connections through Henrietta Maria and the Princess of Orange, France and the United Provinces allied themselves with Cromwell's government, forcing Charles to turn to Spain for aid. He attempted to raise an army, but failed due to his financial shortcomings.

Restoration

After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658, Charles' chances of regaining the Crown seemed slim. Oliver Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard Cromwell. However, the new Lord Protector was incompetent and unwilling to rule, and abdicated in 1659. The Protectorate of England was abolished, and the Commonwealth of England established. During the civil and military unrest which followed, George Monck, the Governor of Scotland, was concerned that the nation would descend into anarchy and sought to restore the monarchy. Monck and his army marched into the City of London and forced the Long Parliament to dissolve itself. For the first time in almost twenty years, the members of Parliament faced a general election. A predominantly Royalist House of Commons was elected. The Convention Parliament, soon after it assembled on 25 April 1660, received news of the Declaration of Breda (8 May 1660), in which Charles agreed, amongst other things, to pardon many of his father's enemies. It subsequently declared that Charles II had been the lawful Sovereign since Charles I's execution in 1649. Charles set out for England, arriving in Dover on 23 May 1660 and reaching London on 29 May (which is considered the date of the Restoration, and was Charles' thirtieth birthday). Although Charles granted amnesty to Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, he reneged his pardon of the commissioners and officials involved in his father's trial and execution. Many among those who signed Charles I's death warrant were executed in 1660 in the most gruesome fashion: they were hanged, drawn and quartered in the most barbaric medieval fashion; others were given life imprisonment. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and John Bradshaw were subjected to the indignity of posthumous executions.

Cavalier Parliament

posthumous execution The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660. Shortly after Charles's coronation at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661, the second Parliament of the reign—the Cavalier Parliament—assembled. As the Cavalier Parliament was overwhelmingly Royalist, Charles saw no reason to dissolve it and force another general election for seventeen years. The Cavalier Parliament concerned itself with the agenda of Charles' chief advisor, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Lord Clarendon sought to discourage non-conformity to the Church of England; at his instigation, the Cavalier Parliament passed several acts which became part of the "Clarendon Code". The Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England. The Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited clergymen from coming within five miles of a parish from which they had been banished. The Convecticle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles' reign. Other parts of the Clarendon Code included the Corporation Act 1661 and the Act of Uniformity 1662. Charles agreed to give up antiquated feudal dues which had been revived by his father; in return, he was granted an annual income of £1,200,000 by Parliament. The grant, however, proved to be of little use for most of Charles' reign. The aforesaid sum was only an indication of the maximum the King was allowed to withdraw from the Treasury each year; for the most part, the amount actually in the coffers was much lower. To avoid further financial problems, Charles appointed George Downing (the builder of Downing Street) to reform the management of the Treasury and the collection of taxes.

Foreign policy

In 1662 Charles married a Portuguese princess, Catherine of Braganza, who brought him the territories of Bombay and Tangier as dowry. During the same year, however, he sold Dunkirk—a much more valuable strategic outpost—to his cousin King Louis XIV of France for £40,000. Appreciative of the assistance given to him in gaining the throne, Charles awarded North American lands then known as Carolina—named for his father—to eight nobles (known as Lords Proprietors) in 1663. The Navigation Acts (1650) which hurt Dutch trade and started the First Dutch War (1652-1654), were also responsible for starting the Second Dutch War (1665-1667). This conflict began well for the English, with the capture of New Amsterdam (later renamed New York in honour of Charles' brother James, Duke of York, the future James II of England/James VII of Scotland) in North America, but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack upon the English (the Raid on the Medway) when they sailed up the River Thames to where the better part of the British Fleet was docked. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, the Royal Charles, which was taken back to the Netherlands as a trophy. (The ship's nameplate remains on display, now at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.) The Second Dutch War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Breda in 1667. As a result of the Second Dutch War, Charles dismissed his advisor Lord Clarendon, whom he utilised as a scapegoat for the war. Clarendon fled to France when impeached by the House of Commons for high treason (which carried the penalty of death). Power passed to a group of five politicians known as the Cabal—Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford, Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Baron Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury) and John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale. In 1668, England allied itself with Sweden, and with its former enemy the Netherlands, in order to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution. Louis was forced to make peace with the Triple Alliance, but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions. In 1670, Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, agreed to the Treaty of Dover, under which Louis XIV would pay him £200,000 each year. In exchange, Charles agreed to supply Louis with troops and to convert himself to Roman Catholicism "as soon as the welfare of his realm will permit." Louis was to provide him with 6,000 troops to suppress those who opposed the conversion. Charles endeavoured to ensure that the Treaty—especially the conversion clause—remained secret. It remains unclear if Charles ever seriously intended to follow through on the conversion clause. Meanwhile, by a series of five acts around 1670, Charles granted the British East India Company the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops, to form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas in India. Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay for a paltry sum of ten pounds sterling paid in gold.

Conflict with Parliament

gold Although previously favourable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1670s. In 1672, Charles issued the Declaration of Indulgence, in which he purported to suspend all laws punishing Roman Catholics and other religious dissenters. In the same year, he openly supported Catholic France and started the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The Cavalier Parliament—although opposed to granting religious tolerance to Catholics—opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds (claiming that the King had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws) rather than on political ones. Charles II withdrew the Declaration, and also agreed to the Test Act, which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England, but also forced them to denounce certain teachings of the Roman Catholic Church as "superstitious and idolatrous." The Cavalier Parliament also refused to fund the Anglo-Dutch War, forcing Charles to make peace in 1674. Charles' wife Queen Catherine was unable to produce an heir, her pregnancies instead ending in miscarriages and stillbirths. Charles' heir-presumptive was therefore his unpopular Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. In 1678, Titus Oates, a former Anglican cleric, falsely warned of a "Popish Plot" to assassinate the king and replace him with the Duke of York. Charles did not believe the allegations, but ordered his chief minister Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of Danby to investigate. Lord Danby, however, was an anti-Catholic, and encouraged Oates to make his accusations public. The people were seized with an anti-Catholic hysteria; judges and juries across the land condemned the supposed conspirators; numerous innocent individuals were executed. Later in 1678, however, Lord Danby was impeached by the House of Commons on the charge of high treason. Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France, Charles II had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV, trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money. Lord Danby was hostile to France, but reservedly agreed to abide by Charles' wishes. Unfortunately for him, the House of Commons failed to view him as a reluctant participant in the scandal, instead believing that he was the author of the policy. To save Lord Danby from the impeachment trial in the House of Lords, Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679. A new Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to the king. Lord Danby was forced to resign the post of Lord High Treasurer, but received a pardon from the king. In defiance of the royal will, Parliament declared that a dissolution did not interrupt impeachment proceedings. When the House of Lords seemed ready to impose the punishment of exile—which the House of Commons thought too mild—the impeachment was abandoned, and a bill of attainder introduced. As he had done so many times during his reign, Charles II bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Lord Danby to the Tower of London. Lord Danby would be held without bail for another five years.

Later years

Another political storm which faced Charles was that of succession to the Throne. The Parliament of 1679 was elected at a time when anti-Catholic sentiments prevailed across the Kingdom, and found itself vehemently opposed to the prospect of a Catholic monarch. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1672) introduced the Exclusion Bill, which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. Some even sought to devise the Crown to the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. The "Abhorrers"—those who opposed the Exclusion Bill—would develop into the Tory Party, whilst the "Petitioners"—those who supported the Exclusion Bill—became the Whig Party. Fearing that the Exclusion Bill would be passed, Charles dissolved Parliament in December 1679. Two further Parliaments were called in Charles' reign (one in 1680, the other in 1681), but both were dissolved because they sought to pass the Exclusion Bill. During the 1680s, however, popular support for the Exclusion Bill began to dissolve, and Charles experienced a nationwide surge of loyalty, for many of his subjects felt that Parliament had been too assertive and obnoxious. For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled as an absolute monarch, without a Parliament. Charles' opposition to the Exclusion Bill angered some Protestants. Protestant conspirators formulated the Rye House Plot, a plan to murder the King and the Duke of York as they returned to London after horse races in Newmarket. A great fire, however, destroyed much of Newmarket and caused the cancellation of the races; thus, the planned attack could not take place. Before news of the plot leaked, the chief conspirators fled. Protestant politicians such as Algernon Sydney and the Lord William Russell were implicated in the plot and executed for high treason, albeit on very flimsy evidence. Charles died suddenly of uraemia, a clinical syndrome due to kidney dysfunction. It results in a biochemicial disturbance in the body including retention of urea. Urea is a waste product of protein metabolism and is normally excreted in the urine. The syndrome is characterized by nausea, vomiting, headache, weakness, dimness of vision, convulsions and coma. When he knew he was dying and in great secrecy, a priest, Father John Huddleston, was summoned to his bedside. Charles was admitted into the Catholic Church and received the last rites. He died on Wednesday, Feb. 6, 1685. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. He was succeeded by the Duke of York, who became James II in England and Ireland, and James VII in Scotland.

Legacy

Westminster Abbey Charles II left no legitimate issue. He did, however, have several children by a number of mistresses (many of whom were wives of noblemen); many of his mistresses and illegitimate children received dukedoms or earldoms. He publicly acknowledged fourteen children by seven mistresses; six of those children were borne by a single woman, the notorious Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, whom Charles granted the Dukedom of Cleveland. His other favourite mistresses were Nell Gwynne and Louise Renée de Penancoët de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. Charles also acknowledged children by Lucy Walter, Elizabeth Killigrew, Viscountess Shannon and Catherine Pegge, Lady Greene. The present Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Duke of Richmond and Gordon, Duke of Grafton and Duke of St Albans all descend from Charles in direct male line. Charles' relationships, as well as the politics of his time, are depicted in the historical drama Charles II: The Power and The Passion (produced in 2003 by the British Broadcasting Corporation). It is worth noting that Diana, Princess of Wales was descended from two of Charles' illegitimate sons, the Duke of Grafton and the Duke of Richmond (who is also a direct ancestor of Camilla Parker Bowles). Thus her son HRH Prince William of Wales, currently second in line to the British Throne, will very likely be the first British monarch descended from Charles II, and the first descended from Charles I since the death of Queen Anne in 1714. Charles II's eldest son, the Duke of Monmouth, led a rebellion against James II, but was defeated at the battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685, captured, and executed. James II, however, was eventually dethroned in 1688 in the course of the Glorious Revolution. James was the last Catholic monarch to rule England. Charles, a patron of the arts and sciences, helped found the Royal Society, a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton. Charles was the personal patron of Sir Christopher Wren, the architect who helped rebuild London after the Great Fire in 1666. Wren also constructed the Royal Hospital Chelsea, which Charles founded as a home for retired soldiers in 1681. Since 1692, a statue of Charles II in ancient Roman dress (created by Grinling Gibbons in 1676) has stood in the Figure Court of the Royal Hospital. The anniversary of Charles' Restoration (which is also his birthday) — 29 May — is celebrated in the United Kingdom as "Oak Apple Day", after the Royal Oak in which Charles is said to have hid to escape from the forces of Oliver Cromwell. Traditional celebrations involve the wearing of oak leaves, but have now, for the most part, died out. The anniversary of the Restoration is also an official Collar Day.

Style and arms

The official style of Charles II was "Charles the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." (The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English King since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) His arms were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland).

The children of Charles II

Charles left no legitimate heirs but fathered an unknown number of illegitimate children. He acknowledged fourteen children to be his own, including Barbara Fitzroy, who almost certainly wasn't his child. # By Marguerite or Margaret de Carteret ##Some accounts say that that she bore Charles a son named James de la Cloche in 1646. James de Carteret/de la Cloche is believed to have died sometime around the year 1667. #By Lucy Walter (1630 - 1658) ##James Crofts "Scott" (1649 - 1685), created Duke of Monmouth (1663) in England and Duke of Buccleuch (1663) in Scotland ##Mary Crofts. (c. 1651) Not acknowledged. She married a William Sarsfield and later a William Fanshaw and became a faith healer operating in Covent Garden. #By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622 - 1680) ##Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria Boyle, "Fitzcharles" (1650 - 1684) #By Catherine Pegge, Lady Green ##Charles Fitzcharles (1657 - 1680), known as "Don Carlos", created Earl of Plymouth (1675) ##Catherine Fitzcharles (born 1658, died young) #By Barbara Palmer (1640 - 1709) (née Villiers), Countess of Castlemaine and Duchess of Cleveland ##Anne Palmer (Fitzroy) (1661 - 1722) ##Charles Fitzroy (1662 - 1730) created Duke of Southampton (1675), became 2nd Duke of Cleveland (1709) ##Henry Fitzroy (1663 - 1690), created Earl of Euston (1672), Duke of Grafton (1709) ##Charlotte Fitzroy (1664 - 1718), Countess of Lichfield ##George Fitzroy (1665 - 1716), created Earl of Northumberland (1674), Duke of Northumberland (1683) ##Barbara (Benedicta) Fitzroy (1672 - 1737) - She was acknowledged as Charles' daughter, but was probably the child of John Churchill, later Duke of Marlborough #By Eleanor "Nell" Gwynne (c.1642 - 1687) ##Charles Beauclerk (1670 - 1726), created Duke of St Albans ##James Beauclerk (1671 - 1681) #By Louise Renée de Penancoet da Kéroualle (1648 - 1734), Duchess of Portsmouth (1673) ##Charles Lennox (1672 -1723), created Duke of Richmond (1675) in England and Duke of Lennox (1675) in Scotland. #By Mary 'Moll' Davis, courtesan and actress of repute ##Mary Tudor (1673 - 1726), married to Edward Radclyffe (1655-1705), the Second Earl of Derwentwater from 1687 - 1705. Upon Edward's death, she married Henry Graham (son and heir to Col. James Graham), and upon his death she wed James Rooke in 1707. Mary bore four children to Edward, which continued the house of Derwentwater. #Other mistresses ##Cristabella Wyndham, his former wet-nurse (unconfirmed, supposedly when Charles was fourteen) ##Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin ##Winifred Wells - one of the Queen's Maids of Honour ##Mrs Jane Roberts - the daughter of a clergyman ##Mary Sackville (formerly Berkeley, née Bagot) - the widowed Countess of Falmouth ##Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Countess of Kildare

Trivia


- Charles played his part in the development of football by giving it his royal approval in 1681.

References


- [http://www.gutenberg.net/browse/BIBREC/BR6659.HTM Abbot, Jacob. (1849). History of King Charles the Second of England.]
- Hilliam, David. (1998). Kings, Queens, Bones and Bastards: Who's who in the English Monarchy from Egbert to Elizabeth II. Gloucestershire: Sutton.
- [http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page92.asp The Royal Household. (2004). "Charles II." Official Web Site of the British Monarchy.]

Charles II of England Charles II of England Category:Londoners Category:House of Stuart Category:Heirs to the English & British thrones Category:English Civil War Category:English monarchs Category:Scottish monarchs Category:Lord High Admirals Category:Knights of the Garter Category:Dukes in the Peerage of England Category:Dukes in the Peerage of Scotland ja:チャールズ2世 (イングランド王)

External links


- [http://www.badley.info/history/Charles-I-England.biog.html Chronology Charles I World History Database]

1669

Events


- March 11 - Mount Etna erupts - the eruption destroys the town of Nicolasi and kills 20.000
- June 22 - Roux de Marsilly publicly tortured to death in Paris accused of plotting to assassination of the Louis XIV
- June 25 - Francois de Vendome, Duke of Beaufort, disappears during a battle in a siege of Candia in Crete
- September 23 - Leopold I Habsburg grants the status and privileges of a university to the Jesuit Academy in Zagreb, the precursor to the modern University of Zagreb
- Samuel Pepys stops writing his diary.
- The Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb destroys several Hindu temples and banned the whole religion, so Hindus rebel.
- Antonio Stradivari makes his first violin
- Famine in Bengal kills 3 million people
- The Hanseatic League, formed 400 years ago, holds its final meeting
- Ottoman Turks take Candia, the Venetians lose Crete
- Francois de Beaufort, grandson of Henry IV of France, goes missing at Candia, presumed dead
- The Chinese herbal medicine company Tongrentang, or 同仁堂 in Chinese, is established.

Births


- February 2 - Louis Marchand, French organist and harpsichordist (d. 1732)
- May 26 - Sébastien Vaillant, French botanist (d. 1722)
- August 24 - Alessandro Marcello, Italian composer (d. 1747)

Deaths


- February 23 - Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (b. 1600)
- March 10 - John Denham, English poet (b. 1615)
- May 14 - Georges de Scudéry, French writer (b. 1601)
- May 16 - Pietro da Cortona, Italian artist (b. 1596)
- June 25 - François de Vendôme, duc de Beaufort, French soldier (b. 1616)
- September 10 - Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I of England (b. 1609)
- October 4 - Rembrandt, Dutch painter (b. 1606)
- October 14 - Antonio Cesti, Italian composer (b. 1623)
- October 24 - William Prynne, English Puritan leader (b. 1600)
- November 4 - Johannes Cocceius, Dutch theologian (b. 1603)
- December 9 - Pope Clement IX (b. 1600)
- December 16 - Nathaniel Fiennes, English politician

Publications


- Algemeene Verhandeling van de bloedeloose dierkens by Jan Swammerdam, groundbreaking work in microscopy as well as entomology
- Der Abenteuerliche Simplicissimus Teutsch by Hans von Grimmelshausen, the first major German novel
- Tyrannic Love by John Dryden
- Tartuffe by Molière
- Britannicus by Jean Racine Category:1669 ko:1669년

Westminster Abbey

The Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster, which is almost always referred to as Westminster Abbey, is a mainly Gothic church, on the scale of a cathedral, in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English monarchs.

History

According to tradition, a shrine was first founded here in 616 on a site then known as Thorney Island. It was said to have been miraculously consecrated after a fisherman on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter. While the existence of this shrine is uncertain, the historic Abbey was built by Edward the Confessor between 1045-1050 and was consecrated on December 28, 1065. Its construction originated in Edward's failure to keep a vow to go on a pilgrimage; the Pope suggested that he redeem himself by building an Abbey. Pope The original Abbey, in the Romanesque style that is called "Norman" in England, was built to house Benedictine monks. It was rebuilt in the Gothic style between 1245-1517. The first phase of the rebuilding was organised by Henry III, in Gothic style, as a shrine to honor Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. The work was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of King Richard II. Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Lady Chapel). Although the Abbey was seized by Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1534, and closed in 1540, becoming a cathedral until 1550, its royal connections saved it from the destruction wrought on most other English abbeys. The expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may arise from this period when money meant for the Abbey, which was dedicated to St Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral. It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a nearby gibbet. 1661 The Abbey was restored to the Benedictines under Queen Mary, but they were again ejected under Queen Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1579, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "royal peculiar" – a church responsible directly to the sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter, (that is a church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean). The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott. Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century.

Coronations

Since the Christmas Day coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all English monarchs (except Lady Jane Grey, Edward V and Edward VIII, who did not have coronations) have been crowned in the Abbey. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony. St Edward's Chair, the throne on which British sovereigns are seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the Abbey.

Burials and Memorials

Britishes]] Henry III rebuilt the Abbey in honour of the Royal Saint Edward the Confessor whose memorial and relics were placed in the Sanctuary. Henry III was buried nearby as were the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and relatives. Subsequently, most Kings and Queens of England were buried here, although Henry VIII and Charles I are buried at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, as are all monarchs and royals since George II. Aristocrats were buried in side chapels and monks and people associated with the Abbey were buried in the Cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the Abbey where he was employed as master of the Kings Works. Other poets were buried around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work. Subsequently it became an honour to be buried or memorialised here. The practice spread from aristocrats and poets to generals, admirals, politicians, scientists, doctors, etc., etc. These include: Buried Henry Purcell, 1749]] Nave
- Clement Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee
- Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts
- Charles Darwin
- James Clerk Maxwell
- J.J. Thompson
- Saint Edward the Confessor
- Ben Jonson
- David Livingstone
- Sir Isaac Newton
- Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford
- William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
- The Unknown Warrior
- George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
- Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox
- Thomas Tompion
- George Graham North Transept
- William Ewart Gladstone
- William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham
- William Pitt the Younger South Transept William Pitt the Younger Poets' Corner
- Robert Adam
- Robert Browning
- William Camden
- Thomas Campbell
- Geoffrey Chaucer
- William Congreve
- Abraham Cowley
- William Davenant
- Charles Dickens
- John Dryden
- Adam Fox
- David Garrick
- John Gay
- George Frederick Handel
- Thomas Hardy
- Dr Samuel Johnson
- Rudyard Kipling
- Thomas Macaulay
- John Masefield
- Laurence Olivier, Baron Olivier
- Thomas Parr
- Richard Brinsley Sheridan
- Edmund Spenser
- Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson Cloisters
- Aphra Behn North Choir Aisle
- Henry Purcell
- Ralph Vaughan Williams Commemorated Ralph Vaughan Williams
- William Shakespeare, buried Stratford-upon-Avon
- Sir Winston Churchill, buried Bladon, Oxfordshire
- Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, buried Hughenden Manor, Buckinghamshire
- Adam Lindsay Gordon, buried Australia
- Paul Dirac, buried Florida
  - Oscar Wilde(in a stained glass window unveiled in 1995)[http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/westmin.htm]
- Ten 20-century Christian martyrs from across the world are depicted in statues above the Great West Door. Unveiled in 1998, these are, from left to right:
  - St. Maximilian Kolbe
  - Manche Masemola
  - Janani Luwum
  - Elizabeth of Russia
  - Martin Luther King, Jr.
  - Óscar Romero
  - Dietrich Bonhoeffer
  - Esther John
  - Lucian Tapiedi
  - Wang Zhiming Removed
The following were buried in the abbey but later removed on the orders of Charles II
- Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector
- Admiral Robert Blake

Schools

Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also on the grounds of the Abbey. Westminster School was originally founded by the Benedictine monks in 1179.

Transport


- Nearest London Underground stations:
  - St. James's Park (District, Circle lines)
  - Westminster (Jubilee, District, Circle lines)

List of Abbots, Deans, and the Bishop of Westminster

Westminster

Gallery

Image:Westminster.abbey.westfront.london.arp.jpg|The west front Image:westminster.abbey.tombofhenry.london.arp.jpg|The tomb of King Henry III in the Abbey. Henry was crowned king at the age of nine, reigning from 1216 to 1272

See also


- List of churches and cathedrals of London
- List of other famous burial sites
- The Unknown Warrior

Further reading


- Simon Bradley & Nikolaus Pevsner: The Buildings of England - London 6: Westminster pp. 105-207. Yale University Press 2003. ISBN 0-300-09595-3.

External links


- [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/ Westminster Abbey]
- Category:World Heritage Sites in England Category:Gothic architecture Category:Churches in London Category:Westminster Category:Visitor attractions in London Category:Abbeys and priories in England ja:ウェストミンスター寺院

1678

Events


- August 10 -