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| John Donelson |
John DonelsonJohn Donelson, explorer and adventurer, was co-founder of the city of Nashville, Tennessee and the father of Rachel Jackson, the wife of seventh President of the United States, Andrew Jackson.
Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is located on the Cumberland River in Davidson County in the central part of the state. Nicknamed "Music City", Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels. Since much earlier times it has been called the "Athens of the South", for its educational institutions and classical architecture. Nashville is also a major hub for the health care and publishing industries.
The city of Nashville has a population of 569,891 (as of the 2000 census), making it the second largest city in Tennessee (below Memphis). The population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area is 1,311,789, making it the most populous metropolitan area in the state.
A resident of Nashville is called a Nashvillian.
History
Early history
Nashville was founded as "Fort Nashborough" by James Robertson and John Donelson. Robertson made the trip overland with a small party and arrived on Christmas Day, 1779, selecting a site on the bluffs of the Cumberland River known as French Lick. Donelson, along with a group of several families, came in 30 flatboats and several pirogues down the Tennessee River and up the Cumberland, arriving April 23, 1780.1 The fort was named in honor of Francis Nash, a Revolutionary War soldier. It was renamed Nashville in 1784 when it became incorporated as a town by the North Carolina legislature. In 1806, Nashville was chartered as a city, and it became the capital of Tennessee in 1843.
During the American Civil War, the Confederate army suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Nashville. This decisive battle effectively ended large-scale fighting in the Western Theater of the war.
Battle of Nashville]
After the Civil War, Nashville quickly grew into an important trade center. Its population rose from only 16,988 in 1860 to 80,865 by 1900.2
In 1897, Nashville hosted the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition, a World's Fair celebrating the 100th anniversary of Tennessee's entry into the union. An exact replica of the Parthenon was built for the event. The Parthenon replica is now the centerpiece of Centennial Park.
The Great train wreck of 1918 occurred on July 9, 1918 in Nashville when an inbound local train collided with an outbound express, killing 101 people. This was the most deadly rail accident in U.S. history.
Tennessee was the state that put the 19th Amendment, allowing women to vote, over the top, and the ratification struggle convulsed the city in August, 1920.
On March 1, 1941 W47NV (now known as WSM-FM) began operations in Nashville becoming the first FM radio station in the U.S.
Recent history (post-WWII)
Nashville played a prominent role in the U.S. civil rights movement. On February 13, 1960, hundreds of college students launched a sit-in campaign to desegregate lunch counters throughout the city. Although initially met with violence and arrests, the protesters were eventually successful in pressuring local businesses to end the practice of racial segregation. Many of the activists involved in the Nashville sit-ins went on to organize the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, which emerged as one of the most influential organizations of the civil rights movement.
Nashville has had a metropolitan government of a consolidated city-county since 1963, and was the first large U.S. city to adopt this structure.
The Nashville Tornado of 1998 struck the downtown area on April 16 at around 3:30 pm, causing serious damage and blowing out hundreds of windows from skyscrapers, raining shattered glass on the streets and closing the business district for nearly four days. Over 300 homes were damaged, and three cranes at the then-incomplete Nashville Coliseum were toppled. It was one of the most serious urban tornados on record in the U.S.
As the 21st century opened, a Nashville native rose to national political prominence when Dr. Bill Frist, formerly a transplant surgeon at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, became majority leader of the U.S. Senate.
Geography and climate
U.S. Senate
Nashville lies on the Cumberland River in the northwestern portion of the Nashville Basin. Nashville's topography ranges from 113 meters (370 ft) above sea level at the Cumberland River to 227 meters (746 ft) above sea level at its highest point.3
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1,362.6 km² (526.1 mi²). 1,300.8 km² (502.3 mi²) of it is land and 61.8 km² (23.9 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 4.53% water.
Climate
Summers in Nashville are moderately hot and humid, with July afternoons averaging 89 °F (32 °C). Winters are chilly and occasionally cold, with lows in January averaging 28 °F (−2 °C). Average annual rainfall is 1220 mm (48.1 inches), typically with winter and spring being the wettest and fall being the driest. Average annual snowfall is about 23 cm (9.1 inches), falling mostly in January and February.4
Metropolitan area
Nashville has the largest metropolitan area in the state of Tennessee, spanning thirteen counties. The Nashville metropolitan area encompasses the Middle Tennessee counties of Cannon, Cheatham, Davidson, Dickson, Hickman, Macon, Robertson, Rutherford, Smith, Sumner, Trousdale, Williamson, and Wilson.5
Demographics
The data below is for all of Davidson County, including satellite cities in the county other than Nashville. See Nashville-Davidson (balance) for demographic data on the portion of Davidson County that was formerly the City of Nashville.
As of the census of 2000, there are 569,891 people, 237,405 households, and 138,169 families residing in the city. The population density is 438.1/km² (1,134.6/mi²). There are 252,977 housing units at an average density of 194.5/km² (503.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 66.99% White, 25.92% African American, 0.29% Native American, 2.33% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 2.42% from other races, and 1.97% from two or more races. 4.58% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Nashville's estimated population for 2004 is 572,475 people.
There are 237,405 households out of which 26.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% are married couples living together, 14.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% are non-families. 33.4% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 2.96.
In the city the population is spread out with 22.2% under the age of 18, 11.6% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $39,797, and the median income for a family is $49,317. Males have a median income of $33,844 versus $27,770 for females. The per capita income for the city is $23,069. 13.0% of the population and 10.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 19.1% of those under the age of 18 and 10.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. 4.6% of the civilian labor force is unemployed.
The following is a statement of the number of people living in Nashville by decades: 1830, 5,566; 1850, 10,165; 1870, 25,865; 1890, 76,168; 1900, 80,865; 1910, 110,364; 1920, 118,342; 1940, 167,402.
Government and politics
The City of Nashville and Davidson County merged in 1963 as a way for Nashville to combat the problems of urban sprawl. The combined metropolitan government offers services such as police, fire, electricity, water, and sewage. The city of Nashville is served by the Metropolitan Council along with the mayor and vice-mayor. The current mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County is Bill Purcell. The Metropolitan Council is the legislative body of government for Nashville and Davidson County. There are 5 councilmembers who are elected at large and 35 councilmembers that represent individual districts. The Metro Council has regular meetings that are presided over by the vice-mayor, who is currently Howard Gentry, Jr. The Metro Council meets on the first and third Tuesday of each month at 7:00 p.m., according to the Metropolitan Charter.
Nashville is one of the few major Southern cities that has remained loyal to the Democratic Party. Democrats dominate at every level of government. The congressional district which includes Nashville (currently the 5th District) has not been represented by a Republican since the Reconstruction era.
Economy
Although Nashville is renowned for being a major music recording center and tourist destination, its largest industry is actually health care. Nashville is home to more than 250 health care companies, including Hospital Corporation of America, the largest private operator of hospitals in the world. Other major industries in Nashville include insurance, finance, and publishing (especially religious publishing). The city also hosts headquarters operations for several Protestant denominations, including the United Methodist Church, Southern Baptist Convention, and National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc..
Several major motion pictures have been filmed in Nashville, including The Green Mile, The Last Castle, Gummo, Coal Miner's Daughter, and Robert Altman's Nashville.
Fortune 500 companies
- Hospital Corporation of America
- Caremark Rx
- Dollar General Corporation (in Goodlettsville, TN)
Other important companies
- America Service (in Brentwood, Tennessee)
- American Healthways
- American HomePatient (in Brentwood, Tennessee)
- Asurion
- Bridgestone Americas Holding (Bridgestone-Firestone)
- Captain D's
- Central Parking Corporation
- Clarcor (in Franklin, Tennessee)
- Community Health Systems Inc. (in Brentwood, Tennessee)
- Corrections Corporation of America
- Cracker Barrel (in Lebanon, Tennessee)
- Gibson Guitar Corporation
- HealthStream
- Ingram Industries Inc.
- iPayment
- LifePoint Hospitals Inc. (in Brentwood, Tennessee)
- LifeWay (formerly known as the Southern Baptist Sunday School Board)
- Louisiana Pacific
- O'Charley's (casual dining restaurant chain)
- Psychiatric Solutions (in Franklin, Tennessee)
- Renal Care Group
- Shoney's
- Tractor Supply Co.
Education
Nashville is one of the foremost educational centers in the Southern United States. Vanderbilt University, founded in 1873, is Nashville's largest university, enrolling over 11,000 students. Other colleges and universities in Nashville include Belmont University, Fisk University, Lipscomb University, Meharry Medical College, Nashville State Community College, Tennessee State University, Trevecca Nazarene University, and Watkins College of Art and Design.
The city is served by the Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools.
Culture
Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools
Much of the city's cultural life has revolved around its large university community. Particularly significant in this respect were two groups of critics and writers who were associated with Vanderbilt University in the early twentieth century, the Fugitives and the Agrarians.
Many popular tourist sites involve country music, including the Country Music Hall of Fame and Ryman Auditorium, which was for many years the site of the Grand Ole Opry. Each year, the Country Music Association's Fan Fair (renamed "CMA Music Festival" in 2003) brings many thousands of country fans to the city.
Other popular destinations include Fort Nashborough, a reconstruction of the original settlement; the Tennessee State Museum; and The Parthenon, a full-scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens, Greece. The graceful State Capitol is one of the oldest working state capitol buildings in the nation, while The Hermitage is one of the older presidential homes open to the public. The Nashville Zoo is one of the city's newer attractions.
Nashville was once home to the Opryland USA theme park, which operated from 1972 to 1997 before being demolished to make room for the Opry Mills mega-shopping mall.
In addition to Opry Mills, other major shopping centers in the area include CoolSprings Galleria in the southern suburbs, Hickory Hollow Mall in the southeastern suburbs and RiverGate Mall in the northern suburbs.
Civil War history is an important to the city's tourism industry. Sites pertaining to the Battle of Nashville and the nearby Battle of Franklin and Battle of Stones River can be seen, along with several well-preserved antebellum plantation houses such as Belle Meade Plantation and Belmont Mansion.
Nashville is also the home of the Tennessee Performing Arts Center, where the Tennessee Repertory Theatre makes its home. The Tennessee Performing Arts Center is also home to the Nashville Symphony Orchestra, Nashville Opera, and Nashville Ballet. The Nashville Symphony Orchestra will eventually move to the Schermerhorn Symphony Center, which is scheduled to be completed in September 2006.
An interesting note is that more Kurds call Nashville home than any other city outside of the Middle East, according to Vanderbilt University. The city has a large and active Kurdish neighborhood of more than 5,000 in the Nolensville Road area. During the Iraqi election of 2005, Nashville was one of the few international locations where Iraqi expatriates could vote. Like most American cities, Nashville has a mix of many nationalities, ethnicities and religions.
Art museums
Nashville has several arts centers and museums, including the Frist Center for the Visual Arts, located in what was formerly the main post office; Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art; the Tennessee State Museum; Fisk University's Van Vechten and Aaron Douglas Galleries; and The Parthenon.
Major annual events
The most well-known annual event in Nashville is the CMA Music Festival (previously known as Fan Fair). The CMA Music Festival is a four day event in June featuring performances by country music stars, autograph signings, artist/fan interaction, and other activities for country music fans. In September, Nashville hosts the Tennessee State Fair at the State Fairgrounds. The State Fair lasts nine days and includes rides, exhibits, rodeos, tractor pulls, and performances of all kinds. The Nashville Film Festival takes place each year for a week in April. It features hundreds of independent films and is one of the biggest film festivals in the Southern United States. In June, the Nashville LGBT community celebrates gay pride at the Nashville Pride Fest in Centennial Park. In September, the African Street Festival takes place on the campus of Tennessee State University. Other big events in Nashville include the Fourth of July celebration which takes place each year at Riverfront Park, and the Country Music Marathon and Half Marathon which normally include over 10,000 runners from around the world.
Media
Nashville is served by numerous newspapers, television stations, and radio stations. The primary daily newspaper in Nashville is The Tennessean, which, until 1998, competed fiercely with another daily, the Nashville Banner. Although The Tennessean now enjoys a relative monopoly on the local newspaper market, a smaller free daily called The City Paper has recently begun publication. Several weekly papers are also published in Nashville, including the Nashville Scene, Nashville Business Journal, and The Tennessee Tribune.
Nashville is home to nearly a dozen broadcast television stations, although most households are served by direct cable network connections. Comcast Cable has a monopoly on terrestrial cable service in Davidson County (but not throughout the entire DMA). Nashville is ranked as the 30th largest television market in the United States.
Several dozen FM and AM radio stations broadcast in the Nashville area, including five college stations and one LPFM community station. Nashville is ranked as the 44th largest radio market in the United States.
Sports
Nashville has several professional sports teams, most notably the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League and the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League. Several other pro sports teams also call Nashville home, as does the NCAA football Music City Bowl.
Sports venues in Nashville are:
- The Coliseum
- Gaylord Entertainment Center
- Nashville Municipal Auditorium
- Greer Stadium
- Vanderbilt Stadium
- Memorial Gymnasium at Vanderbilt University
- Curb Event Center at Belmont University
- Gentry Center at Tennessee State University
- Allen Arena at Lipscomb University
Transportation
Nashville is centrally located at the crossroads of three interstates: 40, 24, and 65. 440 is a bypass route connecting Interstate 40 and Interstate 24 south of downtown Nashville. The Metropolitan Transit Authority [http://www.nashvillemta.org/] provides bus transit within the city.
The city is served by Nashville International Airport, which was a hub for American Airlines between 1986 and 1995 and is now a mini-hub for Southwest Airlines.
Although it is a major rail hub, with a large CSX Transportation freight rail yard, Nashville is one of the largest cities in the U.S. not served by Amtrak. The last passenger rail services to the city ended in the 1970s.
A new passenger rail system called the Music City Star is currently under development. The plan includes seven legs connecting Nashville to surrounding suburbs. The first leg of the system, which connects the town of Lebanon to downtown Nashville, is scheduled to begin service in early 2006. Legs to Murfreesboro and Gallatin and are currently in the feasibility study stage.
Notable bridges in the city are:
Gallatin
Notable residents
Some of the most notable people born in Nashville include novelist Madison Smartt Bell, civil rights activist Julian Bond, rapper Young Buck (David Darnell Brown), singer Rita Coolidge, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, artist Red Grooms, pin-up model Bettie Page, actress Annie Potts, and soldier of fortune William Walker.
Many notable musicians have lived in Nashville including Chet Atkins, Johnny Cash, Amy Grant, Emmylou Harris, Jimi Hendrix, Faith Hill, Alan Jackson, Willie Nelson, Roy Orbison, Dolly Parton, Ernest Tubb, Shania Twain, Hank Williams, Loretta Lynn, and Tammy Wynette.
Other notable people who have resided in Nashville include former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, former U.S. President Andrew Jackson, civil rights leader James Lawson, former U.S. President James K. Polk, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist and poet Robert Penn Warren, and talk show host and entrepreneur Oprah Winfrey.
Sister cities
Nashville is an active participant in the Sister Cities program and has relationships with the following towns:
- Canada: Edmonton, Alberta
- France: Caen, Basse-Normandie
- Germany: Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
- United Kingdom: Belfast, Northern Ireland
- United States: Manchester, New Hampshire
The city is also exploring forming a sister city relationship with Girona, Spain.
Notes
- Note 1:
- Note 2: [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab22.html U.S. Census Bureau data for 50 largest cities, 1850 to 1990]
- Note 3: Wilson, Charles William. The Geology of Nashville, Tenn. Nashville, 1948.
- Note 4: [http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ohx/climate/normals.htm National Weather Service data for Nashville]
- Note 5: [http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/metro-city/List4.txt U.S. Census Bureau: Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components], November 2004.
References
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External links
- [http://www.nashville.gov/ Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County]
- [http://nashvillecvb.com/ Visitor's Bureau]
- [http://www.nashvillechamber.com/ Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://www.nashvillewired.com/ Nashville Wired]
- [http://www.scnashville.org/door/ Sister Cities of Nashville page]
- [http://www.library.nashville.org/Links/Nashville/historylinks/timeln.html Nashville Timeline] (by [http://www.library.nashville.org/ Nashville Public Library])
- [http://www.fta.dot.gov/library/policy/ns/ns2000/nashcorl.htm Commuter rail plan]
Category:Cities in Tennessee
Category:Davidson County, Tennessee
Category:Nashville, Tennessee
Category:U.S. state capitals
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Rachel Jackson.]]
Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson (June 15 1767 – December 22, 1828) was the wife of the 7th President of the United States, Andrew Jackson. Previous to her marriage to Jackson, she had been married to Lewis Robards. Eventually, she and Robards decided to divorce. In 1791, she wed Jackson; however, it was discovered that they had married before the divorce had been finalized, and were thus forced to re-marry in 1794. Jackson was devoted to his wife, and once fought a duel to defend her honor.
During the 1828 presidential campaign, the press found out about the premature marriage, and accused Donelson of adultery, attacking her mercilessly. She died of a heart attack on December 22, 1828, two weeks after her husband's victory in the election. Over 10,000 people attended her funeral. Donelson was buried on Christmas Eve in her white inauguration gown.
Rachel was the daughter of the explorer and adventurer John Donelson, co-founder of Nashville, Tennessee.[http://www.wnpt.net/rachel/nash1800.html]
Jackson, Rachel Donelson Robards
Jackson, Rachel Donelson Robards
See also
- First Lady
- First Lady of the United States
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845), one of the founders of the Democratic Party, was the seventh President of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. Until his election, every President had either been from Massachusetts or a member of the Virginia plantation elite. Jackson was nicknamed "Old Hickory" and (by American Indians) "Sharp Knife". He was the first president who had lived on the American frontier, and thus the first not primarily associated with one of the original thirteen colonies. Jackson became the symbol of an era in American history—known as the "Age of Jackson" or the "Jacksonian Era"—an era traditionally seen as dominating the years between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. A number of cities are named after him, notably Jacksonville, Florida and Jackson, Mississippi.
Early life and military career
in a backwoods settlement to Scots-Irish immigrants in the Waxhaw area in the Carolinas, on March 15, 1767. Both North Carolina and South Carolina have claimed him as a "native son." Jackson himself always stated that he was born in South Carolina. He received a sporadic education. At age fourteen, he joined the Continental Army as a courier. He was captured and imprisoned by the British during the American Revolutionary War. Jackson was the last U.S. President to have been a veteran of the American Revolution, and the only President to have been a prisoner of war. The war took the lives of Jackson's entire immediate family.
During the Revolution, after the surrender to the British at Charleston, Jackson was taken as a prisoner to Camden, and nearly starved. When Jackson refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the irate redcoat slashed at Jackson, giving him scars on his left hand and head, as well as an intense hatred for the British. In addition, two of Jackson's brothers and his mother -- his entire remaining family -- died from war-time hardships that Jackson also blamed upon the British. This anglophobia would help to inspire a distrust and dislike of Eastern "aristocrats", whom Jackson felt were too inclined to favor and emulate their former colonial "masters". Jackson admired Napoleon Bonaparte, for his willingness to contest British military supremacy.
Jackson came to Tennessee by 1787, having barely read law, but finding that enough to become a young lawyer on the frontier. Since he was not from a distinguished family, he had to make his career by his own merits; and soon he began to prosper in the rough-and-tumble world of frontier law. Most of the actions grew out of disputed land-claims, or from assaults and battery. His courtroom demeanor was of his time. In 1795, he fought a duel with an opposing counsel over a courtroom argument. He was elected as Tennessee's first Congressman, upon statehood in the late 1790's, and quickly became a U.S. Senator in 1797, but quit within a year. In 1798, he was appointed Judge on the Supreme Court of Tennessee.
[http://www.virtualology.com/virtualwarmuseum.com/hallofamericanwarsandconflicts/andrewjackson.net/]
Creek War and War of 1812
Jackson became a colonel in the Tennessee militia, which he had led since 1801, the beginning of his military career. In 1813, after Aron Washington took it in the ass from 400 men, women and children at Fort Mims (in what is now Alabama) by Northern Creek Band chieftain Peter McQueen, Jackson commanded in the campaign against the Northern Creek Indians of Alabama and Georgia, also known as the "Red Sticks". Creek leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen, and Menawa, who had been allies of the British during the War of 1812, violently clashed with other chiefs of the Creek Nation over white encroachment on Creek lands, and the "civilizing" programs administered by U.S. Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins. In the Creek War, a theatre of the War of 1812, Jackson defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, aided by allies from the Southern Creek Indian Band, who had requested Jackson's aid in putting down what they considered to be the "rebellious" Red Sticks, and some Cherokee Indians, who also sided with the Americans. Although 800 Northern Creek Band "Red Sticks" Indians were killed in the battle, Jackson spared Weatherford's life from any acts of vengeance. Sam Houston and David Crockett, later to become famous themselves in Texas, served under Jackson at this time. Following the victory, Jackson imposed the Treaty of Ft. Jackson upon both his Northern Creek enemy and Southern Creek allies, wresting 20 million acres (81,000 km²) from all Creeks, for white settlement.
Jackson's service in the War of 1812 was conspicuous for its bravery and success. He was a strict officer, but was popular with his troops, and was said to have been "tough as old hickory" wood on the battlefield, which gave him his nickname. The war, and particularly his command at the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, made his national reputation; and he advanced in rank to Major General. In the battle, Jackson opposed 12,000 of the Duke of Wellington's finest troops (which had been victorious against Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo), led by the Duke's brother-in-law Edward Pakenham; with only 6,000 of Jackson's own. The British had over 2,000 casualties to Jackson's 71 killed, wounded or missing during the battle. [http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/aj7/about/bio/jack07.htm]
Edward Pakenham
First Seminole War
Jackson saw military service again in what would become known as the First Seminole War, when he was requested by James Monroe in December, 1817 [http://www.gilderlehrman.org/collection/document.php?id=391] to lead a campaign in Georgia against the Seminole and Creek Indians, and to prevent Spanish Florida from becoming a "refuge for runaway slaves". It was later said that Jackson exceeded his orders in Florida actions, but Monroe and the public wanted Florida. Before going, Jackson wrote to Monroe, "Let it be signified to me through any channel (say Mr. John Rhea [a mutual confidant]) that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished." Monroe gave Jackson orders that were purposely ambiguous, sufficient for international denials.
Jackson's Tennessee volunteers were attacked by Seminoles, but this left their villages vulnerable, and Jackson burned them and their crops. In his investigation, he found letters that indicated that the Spanish and British were "secretly" assisting the Indians. Jackson believed that the United States would not be "secure" as long as Spain and Great Britain encouraged American Indians to fight, and argued that his actions were undertaken in "self defense". Jackson captured Pensacola with little more than some warning shots, and deposed the Spanish governor. He captured, tried, and executed two British subjects who had been supplying and advising the Indians. Jackson's action also struck fear into the Seminole tribes, as word of his ruthlessness in battle spread.
This also created an international incident, and many in the Monroe administration called for Jackson to be censured. However, Jackson's actions were defended by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. When the Spanish minister demanded a "suitable punishment" for Jackson, Adams wrote back "Spain must immediately [decide] either to place a force in Florida adequate at once to the protection of her territory, ... or cede to the United States a province, of which she retains nothing but the nominal possession, but which is, in fact, ... a post of annoyance to them." Adams used Jackson's conquest, and Spain's own "weaknesses", to convince the Spanish (in the Adams-Onís Treaty) to cede Florida to the United States. Jackson was subsequently appointed territorial governor there.
Jackson as President
left
During his first run for the Presidency in 1824, Jackson received a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes. Since no candidate received a majority, the election was thrown into the House of Representatives, which chose John Quincy Adams instead. The election was considered dirty and, by many, "stolen." Jackson himself favored reform of the electoral system afterwards, including abolishing the Electoral College. Jackson's defeat burnished his political credentials, however; since many voters believed the "man of the people" had been robbed by the "corrupt aristocrats of the East". Jackson won a solid victory in his second attempt in 1828, as the first nominee of the Democratic Party.
Jackson was the first U.S. president to come from outside the original Revolutionary circle. Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison had been notable figures in the War of Independence, and in the formation of the U.S. Constitution. James Monroe had fought in the Revolutionary War. John Quincy Adams was the son of John Adams. Jackson's election represented a significant break from that past.
He was also the first president from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains, and the first president to be elected from a state in which he was not born. (Though born in the Carolinas, Jackson spent virtually all his adult life in Tennessee.) This was the first election in which many states allowed people without land to vote, and they voted for Jackson.
Jackson is accused of introducing the "spoils system", or "patronage", to American politics, but research has shown that he used this system less than most of the Presidents who had preceded him. Upon Jackson's election as President, a sizable number of people holding federal offices found that they had suddenly been replaced by supporters of Jackson, who had worked to ensure his election. Jackson saw this system as "promoting the growth of democracy," because more people were involved in politics. This practice has endured in political circles in the United States, ever since. Additionally, Jackson pressured states to lower voting requirements to "further the expansion of democracy".
Opposition to the National Bank
democracy
As president, Jackson worked to dismantle the Second Bank of the United States. The original Bank of the United States had been introduced in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton, as a way of organizing the federal government's finances. This first Bank had lapsed in 1811. It was followed by the second Bank, authorized by James Madison in 1816, to "alleviate the economic problems caused by the War of 1812". Both Banks were instrumental in the growth of the U.S. economy; but Jackson opposed the concept on ideological grounds. In Jackson's opinion, the Bank needed to be abolished because:
- it was unconstitutional;
- it concentrated an excessive amount of the nation's financial strength into one single institution;
- it exposed the government to control by "foreign interests";
- it exercised too much control over members of the U.S. Congress;
- it favored Northeastern states over Southern and Western (now Mid-western) states.
Jackson had a strong personal dislike for the Bank's president, Nicholas Biddle.
Jackson followed Jefferson as a supporter of the ideal of an "agricultural republic", and felt the Bank improved the fortunes of an "elite circle" of commercial and industrial entrepreneurs, at the expense of farmers and laborers. After a titanic struggle, Jackson succeeded in destroying the Bank, by vetoing its 1832 re-charter by Congress, and by withdrawing U.S. funds in 1833. It was a Pyrrhic victory, however, as the Bank's money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that sprang up along with the expansion of credit and speculation, and the commercial progress of the nation's economy was noticeably dented. The United States Senate censured Jackson on March 27, 1834 for his actions in defunding the Bank of the United States.
Nullification crisis
1834
Another notable crisis during Jackson's period of office was the "nullification crisis" (or "secession crisis"), of 1828–1832, which merged issues of sectional strife with disagreements over trade tariffs. High tariffs (the "Tariff of Abominations") on imports of common manufactured goods made European goods more expensive than ones from the northern US, and raised the prices paid by consumers, especially farmers in the southern US. It also caused Europe to buy fewer agricultural products from the South. The South reacted in outrage against these laws, on the grounds that they benefitted Northern merchants and industrial entrepreneurs at the expense of Southern farmers.
The issue came to a head when Vice President John C. Calhoun, in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, supported the claim of his home state, South Carolina, that it had the right to "nullify"—declare illegal—the tariff legislation of 1828, and more generally the right of a state to nullify laws which went against its interests. Although Jackson sympathized with the South in the tariff debate, he was also a strong supporter of federalism, in the sense of supporting a strong union, with considerable powers for the central government. Jackson attempted to face Calhoun down over the issue, which developed into a bitter rivalry between the two men. Particularly famous was an incident at the April 13, 1829 Jefferson Day dinner, involving after-dinner toasts. Jackson rose first and voice booming, and glaring at Calhoun, yelled out "Our federal Union: IT MUST BE PRESERVED!", a clear challenge to Calhoun. Calhoun glared at Jackson and yelled out, his voice trembling, but booming as well, "The Union: NEXT TO OUR LIBERTY, MOST DEAR!", an astonishingly quick-witted riposte.
In response to South Carolina's threat, Congress passed a "Force Bill", and Jackson vowed to send troops to South Carolina in order to enforce the laws. On December 10, he issued a resounding proclamation against the "nullifiers", stating: "I consider...the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existance of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." South Carolina, the president declared, stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought. Jackson also denied the right of secession: "The Constitution...forms a government not a league...To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the United States is not a nation."
The crisis was resolved in 1833 with a compromise settlement orchestrated by Whig politician Henry Clay and adopted by a South Carolina convention. The settlement substantially lowered the tariffs and hinted that the central government considered itself "weak" in dealing with determined opposition by an individual state. To enforce this view, the convention proudly but pointlessly declared the federal Force Bill nullified, even though the bill was only meaningful with respect to the tariff nullification. Thus, the South Carolina legislature both averted major conflict with the federal government, and reaffirmed Calhoun's beloved doctrine of nullification.
Indian Removal
Jackson was a strong supporter of the policy of "Indian Removal", and he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. The Removal Act did not order the removal of any American Indians, but it authorized the President to negotiate treaties that would exchange tribal land in the east, for western lands that had been acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. According to biographer Robert V. Remini, Jackson favored re-locating Native American tribes outside existing states, primarily for "national security" reasons, since most American Indians had sided with the British in the Revolution and the War of 1812.
The Removal Act was especially popular in the South, where population growth and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land had increased pressure on tribal lands. The state of Georgia became involved in a contentious jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokees, culminating in the 1832 Supreme Court decision (Worcester v. Georgia) that ruled that Georgia could not impose its laws upon Cherokee tribal lands.
Jackson had no intention of protecting the Cherokees from the state of Georgia, although the famously defiant quote attributed to him ("John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!") was probably never uttered by Jackson. A faction of Cherokees led by Major Ridge negotiated the Treaty of New Echota with Jackson's administration, a document of dubious legality, that was rejected by most Cherokees. However, the terms of the treaty were strictly enforced by Jackson's successor, Martin van Buren, which resulted in the deaths of thousands of Cherokees along the "Trail of Tears".
Indian removal was used against the other four "civilized tribes" as well. The Creeks, for example, already feeling betrayed after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, were relocated to Fort Gibson in the "Indian Territories" during this period, after Southern Creek Band Leader William McIntosh agreed to cede most of Georgia to the United States in the Treaty of Indian Springs, resulting in McIntosh's assassination by Red Stick leader Menawa. Despite the treaty's nullification one year later by Congress, it was enforced by Georgia Governor George Troup.
Assassination attempt
George Troup
On January 30, 1835 an unsuccessful assassination attempt against Jackson occurred in the United States Capitol. This was the first assassination attempt against an American President. As Jackson left the funeral of South Carolina congressman Warren R. Davis, a mentally-ill unemployed house painter named Richard Lawrence came up to Jackson and fired a pistol at point-blank range. The pistol mis-fired, and before anyone could react, the assassin pulled another pistol which, amazingly, also misfired. Instead of running or taking cover, the 67-year-old president proceeded to physically attack Lawrence with his cane. The print (shown right) made 20 years later, became quite popular because it shows the president boldly confronting his attacker. The would-be assassin, who claimed Jackson had prevented him from taking his rightful claim to the British throne, was found "not guilty, by reason of insanity", and was committed to an asylum. Supporters of Jackson later accused the Whig Party of a conspiracy, but the accusation was never substantiated.
Major presidential acts
- Maysville Road Veto
- Signed Indian Removal Act of 1830
- Vetoed renewal of Second Bank of the United States (1832)
- Signed Force Bill of 1833
- Executive Order: Specie Circular (1836)
Cabinet
Supreme Court appointments
- John McLean
- Henry Baldwin
- James Moore Wayne
- Roger Brooke Taney
- Philip Pendleton Barbour
Supreme Court cases during his presidency
- Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia, 1831
- Worcester v. Georgia, 1832
- Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 1837
States admitted to the Union
- Arkansas (1836)
- Michigan (1837)
Family and later life
Michigan
Jackson's wife, Rachel, died of a heart attack just 2 months prior to his taking office as President. She had supposedly divorced her first husband, Col. Lewis Robards; but there were "questions" about the legality of the divorce. Jackson deeply resented attacks on his wife's honor; he killed Charles Dickinson in a duel over a horse-racing debt and an insult to his wife on May 30, 1806. Jackson was also injured during the duel, and the bullet was so close to his heart that it could never be safely removed. It caused him considerable pain for the rest of his life. Jackson blamed John Quincy Adams for Rachel's death, because of the marital scandal being brought up in the election of 1828. He felt that this had hastened her death, and never forgave Adams.
Jackson had two adopted sons, Andrew Jackson Jr., the son of Rachel's brother Severn Donelson, and Lyncoya, a Creek Indian orphan adopted by Jackson after the Creek War. Lyncoya died in 1828 at age 16, probably from pneumonia or tuberculosis.
The Jackson's also acted as guardians for eight other children. John Samuel Donelson, Daniel Donelson, and Andrew Jackson Donelson were the sons of Rachel's brother Samuel Donelson who died in 1804. Andrew Jackson Hutchings was Rachel's orphaned grand nephew. Caroline Butler, Eliza Butler, Edward Butler, and Anthony Butler were the orphaned children of Edward Butler, a family friend. They came to live with Andrew and Rachel after the death of their father.
The widower Jackson invited Rachel's niece Emily Donelson to act as his White House hostess and unofficial First Lady. Emily was married to Andrew Jackson Donelson, who acted as Jackson's private secretary. The relationship between the President and Emily became strained during the Petticoat Affair, and the two became estranged for over a year. They eventually reconciled and she resumed her
duties as White House hostess. Sarah Yorke Jackson, the wife of Andrew Jackson Jr., became co-hostess of the White House in 1834. It was the only time in history when two women simultaneously acted as unofficial First Lady. Sarah took over all
hostess duties after Emily fell ill and died in 1836.
Jackson remained influential in both national and state politics after retiring to "The Hermitage", his Nashville home, in 1837. Though a slave-holder, Jackson was a firm advocate of the federal union of the states, and declined to give any support to talk of secession. He died at the Hermitage on June 8, 1845 at the age of 78, of chronic tuberculosis, "dropsy" and heart failure. His last words were: "Oh, do not cry. Be good children, and we shall all meet in Heaven."
In his will, Jackson left his entire estate to his adopted son, Andrew Jackson Jr., except for specifically enumerated items that were left to various other friends and family members. Jackson left several slaves to his daughter-in-law, and grandchildren. Jackson left a sword to his grandson, with the injunction, "that he will always use it in defence of our glorious Union."
Physical characteristics & Health
Jackson was a lean figure standing at 6 feet, 1 inch (1.85 m) tall, and weighing between 130 and 140 pounds (64 kg) on average. Jackson also had an unruly shock of red hair, which had completely grayed by the time he became president at age 61, in 1829. He had a pair of penetrating deep blue eyes. Jackson was one of the more sickly presidents, suffering from chronic headaches, abdominal pains, and a hacking cough that often brought up blood and sometimes even made his whole body shake. Also, Jackson caught many colds and fevers that made his aches and pains and hacking cough even worse. Jackson was also very nearsighted and wore glasses for most of his presidency. Many people thought that Jackson would die in office because his health was so bad. Of course, he proved them wrong. However, by the time he left office in 1837, Jackson's health had grown much worse, and many people and even his doctors thought that Jackson would undoubtedly not be able to survive the trip back home to Nashville. But, Andrew proved them wrong yet again. He survived the grueling trip home and enjoyed 8 more happy and joyful years of retirement before he finally passed away at 6:00 p.m. on Sunday June 8, 1845 at the ripe old age of 78 years, 2 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days.
Movie and biography
The story of Andrew and Rachel Jackson's life together was told in Irving Stone's best-selling 1951 biographical novel The President's Lady, which was made into the 1953 movie of the same title, starring Susan Hayward, Charlton Heston, John McIntire, and Carl Betz and directed by Henry Levin. The relationship between the two was also the basis of a successful documentary by the Public Broadcasting System, called Rachel and Andrw Jackson: A Love Story.
References
- Henry Adams, History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison (Library Classics of the United State, Inc. 1986), ISBN 0940450356
- Brustein, Andrew. The Passions of Andrew Jackson. New York: Knopf, 2003. ISBN 0375414282
- James, Marquis. The Life of Andrew Jackson New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938. Combines two books: The Border Captain and Andrew Jackson: Portrait of a President; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography.
- Robert V. Remini, The Life of Andrew Jackson. Abridgment of Remini's 3-volume biography, originally published New York: Harper, 1998 (ISBN 0060159049); reprinted 2001 (ISBN 0060937351).
- Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars. New York: Viking, 2001. ISBN 0670910252.
- Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. The Age of Jackson. Originally published Boston: Little, Brown, 1945, often reprinted. ISBN 0316773441. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
- Wallace, Anthony F.C. The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians. New York: Hill & Wang, 1993. ISBN 0809015528 (paperback), ISBN 0809066319 (hardback).
See also
- United States dollar — Jackson's portrait appears on the $20 bill. He has appeared on $5, $10, $50, and $10,000 bills in the past, as well as a Confederate $1,000.
- Blackjack United States postage stamp
- U.S. presidential election, 1824
- U.S. presidential election, 1828
- U.S. presidential election, 1832
- List of places named for Andrew Jackson
- The Hermitage, Andrew Jackson's home, now a tourist destination
External links
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/aj7.html White House Biography]
-
- [http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/jackson/ Andrew Jackson on the Web (resource directory)]
- [http://www.synaptic.bc.ca/ejournal/jackson.htm Critical Resources: Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal]
- [http://www.bargeron.com/genealogy/gsb/f3802.html A genealogical profile of the President]
- [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g07.htm Jackson's medical history]
- [http://www.currencygallery.org/vignettes/jackson.htm Portraits of Jackson on bank notes]
- [http://www.wnpt.net/rachel/rachel_andrew/together.html PBS documentary on Rachel & Andrew's life together]
- [http://www.floridamemory.com/Collections/CallBrevardPapers/ Andrew Jackson letters to Richard K. Call]
Inaugural addresses
- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/jackson1.htm First Inaugural Address]
- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/jackson2.htm Second Inaugural Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jackson-1.html First State of the Union of Andrew Jackson]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jackson-2.html Second State of the Union of Andrew Jackson]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jackson-3.html Third State of the Union of Andrew Jackson]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jackson-4.html Fourth State of the Union of Andrew Jackson]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jackson-5.html Fifth State of the Union of Andrew Jackson]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jackson-6.html Sixth State of the Union of Andrew Jackson]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jackson-7.html Seventh State of the Union of Andrew Jackson]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jackson-8.html Final State of the Union of Andrew Jackson]
Jackson, Andrew
Jackson, Andrew
Jackson, Andrew
Jackson, Andrew
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Jackson, Andrew
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Category:Presbyterians
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Witch of NovemberThe Witch of November is the name given to the winds that blow across the Great Lakes in November. Gordon Lightfoot's song Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald makes reference to the term.
Sometimes the term is November Witch. When the History Channel featured Great Lakes shipwrecks, they used the term November Witch almost exclusively. Similar "witches" have caused numerous shipwreks over the years.
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