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John Forester

John Forester

John Forester (born 1929) is a cycling transportation engineer and a noted cycling activist who coined the term Effective Cycling and the vehicular cycling principle: "Cyclists fare best when they act and are treated as drivers of vehicles". John Forester is also the eldest son of writer CS Forester, best known as the author of the Horatio Hornblower novels.

Bibliography


- Bicycle Transportation (First edition, 1977; Second MIT edition, The MIT Press, 1994) ISBN 0262560798
- Effective Cycling (First edition, 1976; Sixth edition, The MIT Press, 1993) ISBN 0262560704
- Effective Cycling Program, Effective Cycling Instructor's Manual, the film Bicycling Safely On The Road (Iowa State University, 1978)
- Effective Cycling, The Movie, (Seidler Productions, 1992)
- Novelist & Storyteller, The Life of C. S. Forester, ISBN 0-940558-04-1 (biography of his father)

References


- [http://www.johnforester.com/ John Forester's] web site
- [http://probicycle.com/jf/jfbio.html ProBicycle biography] of John Forester Forester, John Forester, John

1929

1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 2 - Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls.
- January 9 - The Seeing Eye is established with the mission to train dogs to assist the blind (Nashville, Tennessee).
- January 10 - Tintin, a comic book character created by Hergé, makes his debut. He went on to be published in over 200 million comic books in 40 languages, and loved across the world.
- January 15 - First issue of Annales d'histoire économique et sociale published in France by Armand Collin.
- January 17 - Popeye, a comic strip character created by Elzie Crisler Segar, makes his debut.
- January 18 - Leon Trotsky expelled from Soviet Union; he moves to Turkey January 29 and applies for sanctuary in France and Germany
- January 29 - Seeing Eye Dog organization is formed.

February


- February 11 - Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty
- February 11 - Eugene O'Neill's Dynamo premieres in New York
- February 14 - St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangsters rivalling Al Capone are murdered in Chicago, Illinois.
- February 18 - First Academy Awards are announced
- February 26 - The Grand Teton National Park is created.

March


- March 3 - Revolt attempt of Generals José Gonzalo Escobar and Jesús María Aguirre fails in Mexico.
- March 4 - Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as the 31st President of the United States, succeeding Calvin Coolidge.

May


- May 13 - National Crime Syndicate founded in Atlantic City.
- May 14 - Wilfred Rhodes takes his 4000th first-class wicket during a performance of 9 for 39 at Leyton.
- May 31 - British general election returns a hung parliament yet again - Liberals will determine who has power.

June


- June 7 - In Britain Tories concede power rather than risk courting Liberals for fragile majority
- June 8 - Ramsay MacDonald founds new Labour government.
- June 21 - agreement brokered by US ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico. In June 27, church bells ring for the first time in years

July


- July 5 - Scotland Yard seizes 12 nude paintings of D.H. Lawrence from the Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency
- July 24 - French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns for medical reasons - he is succeeded by Aristide Briand
- July 24 - The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by most leading world powers).

August


- August 8 - The German airship Graf Zeppelin begins a round-the-world flight (will end on August 29).
- August 19 - The radio comedy show Amos and Andy makes its debut starring Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll.

September


- September 5 - Aristide Briand presents his plan of the United States of Europe
- September 7 - Steamboat Kuru sinks in Näsijärvi, Tampere, Finland - 136 drowned
- September 17 - Coup ousts Augustinas Voldemaras in Lithuania; new president is Antanas Smetona

October


- October 11 - JC Penney opens Store #1252 in Milford, Delaware, making it a nationwide company with stores in all 48 states.
- October 22 - Government of Aristide Briand falls in France
- October 24 - Great Depression begins: Black Thursday and then Black Tuesday (October 29) - The New York Stock Exchange crashes, ushering in what will be a world-wide economic crisis.

November


- November 7 - In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opens to the public.
- November 18 - 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: Off the south coast of Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean, a Richter magnitude 7.2 submarine earthquake centered on Grand Banks, breaks 12 submarine transatlantic telegraph cables and triggers a tsunami that destroys many south coast communities in the Burin Peninsula area, killing 28. As of 1997, it is Canada's most lethal earthquake.[http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf]
- November 29 - US Admiral Richard Byrd becomes the first person to fly over the South Pole.

December


- December 2 - First phone booths in London
- December 3 - Great Depression: US President Herbert Hoover announces to U.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recent stock market crash are behind the nation and the American people have regained faith in the economy.
- December 29 - All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence
- December 31 - Guy Lombardo plays Auld Lang Syne for the first time

Unknown dates


- Third Geneva Convention
- The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is proposed.
- Greatest number of fatal civil aircraft crashes in US history.
- Civil war in Afghanistan
- Lapua Movement in Finland
- Branch Davidian sect founded in Los Angeles
- Start of the Soviet-Chinese Conflict
- May - Wickersham Commission began investigation of alcohol prohibition in U.S.
- Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for colour television.

Births

January-March


- January 3 - Sergio Leone, Italian director (d. 1989)
- January 6 - Babrak Karmal, third President of Afghanistan (d. 1996)
- January 15 - Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., American civil rights leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1968)
- January 17 - Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (d. 1986)
- January 20 - Fireball Roberts, American race car driver (d. 1964)
- January 23 - John Charles Polanyi, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 26 - Jules Feiffer, American cartoonist and writer
- January 28 - Acker Bilk, American jazz clarinetist
- January 28 - Claes Oldenbourg, Swedish sculptor
- January 29 - Gastón Suárez, Bolivian novelist and dramatist (d. 1984)
- January 31 - Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 31 - Jean Simmons, English actress
- February 5 - Luc Ferrari, French composer (d. 2005)
- February 5 - Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician
- February 6 - Pierre Brice, French actor
- February 14 - Vic Morrow, American actor (d. 1982)
- February 15 - Graham Hill, English race car driver (d. 1975)
- February 17 - Chaim Potok, American rabbi and author (d. 2002)
- February 17 - Patricia Routledge, English actress
- February 18 - Len Deighton, British author
- February 28 - Hayden Fry, American football coach
- February 28 - Frank Gehry, Canadian-born architect
- March 1 - Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (d. 1978)
- March 4 - Bernard Haitink, Dutch conductor
- March 9 - Desmond Hoyte, Prime Minister and President of Guyana (d. 2002)
- March 17 - Peter L. Berger, Austrian-born sociologist
- March 23 - Sir Roger Bannister, British runner

April-June


- April 1 - Milan Kundera, Czech-born author
- April 5 - Ivar Giaever, Norwegian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 6 - André Previn, German-born pianist, composer, and conductor
- April 8 - Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000)
- April 10 - Max von Sydow, Swedish actor
- May 4 - Audrey Hepburn, Belgian actress (d. 1993)
- May 4 - Sydney MacDonald Lamb, American linguist
- May 6 - Paul Lauterbur, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 10 - Antonine Maillet, Canadian author
- May 14 - Gump Worsley, Canadian hockey player
- May 14 - Henry McGee, English actor
- May 21 - Heinz Holliger, Swiss oboist
- May 25 - Beverly Sills, American soprano
- June 1 - Nargis, Indian actress (d. 1981)
- June 2 - Norton Juster, American author and architect
- June 3 - Werner Arber, Swiss microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 6 - Sunil Dutt, Indian actor and politician (d. 2005)
- June 10 - Harald Juhnke, German entertainer (d. 2005)
- June 12 - Brigid Brophy, English author (d. 1995)
- June 12 - Anne Frank, German diarist (d. 1945)
- June 13 - Alan Civil, English French horn player (d. 1989)
- June 16 - Ramon Bieri, American actor (d. 2001)
- June 17 - Tigran Petrosian, Russian chess player (d. 1984)
- June 23 - June Carter Cash, American singer (d. 2003)
- June 26 - Milton Glaser, American graphic designer

July-September


- July 1 - Gerald Edelman, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- July 2 - Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines
- July 4 - Bill Tuttle, baseball player
- July 5 - Tony Lock, English cricketer (d. 1995)
- July 9 - King Hassan II of Morocco (d. 1999)
- July 11 - Hermann Prey, German bass-baritone (d. 1998)
- July 18 - Dick Button, American figure skater
- July 18 - Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins, American musician (d. 2000)
- July 24 - Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist and author
- July 25 - Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician
- July 26 - Alexis Weissenberg, Bulgarian-French pianist
- July 29 - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, wife of John F Kennedy
- August 1 - Hafizullah Amin, second President of Afghanistan (d. 1979)
- August 16 - Helmut Rahn, German footballer (d. 2003)
- August 24 - Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2004)
- August 26 - Maurice Tempelsman, Belgian diamond merchant and financier
- August 28 - Istvan Kertesz, Hungarian conductor (d. 1973)
- September 1 - Anne Ramsey, American actress (d. 1988)
- September 5 - Bob Newhart, American comedian and actor
- September 5 - Andrian Nikolayev, cosmonaut (d. 2004)
- September 6 - Yash Johar, Indian film producer (d. 2004)
- September 8 - Christoph von Dohnanyi, German conductor
- September 9 - Claude Nougaro, French singer (d. 2004)
- September 15 - Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 20 - Anne Meara, American comedienne and actress
- September 21 - Bernard Williams, British philosopher (d. 2003)
- September 25 - Ronnie Barker, British comedian (d. 2005)
- September 25 - Barbara Walters, American journalist
- September 28 - Lata Mangeshkar, Indian playback singer

October-December


- October 14 - Yvon Durelle, Canadian boxer
- October 22 - Lev Yashin, Soviet footballer (d. 1990)
- October 24 - George Crumb, American composer
- October 24 - Yordan Radichkov, Bulgarian writer and playwright (d. 2004)
- November 2 - Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, President of Pakistan
- November 2 - Richard E. Taylor, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 4 - Doris Roberts, American actress
- November 7 - Eric R. Kandel, Austrian-born neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 8 - Lal Krishna Advani, Indian politician
- November 9 - Imre Kertesz, Hungarian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 11 - LaVern Baker, American singer (d. 1997)
- November 12 - Grace Patricia Kelly, American actress and Princess of Monaco (d. 1982)
- November 19 - Norman Cantor, Canadian medieval scholar (d. 2004)
- November 30 - Dick Clark, American television entertainer
- December 6 - Nikolaus Harnoncourt, German-born conductor
- December 9 - Bob Hawke, twenty-third Prime Minister of Australia
- December 16 - Nicholas Courtney, British actor
- December 16 - James Moore, British author
- December 17 - Jacqueline Hill, British actress (d. 1993)
- December 28 - Terry Sawchuk, Canadian hockey player (d. 1970)
- December 28 - Brian Redhead, English journalist and broadcaster (d. 1994)

Deaths


- January 5 - Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia (b. 1856)
- January 13 - Wyatt Earp, American gunfighter (b. 1848)
- January 30 - La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866)
- February 8 - Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain (b. 1858)
- February 12 - Lillie Langtry, British singer and actress (b. 1853)
- February 14 - Tom Burke, American runner (b. 1875)
- March 20 - Ferdinand Foch, French commander of allied forces in World War I (b. 1851)
- April 4 - Karl Benz, German automotive pioneer (b. 1844)
- April 24 - Caroline Rémy, French feminist (b. 1855)
- May 21 - Archibald Primrose, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1847)
- June 8 - Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (b. 1861)
- June 11 - William Dickson Boyce, American entrepreneur and founder of the Boy Scouts of America (b. 1858)
- June 28 - Edward Carpenter, English poet (b. 1844)
- July 15 - Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Austrian writer (b. 1874)
- August - Mary MacLane, Canadian feminist writer (b. 1881)
- August 3 - Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian-born economist (b. 1857)
- August 3 - Emil Berliner, German-born inventor (b. 1851)
- August 5 - Millicent Fawcett, British suffragist and feminist (b. 1847)
- August 26 - Sir Ernest Satow, British diplomat and scholar in East Asia (b. 1843)
- August 27 - Herman Potočnik Noordung, Slovenian rocket engineer (b. 1892)
- September 12 - Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (b. 1865)
- September 23 - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
- October 1 - Antoine Bourdelle, French sculptor (b. 1861)
- October 3 - Jeanne Eagels, American actress (b. 1890)
- October 3 - Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1878)
- October 28 - Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1849)
- November 24 - Georges Clemenceau, Premier of France (b. 1841)
- December 10 - Harry Crosby, American publisher and poet (b. 1898)
- December 20 - Émile Loubet, 7th President of France (b.1838)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
- Chemistry - Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
- Physiology or Medicine - Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
- Literature - Thomas Mann
- Peace - Frank Kellogg

External links


- About.com: [http://mutualfunds.about.com/od/1929marketcrash/ 1929 Stock Market Crash]
- [http://www.stock-market-crash.net/1929.htm Stock Market Crash of 1929]-Learn about the disastrous crash that lead to the Great Depression Category:1929 ko:1929년 ms:1929 ja:1929年 simple:1929 th:พ.ศ. 2472

Effective Cycling

Effective Cycling is a trademarked cycling educational program designed by John Forester, which was the national education program of the League of American Wheelmen for a number of years. The Effective Cycling program consists of text books and training courses (for both students and instructors) and a training video for students. The EC program helps people learn to bicycle more efficiently, safely and enjoyably. The heart of the program is a set of vehicular cycling practices. These practices are based upon years of statistical data about the experiences of cyclists. The primary recommendation is that a bicylist, as an operator of a pedal vehicle, should follow the rules of the road that are common to all vehicle types. Forester argues that behaving otherwise actually increases the likelihood of collisions with other vehicles. Forester summarizes the rules of the road for vehicle operation in five principles: #Use the correct half of the road, and not the sidewalk (or "pavement"). #Yield to other traffic as required. #Yield when moving laterally across the road. #Choose the correct lane and position within the lane at intersections and their approaches, based on your destination. For cyclists, this often involves taking the lane. #Between intersections move away from the curb based on speed relative to other traffic and effective lane width. Forester sums up Effective Cycling with what he calls the vehicular cycling (VC) principle: "Cyclists fare best when they act and are treated as drivers of vehicles." This injunction is consistent with the rules of the road, which generally apply to all types of drivers of vehicles. The VC principle is often misunderstood to mean "act like you're a car". At most, it means to act like a driver of a low-powered motorcycle. Forester's injunction speaks not only to cyclist behavior but also to the way cyclists should be treated by motorists, police, and road engineers. Forester generally opposes facilities (such as bicycle lanes) which he contends encourage behavior that is contrary to the vehicular cycling practices. This contention is challenged by those who believe that such segregated facilities increase cyclist safety (or at least increase the number of bicyclists).

External links


- [http://www.johnforester.com John Forester's website]
- [http://www.sactaqc.org/Resources/Literature/Bike_Ped/Cycling_Safety.htm "Cycling Safety On Bikeways vs. Roads" - A response to an article of John Forester's]
- "[http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/tfhrc/safety/pubs/99034/intro.htm A Comparative Analysis of Bicycle Lanes Versus Wide Curb Lanes: Final Report]", FHWA-RD-99-034.
  - [http://www.johnforester.com/Articles/Facilities/BLvsWCL.htm John Forester's review of the analysis]
- [http://www.bicycledriving.com Bicycle Transportation Institute]
- [http://www.bikexprt.com John S. Allen's bicycling pages, including Street Smarts]
- [http://www.bikeleague.org/educenter/education.htm LAB's Bike Ed program, based on the principles of Effective Cycling]

References


- Effective Cycling by John Forester, ISBN 0262560704 Category:vehicular cycling

Vehicular cycling

Vehicular Cycling (VC) is the practice of bicycling on roads in accordance with the rules of the road for operating a vehicle. Under the international Vienna Convention on Road Traffic (1968), a bicycle (or "cycle", as referenced by the convention) is defined to be a vehicle and a cyclist is considered to be a driver. In some jurisdictions, a bicycle is defined as a "device" rather than a vehicle, but in those cases usually the operator of a bicycle is afforded the "same rights and responsibilities" as a driver of a vehicle. Drivers of bicycles are sometimes given additional privileges that drivers of motor vehicles are not — for example, in some jurisdictions cycling on sidewalks in accordance to the pedestrian rules of the road is permitted. Sometimes vehicular cycling is referred to as integrated cycling (i.e. integrated with other vehicular traffic, as opposed to cycling in segregated cycling facilities ), integrated traffic cycling, cooperative cycling, or bicycle driving. A vehicular cyclist is a cyclist who generally travels within the roadway in accordance with the vehicular rules of the road and the most effective cycling practices. Primarily, this means:
- Traveling on the same side of the road as other traffic traveling in the same direction.
- Staying outside of the door zone; no closer than a door length to a motor vehicle that is parked parallel to the road. In practice it is sometimes difficult to estimate the open door length of a given parked car and so some experts recommend erring on the side of caution and riding no closer than an estimated five feet from the edge of parked cars, since even being hit by just the outside edge of a suddenly opened car door can be extremely dangerous.
- Respecting traffic controls such as yield signs, stop signs and traffic signals.
- Between intersections and other junctions, choosing the appropriate lane or lateral position according to those rules of the road that are shared by all drivers
- While preparing to turn or turning, choosing the appropriate lane or lateral position according to destination positioning.
- Ignoring designated bicycle lane stripes by choosing whether to ride inside or outside of the space demarcated by the stripe as if the stripe was not there.
- Changing lanes or lateral (left/right) position in response to, and in anticipation of, factors such as changing traffic conditions.
- Using the full lane unless overtaking traffic is likely to be delayed and the marked travel lane is wide enough to share.
- When making a left turn on a road with multiple marked travel lanes, merging into the traffic in each lane while using negotiation with other drivers as required.
- Generally feeling and acting like a vehicle driver, albeit the driver of a narrow and relatively low-powered vehicle. While almost any cyclist is bound to ride "vehicularly" at least some of the time, few cyclists do so consistently. Some non-"VC" actions commonly taken by cyclists include:
- Cycling on the opposite side of the road compared to other traffic traveling in the same direction.
- Cycling in the door zone.
- Cycling on sidewalks or in crosswalks.
- Running red lights.
- Blatantly running stop signs (certain stop signs, particularly those in quiet neighborhoods, are routinely treated cautiously as yield signs by all vehicle drivers, including vehicular cyclists, though technically doing so is against the letter of the law).
- Going straight across an intersection from the side of the road from which right (left in England) turns are allowed and expected, and through travel is not expected. (Driving on the left is practised in many other countries as well, but we refer to England here, for brevity )
- Turning left (right in England) from the side of the road and darting across the roadway, instead of merging across one lane at a time.
- Moving laterally without looking back over the shoulder.
- Stopping or cycling on stripes separating lanes instead of taking a more predictable position within a marked lane.
- At a red traffic light, moving to the front of the traffic queue and stopping in the crosswalk or ahead of the stop line, instead of taking one's place in line according to the first come, first served principle.
- Passing slow or stopped traffic on the outer side.
- Not merging out of a curbside bicycle lane when approaching a junction or intersection when the cyclist is going straight.
- Cycling in the gutter or generally keep to the outside edge, even when there is no overtaking traffic.
- Traveling along the edge of a marked travel lane that is too narrow to share side-by-side with a wider vehicle, thus encouraging drivers of overtaking wider vehicles to believe that the lane is wide enough to share.

Principle

Many people who advocate vehicular cycling cite the principle coined by John Forester, "Cyclists fare best when they act and are treated as drivers of vehicles". Some others prefer to cite the definition printed in dictionaries ("bicycle - a vehicle with ... pedals by which it is propelled ...") and the common sense notion that any vehicle is best operated as if it were a vehicle.

Origins of Vehicular Cycling

The origins of vehicular cycling go back to the 19th century when bicycles were invented and shared the roads with horses and buggies. Cyclists have been riding in accordance to the vehicular rules of the road ever since.

Using the full lane

Using the full lane, sometimes referred to as "taking the lane", is a vehicular cycling technique whereby a bicyclist commands full use of a marked travel lane instead of operating at its side. Riding at the side yields the right-of-way in the remainder of the lane, and enables motorists to use it, which sometimes is not safe or desired for the given circumstances. Using the full lane precludes sharing the lane simultaneously side-by-side with drivers of other vehicles. Experienced cyclists commonly use the full lane under the following circumstances:
- When there is no other traffic moving in the same direction at the time, to increase visibility to any potential oncoming turning traffic and cross-traffic to prevent unsafe turns across the cyclist's path, and also to increase conspicuity for traffic approaching from the rear,
- when traveling at the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at that time,
- when the lane is too narrow for a bicycle and a vehicle to travel safely side by side within the lane,
- when merging across a roadway in preparation for a turn across the opposing lanes,
- when overtaking or passing another vehicle or bicyclist,
- when approaching a place where right (left in England) turns are authorized in order to increase visibility and predictability, and to prevent motorists making unsafe turns across the bicyclist's path,
- or whenever the cyclist feels it increases his safety. In short, while most cyclists tend to use the full lane only when they feel there is a specific reason to do so, vehicular cyclists tend to use the full lane unless they feel there is a specific reason not to do so (usually to pull over to the side to let faster traffic pass when it is safe and reasonable to do so). Vehicular cycling, including using the full lane when appropriate, is supported by traffic laws in most countries (California's Vehicle Code section 21202 is an example of this).

Destination and Speed Positioning

Vehicle drivers and cyclists who are traveling in accordance to the vehicular rules of the road use speed positioning between intersections. That is, drivers of slower vehicles generally operate in the rightmost (leftmost in England) lane, and when width allows, even keep far enough to the side to allow faster traffic to share the rightmost lane. As a driver approaches an intersection, destination positioning comes into play. Here, drivers of slow vehicles choose the rightmost (leftmost in England) lane that serves their destination. For example, if the rightmost lane is right-only, drivers (who are not turning right) merge left into the adjacent lane. Also, lane position for drivers of narrow vehicles (like motorcycles as well as bicycles) is also dictated by destination. For example, in a lane that serves destinations to the left, straight and right, a cyclist would travel along the left side if going left, along the right side if going right, and in between if going straight. In a lane that goes straight or right, the cyclist's position within the lane should be reflected by his destination. However, when turning, a narrow vehicle driver should be careful to not move so far to the side so as to invite other drivers to squeeze in next to him within the lane during the turn. Vehicular Cycling experts recommend that, and the laws generally allow for, cyclists to establish the center of the lane (between the left and right tracks of cars) as their default or primary riding position when there is no reason to ride in the secondary riding position close to the edge of the roadway (i.e., when faster same-direction is present, wants to pass, and it is safe and reasonable to move into the secondary riding position). In general, like motorcyclists, bicyclists are much more visible and predictable in the primary riding position (and, hence, less likely to be not seen or not noticed) than when they are riding closer to the edge of the roadway.

Looking Back

The trivial sounding skill of looking back over one's shoulder is critical to vehicular cycling. It's not as easy to perform as it may sound because it requires traveling in a straight line while looking behind for up to a few seconds, and requires some practice to master. The natural tendency is to not continue in a straight line, but to swerve in the direction one is looking. Looking back is essential whenever a cyclist needs to move laterally on the roadway or is crossing the potential path of other traffic for these reasons: 1) to make sure that he will not be moving in front of someone else, or violating another's right-of-way, or that someone is not about to violate his, and 2) to communicate to others that he plans on moving. Cycling experts contend that simply looking back often suffices as a signal to others that a cyclist wishes to move laterally in the direction he turned his head, and that a hand signal is often not required (this is important because using hand signals requires the cyclist to remove one hand from the handlebars, which is not desirable in many situations). Most Effective Cycling students confirm that they are surprised to learn how quickly motorists often yield the right-of-way when they try the look back signaling technique for the first time. Many cyclists, even experienced cyclists, neglect looking back in various situations, including when approaching any place where a right turn is authorized, where looking back is useful to check for someone who may be about to pass them and turn right in front of them.

Negotiation

Many cycling experts explain the concept of negotiation, and its role in traffic cycling vehicularly, when merging across multiple lanes of traffic. The basic idea is to gain control of one lane at a time, and negotiate for the right of way in the adjacent lane before moving into and controlling it. This is an important vehicular cycling skill because it alleviates the cyclist from having to execute a pedestrian style left turn, which involves switching modes to pedestrian and then back to vehicular again. The first step in merging across multiple lanes involves merging (after looking back) to use the full lane. Once control of the outside lane has been established, the cyclist moves towards the inside of the lane, signalling his intent to merge into the adjacent lane. Often simply looking back is all that is required to signal this intent, but sometimes the cyclist must use a hand signal to coax a passing motorist to slow down and yield the right-of-way to let him in. Once right-of-way is established in the adjacent lane, the cyclist moves in, using the full lane, and repeats the process until he reaches his destination lane (from which his turn is allowed). The key to the process is that the cyclist is never cycling in front of someone who has not explicitly yielded the right-of-way to him.

The VC Attitude

In the end, VC is as much about attitude as anything else. Without the VC attitude, no matter the skills, one cannot ride in traffic vehicularly. One really must believe, deep down, that as a cyclist he is a vehicle driver -- that he has the same rights as other vehicle drivers and that it is safe and not discourteous to assert those rights -- before he can act as a vehicle driver. Acting as a vehicle driver is a critical prerequisite to being treated as one (if one does not act as a vehicle driver, he certainly won't be treated as one).

Common Misconceptions About VC

There is considerable confusion expressed about the meaning of vehicular cycling. Among these, are:

"VC is cycling as if you're a car"

Some people mistakenly describe VC as, "cycling as if you're a car". But bicycles are not cars, and the vehicular rules of the road apply to not just cars, but all kinds of vehicles, from horse and buggies to tractor trailers, and everything in between, including bicycles. Some rules have more relevance to drivers of some vehicles than to others because of unique physical and operational characteristics of some vehicles. For example, because of the narrow nature of motorcycles, motorcyclists can often share (split) lanes that are too narrow for two standard width vehicles to share. This is also true for bicyclists, whose vehicles also have the narrow characteristic. Truck drivers require special training, as do bus and taxi drivers, and motorcyclists. Some people advocate special training for cyclists to learn vehicular cycling, such as the Effective Cycling program. One of the main vehicular rules that has special application to cyclists riding on roadways is that drivers of slower vehicles should keep to the side (when safe and reasonable) between intersections, though many people forget that at intersections and their approaches lane position should be selected according to destination.

"VC is needlessly blocking cars"

Cyclists who ride in the center of a lane needlessly impeding faster traffic are sometimes mistakenly referred to as vehicular cyclists; yet by definition a cyclist who needlessly impedes faster traffic is violating the vehicular rules of the road and is hence not riding vehicularly.

"VC means not riding in bicycle lanes"

Another misconception about VC -- that riding in a bicycle lane is contrary to the principles of VC -- probably stems from a misunderstanding of John Forester's teachings about bicycle lanes. Forester has written that Effective Cycling does not train a cyclist to avoid riding in a bicycle lane, but rather to choose their lateral position as if the bicycle lane stripe is not there. Cyclists who end up in a bicycle lane should be extra cautious of the road trash that tends to build up there, and avoid crossing the solid stripe without first yielding to traffic already using the traveled way (the portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of the shoulders, berms, sidewalks, parking and bicycle lanes).

"VC means you have to follow the letter of the law"

In the context of understanding vehicular cycling, one must comprehend the subtle but significant difference between cycling on roadways in accordance to the vehicular rules of the road (which is VC), and cycling on roadways in accordance to the vehicular laws of the road (which is not necessarily VC). Sometimes this important distinction is missed and VC misunderstood as a result. To illustrate the distinction between the rules and laws of the road, consider the rule of the road that requires drivers to stop at red lights. Now consider the law that allows drivers of emergency vehicles to violate this rule of the road in certain circumstances. Another example is to consider what John Forester has written about turn signals: :"The law about making turn signals differs from state to state, and has differed from time to time. The principle is that any driver who will be affected by the movement should be informed of your intended movement. However, the implementations of that principle differ." The rules of the road require vehicular cyclists to inform those who will be affected by a movement. If a look back meets this requirement, that is all that is required for vehicular cycling. So, even if, say, a state law requires cyclists to use arm signals for turn signals, the rules of the road that vehicular cyclists follow does not dictate that vehicular cyclists must do so. Similarly, laws that require cyclists to always keep to the side of road and/or in a bike lane are eschewed by cyclists when doing so is unsafe or unreasonable. Vehicular cycling requires judgment, not blind following of the letter of the law.

VC Authoritative Sources

Forester's book, Effective Cycling, is generally considered the primary reference on vehicular cycling. Without using the term vehicular cycling per se, John Franklin does an excellent job describing the philosophy in his book, [http://www.lesberries.co.uk/ccraft/ccraft.htm Cyclecraft]. He too advocates cycling in accordance to the vehicular rules of the road. Using terms such as primary riding position — meaning in the center of the traffic lane — and secondary riding position — meaning about 1 meter (3 feet) to the side of moving traffic, but not closer than .5 meters (1.5 feet) to the edge of the road, Franklin advocates the primary riding position as the normal position and the secondary riding position only when safe and reasonable to allow faster traffic to pass. Another source for education regarding the basics of vehicular cycling is John S. Allen's pamphlet, Bicycling Street Smarts, available for free on his website (see below). Still more descriptions of vehicular cycling can be found by following the links below.

VC Alternatives

An alternative to vehicular cycling is pedestrian cycling, or cycling according to the pedestrian rules of the road. This means riding on sidewalks, crosswalks and paths at pedestrian speeds. It is important to be aware that the use of footpaths or sidewalks by cyclists is forbidden in many countries. In addition, where such activities are illegal, cyclists may be held totally liable for any injuries to other parties or damage to property resulting from such behaviour. Cycling experts contend that while pedestrian cycling can be accomplished safely, one should be aware of the peculiar hazards associated with this activity, including but not limited to:
- Opening passenger-side doors.
- Pedestrians, dogs, children playing, etc.
- Potential conflicts with other vehicles at all intersections, including driveways and alleys as well as major intersections.
- Entering crosswalks, where drivers turning into your path are often looking the other way. Some cyclists routinely operate not in accordance with either the vehicular or pedestrian system. Car-bike collision statistics indicate that such cyclists are particularly vulnerable. Many cyclists use a combination of vehicular and pedestrian cycling. This approach has the drawback that extra care must be taken when transitioning from one mode to the other, since transitioning often leads to actions not expected by others. In particular, during a transition, a cyclist must yield the right-of-way to both pedestrians and vehicle drivers.

VC Education

Besides VC self-education from studying books, one may be trained in vehicular cycling by taking courses from organizations like the League of American Bicyclists and Can-Bike.

VC Advocacy

Advocates of vehicular cycling, like Forester, Franklin and Allen, argue that cycling in accordance to the vehicular rules of the road is the safest and most effective means to use a bicycle for transportation. Some VC advocates contend that cyclists should only ride vehicularly, believing that non-vehicular cycling is not only less safe, but leads to less societal acceptance of cyclists who do cycle vehicularly. Some VC advocates oppose segregated cycling facilities like bike lanes because they inhibit and discourage cycling integrated with other vehicular traffic.

See also


- effective cycling
- bike lane debate

Bibliography


- Effective Cycling by John Forester (First edition, 1976; Sixth edition, The MIT Press, 1993) ISBN 0262560704
- [http://www.lesberries.co.uk/ccraft/ccraft.htm Cyclecraft] by John Franklin (First edition, 1988; Second edition, third Impression, Stationery Office Books, 2004) ISBN 0117020516

References


- [http://www.international-licences.com/includes/1968.pdf 1968 United Nations International Convention on Road Traffic]
- [http://www.johnforester.com/ John Forester's Website]
- [http://www.bikexprt.com/streetsmarts/usa/index.htm On-line version of Street Smarts]
- [http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d11/vc21202.htm California Vehicle Code, Section 21202]
- [http://www.humantransport.org/bicycledriving North Carolina Coalition for Bicycle Driving (Stephen Goodridge)]
- [http://www.crankmail.com/bike-res.html Fred Oswald's Cycling Advocacy Information]
- [http://www.crankmail.com/BikeEd-Intro.pdf Fred Oswald's Introduction to Bike Education (PDF)]
- [http://www.chainguard.org/ ProBicycle: Bicycle Advocacy BY Bicyclists]
- [http://www.bicycledriving.com Bicycle Transportation Institute]
- [http://www.bicycledriver.com David Smith's LOOKING SHARP! Visual Language Vehicle Driving for Bicyclists and Motorists]
- [http://bikesense.bc.ca/ "Bike Sense", the British Columbia bicycle operator's manual]
- [http://www.bicyclinglife.com/PracticalCycling/VCIntro.htm Bicycling Life's Introduction to Vehicular Cycling]
- [http://www.canadian-cycling.com/English/programs/canbike/canintro.htm CAN-BIKE Program]
- [http://sports.groups.yahoo.com/group/chainguard Vehicular Cycling advocacy forum] Category:Vehicular cycling

Horatio Hornblower

Horatio Hornblower is a fictional officer in the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars, originally the protagonist of a series of novels by C. S. Forester, and later the subject of films and television programs.

Life

According to Forester, Hornblower, the son of a doctor, was born on July 4, 1776 (the date of the adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence). He was given a classical education, and by the time he joined the Royal Navy at age seventeen, he was well-versed in Greek and Latin. He is also an expert mathematician, which serves him well in being a pilot and navigator. Described as "unhappy and lonely" from the start, Hornblower is chiefly characterized by his reservation and self-doubt. He regards himself as careless, cowardly, dishonest, and, at some times, disloyal. Ambition and a drive to succeed make these characteristics all but non-existent in his actual behavior, which is regarded as heroic and outstanding by everyone save himself. His reservation and shyness make him continually isolated from the people around him, including his closest friend, William Bush, and his wives, who never fully understand him. His continuous introspection makes him a very self-conscious and lonely man, and the enforced isolation of a captain in the Royal Navy makes him lonelier still. He often suffers from severe seasickness and plays Whist excellently; he is tone-deaf and finds any music, whether aboard or ashore, an incomprehensible irritant. He is philosophically opposed to capital punishment, to the extent that he contrives escape for a crewman (his personal steward) condemned to hanging at the yard-arm in Hornblower and the Hotspur. He does this despite believing that severe corporal punishment (e.g. flogging round the fleet) is the only way to maintain discipline in the face of severe privation. As in the novels of Frederick Marryat and Patrick O'Brian, many of Hornblower's exploits are based upon those of Horatio Nelson and Thomas Cochrane. Brian Perett has written a book The Real Hornblower: The Life and Times of Admiral Sir James Gordon, GCB, ISBN 1557509689, that presents the case for a different inspiration, namely James Alexander Gordon. A "biography" of Hornblower, called The Life and Times of Horatio Hornblower, was published in 1970 by C. Northcote Parkinson.

Early Career

Hornblower's early exploits include confronting Spanish fire ships which interrupt his first examination for Lieutenant, suffering incarceration as a Spanish prisoner-of-war in El Ferrol;[http://ferrol.historia.tripod.com/ferrolnaval1750/], surviving a Captain with paranoid schizophrenia, orchestrating Nelson's funeral procession along the Thames and having to deal with the near-sinking of the barge conveying Nelson's coffin, recovering sunken treasure from the bottom of Marmorice Bay with the aid of pearl divers from Ceylon, and having his ship gifted out from under him to the King of the Two Sicilies for diplomatic reasons - following which on his return to England he finds his two young children dying of the smallpox. He later makes a long, difficult voyage round the Horn, keeping out of sight of land in the Pacific. He also meets a mad rebel against the Spanish Colonial authorities, twice defeats the same ship of superior force, and brings home the Duke of Wellington's youngest sister, Lady Barbara Wellesley.

Later Career

After these exploits commanding a frigate, he is given the command of HMS Sutherland, a seventy four gun ship of the line, and while waiting at his Mediterranean rendezvous for the rest of the squadron - and its commander - to arrive, carries out a series of pinprick raids on the south coast of France. He later takes his ship into action off Toulon against a French squadron of four sail of the line where it is very badly damaged and, with two-thirds of its crew incapacitated, he has to surrender to the French. He is imprisoned and sent off with his coxswain Brown and the injured Bush to Paris for trial and execution. During this journey Hornblower breaks himself and his companions free of their escort, and after a winter sojourn at the chateau of the Comte de Graçay, sails down the river Loire and to the coastal city of Nantes, where he recaptures a Royal Navy cutter, the Witch of Endor, and uses this to escape to the Channel Fleet. Hornblower is court-martialed for the loss of the Sutherland but is "gloriously acquitted." Among the honors he receives is a knighthood. However, when he arrives home, his first wife Maria has died in childbirth, and his infant son in the care of Lady Barbara. He marries Lady Barbara after a decent interval and settles in the country, in Kent. After this, he is sent as Commodore on a mission to the Baltic, where he must serve as a diplomat as much as an officer. He is involved in the defense of Riga against the French army, where he encounters Carl von Clausewitz. He returns ill with typhus to England, yet soon after his recovery goes off to bring in mutineers off the coast of France. After bringing in the mutinous ship, he sets up the return of the Bourbons to France, and is made a peer of the realm, Lord Hornblower. When Napoleon returns from exile at the start of the Hundred Days, Hornblower is at the estate of the Comte de Graçay, and leads a Royalist Guerrilla movement; after capture by the French he is about to be shot under an earlier warrant for his execution when news arrives of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. After several years ashore, he is sent to be the Commander-in-Chief of the West Indies. He foils an expedition which is to land a company of Napoleon's Imperial Guard on Saint Helena (to try to release the Emperor), captures a slave ship, and encounters Simón Bolívar's army. The last Forester wrote of him, he was Admiral of the Fleet, living in retirement in Kent, and is able to speed to France Napoleon III, who has been delayed by a series of transport mishaps. Forester offers two different brief summaries of Hornblower's career. The first was in the first chapter of The Happy Return, which was the first Hornblower novel written. The second occurs mid-way through The Commodore, when Czar Nicholas asks him to describe his career. The second account is incompatible with the first. The first account would have made Hornblower about five years older than the second. The second account is more nearly compatible with the rest of Hornblower's career, but it omits the time he spent as a Commander in Hornblower and the Hotspur.

The Hornblower novels

The novels, in the order they were written: #The Happy Return (1937, called Beat to Quarters in the US) #A Ship of the Line (1938, called simply Ship of the Line in the US) #Flying Colours (1938, spelled Flying Colors in the US) #The Commodore (1945, called Commodore Hornblower in the US) #Lord Hornblower (1946) #Mr. Midshipman Hornblower (1950, collected short stories) #Lieutenant Hornblower (1952) #Hornblower and the Atropos (1953) #Hornblower in the West Indies (1958, Admiral Hornblower in the West Indies in some US editions.) #Hornblower and the Hotspur (1962) #Hornblower and the Crisis (1967, unfinished novel + short stories, Hornblower During the Crisis in some US editions)  
In chronological order: #Mr. Midshipman Hornblower (collected short stories) #Lieutenant Hornblower #Hornblower and the Hotspur #Hornblower and the Crisis (unfinished novel + short stories, Hornblower During the Crisis in some US editions) #Hornblower and the Atropos #The Happy Return (called Beat to Quarters in the US) #A Ship of the Line (called simply Ship of the Line in the US) #Flying Colours (spelled Flying Colors in the US) #The Commodore (called Commodore Hornblower in the US) #Lord Hornblower #Hornblower in the West Indies (Admiral Hornblower in the West Indies in some US editions.)  
Mr. Midshipman Hornblower, Lieutenant Hornblower and Hornblower and the Hotspur were compiled in one book, variously titled Hornblower's Early Years, Horatio Hornblower Goes to Sea, or The Young Hornblower. There are also simplified "cadet" collections of the Hornblower books for children. The Happy Return, A Ship of the Line, and Flying Colours were also compiled into one book, called Captain Horatio Hornblower.

Hornblower's shipmates

A list of all the Royal Naval sea-going characters in the Hornblower novels
- Bailey — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Benskin — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Brown — Hornblower's faithful and burly coxswain, and later domestic servant
- Buckland — first lieutenant, HMS Renown
- William Bush — Hornblower's "closest friend" and loyal subordinate. Briefly his superior officer in Lieutenant Hornblower, but happy for Hornblower (and more happily for Bush) to be promoted over him. Hornblower's second-in-command in HMS Hotspur, HMS Lydia, and HMS Sutherland and his flag-captain in HMS Nonsuch.
- Carlin — second lieutenant, HMS Nonsuch
- Chump the Negro — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia, missing in action
- Clay — midshipman HMS Lydia, killed in action
- Clifton, James — boatswain's mate, HMS Lydia, killed in action
- Crystal — sailing master of HMS Lydia
- Dawson — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia, missing in action
- Doughty — captain's steward, HMS Hotspur, deserted
- Galbraith, Donald Scott — third lieutenant, HMS Lydia, killed in action
- Gerard — second lieutenant, HMS Lydia, HMS Sutherland, captured
- Gerard II — midshipman, HMS Nonsuch, flag lieutenant to Admiral Hornblower, nephew of Lieutenant Gerard
- Gray — master's mate, HMS Lydia, HMS Sutherland
- Grimes — captain's steward, HMS Hotspur, listed killed in action, actually committed suicide
- Hall — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Hankey — surgeon in HMS Lydia, dies before the start of The Happy Return
- Harper — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia, missing in action
- Harrison — boatswain on board HMS Lydia
- Holroyd — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Hooker — midshipman on board HMS Lydia
- Howell — carpenter, HMS Lydia
- Hudson — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Hufnell — purser, HMS Hotspur
- Hurst — first lieutenant, HMS Nonsuch
- Jenkins — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Jones, John (the Ninth) — first lieutenant, HMS Atropos
- Kennedy, Archie — Midshipman, HMS Indefatigable
- Knyvett — midshipman, HMS Lydia
- Laurie — purser's steward/loblolly boy (sick berth attendant), HMS Lydia
- MacEvoy — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Marsh — gunner, HMS Lydia
- Montgomery — second lieutenant, HMS Nonsuch
- Mound — lieutenant, commanding bomb ketch Harvey, killed in action
- North — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia, missing in action
- Polwheal — Captain's steward, HMS Lydia
- Poole — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Price — master-at-arms, HMS Sutherland
- Prince — midshipman, HMS Atropos
- Prowse — sailing master, HMS Hotspur
- Owen — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Rayner — fourth lieutenant, HMS Lydia
- Roberts — second lieutenant, HMS Renown, killed in action
- Savage, Howard — midshipman on board HMS Lydia, killed in action
- Simmonds, Samuel — Lieutenant, Royal Marines, HMS Lydia
- Smiley — midshipman, HMS Atropos
- Smith — fourth lieutenant, HMS Renown, killed in action
- Somers — midshipman, HMS Nonsuch
- Sullivan — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia, fiddler
- Summers, John — master's mate, HMS Lydia, killed in action
- Thompson — captain of the forecastle, HMS Sutherland
- Tooms — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Turner — sailing master, HMS Atropos
- Vincent, Henry — boatswain's mate, HMS Lydia, killed in action
- Vickery — commander, HMS Lotus
- Wellard — midshipman, HMS Renown, later drowned
- Whipple — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Wilcox — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Williams — ordinary seaman, HMS Lydia
- Wise — boatswain, HMS Hotspur
- Wood — purser, HMS Lydia

Real Royal Naval officers who appear in the novels


- Rear Admiral Sir James Saumarez, The Happy Return
- Admiral Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, Mr. Midshipman Hornblower, Hornblower and the Hotspur
- Admiral John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, Lord Hornblower, Atropos
- Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, Atropos
- Vice-Admiral Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Flying Colours
- Admiral William Cornwallis, Hornblower and the Hotspur, Hornblower During the Crisis

Other Real Historical Figures


- Prussian General Carl von Clausewitz, Commodore Hornblower
- Second Secretary to the Admiralty John Barrow, Hornblower During the Crisis
- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Hornblower During the Crisis
- Hookham Frere, Flying Colors
- Tsar Alexander I, Commodore Hornblower
- King George III, Hornblower and the Atropos
- Prince Regent George IV, Flying Colors
- Richard Wellesley, brother of Hornblower's fictional wife, Lady Barbara Wellesley, Commodore Hornblower

Hornblower's ships


- Justinian (Mr. Midshipman Hornblower, Midshipman)
- Indefatigable (Mr. Midshipman Hornblower, Midshipman, Acting Lieutenant)
- Renown, 2 decker (Lieutenant Hornblower, Lieutenant)
- Hotspur (Hornblower and the Hotspur, Commander)
- Atropos, 22 gun large sloop (Hornblower and the Atropos, Junior Post-Captain)
- Lydia, 36 gun frigate (The Happy Return, Senior Post-Captain)
- Natividad, 50 gun 2 decker (Captured briefly, The Happy Return)
- Sutherland (A Ship of the Line, Captain)
- Witch of Endor, 10 gun cutter (recaptured from the French, Flying Colours)
- Nonsuch, 74 (The Commodore, Lord Hornblower, Post Captain and Commodore first class)
- Lotus, Raven, sloops (The Commodore)
- Moth, Harvey, bomb-ketches (The Commodore)
- Clam, cutter (The Commodore)
- Flame and Porta Coeli, 18 gun brigs (Lord Hornblower)
- Camilla, 36 gun flush decked frigate (Lord Hornblower)
- Crab, schooner (Hornblower in the West Indies)
- Phoebe, Clorinda, Roebuck, frigates (Hornblower in the West Indies, Admiral and Commander-in-Chief)

Hornblower in other media


- The 1951 film Captain Horatio Hornblower stars Gregory Peck as Hornblower.
- The television series Hornblower (1998 - ) stars Ioan Gruffudd as Hornblower.
- The science fiction character Honor Harrington is said to be based upon Horatio Hornblower.
- The Star Trek character James T. Kirk was originally also modelled after Hornblower.

External links


- [http://www.hornblower.tk/ Horatio's Home Page]
- [http://www.thehornblowerpages.fsnet.co.uk/ Ha - H'm. The Hornblower Page]
- [http://www.ar.com.au/~jriddler/hh/hh.html Horatio Hornblower television series 2001]
- [http://ferrol.historia.tripod.com/elferrol1780/ Map of the Naval Station of El Ferrol where Hornblower was taken as a prisoner of war by the Spaniards by the Dutch Pilot Hugh Debbieg(1731-1810)] Hornblower, Horatio Hornblower, Horatio Hornblower, Horatio Hornblower, Horatio ja:ホレイショ・ホーンブロワー

C. S. Forester

__NOTOC__ Cecil Scott Forester was the pen name of Cecil Louis Troughton Smith (August 27 1899 - April 2, 1966), an English novelist who rose to fame with tales of adventure with military themes. His most notable works were the 11-book Horatio Hornblower series, about naval warfare during the Napoleonic era, and The African Queen (1935; filmed in 1951 by John Huston). Born in Cairo, Forester had a complicated life, including imaginary parents, a secret marriage and a debilitating illness. During World War II he moved to the United States where he wrote propaganda to help get that country to enter the war on the Allied side, and eventually settled in Berkeley, California. He married Kathleen Belcher in 1926, had two sons, and divorced in 1945. The eldest son, John Forester is a noted cycling activist and wrote a biography of his father. In 1947, C. S. Forester secretly married a woman named Dorothy Foster. He suffered extensively from arteriosclerosis later in life. The popularity of the Hornblower series, built around a central character who was heroic but not too heroic, has continued to grow over time. It is perhaps rivalled only by the much later Aubrey–Maturin series of seafaring novels by Patrick O'Brian. Interestingly, both Hornblower and Aubrey are based in part on the historical figure, Admiral Lord Dundonald of Great Britain (known as Lord Cochrane during the period when the novels are set). Brian Perett has written a book The Real Hornblower: The Life and Times of Admiral Sir James Gordon, GCB, ISBN 1557509689, presenting the case for a different inspiration, namely James Alexander Gordon. The original conception of the popular American television series Star Trek was based in large measure on the Hornblower books, and was pitched as such to NBC television by creator Gene Roddenberry. Forester also had a life outside the Hornblower series, writing many other novels, among them The African Queen (1935) and The General (1936); Peninsular War novels in Death to the French and The Gun; detective novels like Payment Deferred (1926) and Plain Murder (1930); and seafaring stories that did not involve Hornblower, such as Brown on Resolution (1929), The Ship (1943) and Sink the Bismarck! (1959). Several of his works were filmed, most notably the 1951 film The African Queen directed by John Huston. Forester is also credited as story writer for several movies not based on his published fiction, including Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942).

See also


- El Ferrol (where Hornblower is taken prisoner of war by the Spaniards (Napoleonic Wars)
- Correlations between the British World War I campaign in German East Africa and The African Queen

References


- John Forester: Novelist & Storyteller. The Life of C. S. Forester, ISBN 0-940558-04-1 ([http://www.csforester.org/info.asp excerpt]).

External links


- [http://www.csforester.org CS Forester Society]
- [http://mwilden.com/forester/checklist.htm CS Forester Checklist]
- [http://www.ar.com.au/~jriddler/hh/hh.html Horatio Hornblower television series 2001]
- [http://ferrol.historia.tripod.com/elferrol1780/ Map of the Naval Station of El Ferrol where Hornblower is taken prisoner of war by the Spaniards, by the Dutch pilot Hugh Debbieg (1731-1810)] Forester, C. S. Forester, C. S. Forester, C. S. Forester, C. S.

Category:American cyclists

American Cyclists

Category:1929 births

ko:분류:1929년 태어남 ja:Category:1929年生

Dulo

Dulo may refer to: #The Dulo clan or House of Dulo, the ruling dynasty of the early Bulgars; #Dulo, Mandara, the capital of the historical African state of Mandara in what is now Cameroon.

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