:: wikimiki.org ::

John II Of Aragon

John II of Aragon

John II (June 29, 1397 – January 20, 1479) was a King of Aragon (1458 - 1479) and a King of Navarre (1425 - 1479). He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John is regarded as one of the most stirring and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century. In his youth he was one of the infantes (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of John II. Till middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor Alfonso V, whose reign was mainly spent in Italy. In his old age he was engaged in incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with Louis XI of France, and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile which brought about the union of the crowns. His trouble with his subjects were closely connected with the tragic dissension in his own family. John was first married to Blanche of Navarre of the house of Evreux. By right of Blanche he became king of Navarre, and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his life. But a son Charles, called, as heir of Navarre, prince of Viana, had been born of the marriage. John from the first regarded his son with jealousy, which after his second marriage with Joan Henriquez, and under her influence, grew into absolute hatred. He endeavoured to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. The cause of the son was taken up by the Aragonese, and the king's attempt to join his second wife in the lieutenant-generalship was set aside. There followed a long conflict, with alternations of success and defeat, which was not terminated till the death of the prince of Viana, perhaps by poison given him by his stepmother, in 1461. The Catalans, who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of heir own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders. In conflict with these the last years of King John were spent. He was forced to pawn Rousillon, his possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to Louis XI, who refused to part with it. In his old age he was blinded by cataract, but recovered his eyesight by the operation of couching conducted by his physician Abiathar Crescas, a Jew. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but John had war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbour the French king till his death in 1479. He was succeeded by Ferdinand, his son by his second marriage, who was already associated with his wife Isabella as joint sovereign of Castile. For the history, see Rivadeneyra, "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," Biblioteca de autores espanoles, vols. Ixvi, Ixviii (Madrid, 1845, &c.); G Zurita, Anales de Aragon (Saragossa, 1610). The reign of John II of Aragon is largely dealt with in WH Prescott's History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella (1854).

References

- Category:1397 births Category:1479 deaths Category:Aragonese monarchs Category:Kings of Sicily Category:Navarrese monarchs Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece John II of Aragon John II of Aragon

June 29

June 29 is the 180th day of the year (181st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 185 days remaining.

Events

- 1613 - The Globe Theatre in London, England burns to the ground.
- 1749 - New Governor, Charles de la Ralière Des Herbiers, arrives at Isle Royale (Cape Breton Island).
- 1786 - Alexander Macdonnell and over five hundred Catholic highlanders leave Scotland to settle in Glengarry County, Ontario.
- 1850 - Coal is discovered on Vancouver Island.
- 1863 - George Custer is appointed as a U.S. Union brigadier-general
- 1864 - Ninety-nine people killed in Canada's worst railway disaster near St-Hilaire, Quebec.
- 1880 - France annexes Tahiti
- 1891 - United States National Forest Service is organized.
- 1891 - Street railway in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, commences operation.
- 1895 - Doukhobors burn their weapons as a protest against conscription by the Tsarist Russian government.
- 1905 - Moonlight Graham makes his only major league baseball appearance, in a game between the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Superbas but gets no at-bat.
- 1914 - Jina Guseva attempts to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his home town in Siberia.
- 1922 - France grants 1 km² at Vimy Ridge "freely, and for all time, to the Government of Canada, the free use of the land exempt from all taxes."
- 1925 - Canada House opens in London, England.
- 1927 - First test of Wallace Turnbull's variable-pitch propeller.
- 1933 - Italian boxer Primo Carnera knocked out American Jack Sharkey to become the heavyweight champion of the world.
- 1937 - Joseph-Armand Bombardier of Canada receives patent for sprocket and track traction system used in snow vehicles.
- 1945 - Carpathian Ruthenia was annexed by Soviet Union
- 1950 - In soccer, United States defeats England 1-0 in the Football World Cup.
- 1976 - The Seychelles becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
- 1986 - Argentina wins the
- 1995 - The NASA Space Shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian Mir space station for the first time.
- 1995 - The Sampoong Department Store collapses in the Seocho-gu district of Seoul, South Korea, killing 501 and injuring 937.

Births

- 1397 - King John II of Aragon (d. 1479)
- 1517 - Rembert Dodoens, Flemish physician and botanist (d. [1585]])
- 1596 - Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (d. 1680)
- 1798 - Giacomo Leopardi, Italian poet (d. 1837)
- 1858 - George Goethals, American army engineer (d. 1928)
- 1861 - William Mayo, American physician and founder of the Mayo Clinic (d. 1939)
- 1868 - George Ellery Hale, American astronomer (d. 1938)
- 1880 - Ludwig Beck, German general (d. 1944)
- 1900 - Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot and writer (d. 1944)
- 1901 - Nelson Eddy, American singer and actor (d. 1967)
- 1903 - Alan Blumlein, English electronics engineer (d. 1942)
- 1908 - Leroy Anderson, American composer (d. 1975)
- 1910 - Frank Loesser, American composer (d. 1969)
- 1911 - Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
- 1911 - Bernard Herrmann, American film composer (d. 1975)
- 1914 - Rafael Kubelik, Czech conductor (d. 1996)
- 1915 - Ruth Warrick, American actress (d. 2005)
- 1919 - Slim Pickens, American actor (d. 1983)
- 1920 - Ray Harryhausen, American filmmaker
- 1922 - Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (d. 1991)
- 1924 - Flo Sandon's, Italian singer
- 1928 - Ian Bannen, Scottish Actor (d. 1999)
- 1933 - Bob Shaw, baseball player
- 1936 - Harmon Killebrew, baseball player
- 1941 - Kwame Ture, American civil rights activist
- 1943 - Little Eva, American singer (d. 2003)
- 1944 - Gary Busey, American actor
- 1945 - Chandrika Kumaratunga, President of Sri Lanka
- 1946 - Egon von Furstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (d. 2004)
- 1952 - Joe Johnson, English snooker player
- 1956 - Pedro Santana Lopes, Prime Minister of Portugal
- 1963 - Anne-Sophie Mutter, German violinist
- 1964 - Stedman Pearson, British singer
- 1968 - Theoren Fleury, Canadian hockey player
- 1969 - Ilan Mitchell-Smith, American actors
- 1971 - Kaitlyn Ashley, American actress
- 1971 - Matthew Good, Canadian musician and activist
- 1971 - Anthony Hamilton, English snooker player
- 1972 - Samantha Smith, American activist and actress (d. 1985)
- 1977 - Oleg Korenfeld, Poet
- 1979 - Marleen Veldhuis, Dutch swimmer
- 1980 - Katherine Jenkins, Welsh soprano
- 1980 - Martin Truex Jr, American race car driver

Deaths

- 1252 - King Abel of Denmark (b. 1218)
- 1315 - Ramon Llull, Spanish philosopher (b. 1235)
- 1509 - Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England (b. 1443)
- 1725 - Arai Hakuseki, Japanese writer and politician (b. 1657)
- 1744 - André Campra, French composer (b. 1660)
- 1764 - Ralph Allen, English businessman and politician (b. 1693)
- 1852 - Henry Clay, U.S. Senator (b. 1777)
- 1861 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet (b. 1806)
- 1873 - Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Bengali poet (b. 1824)
- 1875 - Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria (b. 1793)
- 1895 - Thomas Henry Huxley, English scientist (b. 1825)
- 1933 - Fatty Arbuckle, American actor (b. 1887)
- 1940 - Paul Klee, Swiss artist (b. 1879)
- 1941 - Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist and composer (b. 1860)
- 1967 - Jayne Mansfield, American actress (b. 1933)
- 1967 Primo Carnera, Italian boxer (b. 1906)
- 1979 - Lowell George, American musician (b. 1945)
- 1992 - Mohammed Boudiaf, President of Algeria (assassinated) (b. 1919)
- 1993 - Héctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican singer (b. 1946)
- 1994 - Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (b. 1908)
- 1995 - Lana Turner, American actress (b. 1921)
- 1999 - Allan Carr, American film producer and writer (b. 1937)
- 2000 - Vittorio Gassman, Italian actor (b. 1922)
- 2002 - Rosemary Clooney, American singer and actress (b. 1928)
- 2002 Ole-Johan Dahl, Norwegian computer scientist (b. 1931)
- 2003 - Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)

Holidays and observances

- Seychelles - Independence Day
- Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (also a local holiday in Rome, of which they are patron saints)

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/29 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050629.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- June 28 - June 30 - May 29 - July 29 -- listing of all days ko:6월 29일 ms:29 Jun ja:6月29日 simple:June 29 th:29 มิถุนายน

1397

Events

- February 10 - John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset.
- September 29 John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon is created Duke of Exeter by his half-brother Richard II of England.
- September 29 - Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent is created Duke of Surrey by Richard II of England.
- Richard Whittington aka Dick Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London
- The Kalmar Union unifies Norway, Sweden and Denmark.

Births

- May 6 - Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (died 1450)
- June 29 - King John II of Aragon (died 1479)
- August 10 - Albert II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1439)
- November 15 - Pope Nicholas V (died 1455)
- Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (died 1427)
- Tlacaelel, Aztec nobleman (died 1487)
- Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, Italian mathematician (died 1482)
- Paolo Uccello, Florentine painter (died 1475)

Deaths

- January 11 - Skirgiello, Grand Prince of Lithuania
- June 3 - William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (born 1328)
- June 16 - Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (b. 1358)
- September 2 - Francesco Landini, Italian composer
- September 21 - Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (executed) (born 1346)
- King Peter IV of Aragon (born 1319)
- Enguerrand VII de Coucy (born 1340)
- Robert de Vere, 1st Duke of Ireland
- Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (born 1350) Category:1397 ko:1397년 simple:1397

January 20

January 20 is the 20th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 345 days remaining (346 in leap years). In astrology, it is the cusp day between Aquarius and Capricorn.

Events

- 1156 - According to legend, freeholder Lalli slays English crusader Bishop Henry with an axe on the ice of the lake Köyliönjärvi in Finland.
- 1265 - In Westminster, the first English parliament conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now also known as the "Houses of Parliament".
- 1320 - Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland.
- 1356 - Edward Balliol resigns as King of Scotland.
- 1523 - Christian II was forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway.
- 1667 - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and left-bank Ukraine to Imperial Russia in the treaty of Andrusiv.
- 1783 - Britain signs a peace treaty with France and Spain, officially ending hostilities in the Revolutionary War.
- 1801 - John Marshall is appointed Chief Justice of the United States.
- 1839 - In the Battle of Yungay, Chile defeats a Peruvian and Bolivian alliance.
- 1840 - Dumont D'Urville discovers Adélie Land, Antarctica.
- 1840 - Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.
- 1885 - L.A. Thompson patents the roller coaster.
- 1887 - The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base.
- 1891 - James Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.
- 1892 - At the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, the first official basketball game is played.
- 1921 - The first constitution of Turkey was adopted, which made fundamental change in the source and exercise of sovereignty.
- 1929 - The movie In Old Arizona was released. The film was the first full-length talking film to be filmed outdoors.
- 1936 - Edward VIII becomes King of the United Kingdom.
- 1937 - The coldest temperature in California is recorded by Boca station at -45° Fahrenheit.
- 1937 - Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated for a second term as President of the United States. This is the first inauguration scheduled on January 20, following adoption of the 20th Amendment. Previous inaugurations were scheduled on March 4.
- 1942 - World War II: Nazis at the Wannsee conference in Berlin decide the "final solution to the Jewish problem".
- 1944 - World War II: The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin.
- 1945 - Hungary drops out of the Second World War, agreeing an armistice with the Allies.
- 1952 - Edgar Faure becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1954 - The National Negro Network is established with 40 charter member radio stations.
- 1958 - Elvis Presley receives his draft notice.
- 1960 - Hendrik Verwoerd announced a plebiscite on whether South Africa should become a Republic.
- 1961 - John F. Kennedy is inaugrated as 35th President of the United States.
- 1964 - Meet the Beatles, the first Beatles album in the United States, is released.
- 1969 - The first pulsar is discovered, in the Crab Nebula.
- 1975 - Michael Ovitz founds Creative Artists Agency.
- 1981 - Ronald W. Reagan is inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States.
- 1981 - Iran releases 52 American hostages bare minutes after Ronald Reagan is inaugurated as U.S. President.
- 1986 - Martin Luther King, Jr., day was celebrated as a federal holiday for the first time.
- 1986 - The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel.
- 1987 - Church of England envoy Terry Waite is kidnapped in Lebanon.
- 1989 - Los Angeles Lakers beat the Dallas Mavericks: 115-99.
- 1989 - Detroit Pistons beat the Indiana Pacers: 132-99.
- 1990 - Black January - bloody crackdown of Azeri protest demonstrations by Soviet army in Baku.
- 1991 - Sudan's government imposes Islamic law nationwide, worsening the civil war between the country's Muslim north and Christian south.
- 1992- Bill Clinton is inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States.
- 1994 - In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet to attend The Citadel but soon drops out.
- 1996 - Yasser Arafat is elected president of the Palestinian Authority.
- 1999 - The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet bars.
- 2001 - Philippine president Joseph Estrada is ousted in the EDSA II Revolution, succeeded by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
- 2001 - George W. Bush is inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States.
- 2002 - Inauguration of Churches Uniting in Christ.
- 2005 - Ireland completes metrication.

Births

- 225 - Gordian III, Roman Emperor (d. 244)
- 1358 - Eleanor of Aragon, queen of John I of Castile (d. 1382)
- 1435 - Ashikaga Yoshimasa, Japanese shogun (d. 1490)
- 1554 - King Sebastian of Portugal (d. 1578)
- 1586 - Johann Schein, German composer (d. 1630)
- 1664 - Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina, Italian writer and jurist (d. 1718)
- 1716 - King Charles III of Spain (d. 1788)
- 1798 - Anson Jones, 5th and last President of Texas (d. 1858)
- 1804 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (d. 1857)
- 1812 - Thomas Meik, Scottish engineer (d. 1896)
- 1837 - David Josiah Brewer, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1910)
- 1855 - Ernest Chausson, French composer (d. 1899)
- 1867 - Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (d. 1944)
- 1873 - Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)
- 1876 - Józef Hofmann, Polish pianist (d. 1967)
- 1878 - Ruth St. Denis, dancer (d. 1968)
- 1880 - Walter W. Bacon, Governor of Delaware (d. 1962)
- 1891 - Mischa Elman, Ukrainian born violinist (d. 1967)
- 1894 - Walter Piston, American composer
- 1896 - George Burns, American actor, comedian (d. 1996)
- 1900 - Colin Clive, British actor (d. 1937)
- 1906 - Aristotle Onassis, Greek industrialist (d. 1975)
- 1910 - Joy Adamson, Austrian naturalist and writer (d. 1980)
- 1915 - Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President of Pakistan
- 1918 - Juan Garcia Esquivel, Mexican musician (d. 2002)
- 1920 - Federico Fellini, Italian film director (d. 1993)
- 1920 - DeForest Kelley, American actor (d. 1999)
- 1920 - John O'Connor, American Catholic cardinal (d. 2000)
- 1924 - Slim Whitman, American singer
- 1925 - Ernesto Cardenal, Nicaraguan theologian and author and politician
- 1926 - Patricia Neal, American actress
- 1926 - David Tudor, American pianist and composer (d. 1996)
- 1929 - Jimmy Cobb, American jazz drummer
- 1929 - Bob Denard, French mercenary
- 1929 - Arte Johnson, American actor
- 1929 - Glenn "Fireball" Roberts, American race car driver (d. 1964)
- 1930 - Buzz Aldrin, astronaut
- 1931 - David Lee, American phyicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1934 - Tom Baker, British actor
- 1938 - William Berger, Austrian actor (d. 1993)
- 1939 - Paul Coverdell, American politician (d. 2000)
- 1940 - Carol Heiss, American figure skater
- 1946 - David Lynch, American film director
- 1948 - Natan Sharansky, Russian-born physicist and politician
- 1949 - Göran Persson, Prime Minister of Sweden
- 1950 - Mahamane Ousmane, President of Niger
- 1951 - Ian Hill, British musician (Judas Priest)
- 1952 - Paul Stanley, American musician (KISS)
- 1955 - Wyatt Knight, American actor
- 1956 - Bill Maher, American actor, comedian, and political analyst
- 1958 - Lorenzo Lamas, American actor
- 1960 - Will Wright, American computer game designer
- 1963 - James Denton, American actor
- 1965 - Greg Kriesel, American bassist (The Offspring)
- 1965 - John Michael Montgomery, American singer
- 1968 - Melissa Rivers, American reporter and actress
- 1969 - Patrick K. Kroupa, American writer, hacker
- 1969 - Skeet Ulrich, American actor
- 1971 - Derrick Green, American singer (Sepultura)
- 1976 - Gretha Smit, Dutch speed skater
- 1979 - Rob Bourdon, American musician (Linkin Park)
- 1989 - Eric Felder, American Child Prodigy

Deaths

- 1156 - Bishop Henry, patron saint of Finland
- 1479 - King John II of Aragon (b. 1397)
- 1568 - Myles Coverdale, English Bible translator
- 1612 - Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1552)
- 1666 - Anna of Austria, queen of Louis XIII of France and regent (b. 1601)
- 1707 - Humphrey Hody, English theologian (b. 1659)
- 1709 - François de la Chaise, French confessor of Louis XIV of France (b. 1624)
- 1745 - Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1697)
- 1751 - John Hervey, 1st Earl of Bristol, English politician (b. 1665)
- 1770 - Charles Yorke, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1722)
- 1779 - David Garrick, English actor (b. 1717)
- 1810 - Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania (b. 1722)
- 1819 - King Charles IV of Spain (b. 1748)
- 1848 - Christian VIII of Denmark (b. 1786)
- 1850 - Adam Oehlenschläger, Danish poet (b. 1779)
- 1891 - David Kalakaua, King of Hawaii (b. 1836)
- 1907 - Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, Russian chemist (b. 1834)
- 1920 - Georg Lurich, Estonian wrestler (b. 1876)
- 1936 - King George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1865)
- 1944 - James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (b. 1860)
- 1962 - Robinson Jeffers, American poet (b. 1887)
- 1965 - Alan Freed, American disk jockey (b. 1922)
- 1971 - Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, American actor, director, writer, and producer (b. 1880)
- 1983 - Garrincha, Brazilian footballer (b. 1933)
- 1984 - Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (b. 1904)
- 1990 - Hayedeh, Persian singer (b. 1942)
- 1990 - Barbara Stanwyck, American actress (b. 1907)
- 1993 - Audrey Hepburn, Belgian actress (b. 1929)
- 1996 - Gerry Mulligan, American musician (b. 1927)
- 1997 - Curt Flood, baseball player (b. 1938)
- 1998 - Bobo Brazil, American professional wrestler (b. 1924)
- 2003 - Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (b. 1903)
- 2003 - Nedra Volz, American actress (b. 1908)
- 2003 - Bill Werbeniuk, Canadian snooker player (b. 1947)
- 2004 - Guinn Smith, American athlete (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Per Borten, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Roland Frye, American literary critic and theologian
- 2005 - Jan Nowak-Jeziorański, Polish journalist, writer, and politician (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Miriam Rothschild, British zoologist, entomologist, and author (b. 1908)

Holidays and observances

- The Eve of St. Agnes
- Presidential Inauguration Day in the United States
- day of Saint Sebastian and St Fabian in Catholic church. Also holiday in Rio de Janeiro as he is the city's saint
- Astrology: First day of sun sign Aquarius

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/20 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 19 - January 21 - December 20 - February 20 — listing of all days ko:1월 20일 ms:20 Januari ja:1月20日 simple:January 20 th:20 มกราคม

Kings of Aragon

Here is a list of the rulers of Aragon, now a region of north-eastern Spain. The Aragonese kingdom included the present-day autonomous community of Aragon. The Aragonese kings of the House of Barcelona ruled as well Catalonia (which included Roussillon, nowadays the département of Pyrenées-Orientales in France), the kingdom of Valencia, the kingdom of Majorca, the kingdom of Sicily, Sardinia and assorted territories in the South of France, including the city of Montpellier. This state is referred to as the Crown of Aragon, as opposed to the Kingdom of Aragon (i.e. Aragon proper) Early counts of Aragon
- ???–809:Aureolus (attested 807-809 but probably was ruling before 802)
- 809–820: Aznar I Galíndez. c. 820 the Frankish influence is eliminated.
- 820–833: García I Galíndez of Pamplona (married to Matrona, daughter of Aznar I)
- 833–844: Galindo Garcés, son of García I Galindez
- 844–867: Galindo I Aznárez, son of Aznar I
- 867–893: Aznar II Galíndez, son of Galindo I
- 893–922: Galindo II Aznárez, son of Aznar II
- 922–???: Andregota Galíndez (married García Sánchez of Navarre) NOTE: Names and order of rulers is extremely uncertain. Other persons cited as counts of Aragon include, among others, Jimeno Aznar, Galindo García and Fortun Jiménez, that seems to be from the kingdom of Sobrarbe. Counts of Aragon and Kings of Navarre (for kings of Navarre prior to the dynastic union with Aragon see: List of Navarrese monarchs)
- 926 970 García I of Navarre, a.k.a. García Sánchez Abarca
- 970 994 Sancho II Garcés of Navarre, a.k.a. Sancho II Garcés Abarca
- 994 1000 García II of Navarre the Trembler or the Tremulous, a.k.a. García Sánchez II Abarca
- 1000 1035 Sancho III of Navarre the Great Kings of Aragon and Navarre
- 1035 1063 Ramiro I of Aragon
- 1063 1094 Sancho I Ramirez (V of Navarre)
- 1094 1101 Peter I of Aragon, conquered Huesca
- 1104 1134 Alfonso I the Battler, conquered Zaragoza Kings of Aragon
- 1134 1137 Ramiro II of Aragon the Monk
- 1137 1162 Petronila of Aragon → married Count Ramon Berenguer IV The Saint of Barcelona Kings of Aragon and Counts of Barcelona, of the House of Barcelona (for counts of Barcelona prior to the dynastic union with Aragon see: List of Counts of Barcelona)
- 1162 1196 Alfonso II (I of Barcelona) the Chaste or the Troubadour, conquered Teruel
- 1196 1213 Peter II (I of Barcelona) the Catholic, died at the Battle of Muret Kings of Aragon and Valencia, Counts of Barcelona, of the House of Barcelona
- 1213 1276 James I the Conqueror, conquered Valencia, Majorca and Ibiza, wrote the Libre dels feyts
- 1276 1285 Peter III (I of Valencia, II of Barcelona) the Great, conquered Sicily
- 1285 1291 Alfonso III (I of Valencia, II of Barcelona) the Generous or the Liberal, conquered Minorca
- 1291 1329 James II the Just
- 1327 1336 Alfonso IV (II of Valencia, III of Barcelona) the Good
- 1336 1387 Peter IV (II of Valencia, III of Barcelona) the Ceremonious. Deposed the Kings of Majorca, wrote the Chronicle
- 1387 1396 John I the Hunter
- 1396 1410 Martin I, the Humanist → last direct descendant of Wilfred I the Hairy, Count of Barcelona to rule; died without legitimate heirs, occasion of the Compromise of Casp interregnum 1410 - 1412 Kings of Aragon and Valencia, Counts of Barcelona, of the Trastámara dynasty
- 1412 1416 Ferdinand I of Aragon, a.k.a. Ferdinand of Antequera
- 1416 1458 Alfonso V (III of Valencia, IV of Barcelona), conquered Naples
- 1458 1479 John II → title disputed much of that time in the War Against John II (1462-1472)
- 1479 1516 Ferdinand II of Aragon and Sicily (III of Naples, V of Spain) the Catholic, married Isabella I of Castile, invaded Navarre Kings of Aragon and Counts of Barcelona who occupied the throne during the War Against John II (none of these reigned in Valencia, which remained under the control of John II)
- 1462 1463 Henry IV of Castile
- 1463 1466 Peter V of Aragon (IV of Barcelona), Connêtable of Portugal, son of Pedro, Duke of Coimbra and grand-son of John I of Portugal
- 1466 1472 Rene I the Good of Anjou, king of Naples Kings of Aragon, Castile and Valencia, Counts of Barcelona, of the Habsburg dynasty (or House of Austria) (for kings of Castile prior to the dynastic union with Aragon see: List of Castilian monarchs)
- 1516 1556 Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
- 1556 1598 Philip II of Spain (I of Portugal)
- 1598 1621 Philip III of Spain (II of Portugal)
- 1621 1665 Philip IV of Spain (III of Portugal) → note that Aragon itself stayed loyal to Philip IV during the Reapers' War while Catalonia switched allegiance to Louis XIII and Louis XIV of France the Sun-King, see List of Counts of Barcelona. Portugal seceeded i 1649.
- 1665 1700 Charles II of Spain the Bewitched → died without heirs Kings of Aragon, Castile and Valencia, Counts of Barcelona during the War of the Spanish Succession
- 1700 1705 Philip V of Spain, of the House of Bourbon
- 1705 1714 Archduke Charles of Austria, styling himself Charles III of Spain (not to be confused with Charles III of Spain) → the Catalan-Aragonese confederation was occupied and annexed by Spain: after this time, there are no more Aragonese monarchs.
See also

- Spanish monarchs
- Kings of Spain family tree
- Catalan Countries Aragon
- Category:Crown of Aragon
- nb:Liste over aragonesiske monarker

1458

Events

- January 24 - Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary
- Foundation of Magdalen College, University of Oxford
- George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia
- Pope Pius II becomes pope
- Turks issue a decree to protect the Acropolis after they conquer Athens.

Births

- February 15 - Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (d. 1490)
- May 25 - Mahmud Begada, Sultan of Gujarat (d. 1511)
- November 22 - Jacob Obrecht, Dutch composer (died 1505)
- Saint Casimir, Prince of Poland and Duke of Lithuania (died 1484)
- Thomas Docwra, Grand Prior of the English Knights Hospitaller (died 1527)
- Richard Grey, half brother of Edward V of England (died 1483)
- Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (died 1530)
- Amago Tsunehisa, Japanese warlord (died 1541)

Deaths

- March 25 - Íñigo López de Mendoza, Spanish poet (born 1398)
- June 27 - King Alfonso V of Aragon (born 1396)
- August 6 - Pope Callixtus III (born 1378)
- December 26 - Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (born 1393)
- John II of Cyprus
- James Douglas, 3rd Earl of Morton Category:1458 ko:1458년

Kings of Navarre

This is a list of the kings of Pamplona, later Navarre. Pamplona, name of the capital, was used as the only or main name of the kingdom until the period of the dominion of Aragón (1076-1134). However, the territorial designation Navarre came into use as an alternative name in the late 10th century, though it was used much less often. Aragonese kings created a county named Navarre in the central areas of the kingdom of Pamplona. When the country regained its independence, from 1134 onwards, the name Navarre was the main designation of the kingdom.

House of Íñiguez (c.824-905)

- 824-851 Íñigo I Íñiguez Arista. In the Basque language, Eneko Aritza. King of Pamplona, founder of the kingdom. Paralysed in 842.
- 851-860 Jimeno I Garcés, lord, apparently simultaneous ruler in Vasconia.
- 860-870 García I Íñiguez, son of Íñigo Íñiguez Arista, regent during his paralysis.
- 870-882 García II Jiménez, lord, apparently co-king from 860.
- 882-905 Fortún Garcés the One-Eyed, son of García I. Apparently co-king from 870.
- Íñigo II Garcés, lord, apparently co-king. The co-kings were of the Jiménez line, which soon took over the whole kingship, they are listed below.

House of Jiménez (905-1234)

- 905-925 Sancho I Garcés, son of García II. They apparently were kinsmen of the Arista dynasty.
- 925-931 Jimeno II Garcés, co-king, brother of Sancho I.
- 925-970 García III Sánchez. Son of Sancho I. His mother Toda descended from the Íñiguez line.
- 970-994 Sancho II Garcés Abarca, also count of Aragon in his right of his mother.
- 994-1000 García IV the Trembler
- 1000-1035 Sancho III the Great, also count-consort of Castile and conqueror of León.
- 1035-1054 García V Sánchez of Nájera, younger son, who received a diminished Navarre. His elder brother Ferdinand I of Castile succeeded their father in the high kingship.
- 1054-1076 Sancho IV of Peñalén
- 1076-1094 Sancho V Ramírez, son of García V's bastard brother. Also king of Aragón from 1063.
- 1094-1104 Peter
- 1104-1134 Alfonso the Battler
- 1134-1150 García VI Ramírez the Restorer, grandson of García V's bastard son.
- 1150-1194 Sancho VI the Wise
- 1194-1234 Sancho VII the Strong

House of Champagne (1234-1284)

- 1234-1253 Theobald I the Troubadour, also called the Posthumous.
- 1253-1270 Theobald II
- 1270-1274 Henry I the Fat
- 1274-1305 Joan I, married to Philip IV of France

House of Capet (1284-1349)

- 1284-1305 Philip I the Fair, also king of France.
- 1305-1316 Louis I the Headstrong
- 1316-1322 Philip II the Tall
- 1322-1328 Charles I the Fair
- 1328-1349 Joan II, married to Philip of Évreux

House of Évreux (1328-1441)

- 1328-1343 Philip III of Evreux, also count of Évreux.
- 1349-1387 Charles II the Bad
- 1387-1425 Charles III the Noble
- 1425-1441 Blanche

House of Trastámara (1425-1479)

- 1425-1479 John II the Great, also king of Aragón
- 1441-1446 Charles IV de Viana, Prince of Viana.
- 1479 Eleanor

House of Foix (1479-1483)

- 1479-1483 Francis Phoebus, also count of Foix.
- 1483-1516 Catherine

House of Albret (1483-1573)

- 1484-1516 John III d'Albret. In 1512, he was defeated by Ferdinand II of Aragon who then annexed southern Navarre to Spain and was crowned king. The following monarchs only reigned over Lower Navarre, the part of Navarre north of the Pyrenees.
- 1516-1555 Henry II
- 1555-1572 Joan III d'Albret, was to married Antoine of Bourbon, duke of Vendôme.

House of Bourbon (1572-1620)

- 1572-1610 Henry III, also king of France.
- 1610-1620 Louis II Henry III of Navarre became Henry IV of France and thereafter the crown of Navarre passed to the kings of France. In 1620, the Kingdom was merged into France, although the French kings continued to use the title King of Navarre until 1791, and it was revived from 1814 to 1830 during the Restoration.

External links

- [http://www3.dcs.hull.ac.uk/cgi-bin/gedlkup/n=royal?royal7758 Eleanor of Navarre] Navarre, Monarchs Navarre Navarre, Monarchs Category:Navarrese monarchs Navarre, Monarchs Navarre, Monarchs

Navarre

:"Navarra" redirects here. For other uses, see Navarre (disambiguation). Navarre (Spanish Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) is an autonomous community and province of Spain. Its official Spanish-language name is Comunidad Foral de Navarra (for an explanation of foral, see fuero).

Community

It is bordered on the west by the autonomous communities of the Basque Country (the provinces of Bizkaia (Vizcaya), Guipúzcoa and Álava), on the south by La Rioja, on the east Aragonese provinces of Zaragoza/Saragossa, Teruel and Huesca, and on the north by the country France. There are 272 municipalities in Navarre. See List of municipalities in Navarre. One-third of the population lives in the capital, Pamplona (Basque Iruñea or Iruña).

People and culture

Navarre is a mixture of the Basque influence from the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro. The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat, vegetables, wine, and even olive trees, as in Aragon and la Rioja. It was occupied by the Roman Empire and later the taifa kingdom of Tudela. During the Reconquista, the Northerners extended southwards. In the Middle Ages, Pamplona was a crossroads for Basques, Gascons from beyond the Pyrenees and Romance speakers. The Basque language has been losing ground for centuries. Often feelings of "Basqueness" are linked to use of the language. For example, a person from a place where Basque was lost decades ago might say that they are not Basque, but that their grandfather was. Feelings of Basqueness often are carried onto politics with Basque nationalism being stronger in the North, either within Navarrese branches of Basque parties like Batasuna, or as homegrown movements like Batzarre. Among the parties that downplay links to the Basque Country, there are local branches of Spanish parties such as the PSOE, as well as local movements such as Convergencia de Demócratas Navarros.

History

For a fuller account of the history of Navarre, see Kingdom of Navarre.

1479

Events

- January 20 - Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella, queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula. Together they conquer Granada in 1492 ending 800 years of Moorish rule.
- August 7 - Battle of Guinegate - A French army sent to invade the Netherlands is defeated by Maximilian of Austria
- October 13 - Battle of Kenyérmező - The Hungarian army led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthori defeats the Ottoman Turk army in Transsylvania, Hungary
- Christopher Columbus - experienced mariner and successful trader in the thriving Genoese "ex-pat" community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz (Italian on her father's side) and receives no ordinary dowry: Her late father's maps and papers charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands and other Portuguese possessions in the Ocean Sea.

Births

- March 25 - Vasili III of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow (d. 1533)
- April 5 - Guru Amar Das, third Sikh Guru (died 1574)
- June 14 - Giglio Gregorio Giraldi, Italian poet (d. 1552)
- November 6 - Joanna of Castile, queen of Philip I of Castile (died 1555)
- Johann Cochlaeus, German humanist and controversialist (died 1552)
- Vallabhacharya, founder of the Vallabha sect of Hinduism (died 1531)
- Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (died 1522)

Deaths

- January 20 - King John II of Aragon (born 1397)
- Antonello da Messina, Italian painter
- James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton
- Jorge Manrique, Spanish poet (born 1440)
- Antonio Rossellino, Italian sculptor Category:1479 ko:1479년

Ferdinand I of Aragon

Ferdinand I (of Aragón and Sicily), called The Just (c. 1380-1416), King of Aragón and Sicily (1412-1416). He was the younger son of King John I of Castile, and Eleanor of Aragon. In 1406, upon the death of his elder brother King Henry III of Castile, Ferdinand declined the Castilian crown and instead, with Henry's widow Catherine, became coregent during the minority of his nephew John II of Castile. In this capacity he distinguished himself by his prudent administration of domestic affairs. After Ferdinand's uncle, Martin I of Aragon (as Martin II, also King of Sicily) died without surviving issue, Ferdinand was chosen king in 1412 to succeed him by the Pact of Caspe. The most notable accomplishment of his brief reign was his agreement in 1416 to depose the Antipope Benedict XIII, thereby helping to end the Great Schism, which had divided the Western Church for nearly 40 years. In 1393, Ferdinand married Eleanor of Alburquerque (1374 - 1435). They had eight children:
- Alfonso V of Aragon b. 1394, also king of Sicily and Naples
- Maria of Aragon, first wife of John II of Castile, b. 1396 (not to be confused with a later Maria of Aragon)
- John II of Aragon b. 1397
- Henry of Aragon, Duke of Alburquerque, Count of Villena, Grand Master of the Order of Santiago, b. 1400
- Eleanor, who married Edward I of Portugal, b. 1402
- Isabella, Countess of Urgel, who married Pedro, duke of Coimbra
- Pedro of Aragon, Count of Alburquerque, b. 1406
- Sancho of Aragon Category:1379 births Category:1416 deaths Category:Aragonese monarchs Category:Kings of Sicily

Eleanor of Alburquerque

Eleanor of Alburquerque (1374 - 1435) became Queen of Aragon by her marriage to Ferdinand I of Aragon. In Spanish she is known as Leonor Urraca de Castilla, Condesa de Alburquerque. Her father was Sancho of Alburquerque, who was an illegitimate son of King Alfonso XI of Castile and his mistress Eleanor of Guzman, and a brother of King Henry II of Castile. Her mother was Beatrice of Portugal, who was daughter of Peter I of Portugal and Ines de Castro. In 1394 she married her husband. They had eight children, see his article for the full list. Category: History of Spain Category: Queen consorts Category: 1374 births Category: 1435 deaths

15th century

As a means of recording the passage of time, the 15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500.

Events

- 1401: Timur sacks Baghdad.
- 1402: The Ottoman and Timurid Empires fought at the Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture of Bayezid I. The Ottoman Empire descends into civil war until 1413.
- 1402: The conquest of the Canary Islands signals the start of the Spanish Empire.
- 1402: Sultanate of Malacca founded by Parameshwara.
- 1403: The Yongle Emperor moves the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing.
- 1405-33: Zheng He explores the Indian Ocean.
- 1410: The Battle of Grunwald was the decisive battle of the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the Teutonic Knights.
- 1415: Henry the Navigator leads the conquest of Ceuta from the Moors marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire.
- 1420-34: Hussite Wars in the wonderful Bohemia
- 1438: Pachacuti founds the Inca Empire.
- 1440s: The Golden Horde breaks up into the Siberia Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Great Horde.
- 1440-69: Under Moctezuma I, the Aztecs become the dominant power in Mesoamerica.
- 1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire.
- 1453: The Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the Hundred Years' War.
- 1454-66: After defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexes Royal Prussia.
- 1455-85: Wars of the Roses - English civil war leads to a stronger, centralized monarchy under the Tudors.
- 1456: The Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottoman's advance into Europe.
- 1467-1615: The Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan.
- 1469: The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile leads to the unification of Spain.
- 1474-77: Burgundy Wars between France and the Habsburgs for control of Burgundy.
- 1478: Muscovy conquers Novgorod.
- 1480: After the Great standing on the Ugra river, Muscovy is independent of the Great Horde.
- 1481: Spanish Inquisition begins.
- 1492: Boabdil's surrender of Granada marks the end of the Reconquista and Al-Andalus.
- 1493: Christopher Columbus founds Spain's first New World colony on Hispaniola.
- 1494: Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves.
- 1494-1559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states.

Significant people

- Joan of Arc, national heroine of France
- Christopher Columbus sails to the Americas for Spain
- Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon as the monarchs of a unified kingdom who funded the founding of the New World.
- Vasco da Gama reaches India for Portugal, creating the first maritime alternative for the Silk Road
- Filippo Brunelleschi invents one-point perspective, leads innovation in Italian architecture
- Leonardo da Vinci, inventor and painter
- Henry V, the English King who won the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1405.
- Richard III, last English King of the house of York
- Henry VII, English King founds the Tudor dynasty
- Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, renaissance ruler
- Zheng He, Chinese eunuch admiral and explorer
- Mehmet II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Conqueror of Costantinople
- Jan Hus, Bohemian religious thinker and reformer

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 15th century inventions
- Renaissance affects philosophy, science and art.
- Age of Discovery begins.
- Rise of Modern English language from Middle English.
- Introduction of the noon bell in the Catholic world.
- Public banks
- Yongle Encyclopedia - over 22,000 volumes
- Hangul alphabet in Korea
- Scotch whisky
- Psychiatric hospitals

Decades and years

Category:15th century ko:15세기 ja:15世紀 simple:15th century th:คร