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John III Of Sweden

John III of Sweden

John III (Johan III) (December 23, 1537 - November 27, 1592) was King of Sweden from 1568 until his death. He was also the ruler of Finland as Duke John or Hertig Johan (1556–1563). In 1581 he assumed also the title the Grand Duke of Finland. He was the son of Gustav Vasa. As a Duke of Finland he opposed his half-brother Eric XIV who crushed his rebellion in Finland 1563 and imprisoned him. Being released from prison, probably because of his brother’s insanity, he again joined the opposition, deposed Eric and made himself the king. He finished the Scandinavian Seven Years' War 1570 without many Swedish concessions and during the following years he successfully fought Russia until 1582, a war that meant a Swedish-Finnish re-conquest of Narva. As a whole his foreign policy was affected by his connection to Poland of which country his son Sigismund was made king 1587. In domestic politics he showed clear Catholic sympathies, inspired by his Polish queen, a fact that created frictions to the Swedish clergy and nobility. From time to time he was also at oods with his younger brother Charles (afterwards Charles IX of Sweden). Besides he was an eager patron of art and architecture. He married his first wife, Catherine Jagellonica of Poland (1526–1583), house of Jagiello, in Vilnius on October 4, 1562. In Sweden she is known as Katarina Jagellonica and she was the sister of king Sigismund II of Poland. Their children were: #Isabella (1564–1566) #Sigismund king of Sweden, and king of Poland (1566–1632) #Anna (1568–1625) He married his second wife Gunilla Bielke (1568–c. 1592) on February 21, 1584 and together they had the son: #John (Johan) (1589–1618), Duke of Ostrogothia. The young duke married his first cousin Mary Elisabeth, daughter of Charles IX of Sweden Together with his mistress Karin Hansdotter he had at least four illegitimate children: #Julius Gyllenhielm (1559–1581) #Augustus (died 1560) #Sofia (ca 1559–1583) who married Ponce (Pontus) de la Gardei #Lucretia (died 1585) See also: History of Sweden – Foundation of Modern Sweden Category:1537 births Category:1592 deaths John 3 Category:Vasa ja:ヨハン3世 (スウェーデン王)

December 23

December 23 is the 357th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (358th in leap years). There are 8 days remaining.

Events

- 619 - Boniface V becomes Pope
- 1493 - The Latin edition of the Nuremberg Chronicle is published
- 1620 - Construction of Plymouth Colony begins
- 1783 - George Washington resigns as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army at Annapolis, Maryland.
- 1823 - A Visit From St. Nicholas, attributed to Clement Clarke Moore, is first published
- 1888 - Vincent Van Gogh cut off his ear.
- 1909 - Albert I of Belgium becomes King.
- 1913 - The Federal Reserve Act becomes law.
- 1916 - World War I: In the Battle of Magdhaba, Allied forces capture a Turkish garrison on the Sinai peninsula.
- 1936 - Colombia becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1947 - The transistor is first demonstrated at Bell Laboratories
- 1954 - The first human organ transplant, of a kidney, was performed by Doctors Murray and Harrison at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston.
- 1964 - Beach Boys' bassist/keyboardist Brian Wilson suffers a nervous breakdown on a flight from Los Angeles to Houston, eventually precipitating his retirement.
- 1972 - The Nicaragua capital city, Managua was struck by a 6.5 magnitude earthquake.
- 1972 - Terry Bradshaw throws the Immaculate Reception pass "to" Franco Harris.
- 1972 - The survivors of the Andes flight disaster are rescued after 73 days.
- 1973 - A Sobelair Caravelle passenger jet crashes in Morocco, killing 106
- 1979 - Soviet invasion of Afghanistan: Soviet military units occupy Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan
- 1982 - The Environmental Protection Agency recommends the evacuation of Times Beach, Missouri due to dangerous levels of dioxin contamination
- 1986 - The Scaled Composites Voyager aircraft completes the first non-stop flight around the world without refueling.
- 1990 - Republic of Slovenia votes to secede from Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- 2004 - An earthquake measured 8.1 on the Richter scale hits Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean, one day before the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake.

Births

- 1513 - Thomas Smith, English diplomat and scholar (d. 1577)
- 1537 - King John III of Sweden (d. 1592)
- 1582 - Severo Bonini, Italian composer (d. 1663)
- 1597 - Martin Opitz von Boberfeld, German poet (d. 1639)
- 1613 - Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (d. 1676)
- 1621 - Edmund Berry Godfrey, English magistrate (d. 1678)
- 1621 - Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1682)
- 1689 - Joseph Bodin de Boismortier, French composer (d. 1755)
- 1732 - Richard Arkwright, English industrialist and inventor (d. 1792)
- 1750 - King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (d. 1827)
- 1777 - Tsar Alexander I of Russia (d. 1825)
- 1790 - Jean François Champollion, French Egyptologist (d. 1832)
- 1804 - Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, French literary critic (d. 1869)
- 1805 - Joseph Smith, Jr., American founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1844)
- 1819 - Jan Jakob Lodewijk ten Kate, Dutch poet and clergyman (d. 1889)
- 1822 - Wilhelm Bauer, German engineer (d. 1875)
- 1867 - Madame C. J. Walker, American millionaire (d. 1919)
- 1885 - Pierre Brissaud, French artist (d. 1964)
- 1891 - Alexandr Rodchenko, Russian painter and photographer (d. 1956)
- 1907 - Avraham Stern, Polish-born Zionist leader (d. 1942)
- 1908 - Yousuf Karsh, Turkish-born photographer (d. 2002)
- 1911 - Niels Kaj Jerne, English-born immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- 1918 - Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of Germany
- 1918 - José Greco, Italian-born flamenco dancer (d. 2001)
- 1922 - Micheline Ostermeyer, French athlete and musician
- 1923 - Günther Schifter, Austrian music journalist
- 1923 - Claudio Scimone, Italian conductor
- 1923 - James Stockdale, U.S. Navy admiral
- 1926 - Robert Bly, American poet
- 1931 - Ronnie Schell, American actor
- 1933 - Akihito, Emperor of Japan
- 1935 - Paul Hornung, American football player
- 1936 - Frederic Forrest, American actor
- 1940 - Jorma Kaukonen, American musician
- 1941 - Tim Hardin, American musician (d. 1980)
- 1943 - Mikhail Gromov, Russian-born mathematician
- 1943 - Harry Shearer, American actor
- 1943 - Silvia Sommerlath, Queen of Sweden
- 1944 - Wesley Clark, U.S. general and NATO Supreme Allied Commander
- 1947 - Susan Lucci, American actress
- 1948 - Jack Ham, American football player
- 1949 - Adrian Belew, Guitarist, Singer, Songwriter, Producer
- 1950 - Michael C. Burgess, American politician
- 1952 - William Kristol, American political commentator
- 1956 - Dave Murray, English musician (Iron Maiden)
- 1958 - Victoria Williams, American singer
- 1961 - Carol Smillie, British television personality
- 1963 - Jim Harbaugh, American football player
- 1964 - Eddie Vedder, American musician (Pearl Jam)
- 1969 - Martha Byrne, American actress
- 1970 - Catriona LeMay Doan, Canadian speed skater
- 1971 - Corey Haim, Canadian actor
- 1971 - Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, British socialite
- 1975 - Sky Lopez, American actress
- 1977 - Alge Crumpler, American football player
- 1978 - Andra Davis, American football player
- 1978 - Esthero, Canadian musician and singer
- 1978 - Víctor Martínez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player
- 1978 - Estella Warren, Canadian model and actress
- 1981 - Beth, Spanish singer

Deaths

- 910 - Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian scholar
- 913 - Conrad of Franconia
- 1230 - Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Richard I of England
- 1556 - Nicholas Udall, English playwright (b. 1504)
- 1568 - Roger Ascham, tutor of Elizabeth I of England
- 1575 - Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese warrior (b. 1531)
- 1588 - Henry I, Duke of Guise, French Catholic leader (b. 1550)
- 1631 - Michael Drayton, English poet (b. 1563)
- 1646 - François Maynard, French poet (b. 1582)
- 1652 - John Cotton, founder of Boston, Massachusetts (b. 1585)
- 1675 - Caesar, duc de Choiseul, French marshal and diplomat (b. 1602)
- 1722 - Pierre Varignon, French mathematician (b. 1654)
- 1771 - Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, Canadian saint (b. 1701)
- 1761 - Alestair Ruadh MacDonnell, Scottish Jacobite spy
- 1779 - Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, British admiral and politician (b. 1724)
- 1789 - Charles-Michel de l'Épée, French philanthropist and developer of signed French (b. 1712)
- 1793 - Johann Adolph Hasse, German composer (b. 1699)
- 1795 - Henry Clinton, British general (b. 1730)
- 1805 - Pehr Osbeck, Swedish explorer and naturalist (b. 1723)
- 1834 - Thomas Malthus, English demographer and economist (b. 1766)
- 1846 - Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, French naturalist (b. 1780)
- 1872 - Theophile Gautier, French writer (b. 1811)
- 1912 - Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist (b. 1850)
- 1939 - Anthony Fokker, Dutch aircraft manufacturer (b. 1890)
- 1948 - Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan (hanged) (b. 1884)
- 1953 - Lavrenty Beria, Soviet Communist leader (b. 1899)
- 1970 - Charles Ruggles, American actor (b. 1886)
- 1973 - Charles Atlas, Italian-born bodybuilder (b. 1892)
- 1973 - Irna Phillips, American television writer, director, and producer (b. 1901)
- 1979 - Peggy Guggenheim, American art collector (b. 1898)
- 1982 - Jack Webb, American actor, producer, and director (b. 1920)
- 1992 - Eddie Hazel, American guitarist (Funkadelic) (b. 1950)
- 1994 - Sebastian Shaw, English actor (b. 1905)
- 2000 - Billy Barty, American actor (b. 1924)
- 2000 - Victor Borge, Danish-born comedian and pianist (b. 1909)
- 2004 - P. V. Narasimha Rao, ninth Prime Minister of India (b. 1921)

Holidays and observances

- Japan - The Emperor's Birthday - Birthday of Akihito, the current Emperor of Japan
- Sweden - Birthday of Queen Silvia, an official flag day
- Oaxaca - Night of the Radishes
- Roman Empire - Larentalia, a festival in honor of Larenta
- Ancient Latvia - Ziemassvetki held
- Fans of Seinfeld - Festivus held
- Secular humanism (American) - HumanLight observed

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/23 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/12/23 Today in History: December 23] ---- December 22 - December 24 - November 23 - January 23 -- listing of all days ko:12월 23일 ms:23 Disember ja:12月23日 simple:December 23 th:23 ธันวาคม

November 27

November 27 is the 331st day (332nd on leap years) of the year. There are 34 days remaining.

Events

- 399 - St. Anastius I becomes Pope.
- 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont.
- 1703 - The first Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed in the Great Storm of 1703.
- 1839 - In Boston, Massachusetts, the American Statistical Association is founded.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison and return safely to the South.
- 1868 - Indian Wars: Battle of Washita River - United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on Cheyenne living on reservation land.
- 1895 - At the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Alfred Nobel signs his last will and testament, setting aside his estate to establish the Nobel Prize after he dies.
- 1901 - U.S. Army War College is established.
- 1912 - Spain declares a protectorate over the north shore of Morocco.
- 1919 - Haiti becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1924 - In New York City the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held.
- 1926 - In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins.
- 1934 - Bank robber Baby Face Nelson dies in a shoot-out with the FBI.
- 1940 - In Romania, General Ion Antonescu's Iron Guard arrests and executes over 60 of exiled King Carol II of Romania's aides, including former minister Nicolae Iorga.
- 1940 - World War II: At the Battle of Cape Spartivento, the Royal Navy engages the Regia Marina in the Mediterranean.
- 1942 - World War II: At Toulon, the French navy scuttles its ships and submarines to keep them out of Nazi hands.
- 1946 - Cold War: Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appeals to the United States and the Soviet Union to end nuclear testing and to start nuclear disarmament, stating that such an action would "save humanity from the ultimate disaster".
- 1954 - Alger Hiss is released from prison after serving 44 months for perjury.
- 1963 - The Convention on the Unification of Certain Points of Substantive Law on Patents for Invention is signed at Strasbourg.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: The Pentagon tells U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned operations were to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam has to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000.
- 1973 - The United States Senate votes 92 to 3 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States (on December 6, the House confirmed him 387 to 35).
- 1975 - The Provisional IRA assassinates Ross McWhirter, after a press conference in which McWhirter announced a reward for the capture of those responsible for multiple bombings and shootings across England and espoused his anti-Irish racist views.
- 1978 - In San Francisco, California, city mayor George Moscone and openly gay city supervisor Harvey Milk are assassinated by former supervisor Dan White.
- 1983 - A Colombian Boeing 747 crashes near Madrid's Barajas Airport, killing 183.
- 1987 - Canadian rock band Cowboy Junkies record their album The Trinity Sessions in one night using one microphone at the Church of the Holy Trinity in Toronto.
- 1990 - The British Conservative Party chooses John Major to succeed Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 1991 - The United Nations Security Council adopts UN Security Council Resolution 721, leading the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.
- 1992 - For the second time in a year, military forces try to overthow president Carlos Andres Perez in Venezuela.
- 1997 - Twenty-five are killed in the second Souhane massacre in Algeria.
- 1999 - The left-wing Labour Party takes control of the New Zealand government with leader Helen Clark becoming the first elected female Prime Minster in New Zealand's history.
- 2001 - A hydrogen atmosphere is discovered on the extrasolar planet Osiris by the Hubble Space Telescope, the first atmosphere detected on an extrasolar planet.
- 2005 - 23rd Southeast Asian Games was officially opened by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in Manila, Philippines.
- 2005 - The first partial human face transplant is completed in Amiens, France.

Births

- 1127 - Emperor Xiaozong of China (d. 1194)
- 1576 - Shimazu Tadatsune, Japanese ruler of Satsuma (d. 1638)
- 1582 - Pierre Dupuy, French scholar (d. 1651)
- 1630 - Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria (d. 1665)
- 1635 - Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon, Queen of Louis XIV of France (d. 1719)
- 1701 - Anders Celsius, Swedish inventor and astronomer (d. 1744)
- 1710 - Robert Lowth, British bishop (d. 1787)
- 1746 - Robert Livingston, American signatory of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1813)
- 1804 - Julius Benedict, German-born composer (d. 1885)
- 1809 - Fanny Kemble, British actress (d. 1893)
- 1843 - Cornelius Vanderbilt, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1899)
- 1857 - Charles Scott Sherrington, British physiologist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952)
- 1867 - Charles Koechlin, French composer (d. 1950)
- 1874 - Charles A. Beard, American historian (d. 1948)
- 1874 - Chaim Weizmann, first President of Israel (d. 1952)
- 1901 - Ted Husing, American sportscaster (d. 1962)
- 1903 - Lars Onsager, Norwegian chemist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
- 1907 - L. Sprague de Camp, American writer (d. 2000)
- 1909 - James Agee, American writer (d. 1955)
- 1911 - David Merrick, American stage producer (d. 2000)
- 1916 - Chick Hearn, American sports announcer (d. 2002)
- 1917 - Buffalo Bob Smith, American television host (d. 1998)
- 1920 - Abe Lenstra, Dutch international footballer (d. 1985)
- 1921 - Alexander Dubček, Slovak politician and First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 1992)
- 1925 - John Maddox, British science writer and editor
- 1925 - Ernie Wise, British comedian (d. 1999)
- 1926 - Barbara Anderson, New Zealand author
- 1927 - Carlos José Castilho, Brazilian footballer
- 1928 - Alekos Alexandrakis, Greek actor (d. 2005)
- 1932 - Benigno Aquino Jr., Philippine politician (d. 1983)
- 1937 - Gail Sheehy, American writer
- 1940 - Bruce Lee, American actor and martial artist (d. 1973)
- 1941 - Eddie Rabbitt, American singer (d. 1998)
- 1941 - Aimé Jacquet, French international football manager
- 1942 - Henry Carr, American athlete
- 1942 - Jimi Hendrix, American singer, guitarist and songwriter (d. 1970)
- 1948 - James L. Avery, Sr., American actor
- 1951 - Jayne Kennedy, American sportscaster and actress
- 1952 - James D. Wetherbee, American astronaut
- 1952 - Sheila Copps, Canadian politician
- 1953 - Curtis Armstrong, American actor
- 1953 - Boris Grebenshchikov, Russian singer and poet, leader of the band Aquarium
- 1954 - Patricia McPherson, American actress
- 1955 - Bill Nye, American engineer and broadcaster
- 1956 - William Fichtner, American actor
- 1957 - Caroline Kennedy, American journalist
- 1958 - Mike Scioscia, American baseball manager
- 1960 - Ken O'Brien, American football player
- 1962 - Charlie Benante, American musician
- 1962 - Davey Boy Smith (David Smith), British professional wrestler (d. 2002)
- 1963 - Fisher Stevens, American actor
- 1964 - Robin Givens, American actress
- 1966 - Andy Merrill, American voice actor
- 1968 - Michael Vartan, French actor
- 1969 - Kianna Dior, Canadian adult film star
- 1971 - Nick Van Exel, American basketball player
- 1973 - Evan Karagias, American professional wrestler
- 1973 - Twista (Carl Mitchell), American rapper
- 1975 - Martin Gramatica, American football player
- 1976 - Jaleel White, American actor
- 1978 - Jimmy Rollins, American baseball player
- 1978 - The Streets (Mike Skinner), British rapper and musician
- 1979 - The Game (Jayceon Taylor), American rapper
- 1985 - Alison Pill, Canadian actress

Deaths

- 8 BC - Horace, Roman poet and satirist (b. 65 BC)
- 511 - Clovis I, King of the Franks
- 835 - Muhammad at-Taqi, Shia Imam (b. 811)
- 1198 - Queen Constance of Sicily, wife of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1154)
- 1474 - Guillaume Dufay, Flemish composer
- 1570 - Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1486)
- 1592 - Nakagawa Hidemasa, Japanese samurai commander (b. 1568)
- 1592 - King John III of Sweden (b. 1537)
- 1632 - John Eliot, English statesman (b. 1592)
- 1680 - Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar (b. 1601)
- 1754 - Abraham de Moivre, French mathematician (b. 1667)
- 1811 - Andrew Meikle, British mechanical engineer (b. 1719)
- 1852 - Ada Lovelace, British mathematician (b. 1815)
- 1895 - Alexandre Dumas fils, French author (b. 1824)
- 1931 - Lya De Putti, Hungarian actress (b. 1899)
- 1932 - Evelyn Preer, American actress and singer (b. 1896)
- 1934 - Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (b. 1908)
- 1940 - Nicolae Iorga, Romanian writer and politician (executed)
- 1943 - Edward O'Hare, American pilot (b. 1914)
- 1944 - Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam, Russian physicist (b. 1879)
- 1953 - Eugene O'Neill, American writer and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- 1955 - Arthur Honegger, French-born Swiss composer (b. 1892)
- 1958 - Artur Rodzinski, Polish conductor (b. 1892)
- 1973 - Frank Christian, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1887)
- 1975 - Ross McWhirter, British co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (b. 1925)
- 1978 - Harvey Milk, American politician (assassinated) (b. 1930)
- 1978 - George Moscone, Mayor of San Francisco (assassinated) (b. 1929)
- 1981 - Lotte Lenya, Austrian singer and actress (b. 1898)
- 1988 - John Carradine, American actor (b. 1906)
- 1990 - David White, American actor (b. 1916)
- 1992 - Ivan Generalić, Croatian painter (b. 1914)
- 2005 - Jocelyn Brando, American actress (b. 1919)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. Saints - Saint Vergilius of Salzburg; James the Persian ( James Intercisus ); (fictitious) saints Barlaam and Josaphat
- Also see November 27 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- USA-Thanksgiving (if a Thursday)

Recorded this date

- 1901 My Lonesome Little Louisiana Lady (w. Will D. Cobb m. Gus Edwards)
- Joe Natus

- 1901 I'll Be With You When The Roses Bloom Again (w. Will D. Cobb m. Gus Edwards)
- Joseph Natus

- 1916 A Broken Doll (w.m. James W. Tate & Clifford Harris)
- Al Jolson with O/Charles A. Prince

- 1916 My Hawaiian Sunrise (w.m. L. Wolfe Gilbert & Carey Morgan)
- Henry Burr & Albert C. Campbell

- 1920 Grieving For You (w.m. Joe Gibson, Joe Ribaud & Joe Gold)
- Marion Harris

- 1925 I Never Knew (w. Gus Kahn m. Ted Fio Rito)
- Gene Austin with Nat Shilkret

- 1925 Clap Hands! Here Comes Charley! (w. Billy Rose & Ballard MacDonald m. Joseph Meyer)
- Billy Murray with Jack Shilkret & his Orchestra

- 1926 Like He Loves Me (w. Anne Caldwell m. Vincent Youmans)
- Beatrice Lillie with p. Vincent Youmans<
- 1931 I Don't Know Why (w. Roy Turk m. Fred E. Ahlert)
- Phyllis Robins & Sam Browne with Ambrose & his Orchestra

- 1931 I Wanna Be Loved By You (w. Bert Kalmar m. Harry Ruby & Herbert Stothart)
- Sam Browne with Ambrose & his Orchestra

- 1933 By A Waterfall (w. Irving Kahal m. Sammy Fain)
- Pat O'Malley with Jack Hylton & his Orchestra

- 1933 Your Mother's Son-In-Law (w. Mann Holiner m. Alberta Nichols)
- Billie Holiday with Benny Goodman & his Orchestra

- 1933 A Hundred Years From Today (w. Ned Washington & Joe Young m. Victor Young)
- Ethel Waters with Benny Goodman & his Orchestra

- 1933 I Just Couldn't Take It Baby (w. Mann Holiner m. Alberta Nichols)
- Ethel Waters with Benny Goodman & his Orchestra

- 1933 One Morning In May (w. Mitchell Parish m. Hoagy Carmichael)
- Lanny Ross with Ray Sinatra & his Orchestra

- 1933 Did You Ever See A Dream Walking? (w. Mack Gordon m. Harry Revel)
- Carmen Lombardo with Guy Lombardo & his Royal Canadians

- 1933 My Song Goes 'Round The World (w.m. Hans May, Ernst Neubach & Jimmy Kennedy)
- Pat O'Malley with Jack Hylton & his Orchestra

- 1933 Honeymoon Hotel (w. Al Dubin m. Harry Warren)
- Pat O'Malley, Sonny Farrar & Billy Ternent with Jack Hylton & his Orchestra

- 1934 Lady Fair (w.m. Cole Porter)
- Anything Goes Foursome

- 1934 Anything Goes (w.m. Cole Porter)
- Cole Porter with own piano accompaniment

- 1934 Nobody Loves A Fairy When She's Forty (w.m. Arthur W. D. Henley)
- Bertha Willmott with Billy Cotton & his Band

- 1935 Eeny, Meeny, Miney, Mo (w.m. Johnny Mercer & Matt Malneck)
- Bob Crosby
- Ginger Rogers & Johnny Mercer with Victor Young

- 1935 One Fine Day (w. Luigi Illica & Giuseppe Giacosa m. Giacomo Puccini)
- Grace Moore with O/Joseph Pasternack

- 1935 Love Me Forever (w. Gus Kahn m. Victor Schertzinger)
- Grace Moore with O/Joseph Pasternack

- 1935 Two Little Babes In The Wood (w.m. Cole Porter)
- Cole Porter with own piano accompaniment

- 1941 Ev'rything I Love (w.m. Cole Porter)
- Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman & his Orchestra

- 1941 Winter Weather (w.m. Ted Shapiro)
- Peggy Lee & Art London with Benny Goodman & his Orchestra

- 1945 Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow! (w. Sammy Cahn m. Jule Styne)
- Connie Boswell with O/Russ Morgan

- 1945 The Song Is You (w. Oscar Hammerstein II m. Jerome Kern)
- Waring's Pennsylvanians

- 1947 Galway Bay (w.m. Dr Arthur Colahan)
- Bing Crosby with O/Victor Young

- 1947 Swingin' Down The Lane (w. Gus Kahn m. Isham Jones)
- Bing Crosby with O/John Scott Trotter

- 1947 Memories (w. Gustave Kahn m. Egbert Van Alstyne)
- Bing Crosby with O/John Scott Trotter

- 1947 I'll See You In My Dreams (w. Gus Kahn m. Isham Jones)
- Bing Crosby with O/John Scott Trotter

- 1947 Joplin's Sensation (m. Scott Joplin)
- Mutt Carey & his New Yorkers

- 1947 Alice Blue Gown (w. Joseph McCarthy m. Harry Tierney)
- Jo Stafford

- 1947 In The Still Of The Night (w.m. Cole Porter)
- Jo Stafford with O/Paul Weston

- 1947 Through The Years (w. Edward Heyman m. Vincent Youmans)
- Jo Stafford with O/Paul Weston

- 1947 In The Market Place Of Old Monterey (w. Stanley Adams m. Peter DeRose)
- Harry Babbitt with Kay Kyser & his Orchestra

- 1951 Dance Me Loose (w. Mel Howard m. Lee Erwin)
- Arthur Godfrey & Chordettes with O/Archie Bleyer

- 1951 Slow Poke (w.m. Pee Wee King, Redd Stewart & Chilton Price)
- Arthur Godfrey w. Chordettes with O/Archie Bleyer

- 1953 Taking A Chance On Love (w. John Latouche & Ted Fetter m. Vernon Duke)
- Jo Stafford

- 1953 Where Are You? (Kahn, Rinker)
- Jo Stafford with O/Paul Weston

- 1957 The Stroll (w.m. Nancy Lee & Clyde Otis)
- The Diamonds

- 1957 Walking Along (Sam Weiss, Winston Willis)
- The Diamonds

- 1962 Nobody's Darlin' But Mine (w.m. Jimmie Davis)
- Frank Ifield with O/Norrie Paramor

- 1966 Willkommen (w. Fred Ebb m. John Kander)
- Joel Grey with O/Harold Hastings

- 1987 The Trinity Session, Cowboy Junkies

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/27 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20051127.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- November 26 - November 28 - October 27 - December 27 - more historical anniversaries ko:11월 27일 ms:27 November ja:11月27日 simple:November 27 th:27 พฤศจิกายน

1592

Events

- January 30 - The death of Pope Innocent IX during the previous year had left the Papal throne vacant. Ippolito Aldobrandini is elected Pope Clement VIII.
- Founding of Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland's oldest university
- Thomas Kyd publishes The Spanish Tragedy

Births

- January 5 - Shah Jahan, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1666)
- January 22 - Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher and scientist (died 1655)
- March 28 - Comenius, Czech teacher and writer (died 1670)
- April 11 - Sir John Eliot, English statesman (died 1632)
- July 10 - Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (d. 1660)
- August 28 - George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (died 1628)
- October 22 - Gustaf Horn, Swedish soldier and politician (died 1657)
- November 5 - Charles Chauncy, English-born president of Harvard College (d. 1672)
- December 6 - William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (died 1676)
- Richard Bellingham, colonial magistrate (died 1672)
- François le Métel de Boisrobert, French poet (died 1662)
- Étienne Brûlé, French explorer in Canada (died 1632)
- Charles Chauncy, Anglo-American clergyman and educator (died 1672)
- Abraham Elzevir, Dutch printer (died 1652)
- Nicholas Ferrar, English trader (died 1637)
- John Hacket, English churchman (died 1670)
- Pierre d'Hozier, French genealogist (died 1660)
- John Jenkins, English composer (died 1678)
- Henry King, poet (died 1669)
- Mustafa I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (died 1639)
- John Oldham, early Puritan settler in Massachusetts (died 1636)
- Francis Quarles, English poet (died 1644)
- Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, Roman Catholic Archbishop
- Wilhelm Schickard, German inventor (died 1635)
- Peter Stuyvesant, last Dutch Governor of New Netherlands (died 1672)
- Hong Taiji, Emperor of China (died 1643) See also :Category:1592 births.

Deaths

- February 13 - Jacopo Bassano, Italian painter
- February 29 - Alessandro Striggio, Italian composer (born 1540)
- March 5 - Michael Coxcie, Flemish painter (born 1499)
- July 1 - Marc Antonio Ingegneri, Italian composer
- July 26 - Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, French soldier (born 1524)
- September 3 - Robert Greene, English writer (born 1558)
- September 13 - Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (born 1533)
- October 28 - Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Flemish diplomat
- November 27 - King John III of Sweden (born 1537)
- November 27 - Nakagawa Hidemasa, Japanese military commander (born 1568)
- Bartolomeo Ammanati, Italian architect and sculptor (born 1511)
- Francesco Bassano the Younger, Italian painter (born 1559)
- Paschal Baylon, Spanish mystic and saint
- Thomas Cavendish, English sailor and explorer (born 1555)
- Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (born 1545)
- William IV of Hesse
- Girolamo Muziano, Italian painter (born 1528) See also :Category:1592 deaths. Category:1592 ko:1592년

Monarch of Sweden

Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary system. The Head of State is the highest public office in Sweden. According to the Act of Succession of 1810 that office is inherited within the House of Bernadotte.

The line of succession

Main article: Line of succession to the Swedish Throne Present monarch: His Majesty King Carl XVI Gustaf (since September 19, 1973), born 1946 # HRH Crown Princess Victoria, Duchess of Westrogothia, daughter of the King, born 1977 # HRH Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Wermelandia, son of the King, born 1979 # HRH Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Helsingia and Gestricia, daughter of the King, born 1982

History

Sweden has been a kingdom since prehistoric times. As early as the 1st century, Tacitus wrote that the Suiones had a king, but the order of succession to the later historic kings of Sweden is not known, except for what is accounted for in the historically controversial Norse sagas (see Mythological kings of Sweden and Semi-legendary kings of Sweden). Originally, the Swedish king had little power, and it was restricted to the functions of a warchief, judge and priest at the Temple at Uppsala (see Germanic king). It is a testimony to this lack of influence that there are thousands of runestones commemorating commoners, but no chronicle about the Swedish kings, prior to the 14th century, and only one runestone that mentions a king (Haakon the Red). The power of the king was however, greatly strengthened by the introduction of Christianity during the 11th century, and the following centuries saw a process of consolidation of power in the hands of the king. The king was traditionally elected at the Stone of Mora, and the people had the right to both elect king and to depose him. The stones were, however, destroyed ca 1515. The office is hereditary since 1541. The present Bernadotte dynasty was established during the Napoleonic Wars through the Constitution of 1809 and the Act of Succession of 1810, in a bloodless Revolution after present day Finland, then the eastern half of the Realm, was lost to Russia. The Constitution divided the powers of government between the Riksdag and the Monarch. However, since the break-through of Parliamentarism in 1917 the king has in practice given up political power.

Head of state

In 1974 a new Instrument of Government became part of the Constitution which abolished the Privy Council as the government institution and stripped the Monarch of virtually all formal powers, while still retaining him as Head of State. Many of the king's previous politicial functions were transferred to the Speaker of the Riksdag. The monarch leads the Privy Council in a session that establishes the new government following a general election or cabinet reshuffle. The king also chairs the Committee for Foreign Affairs (Utrikesnämnden), a body which serves to officially inform the head of state and the leaders of the opposition of government affairs. Bills passed in the Swedish parliament become law without having to acquire royal assent. A more recent constitutional reform changed the rules for succession to equal primogeniture. This allowed for female succession to the throne and created Princess Victoria heir apparent over her younger brother. Princess Victoria

External links

- [http://www.royalcourt.se/net/Royal+Court The Royal Court of Sweden] - Official site
- [http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/succession.asp The Act of Succession] - At the Riksdag

FinlanD

Finland.

1563

Events

- February 1 - Sarsa Dengel succeeds his father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia
- February 18 - The Duke of Guise is assassinated while besieging Orléans
- March - Peace of Amboise. Negotiated between the Prince of Condé and Anne de Montmorency, it accords some toleration to the Huguenots, especially to aristocrats. The combined Huguenot and royal armies then march north to besiege the English in Le Havre
- July 28 - The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege.
- December 4 - Official closing of the Council of Trent (opened December 13, 1545)

Births

- January 30 - Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (died 1641)
- March 5 - John Coke, English politician (died 1644)
- June 1 - Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (died 1612)
- September 4 - Wanli Emperor of China (d. 1620)
- November 8 - Henry I, Duke of Lorraine (died 1624)
- November 19 - Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (died 1626)
- December 19 - Lord William Howard (died 1640)
- Francis Stewart Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell, nephew of James Hepburn (died 1612)
- Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devon (died 1606)
- John Dowland, English composer (died 1626)
- Michael Drayton, English poet (died 1631)
- Wanli Emperor, of the Ming dynasty (died 1620)
- Scipione Gentili, Italian legal scholar (died 1616)
- Anna Guarini, Italian virtuoso singer (died 1598)
- Jodocus Hondius, Flemish artist (died 1633)
- Hosokawa Gracia, Japanese noblewoman (died 1600)
- Leonhard Hutter, German Lutheran theologian (died 1616)
- Adam Kazanowski, Polish-Lithuanian nobleman (died 1636)
- Marcin Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (died 1636)
- Zygmunt Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (died 1634)
- Robert Naunton, English politician and writer (died 1635)
- Joshua Sylvester, English poet (died 1618)
- Jean Titelouze, French organist (died 1633) See also :Category: 1563 births.

Deaths

- February 1 - Emperor Menas of Ethiopia (fever) (born 1559)
- February 24 - Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (shot) (born 1519)
- March 24 - Hosokawa Harumoto, Japanese military leader (born 1514)
- March 28 - Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (born 1488)
- June 6 - Ikeda Nagamasa, Japanese military commander (born 1519)
- June 9 - William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (born 1506)
- August 11 - Bartolomé de Escobedo, Spanish composer (born 1500)
- August 18 - Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (born 1530)
- September 17 - Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, English soldier (born 1526)
- December 29 - Sebastian Castello, French theologian (born 1515)
- Odet de Selve, French diplomat
- Elizabeth Seymour, English noblewoman (born 1513) See also :Category: 1563 deaths. Category:1563 ko:1563년

Grand Duke of Finland

Grand Duke of Finland, more correctly Grand Prince of Finland, (Finnish: Suomen suuriruhtinas, Swedish: Storfurste av Finland) was a title in use, sometimes sporadically, between 1584 and 1808. 1809–1917 it was the official title of the head of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, held at different times by the King of Sweden and the Tsar of Russia. In 1581, King John III of Sweden, who had previously (1556–63) been Duke of Finland (a royal duke), assumed the subsidiary title Grand Prince of Finland (in Swedish Storfurste till Finland) to the Kings of Sweden. This is to be seen as a marking of the Swedish sovereign's power in Finland, as well as the import of Finland as a part of the Sweden Proper. It did not result in any increase of Finnish autonomy. :King of Sweden, the Goths, the Wends; :Grand Prince of Finland; :Duke of Karelia, Wätski Pethin, Ingria, and the Estonians in Livonia[http://www.geocities.com/eurprin/sweden.html] In those years, John was and had been in quarrel with his eastern neighbor, Tsar Ivan IV of Russia, who had a litany of subsidiary titles as Grand Prince of several ancient Russian principalities and provinces. The use of Grand Prince on John's behalf was a countermeasure to signify his mighty position as sovereign of Sweden, also a multinational or multi-country realm, and equal to a Tsardom. Not only was Finland added, but Karelia, Ingria, and Livonia that all were along the Swedish-Russian border. It is said that the first use of the new title was in an occasion to contact Tsar Ivan. During the next two centuries, the title was used by some of John's successors on the throne, but not all (e.g. his brother Charles IX used King of the Finns instead). Usually it was just a subsidiary title of the King, and so it was used only at very formal occasions. However, in 1802, King Gustav IV Adolf gave the title to his new-born son, Prince Carl Gustaf, who died three years later. During the Finnish War between Sweden and Russia, the four Estates of occupied Finland were assembled at the Diet of Porvoo on March 29, 1809 to pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on September 17, 1809, Finland became a true autonomous grand duchy as a part of the Russian Empire. The Tsar ruled Finland, as Grand Duke of Finland, through his governor and a native Senate appointed by him. The country nevertheless enjoyed a high degree of autonomy, until its independence in 1917. The new elected monarch (putatively Väinö I) was to be king instead of Tsar, marking the new status of the nation, but he never reigned until republic was proclaimed.

Gustav Vasa

Gustav Vasa (May 12, 1496 – September 29, 1560), originally Gustav Eriksson (Vasa) (as most Swedes at the time, he used no family name), was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death. He was elected regent in 1521 after leading the rebellion against Christian II of Denmark, who controlled most of Sweden. During his reign Protestantism was introduced in the Sweden-Finland realm. Gustav Vasa was an enigmatic person who has been referred to as both a liberator of the country and as a tyrannic ruler, which has made him the subject of many books. When he got to power in 1523, he was largely unknown, and he became the ruler of a still divided country without a central government. Yet, he managed to remain in power for 37 years, and at his death left behind him a strong central power with uniform rules. In traditional Swedish history he has been labeled the founder of modern Sweden, and the country's liberator. Gustav liked to compare himself to Moses, who liberated his people and established a state. As a person, Gustav was known for ruthless methods and a bad temperament, but he also loved music, and had a certain sly wit.

Early life

Gustav's family descended from Birgitta Gustafsdotter (Sture), the sister of childless Regent Sten Sture the Elder who had died in 1503 when Gustav was a baby. According to genealogical research, Birgitta and Sten Sture (and consequently also Gustav Vasa) descended from King Sverker II of Sweden, through King Sverker's granddaughter Benedikte Sunesdotter (who was married to Svantepolk Knutsson, son of Duke of Reval). The Vasa family belonged to the highest level of hereditary Swedish nobility (högfrälse) and they possessed some wealth: several manors etc. Gustav Vasa's father Erik Johansson (Vasa) was involved in the party of Sten Sture the Younger fighting against the Danes in the early 16th century. When the Danes under Christian II conquered Sweden and took the capital Stockholm in 1517, several members of the Sture party were executed in the Stockholm Bloodbath in October that year, among whom was Erik Johansson. The young Gustav survived by hiding. He got involved in some of the revolts against the Danish king. At the battle of Brännkyrka on October 2, 1518, he was among those captured and taken prisoner in Denmark. But he managed to escape, and on May 31, 1520, he returned by ship to Kalmar, on the southeastern side of Sweden. From there, he travelled all the way up to the province of Dalarna, in (what was then) northwestern Sweden. He tried to gather troops to take down the Danish government, but had little success initially. According to popular history, as depicted in the 19th century in Swedish schoolbooks, Gustav encountered many adventures while he was fleeing around Dalarna. Their historical validity is however questioned. In 1521 he had managed to gather a small army in Dalarna and become its leader. He also received help by troops from Leipzig, Germany. By August 1521, the men of Dalarna had elected him regent of Sweden, whereafter two years of battle followed whereby the Danish troops were gradually defeated. In 1523, Gustav was able to be crowned in Strängnäs, south of the capital Stockholm, on June 6. The date has later been celebrated as the Swedish national day. His troops had besieged the capital, and on June 24, they finally could march into Stockholm. The country was however in no way united in support of the king at that time.

Reformation

After seizing power, the previous Archbishop Gustav Trolle, who at the time held to a post of some kind of chancellor, was exiled from the country. Gustav sent a message to the pope requesting the acceptance of a new archbishop selected by Gustav himself: Johannes Magni. The Pope sent back his decision demanding the unlawful expulsion of Archbishop Gustav Trolle to be reverted, and that the archbishop was to be reinstated. Here Sweden's remote geographical location proved to have a marked impact – for the former Archbishop had been allied with the Danish king, or at least was considered to have been in contemporary Stockholm, and to reinstate him would be close to impossible for the king. The king let the Pope know the impossibility of the request, and the possible results if the Pope persisted, but – for better or worse – the Pope did persist, and refused to accept the king's suggestions of archbishops. At the time, incidentally and for different reasons, there were also four other unoccupied bishop's seats, where the king made suggestions to the Pope about candidates, but the Pope only accepted one of the candidates. As the Pope refused to budge on the issue of Gustav Trolle, the king, influenced by Lutheran scholar Olaus Petri, in 1531 took it upon himself to appoint a new archbishop, namely the brother of Olaus, Laurentius Petri. Hereby in effect, the Pope had lost any influence over the Swedish Church. In the 1520's, the Petri brothers' were driving a campaign, almost, for the introduction of Lutheranism. The decade saw many events which can be seen as gradual introductions of Protestantism, for instance the marriage of Olaus Petri – a consecrated priest, and several texts published by him, advocating Lutheran dogmas. A translation of the New Testament had also been published in 1526. After the reformation, a full translation was published in 1540-41, called the Gustav Vasa Bible. However, knowledge of Greek and Hebrew among Swedish clergymen were not sufficient for a translation from the original sources; instead the work followed the German translation made by Martin Luther in 1534.

Further reign

Gustav encountered resistance from some areas of the country. In 1542, people from Dalarna rebelled, as they considered the king to have been too harsh on everyone he perceived as a supporter of the Danish. People down in Smalandia rebelled later, and initially gave Gustav difficulties in the dense forests. What he did was to send a letter to the people of Dalarna, and requesting that they should send out letters to every Swedish province, saying that Dalarna would support the king with troops, and urging every other province to do the same. Gustav got his troops, with which help he managed to defeat the rebels. The leader of the rebels, Nils Dacke, has traditionally been seen as a traitor to Sweden. Historical records state that Nils was seriously wounded during a battle, taking bullet wounds to both legs; if this is true, his survival may have been surprising with contemporary medical techniques. Nils was eventually betrayed by his own relatives, caught, and quartered; it is said that his body parts were displayed througout Sweden as a warning to other would-be rebels. Modern Swedish scholarship has toned down criticism of Nils Dacke, sometimes making him into a hero in the vein of Robin Hood, particularly in Småland. Difficulties with the continuation of the Church also troubled Gustav Vasa. The 1540's saw death sentences from his hand for both the Petri brothers, as well as his former chancellor Laurentius Andreae. All of them were however granted amnesty, after spending several months in jail.

End of his reign

Laurentius Andreae In the late 1550's, Gustav was broken by bodily troubles. This has been confirmed when his grave was opened in 1945 and his corpse examined. It was discovered that he suffered chronic infections of a leg and in his jaw. He held a so called "last speech" in 1560 to the chancellors, his children and other noblemen whereby he encouraged them to remain united. In September 29, the same year, Gustav died of a severe colonic disease. He is buried together with his three wiwes in the Cathedral of Uppsala.

Heritage

Gustav's heritage has been disputed. In 19th century Swedish history, a folklore developed wherein Gustav was to have experienced all kinds of adventures when he liberated Sweden from the Danes. The memory of Gustav has been honored greatly, resulting in embroidered history books, memory coins, and the annual ski event Vasaloppet (the largest ski event in the world with 10,000 participants). The city of Vaasa in Finland was named after the royal house of Wasa in 1606. However, today most of these stories are regarded to have no other foundation than legend, and a skillful propaganda by Gustav himself during his time. Gustav has by some been regarded as a power-hungry man who wished to control everything: the Church, the economy, the army and all foreign affairs. But in doing this, he also did manage to unite Sweden, a country that had previously not had a standardized language, and where individual provinces held a strong regional power.

Gallery

Gustav Vasa had a series of paintings made during his reign. The originals are lost but watercolor reproductions of unknown date remain. These paintings show Gustav's triumphs, showing what Gustav himself considered important to depict. Image:Gustav Vasa triumphs 1.jpg|Part one. Year 1521-23, Outside Stockholm Image:Gustav Vasa triumphs 2.jpg|Part two. Year 1525, Inside Stockholm Image:Gustav Vasa triumphs 3.jpg|Part three. Year 1527, Inside and outside Västerås Image:Gustav Vasa triumphs 4.jpg|Part four. Year 1542, the Dacke rising. Image:Gustav Vasa triumphs 5.jpg|Part five. year 1541, in Brömsebro with Christian III of Denmark Image:Fem kronor Sweden.jpg|The five kronor bank note that was in print in the 1970's and 1980's

Family

Gustav's first wife was Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513 – 1535), whom he married on 24 September 1531. They had a son: #Eric XIV (1533 – 1577) On 1 October 1536 he married his second wife, Margareta Leijonhufvud (1514 – 1551). Their children were: #John III (Johan III) (1537 – 1592) #Katharina (1539 – 1610). A great-grandmother of Adolf Friedrich II of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. #Cecilia (1540 – 1627) #Magnus (1542 – 1595) #Carl (1544) #Anna Maria (1545 – 1610) #Sten (1546 – 1549) #Sofia (1547 – 1611) #Elisabeth (1549 – 1598) #Charles IX (Carl IX) (1550 – 1611) In 1552 he married his third wife, Katarina Stenbock (1535 – 1621).

References

- Robert, M: The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden 1523-1611 (1968)
- Åberg/Aberg, Alf: Gustav Vasa 500 år / The official anniversary book (1996) Category:1496 births Category:1560 deaths Gustav 1 Gustav 1 Category:Reformation Category:Rebels ja:グスタフ1世 (スウェーデン王) ko:구스타브 1세 바사

Eric XIV

Erik XIV (December 13, 1533 – February 26, 1577) was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was deposed in 1568. He was the son of Gustav Vasa and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg. He was also ruler of Estonia, after it gave itself under Sweden in 1561. He was considered a highly intelligent monarch of artificial skills and political ambitions but very early he also showed himself to be mentally unstable which at last led to insanity. Eric’s foreign rule was dominated by his large-scale attempt of making Sweden a great power. Unlike his father who had in general been satisfied by ruling an independent state he tried to expand his influence in the Baltic and in Estonia, which made him clashing with his cousin King Frederick II of Denmark. In domestic politics Eric was strongly opposed by the Swedish nobility which was supported by his half-brother, the later John III of Sweden and whose rebellion he crushed 1563. Most of his reign was dominated by the Scandinavian Seven Years' War against Denmark during which he successfully repelled most Danish attempts of conquest but was not able to keep his own conquests. In these years his insanity was increasing, his reign became still more high-handed and marked by assaults, among them the killing of several members of the Sture family 1566. 1568 he was deposed and imprisoned by John who took over the power. He died in prison, apparently of poisoning. A document signed by his brother John III of Sweden and a nobleman, Bengt Bengtsson Gylta, gave Eric's watchmen in his last prison authorization to poison him if anyone tried to release him. His body was later analyzed, and showed indications of poisoning. Eric had several relationships before his marriage. With Agda Persdotter he had three daughters: #Virginia Eriksdotter (1559 – 1633) (living descendants) #Constantia Eriksdotter (1560 – 1649) (living descendants) #Lucretia Eriksdotter (1564 – after 1574) died young. With Karin Jacobsdotter: #An unmarried child, dead apr. 1565. He finally married Karin Månsdotter (1550 – 1612), on July 4, 1568, their children were: #Sigrid (1566 – 1633) (born before the marriage) #Gustaf (1568 – 1607) (born before the marriage) #Henrik (1570 – 1574) #Arnold (1572-1573) See also: History of Sweden - Foundation of Modern Sweden Category:1533 births Category:1577 deaths