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John Keegan

John Keegan

Sir John Keegan (born 1934) is an English military historian. Keegan was born in Clapham, the son of Irish Catholics. He was educated at Wimbledon College for two years, then entered Balliol College, Oxford in 1953. He worked at the American Embassy in London for two years. In 1960 he was appointed to a lectureship at Sandhurst, a post he held for 26 years. In 1986 he moved to the Daily Telegraph to take up the post of Defence Correspondent. In 1998 he wrote and presented the BBC's Reith Lectures, entitled War and Our World. He was knighted in 2000. Frank C. Mahncke, a US defense analyst writing for the Naval War College, says of Keegan, "He is among the most prominent and widely read military historians of the late twentieth century" [http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2000/spring/br13-sp0.htm]. Keegan is admired for his ability to go beyond the traditional content of military history in search of a deeper understanding of war. His works treat the experience of the individual soldier, the historical causes of military events, the role of technological change in warfare, and the choices and dilemmas faced by military leaders. Like many historians, Keegan became embroiled in the David Irving controversy, and was criticized for some comments which seemed pro-Irving. Keegan praised Irving's ability to research, but also criticized Irving's distortions and thought certain of his ideas "perverse." Despite being a military historian and lecturer, Keegan has never been in the military or seen combat himself due to childhood illness, an irony he discusses in the introduction of a number of his works.

Books

- The Face of Battle (London, 1976) ISBN 00670304328
- Six Armies in Normandy (1982) ISBN 0140052933
- The Mask of Command (London, 1987) ISBN 0712665269
- The Price of Admiralty (1988) ISBN 0091737710
- The Second World War (Viking Press, 1990) ISBN 0670823597
- A History of Warfare (London, 1993) ISBN 0679730826
- The Battle for History: Refighting World War Two (Vintage), 1996) ISBN 0679767436
- Fields of Battle: The Wars for North America (1997) ISBN 0679746641
- War and Our World: The Reith Lectures 1998 (London: Pimlico, 1999) ISBN 0375705201
- The Book of War (ed.) (Viking Press, 1999) ISBN 0670888044
- The First World War (New York: Knopf, 1999) ISBN 0375400524
- Winston Churchill (2002) ISBN 0670030791
- Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al-Qaeda (2003) ISBN 0375400532
- The Iraq War (2004) ISBN 0091800188 Keegan, John Keegan, John Keegan, John

1934

1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-April

- January 1 - Alcatraz becomes a federal prison.
- January 1 - Nazi Germany passes the "Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring."
- January 7 - First Flash Gordon comic strip is published.
- January 10 - Execution of Marinus van der Lubbe
- January 24 - Einstein visits White House
- January 26 - The Apollo Theater opens in Harlem, New York City.
- February 9 - Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France
- February 12 - The Export-Import Bank is incorporated.
- February 12 to February 16 - Austrian Civil War
- February 23 - Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.
- March 1 - Manchuria becomes Manchukuo
- March 3 - John Dillinger escapes from jail in Crown Point, Indiana, using a wooden pistol
- March 8 - Prince Sigvard of Sweden loses his titles because of his marriage
- March 20 - All the police forces in Germany come under command of Heinrich Himmler
- April 1 - Clyde Barrow and Henry Methvin kill two young highway patrolmen near Grapevine, Texas.
- April 6 - Rudyard Kipling and William Butler Yeats are awarded the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.
- April 19 - Surgeon R.K. Wilson allegedly takes a photograph of the Loch Ness Monster.
- April 22 - John Dillinger and two others shoot their way out of the FBI ambush in northern Wisconsin

May-June

- May 7 - Pearl of Lao-Tze, 24 x 14 cm, is found in a giant clam off Palawan, Philippines
- May 11 - Dust Bowl: A strong two-day dust storm removes massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst dust storms of the Dust Bowl.
- May 15 - The United States Department of Justice offers a $25,000 reward for John Dillinger.
- May 15 - Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.
- May 23 - Near their hide-out in Black Lake, Louisiana, FBI men ambush bank robbers Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow and fire, killing them.
- May 24 - Tomás Masaryk re-elected president of Czechoslovakia
- May 28 - Near Callander, Ontario, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Olivia and Elzire Dionne later becoming the first quintuplets to survive infancy.
- June 6 - New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- June 9 - Release of the animated short The Wise Little Hen, directed by Bert Gillett for the Silly Symphonies series, featuring the debut of Donald Duck.
- June 10 - Italy beat Czechoslovakia 2-1 after extra time to win the 1934 World Cup.
- June 12 - Political parties banned in Bulgaria
- June 27 - Emir of Yemen and ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty
- June 30 - The Nazi SA camp Oranienburg becomes national camp, taken over by the SS.
- June 30 - Night of the Long Knives - Nazis purge the SA

July-September

- July 10 - German social democrat and author Erich Mühsam killed in Oranienburg concentration camp
- July 17 - Supreme court of North Dakota declares lieutenant governor of the state, Ole Olsen, the legitimate governor and tells William Langer to resign. Langer proceeds to declare North Dakota independent. He revokes the declaration after the Supreme Court justices meet him
- July 19 - Francisco Sá Carneiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (1980; died in office).
- July 22 - Outside Chicago, Illinois's Biograph Theatre, "Public Enemy No. 1" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.
- July 25 - Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss during a failed coup attempt.
- August 2 - Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany, becoming head of state as well as Chancellor.
- August 19 - The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.
- September 8 - Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner Morro Castle kills 134 people.
- September 19 - Soviet Union joins the League of Nations
- September 21 - Hurricane in Honshu, Japan - 4000 dead
- November 27 - A running gun battle between FBI agents and bank robber Baby Face Nelson results in the death of one FBI agent and the mortal wounding of special agent Sam Cowley, who is still able to mortally shoot Nelson.
- September 28 - Afghanistan joins the League of Nations
- September 28 - Trial for the custody of young Gloria Vanderbilt begins - it lasts seven weeks and ends with a compromise
- September 29 - Stanley Matthews makes his England debut, beginning a record 23-year international career

October-December

- October 2 - Tornado in Osaka and Kyoto and destroys the rice harvest - 1660 dead, 5400 injured
- October 6 - Catalonian separatists rebel
- October 9 - King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated during the king's state visit in Marseille
- October 16 - The Long March of Chinese communists begins
- November 13 - Italian government decrees that teachers must use a military or party uniform in a class
- November 21 - MCC makes an ultimately controversial decision to alter the lbw rule so a batsman can be lbw to a ball pitching outside off stump. The change is later blamed for many problems developing during the 1950s - primarily negative bowling outside leg stump to a field of short-leg fieldsmen.
- November 23 - An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lay well within Ethiopian territory. This encounter leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
- December 1 - In the Soviet Union, Politburo member Sergei Kirov is shot dead at the Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad by Leonid Nikolayev (it is widely thought that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered this murder).
- December 5 - Abyssinia Crisis: Ethiopian and Italian troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and for the Italians 50.
- December 14 - Female suffrage in Turkey
- December 18 - Low-key fascist conference in Moreaux
- December 27 - Persia becomes Iran
- December 29 - Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.

Unknown dates

- The sonoluminescence effect is discovered.
- First Jay Gordon record is made.
- The GPU becomes the NKVD.
- The Maginot Line is finished.
- Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of Côte d'Ivoire.

Births

January

- January 7 - Charlie Jenkins, American runner
- January 9 - Bart Starr, American football player
- January 11 - Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada
- January 16 - Marilyn Horne, American mezzo-soprano
- January 18 - Raymond Briggs, English writer and illustrator
- January 20 - Tom Baker, English actor
- January 22 - Bill Bixby, American television actor (d. 1993)
- January 24 - Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet and dramatist (d. 1976)

February

- February 5 - Hank Aaron, baseball player
- February 7 - Earl King, American musician (d. 2003)
- February 10 - Fleur Adcock, New Zealand poet
- February 11 - Tina Louise, American actress
- February 11 - Mary Quant, English fashion designer
- February 11 - John Surtees, British race car driver
- February 12 - Bill Russell, American basketball player
- February 13 - George Segal, American actor
- February 14 - Michel Corboz, Swiss conductor
- February 14 - Florence Henderson, American television actress
- February 15 - Niklaus Wirth, Swiss computer scientist
- February 17 - Alan Bates, English actor (d. 2003)
- February 17 - Barry Humphries, Australian actor and comedian
- February 20 - Bobby Unser, American race car driver
- February 21 - Rue McClanahan, American actress
- February 22 - Sparky Anderson, baseball manager
- February 24 - Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
- February 24 - Renata Scotto, Italian soprano
- February 27 - Ralph Nader, American consumer activist

March-April

- March 1 - Jean-Michel Folon, Belgian sculptor (d. 2005)
- March 1 - Joan Hackett, American actress (d. 1983)
- March 4 - Janez Strnad, Slovenian physicist
- March 5 - Daniel Kahneman, Israeli economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 7 - Willard Scott, American television broadcaster
- March 9 - Yuri Gagarin, cosmonaut (d. 1968)
- March 11 - Sam Donaldson, American reporter
- March 13 - Barry Hughart, American author
- March 16 - Ray Hnatyshyn, Canadian Governor-General (d. 2002)
- March 20 - Willie Brown, Mayor of San Francisco, California
- March 22 - Orrin Hatch, U.S. Senator from Utah
- March 26 - Alan Arkin, American actor
- March 31 - Shirley Jones, American singer and actress
- March 31 - Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 1 - Rod Kanehl, baseball player (d. 2004)
- April 2 - Paul Joseph Cohen, American mathematician
- April 2 - Brian Glover, British actor and wrestler (d. 1997)
- April 3 - Jane Goodall, English zoologist
- April 24 - Shirley MacLaine, American actress
- April 29 - Otis Rush, American musician

May-August

- May 3 - Henry Cooper, British boxer
- May 9 - Alan Bennett, British actor and writer
- May 13 - Leon Wagner, baseball player (d. 2004)
- May 14 - Siân Phillips, Welsh actress
- May 19 - Jim Lehrer, American television journalist
- May 21 - Bengt I. Samuelsson, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 22 - Peter Nero, American pianist
- May 23 - Robert Moog, American inventor of the synthesizer
- May 27 - Harlan Ellison, American writer
- May 28 - Dionne quintuplets, world's first surviving quintuplets
- May 30 - Aleksei Leonov, cosmonaut
- June 3 - Rolland D. McCune, American theologian
- June 6 - King Albert II of Belgium
- June 16 - William Forsyth Sharpe, American economicst, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 26 - Jeremy Wolfenden, British journalist (d. 1965)
- June 30 - Harry Blackstone Jr., American magician (d. 1997)
- July 1 - Jean Marsh, British actress
- July 11 - Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer
- July 12 - Van Cliburn, American pianist
- July 13 - Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 13 - Aleksei Yeliseyev, cosmonaut
- July 14 - John Tyndall, British politician (d. 2005)
- July 15 - Harrison Birtwistle, English composer
- August 2 - Valery Bykovsky, cosmonaut
- August 18 - Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (d. 1972)

September-December

- September 2 - Dominic Chianese, American actor
- September 4 - Clive Granger, Welsh-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 7 - Little Milton, American musician
- September 8 - Peter Maxwell Davies, English composer
- September 10 - Charles Kuralt, American journalist (d. 1997)
- September 17 - Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (d. 1969)
- September 20 - Sophia Loren, Italian actress
- October 1 - Chuck Hiller, baseball player (d. 2004)
- October 2 - Earl Wilson, baseball player (d. 2005)
- October 17 - Rico Rodriguez, Jamaican trombonist
- October 18 - Chuck Swindoll, American evangelist
- October 26 - Roy Ascott, British artist
- October 30 - Frans Brüggen, Dutch flutist, recorder player, and conductor
- November 1 - Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (d. 2004)
- November 9 - Carl Sagan, American astronomer (d. 1996)
- November 12 - Charles Manson, serial killer
- November 24 - Alfred Schnittke, Volga German composer (d. 1998)
- December 2 - Andre Rodgers, baseball player (d. 2004)
- December 3 - Viktor Gorbatko, cosmonaut
- December 4 - Wink Martindale, American game show host and disc jockey
- December 9 - Judi Dench, English actress
- December 9 - Junior Wells, American harmonica player (d. 1998)
- December 10 - Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- December 16 - Elgin Baylor, American basketball player
- December 18 - Boris Volynov, cosmonaut
- December 19 - Al Kaline, baseball player
- December 27 - Larissa Latynina, Russian gymnast
- December 28 - Maggie Smith, English actress
- December 30 - Joseph P. Hoar, U.S. Marine commander
- December 30 - John Norris Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005)
- December 30 - Del Shannon, American singer (d. 1990)

Unknown dates

- Jayakanthan, Tamil writer

Deaths

- January 10 - Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. 1909)
- January 29 - Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- February 17 - Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875)
- February 23 - Edward Elgar, English composer (b. 1857)
- March 15 - Davidson Black, Cnadian-born Paleoanthropologist (b.1884).
- March 29 - Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born millionaire philanthropist (b. 1867)
- May 23 - Clyde Barrow, American outlaw (shot) (b. 1909)
- May 23 - Bonnie Parker, American outlaw (shot) (b. 1910)
- May 25 - Gustav Holst, English composer (b. 1874)
- May 30 - Togo Heihachiro, Japanese admiral (b. 1848)
- June 10 - Frederick Delius, English composer (b. 1862)
- June 11 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian developmental psychologist (b. 1896)
- July 4 - Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867)
- July 8 - Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (b. 1848)
- July 22 - John Dillinger, American criminal (b. 1903)
- July 25 - François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (b. 1874)
- July 25 - Englebert Dolfuss, Chancellor of Austria (assassinated) (b. 1892)
- July 25 - Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist (b. 1889)
- July 26 - Winsor McCay, American comic creator and animator (b. 1871)
- July 28 - Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868)
- August 2 - Paul von Hindenburg, German general and politician (b. 1847)
- September 2 - Alcide Nunez, American musician (b. 1884)
- October 17 - Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1852)
- November 2 - Edmond James de Rothschild, French philanthropist (b. 1845)
- November 16 - Alice Liddell, English schoolgirl, inspiration for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (b. 1852)
- December 1 - Sergei Kirov, Soviet leader (b. 1886)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - not awarded
- Chemistry - Harold Clayton Urey
- Medicine - George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
- Literature - Luigi Pirandello
- Peace - Arthur Henderson Category:1934 ko:1934년 ms:1934 ja:1934年 simple:1934 th:พ.ศ. 2477

Clapham

Clapham is a neighbourhood in the London Borough of Lambeth, South London. Clapham dates back to Anglo-Saxon times; the name is said to derive from the Anglo-Saxon word for "Clappa's farm". In the late seventeenth century, large country houses began to be built here, and through the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries it was favoured by the upper classes, with many large and gracious houses and villas built around Clapham Common and in the Old Town. Samuel Pepys spent the last two years of his life in Clapham living with his friend and former servant William Hewer and he died there in 1703. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Clapham Sect were a group of upper class evangelic Anglicans who lived around the Common. They included William Wilberforce, Henry Thornton and Zachary Macaulay, father of the historian Thomas Macaulay. They were very prominent in campaigns for the abolition of slavery, against child labour and for prison reform. They also promoted missionary activity in Britain's colonies. Thomas Macaulay After the coming of the railways, Clapham developed as a suburb for daily commuters into central London, and by 1900, it had fallen from favour with the upper classes. Most of their grand houses had been demolished by the middle of the twentieth century, though a few remain around the Common and in the Old Town, as do a substantial number of fine late eighteenth and early nineteenth century houses. In the twentieth century, Clapham was seen as an unremarkable suburb, often cited as representing the thoughts of the ordinary people: the so-called "man on the Clapham omnibus". Today Clapham covers a largish area surrounding Clapham Common. The Old Town and High Street to the east of the Common, has a lively set of restaurants and shops. At the end of the twentieth century and begin of the twenty-first, local property prices rose steeply, and Clapham is now home to many young professional in their twenties and thirties. Many of the High Street's bars and restaurants cater for them and are packed to the rafters at weekends. However, the area retains a pleasantly mixed character, with many social and ethnic groups living alongside each other. The other side of the Common, encompassing Battersea Rise, Northcote Road and the area known as "Between the Commons", is popular with young middle-class professional families: Northcote Road is not known as "Nappy Valley" for nothing. (Although this area is often referred to as Clapham, it is in SW11 area and is, in fact, in Battersea.) The main railway station
- Clapham Junction (which is actually in Battersea) is the largest junction on the UK network being the point where routes to the west and southwest of London converge. Other stations include:
- Clapham High Street railway station
- Wandsworth Road railway station Nearest places:
- Battersea
- Brixton
- Stockwell
- Balham
- Vauxhall
- Wandsworth There are several tube stations on the Northern Line in Clapham::
- Clapham Common tube station
- Clapham North tube station
- Clapham South tube station See also: Clapham Sect See also: Local Web Site [http://ClaphamHighStreet.co.uk ClaphamHighStreet.co.uk] Category:Districts of London Category:Lambeth

Wimbledon College

Wimbledon College is a Jesuit school in Edge Hill, Wimbledon, founded in 1892 for improvement in living and learning to the greater glory of God and the common good. http://www.kamaei.com/page8/page8.html

1953

1953 (MCMLIII) is a common year starting on Thursday.

Events

January

- January 7 - President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb.
- January 12 - Estonian emigres find a government in exile in Oslo
- January 13 - Marshal Josip Broz Tito chosen President of Yugoslavia
- January 15 - Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying
- January 20 - Change of US presidency from Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) to Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961).
- January 22 - The Crucible, a drama by Arthur Miller, opens on Broadway
- January 24 – Mau Mau rebels in Kenya kill Ruck family – father, mother and a 6-year-old son
- January 26 - Walter Ulbricht announces that the agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany
- January 28 - Derek Bentley is executed for murder in Wandsworth Prison
- January 31-February 1 - North Sea flood of 1953 kills 1,835 people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially Zeeland), 307 in the United Kingdom and several hundred at sea, including 132 on the ferry Princess Victoria in the Irish Sea

February

- February 1 - Surge of North Sea Flood of 1953 continues from the previous day.
- February 5 - The movie Peter Pan premieres (Roxy Theatre, New York City).
- February 11 - President Eisenhower refuses clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
- February 11 - The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel.
- February 13 - Transsexual Christine Jorgenson returns to New York after successful sexual reassignment surgery in Denmark
- February 18 - The first 3D film, Bwana Devil opens.
- February 19 - Censorship: Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States
- February 28 - James D. Watson and Francis Crick announce that they have determined the chemical structure of DNA.

March-April

- March 1 - After an all-night dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev, Joseph Stalin collapses, having suffered a stroke that paralyzed the right side of his body.
- March 1 - Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg made the deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle
- March 5 - After 29 years of ruling the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin dies.
- March 6 - Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Josef Stalin as Premier and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- March 11 - U.S. B-47 bomber accidentally drops an atom bomb on Mars Bluff, South Carolina. Fortunately it fails to detonate.
- March 13 - United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskjöld as United Nations Secretary General
- March 14 - Nikita Khruschev selected general secretary of the Soviet communist party
- March 17 - Nuclear test in Nevada - with 1620 spectators in 3.4 km
- March 18 - An earthquake hits western Turkey killing 250.
- March 25-26 – Lari Massacre in Kenya – Mau Mau rebels kill up to 150 kikuyu
- March 26 - Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine.
- April 7 - Dag Hammarskjöld is elected United Nations Secretary General.
- April 8 – Jomo Kenyatta is sentenced for seven years in prison for alleged organization of Mau Mau Rebellion
- April 13 - Ian Fleming publishes his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale in the United Kingdom
- April 25 - Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish their description of the double helix structure of DNA.(::Watson, J. D. and Crick, F. H. C. (1953). [http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/watson-crick/index.html Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid]. Nature 171, 737-738.)

May

DNA
- May 2 - Hussein is crowned King of Jordan.
- May 2 - 38-year-old Stanley Matthews finally wins the FA Cup at his third attempt, in the famous 'Matthews Final'
- May 9 – France agrees to the provisional independence of Cambodia with the king Norodom Sihanouk
- May 10 - Town of Chemnitz in East Germany becomes Karl Marx Stadt
- May 11 - The Waco Tornado: A F5 tornado hits in the downtown section of Waco, Texas killing 114.
- May 18 - At Rogers Dry Lake, California Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier (she flew in a F-86 Sabrejet at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour).
- May 25 - Nuclear testing: At the Nevada Test Site, the United States conducts its first and only nuclear artillery test.
- May 29 - Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay perform the first successful ascent to the summit of Mount Everest.

June-July

Mount Everest
- June 2 - Coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom at Westminster Abbey.
- June 8 - Flint-Worcester Tornadoes: A tornado hits in Flint, Michigan and kills 115. This is the last tornado to claim more than 100 lives.
- June 8 - Austria and Soviet Union form diplomatic relations
- June 9 - CIA Technical Services Staff head Sidney Gottlieb approves of the use of LSD in a MKULTRA subproject.
- June 9 - Flint-Worcester Tornadoes: A tornado spawned from the same storm system as the Flint tornado hits in Worcester, Massachusetts killing 94.
- June 12 - Currency reform causes riots in Czechoslovakia
- June 13 - Hungarian Prime Minister Mátyás Rákosi is replaced by Imre Nagy.
- June 16 - Soviet Union and Yugoslavia form diplomatic relations
- June 17 - Workers Uprising: In East Germany, the Soviet Union orders a Division (military) of troops into East Berlin to quell a rebellion.
- June 18 - Egypt declares a republic
- June 19 - Execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
- June 30 - The first Chevrolet Corvette is built at Flint (Michigan)
- July 4 - Strikes and riots in coal mining regions in Poland
- July 5 - First meeting of the assembly of the European Economic Community in Strasbourg, France
- July 10 – Soviet official paper Pravda announces that Lavrenti Beria has been deposed from his positions as a head of NKVD
- July 18 - Flood in the Hodno island in Japan - 1700 dead, 7000 injured
- July 26 - Fidel Castro and his brother lead a disastrous assault on the Moncada Barracks - preliminary to the Cuban Revolution.
- July 27 - Korean War ends: The United States, People's Republic of China, North Korea, and South Korea sign an armistice agreement.

August-October

- August 5 - Operation Big Switch, operation to repatriate prisoners of war after the Korean War
- August 7 - Ohio admitted as a U. S. state, retroactive to 1803.
- August 8 - Soviet prime minister Georgi Malenkov announces that Soviet Union has a hydrogen bomb
- August 11 - Earthquake devastates islands of the Ionian Sea
- August 13 - 4 million workers go on strike in France to protest austerity measures
- August 17 - Addiction: First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous in Southern California, see October 5.
- August 18 - Kinsey report
- August 19 - Cold War: The CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran and retain Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on the throne (see: Operation Ajax).
- August 20 - French government oust the sultan of Morocco and exiles him to Corsica
- August 20 - USA gives West Germany 382 ships it captured during World War Two
- August 25 - General strike ends in France
- September 3 - Birthday, Cheryl Tutson, 1953
- September 5 - United Nations does not accept Soviet Union's suggestion to accept China as a member
- September 7 - Nikita Khrushchev becomes head of the Soviet Central Committee.
- September 25 - Hurricane in South-East Asia - over 1000 dead
- September 25 - First German prisoners of war return from Soviet Union to West Germany
- September 26 - Rationing of sugar ends in the United Kingdom
- October - The UNIVAC 1103 is the first commercial computer to use random access memory.
- October 5 - First meeting of Narcotics Anonymous (first planning session was held August 17)
- October 9 - Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as a German chancellor
- October 12 - "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial" opens at Plymouth Theatre, New York.
- October 30 - Cold War: US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document National Security Council Paper No. 162/2, which states that the United States' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.

November-December

- November 5 - David Ben Gurion resigns as a prime minister of Israel
- November 9 - Cambodia becomes independent from France.
- November 9 - King Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia dies
- November 21 - Authorities at the British Natural History Museum announce that the skull of the "Piltdown Man", one of the most famous fossil skulls in the world, is a hoax.
- November 23 - Moscow announces that Lavrenti Beria has been executed
- November 25 - England lose 6-3 to Hungary at Wembley Stadium, their first ever loss to a continental team at home
- November 29 - French paratroopers take Dien Bien Phu
- December 2 - United Kingdom and Iran reform diplomatic relations
- December 8 - US president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers his Atoms for Peace address to the UN General Assembly in New York City
- December 23 – Soviet Union announces officially that Lavrenti Beria has been executed
- December 24 - 153 people die as a result of the Tangiwai disaster when the railway bridge collapses at Tangiwai, New Zealand sending a fully loaded passenger train into the Whangaehu River
- December 30 - The first color television sets go on sale for about $1,175 (American dollars).

Births

January-February

- January 4 - George Tenet, American Central Intelligence Agency director
- January 8 - Bruce Sutter, baseball player
- January 10 - Pat Benatar, American singer
- January 10 - Bobby Rahal, American race car driver
- January 19 - Desi Arnaz Jr., American actor
- January 21 - Paul Allen, American entrepreneur
- January 22 - Jim Jarmusch, American director
- January 26 - Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark
- February 7 - Dan Quisenberry, baseball player (d. 1998)
- February 8 - Mary Steenburgen, American actress
- February 11 - Philip Anglim, American actor
- February 11 - Jeb Bush, brother of President George W Bush and son of George H.W. Bush and Barbara Pierce Bush
- February 11 - Alan Rubin, American musician
- February 17 - Norman Pace, British actor and comedian
- February 21 - William Petersen, American actor
- February 25 - José María Aznar, Spanish politician
- February 25 - Martin Kippenberger, German artist

March-May

- March 1 - Richard Bruton, Irish politician and economist
- March 6 - Jan Kjærstad, Norwegian author
- March 6 - Jacklyn Zeman, American actress
- March 12 - Carl Hiaasen, American author
- March 12 - Ron Jeremy, American actor
- March 16 - Isabelle Huppert, French actress
- March 16 - Richard Stallman, American free software proponent
- March 23 - Chaka Khan, American singer
- March 26 - Elaine Chao, U.S. Secretary of Labor
- April 1 - Barry Sonnenfeld, American film producer and director
- April 11 - Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium
- April 11 - Andrew Wiles, British-born mathematician
- April 16 - J. Neil Schulman, American writer and activist
- May 6 - Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- May 15 - George Brett, baseball player
- May 15 - Mike Oldfield, English composer
- May 16 - Pierce Brosnan, Irish actor
- May 19 - Victoria Wood, British comic actress
- May 20 - Robert Doyle, Australian politician
- May 24 - Alfred Molina, English actor
- May 26 - Michael Portillo, English politician
- May 29 - Danny Elfman, American composer
- May 30 - Colm Meaney, Irish actor

June-August

- June 1 - David Berkowitz, American serial killer
- June 8 - Bonnie Tyler, Welsh singer
- June 13 - Tim Allen, American actor
- June 21 - Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan
- July 14 - Bebe Buell, American model and singer
- July 15 - Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President of Haiti
- July 15 - Mila Pivnicki, First Lady of Canada
- July 29 - Geddy Lee, Canadian musician (Rush)
- August 5 - Rick Mahler, baseball player (d. 2005)
- August 9 - Robert Cray, American musician
- August 11 - Hulk Hogan, American professional wrestler
- August 18 - Louie Gohmert, American politician
- August 19 - Benoît Régent, French actor (d. 1994)
- August 31 - György Károly, Hungarian author

October-December

- October 2 - Brandon Wilson, American author and explorer
- October 7 - Christopher Norris, British actress
- October 7 - Tico Torres, American musician (Bon Jovi)
- October 9 - Tony Shalhoub, American actor
- October 12 - Serge Lepeltier, French politician
- October 12 - Les Dennis, British comedian and television presenter
- October 22 - Jeff Goldblum, American actor
- October 27 - Robert Picardo, American actor
- October 27 - Peter Firth, British actor
- October 31 - Michael J. Anderson, American actor
- November 4 - Carlos Gutierrez, American politician
- November 14 - Dominique de Villepin, Prime Minister of France
- November 18 - Alan Moore, English writer and magician
- November 19 - Robert Beltran, American actor
- November 19 - Tom Villard, American actor (d. 1994)
- November 28 - Ben Bolt, American guitarist
- November 23 - Francis Cabrel, French singer
- November 29 - Alex Grey, American artist
- December 6 - Gary Ward, baseball player
- December 8 - Kim Basinger, American actress
- December 13 - Ben Bernanke, American economist
- December 13 - Bob Gainey, Canadian hockey player
- December 29 - Stanley Williams, a notorious Crips street gangs (d. 2005)

Deaths

- January 1 - Hank Williams, American musician (b. 1923)
- January 28 - James Scullin, ninth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1876)
- March 2 - Jim Lightbody, American runner (b. 1882)
- March 5 - Herman J. Mankiewicz, American writer and producer (b. 1897)
- March 5 - Sergei Prokofiev, Russian composer (b. 1891)
- March 5 - Joseph Stalin, Soviet leader (b. 1879)
- March 24 - Queen Mary the Dowager Queen Mother, queen of George V of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)
- March 28 - Jim Thorpe, American athlete (b. 1887)
- May 29 - Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (b. 1891)
- July 26 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (b. 1883)
- July 29 - Richard William Pearse, New Zealand airplane pioneer (b. 1877)
- August 22 - Jim Tabor, baseball player (b. 1916)
- September 2 - General Jonathan Wainwright, U.S. Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1883)
- September 8 - Fred M. Vinson, Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1890)
- September 28 - Edwin Hubble, American astronomer (b. 1889)
- October 3 - Arnold Bax, English composer (b. 1887)
- October 8 - Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (b. 1912)
- October 25 - Holger Pedersen, Dutch linguist (b. 1867)
- October 27 - Thomas Wass, English cricketer (b. 1873)
- November 8 - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1870)
- November 8 - John van Melle, Dutch-born author (b. 1883)
- November 9 - Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (b. 1914)
- November 21 - Larry Shields, American musician (b. 1893)
- November 27 - Eugene O'Neill, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
- November 28 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- November 29 - Sam De Grasse, Canadian actor (b. 1875)
- November 30 - Francis Picabia, French painter and poet (b. 1879)
- December 18 - Robert Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- December 27 - Julian Tuwim, Polish poet (b. 1894)

Nobel Prizes

- Physics - Frits (Frederik) Zernike
- Chemistry - Hermann Staudinger
- Medicine - Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann
- Literature - Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
- Peace - George Catlett Marshall Category:1953 ko:1953년 ms:1953 ja:1953年 simple:1953 th:พ.ศ. 2496

American Embassy, London

The Embassy of the United States of America to the United Kingdom is situated at the American Embassy London Chancery Building in Grosvenor Square, Westminster, London. The Embassy is the largest American diplomatic building in the world, employing over 750 staff. The building is a focal point for events relating to the United States held in the United Kingdom.

History

The first American Embassy in London was situated in Great Cumberland Place later moving to Piccadilly, Portland Place and Grosvenor Gardens. In 1938, the embassy was moved to 1 Grovesnor Square (which now hosts part of the Canadian High Commission). During this time, Grovesnor Square began to accommodate many US Government offices, including thr headquarters of General Eisenhower and the European headquarters of the United States Navy. Following World War II, the Duke of Westminster donated land for a memorial to the wartime President, Franklin D. Roosevelt. The current US Embassy building was constructed in the late 1950s, opening in 1960. It is a 9 storey building, of which 3 stories are below ground. A large American Eagle is placed on the roof of the building, making it a recognisable London landmark.

Vietnam protests

In the 1960s, a deteriorating security situation forced the US government to significantly upgrade the security of the embassy building. The Vietnam War drew large protests in London, which targeted the embassy building in Grovesnor Square. In 1966, a large protest forced London's Metropolitan Police to close off Grovesnor Square, and prevent demonstrators from storming the building. As a result of the protests, the embassy was closed off to public access.

Security concerns

Security at the embassy was further tightened in the 1980s and 90s following successive attacks on US embassies and consulates worldwide. However it was after the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001 that security was significantly increased. A massive security operation at the embassy has seen Grovesnor Square closed to public access by car, and armed roadblocks are stationed outside the building. In September 2002, a man was arrested at Stockholm's Vaesteraas Airport trying to board Ryanair Flight 685 with a loaded gun. Media reports reported claims that the man was planning to hijack the aircraft and crash it into the American embassy in London, using the rooftop eagle to identify it from the air. The security threat against the embassy has seen the US government consider moving the embassy. Several British media outlets reported that the Americans wished to use Kensington Palace as their embassy. This was apparently vetoed by The Queen as several members of the British Royal Family have their residencies there.

Embassy sections

- Consular Section
- American Citizen Services
- Visa Services
- Commercial Service
- Liaison Office to European Bank for Reconstruction & Development
- Defense Attaché
- Foreign Agricultural Service
- Customs and Border Protection
- Public Affairs
- Office of Defense Cooperation
- Department of Homeland Security (Immigration)
- Internal Revenue Service There is also a American consulates in Belfast, Northern Ireland and Edinburgh, Scotland. There is also a Welsh Affairs Office in Cardiff, Wales.

Staff

- Ambassador- Robert Holmes Tuttle
- Deputy Chief of Mission- David T. Johnson

Royal Military Academy Sandhurst

The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (commonly known as Sandhurst) is the British Army officer initial training centre. The Academy is prestigious and has had many famous alumni including Sir Winston Churchill. The Academy straddles the border between the counties of Berkshire and Surrey, marked by a small stream known as the Wish Stream (after which the Academy journal is named). HRH Prince Harry of Wales is presently attending Sandhurst and his brother HRH Prince William of Wales is also expected to start training in 2006. All British Army officers, and many from elsewhere in the world, are trained at Sandhurst. The Commissioning Course, lasting 44 weeks, must be passed by most British regular army officers before they receive their commission. It is usually preceded by the Regular Commissioning Board and followed by a further training course specific to the Corps the officer will serve in. Shorter commissioning courses are run for "professionally qualified officers" (eg, doctors, dentists, nurses, vets and chaplains) and Territorial Army officers. Sandhurst also runs a variety of courses for officers, and has renowned academic departments, including War Studies, staffed by civilian academics.

Organisation

In overall charge of the RMAS is the Commandant, usually an officer of Major-General rank, while the Academy's Regimental Sergeant Major is the most senior individual NCO in the British Army (only Conductors of the Royal Logistic Corps rank higher than the Academy RSM, but there can be several of them at any one time). The RMAS has courses which start in January, May and September of each year. Each intake numbers approximately 270 students, each of whom joins a company. There are a total of ten companies within the RMAS, each commanded by a Major and named after a famous battle in which the British Army has fought:
- Falklands Company
- Somme Company
- Imjin Company
- Alamein Company
- Burma Company
- Normandy Company
- Marne Company
- Ypres Company
- Gaza Company
- Dettingen Company - the "Short Courses" mentioned above (for Professionally-Qualified Officers and so on) are operated sequentially, and are each known as "Dettingen Company". Within a company are three platoons each of thirty officer cadets, commanded by a Captain and supported by a Colour Sergeant. Dettingen Company is divided along the same lines as the regular intakes, though smaller courses may consist of only two platoons.

History

RMA Sandhurst was formed in 1947, from the Royal Military Academy in Woolwich (which trained officers for the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers from 1741 to 1939) and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. Following the ending of National Service in the UK, RMAS became the sole establishment solely for officer training in the British Army as the Mons Officer Training School in Aldershot was closed.

External links

- [http://www.sandhurst.mod.uk/ Royal Military Academy Sandhurst website] Sandhurst Military Academy Category:Racquets venues

1986

1986 (MCMLXXXVI) is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January

Gregorian calendar
- January 1 - Spain and Portugal enter the European Community
- January 1 - Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands and is separated from the Netherlands Antilles.
- January 9 - After losing a patent battle with Polaroid, Kodak leaves the instant camera business.
- January 12 - Space shuttle Columbia is launched with the first Hispanic-American astronaut, Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz.
- January 20 - The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel.
- January 20 - The first federal Martin Luther King Day, honoring Martin Luther King Jr.
- January 24 - Voyager 2 space probe makes first encounter with Uranus
- January 28 - Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates 73 seconds after launch, killing its crew of six astronauts and a schoolteacher.
- January 29 - Yoweri Kaguta Museveni became President of the Republic of Uganda after leading a successful five-year liberation struggle.

February

- February 7 - 28 years of one-family rule end in Haiti, when President Jean-Claude Duvalier flees the Caribbean nation.
- February 9 - Mohinder Amarnath becomes the first batsman dismissed for handling the ball in one-day international cricket.
- February 9 - Comet Halley reaches its perihelion, the closest point to the Earth, during its second visit to the solar system in the 20th century.
- February 11 - Human Rights activist Anatoly Shcharansky is released by the USSR and leaves the country.
- February 16 - The Soviet liner Mikhail Lermontov runs aground in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand
- February 19 - The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station
- February 19 - After waiting 37 years, the United States Senate approves a treaty outlawing genocide
- February 25 - EDSA Revolution: President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines goes into exile to USA after 20 years of rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the first Filipino woman president, first as in interim president.
- February 25 - Egyptian military police, protesting bad salaries, enter four luxury hotels near the pyramids, set fire to them and loot them
- February 27 - The United States Senate allows its debates to be televised on a trial basis
- February 28 - Swedish prime minister Olof Palme is shot dead on his way home from the cinema.

March

- March 8 - Japanese spacecraft Suisei flies by Halley's Comet, studying its UV hydrogen corona and solar wind.
- March 9 - United States Navy divers find the largely intact but heavily-damaged crew compartment of the Space Shuttle Challenger. The bodies of all seven astronauts were still inside.
- March 27 - A car bomb explodes at Russell Street Police HQ in Melbourne, killing 1 police officer.
- March 31 - A fire devastates Hampton Court Palace in Surrey, England.

April

England
- April 2 - A bomb explodes on a TWA flight from Rome to Athens - 4 dead
- April 5 - In the terroristic La Belle discotheque bombing the West-Berlin discotheque, a known hangout for U.S. soldiers, was bombed, killing 3 and injuring 230 people. Libya is held responsible.
- April 13 -- Pope John Paul II officially visits the Synagogue of Rome — the first time a modern Pope had visited a synagogue.
- April 14 - 2.2 lb (1 kg) hailstones fall on the Gopalganj district of Bangladesh, killing 92.
- April 15 - At least 100 people died after USA planes bombed targets in the Libyan capital, Tripoli, and the Benghazi region as part of Operation El Dorado Canyon
- April 17 - British journalist John McCarthy kidnapped in Beirut (released in August 1991) - three others are found dead, Revolutionary Cells claims responsibility in retaliation for the US bombing of Libya.
- April 17 - Treaty signed, ending Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly.
- April 26 - In Ukraine, one of the reactors at the Chornobyl (Chernobyl) nuclear plant explodes creating the world's worst nuclear disaster. 31 are killed directly by the incident, many thousands more were exposed to significant amounts of radioactive material, vast