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John N. Mitchell

John N. Mitchell

.]] John Newton Mitchell (September 15, 1913 – November 9, 1988) was the first United States Attorney General ever to be convicted of illegal activities and imprisoned. He also served as campaign director for the Committee to Re-elect the President, which employed Watergate burglar James W. McCord, Jr. in a "security" capacity. Mitchell was born in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up on Long Island in New York. He earned his law degree from Fordham University and was admitted to the New York bar in 1938. Except for three years' service as a naval officer during World War II where he was a PT Boat commander and received the Silver Star, from 1938 until 1968 Mitchell practiced law in New York City. Richard Nixon met John Mitchell when Mitchell's municipal bond law firm merged with Nixon Mudge Rose Guthrie & Alexander in 1967. The two men became friends, and in 1968, with considerable trepidation, Mitchell agreed to become Nixon's presidential campaign manager. During his successful 1968 campaign, Nixon turned over the details of the day-to-day operations to the superbly organized Mitchell. After he became president in January 1969, Nixon appointed Mitchell attorney general. Mitchell remained in office from 1969 until he resigned in 1972 to manage President Nixon's successful reelection campaign. As attorney general, Mitchell believed that the government's need for "law and order" justified restrictions on civil liberties. He advocated the use of wiretaps in national security cases without obtaining a court order and the right of police to employ the preventive detention of criminal suspects. He brought conspiracy charges against critics of the Vietnam War, and demonstrated a reluctance to involve the Justice Department in civil rights issues. "The Department of Justice is a law enforcement agency," he told reporters. "It is not the place to carry on a program aimed at curing the ills of society." On February 21, 1975, Mitchell was found guilty of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury and sentenced to two and a half to eight years in prison for his role in the Watergate break-in and cover-up, which he dubbed the White House horrors. Tape recordings made by President Nixon and the testimony of others involved confirmed that Mitchell had participated in meetings to plan the break-in of the Democratic party's national headquarters in the Watergate Hotel. In addition, he had met, on at least three occasions, with the president in an effort to cover up White House involvement after the burglars were discovered and arrested. In 1972, he warned reporter Carl Bernstein about a forthcoming Watergate-related article: "Katie Graham's gonna get her tit caught in a big fat wringer if that's published." This threat against the Washington Post publisher is considered the most famous threat in the history of American journalism. Around 5 P.M. on November 9, 1988, he collapsed from a heart attack on the sidewalk in front of 2812 N St., N.W., Georgetown, Washington, DC. That evening he would die at George Washington University Hospital. He was buried with full honors at Arlington National Cemetery. His wife Martha passed away in 1976. The Martha Mitchell effect is named after John Mitchell's wife.

References


- Rupert, James. (November 11, 1988). "Mistake Didn't Affect Care Of Mitchell, Officials Say". Washington Post, p. C12.

External link

Mitchell, John Newton Mitchell, John Newton Mitchell, John Newton Mitchell, John Newton Mitchell, John Newton Mitchell, John Newton ja:ジョン・N・ミッチェル

1913

1913 (MCMXIII) is a common year starting on Wednesday. (click on link for calendar)

Events

January-March


- January 30 - House of Lords rejects Irish Home Rule Bill
- February 1 - New York City's Grand Central Terminal opens as the world's largest train station.
- February 3 - The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income tax.
- February 3 - Trial of the remnants of the Bonnot gang begins.
- February 17 - The Armory Show opens in New York City. It displays works of artists who are to become some of the most influential painters of the early 20th century
- February 27 - Freezing weather stops everything in Balkans
- March - Outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia when the House of Romanov celebrate the 300th anniversary of their succession to the throne
- March 4 - End of term for President of the United States William Howard Taft. He is succeeded by Thomas Woodrow Wilson.
- March 12 - Canberra becomes the federal capital of Australia
- March 13 - Mexican Revolution - Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in USA
- March 18 - George I of Greece is assassinated.
- March 20 - Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (KMT) is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies 2 days after.
- March 25 - Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadaloupe and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government as the head of "Constitutionals"
- March 26 - Balkan War: Bulgarian forces take Adrianople.

April-August


- April 8 - Passing of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, dictating the direct election of senators.
- April 24 - Woolworth Building opening ceremony.
- May 13 - Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a four engine aircraft.
- May 14 - New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.
- May 29 - Igor Stravinsky's ballet score The Rite of Spring is premiered in Paris
- May 30 - First Balkan War: A peace treaty is signed in London ending the war.
- June - First edition of the Christian Esoteric magazine Rays from the Rose Cross in the United States; still issued bimonthly till today.
- June 4 - Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the king's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies a few days later, never having regained consciousness.
- June 15 - Bud Bagsak Massacre: US troops under General John 'Black Jack' Pershing kill at least 2,000 relatively defenceless men, women and children, Bud Bagsak, Philippines.
- June 24 - Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.
- July 3 - Commemeration of the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg draws thousands of United States Civil War veterans and their families to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
- July 10 - Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C) which is the highest temperature recorded in the United States (as of 2004).
- August 4 - In China, province of Chungking declares independence. Chinese republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks
- August 13 - Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield.
- August 15 - Start of Dublin Lockout, all trade union members dismissed
- August 20 - 700 feet above Buc, France, parachutist Adolphe Pegond becomes the first person to jump from an airplane and land safely.

September-December


- September 23 - French aviator Roland Garros flies over the Mediterranean
- September 29 - Rudolf Diesel disappears en route to Britain
- September 29 - Pancho Villa is elected commander of the "Northern Division" of the Constitutionals
- October 1 - Villa's troops take Torreon after a three-day battle when government troops retreat
- October 10 - US President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike thus ending construction on the Panama Canal.
- October 19 - Founding of the DLRG (German Life Saving Society)
- November 5 - The insane king Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumed the title Ludwig III.
- November 6 - Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
- November 7- November 12 - The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills over 250.
- December 1 - Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes (although Ford was not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one did spark an era of mass production).
- December 1 - Greece annexes Crete
- December 12 - Emperor of Ethiopia Menelik II dies and is succeeded by his grandson Iyasu V of Ethiopia.
- December 12 - Vincencio Peruggia tries to sell Mona Lisa in the Florence and is arrested
- December 30 - Italy returns Mona Lisa to France
- December 23 - Federal Reserve is created Woodrow Wilson

Unknown Dates


- Female suffrage in Norway
- British steamship Calvadas disappears in the Marmora Sea with 200 hands
- First crossword puzzle appears in the World newspaper
- Black Chamber, forerunner of NSA, founded
- de Sitter: speed of light is independent of speed of source
- Sagnac: speed of light depends on speed of rotating platform
- Painting September Morn creates a national sensation in U.S.
- Camel Cigarettes were introduced
- Ela Hockaday founds The Hockaday School
- First publication of Journal of Ecology
- National Temperance Council founded to promote temperance movement

Births

January-February


- January 2 - Anna Lee, English actress (d. 2004)
- January 6 - Edward Gierek Polish polititian, (d. 2001)
- January 6 - Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000)
- January 9 - Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States (d. 1994)
- January 15 - Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998)
- January 18 - Danny Kaye, American actor (d. 1987)
- January 22 - Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (d. 2003)
- January 24 - Norman Dello Joio, American composer
- January 25 - Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994)
- January 29 - Peter von Zahn, German journalist and writer (d. 2001)
- February 2 - Poul Reichhardt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
- February 4 - Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
- February 6 - Mary Leakey, British anthropologist (d. 1996)
- February 13 - George Barker, British poet (d. 1991)
- February 14 - Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996)
- February 14 - Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared) (d. 1975)
- February 25 - Jim Backus, American actor (d. 1989)
- February 25 - Gert Fröbe, German actor (d. 1988)
- February 27 - Paul Ricoeur, French philosopher (d. 2005)
- February 27 - Irwin Shaw, American writer (d. 1984)

March-June


- March 1 - Richard S.R. Fitter, British writer (d. 2005)
- March 4 - John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952)
- March 13 - William Casey, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1987)
- March 13 - Sergey Mikhalkov, Russian writer and lyricist
- March 18 - René Clément, French film director (d. 1996)
- March 21 - George Abecassis, English race car driver (d. 1991)
- March 29 - R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 2000)
- March 30 - Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 2002)
- March 30 - Frankie Laine, American singer
- April 3 - Per Borten, Premier of Norway (d. 2005)
- April 27 - Philip Hauge Abelson, American physicist, writer, and editor (d. 2004)
- May 1 - Louis Nye, American comedian and actor (d. 2005)
- May 1 - Walter Susskind, Czech conductor (d. 1980)
- May 8 - Saima Harmaja, Finnish poet (d. 1937)
- May 11 - Robert Jungk, Austrian journalist (d. 1994)
- May 13 - William R. Tolbert, Jr., Liberian president (d. 1980)
- May 16 - Woody Herman, American musician and band leader (d. 1987)
- May 20 - William Hewlett, American businessman (d. 2001)
- May 26 - Peter Cushing, English actor (d. 1994)
- May 29 - Tony Zale, American boxer (d. 1997)
- June 10 - Tikhon Khrennikov, Russian composer
- June 11 - Vince Lombardi, American football coach (d. 1970)
- June 18 - Robert Mondavi, American wine maker
- June 25 - Cyril Fletcher, British comedian (d. 2005)
- June 28 - Franz Antel, Austrian filmmaker

July-October


- July 12 - Willis Lamb, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 14 - Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States
- July 18 - Red Skelton, American comedian (d. 1997)
- July 22 - Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader and songwriter (d. 1995)
- August 8 - John Facenda, American broadcaster and sports announcer (d. 1984)
- August 10 - Wolfgang Paul, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)
- August 16 - Menachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)
- August 17 - Rudy York, baseball player (d. 1970)
- August 19 - Richard Simmons, American actor (d. 2003)
- August 20 - Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- August 28 - Robertson Davies, Canadian novelist (d. 1995)
- August 28 - Richard Tucker, American tenor (d. 1975)
- August 30 - Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)
- September 4 - Stanford Moore, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
- September 5 - Frank Thomas, American animator (d. 2004)
- September 12 - Jesse Owens, American athlete (d. 1980)
- September 14 - Jacobo Arbenz, President of Guatemala (d. 1971)
- September 15 - John N. Mitchell, United States Attorney General and convicted Watergate criminal (d. 1988)
- September 19 - Frances Farmer, American actress (d. 1970)
- September 29 - Trevor Howard, English actor (d. 1988)
- September 29 - Stanley Kramer, American film producer, director, and writer (d. 2001)
- September 29 - Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (d. 1996)
- September 30 - Bill Walsh, American movie producer and writer (d. 1975)
- October 10 - Claude Simon, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)

November-December


- November 2 - Burt Lancaster, American actor (d. 1994)
- November 5 - Vivien Leigh, British actress (d. 1967)
- November 7 - Albert Camus, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1960)
- November 9 - Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (d. 2000)
- November 10 - Álvaro Cunhal, Portuguese politician (d. 2005)
- November 13 - Alexander Scourby, American actor (d. 1985)
- November 15 - Arthur Haulot, Belgian journalist (d. 2005)
- November 21 - John Boulting, English film director (d.1985)
- November 21 - Roy Boulting, English film director and producer (d. 2001)
- November 22 - Benjamin Britten, English composer (d. 1976)
- December 6 - Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (d. 2004)
- December 10 - Morton Gould, American composer (d. 1996)
- December 18 - Alfred Bester, American author (d. 1987)
- December 18 - Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1992)

Deaths


- January 1 - Alfred von Schlieffen, German field marshal (b. 1833)
- January 2 - Léon Teisserenc de Bort, French meteorologist (b. 1855)
- February 26 - Felix Draeseke, German composer (b. 1835)
- March 10 - Harriet Tubman, American anti-slavery activist (b. 1820)
- March 22 - Sung Chiao-jen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1882)
- March 31 - J.P.Morgan, American financier and banker (b. 1837)
- June 5 - Chris von der Ahe, German-born brewer and baseball owner
- July 3 - Horatio Nelson Young, American naval hero (b. 1845)
- July 29 - Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1838)
- October 5 - Hans von Bartels, German painter (b. 1856)
- November 7 - Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (b. 1823)
- December 12 - Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1844)

Month/day unknown


- John S. Billings, M.D., American military and medical leader (b. 1838)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes
- Chemistry - Alfred Werner
- Medicine - Charles Robert Richet
- Literature - Rabindranath Tagore
- Peace - Henri La Fontaine Category:1913 ko:1913년 ms:1913 ja:1913年 simple:1913 th:พ.ศ. 2456

1988

1988 (MCMLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on a Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January


- January 1 - The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America comes into existence, creating the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States.
- January 2 - Georgia celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- January 9 - Connecticut celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- January 26 - Australia celebrates its bicentennial day.

February


- February 3 - The United States House of Representatives rejects President Ronald Reagan's request for $36.25 million to support Nicaraguan Contras.
- February 6 - Massachusetts celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- February 11 - Anthony M. Kennedy is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- February 13 - The 1988 Winter Olympics open in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- February 17 - US Lieutenant Colonel William R. Higgins, serving with a United Nations group monitoring a truce in southern Lebanon is kidnapped (captors later kill him)
- February 21 - On his own televangelism program being taped in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Jimmy Swaggart confesses that he is guilty of an unspecified sin and will be temporarily leaving the pulpit. The "unspecified sin" was an affair with a prostitute.
- February 24 - The Supreme Court of the United States sides with Hustler magazine by overturning a lower court decision to award Jerry Falwell $200,000 for defamation (see Hustler Magazine v. Falwell)
- February 26 - Australia's Bicentennial year - discovered 200 years ago today
- February 28 - The 1988 Winter Olympics close.
- February 29 - Nazi document implicates Kurt Waldheim in WWII deportations

March


- March 1 - Anthony M. Frank is appointed United States Postmaster General
- March 7 - Operation Flavius - The SAS shoot dead three unarmed Irish Republican Army members in Gibraltar.
- March 8 - Two United States Army helicopters collide in Fort Campbell, Kentucky killing 17 servicemen
- March 9 - Students at Gallaudet University go on strike for the selection of a Deaf university president
- March 16 - The Halabja poison gas attack was carried out by Iraqi government forces.
- March 16 - Iran-Contra Affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States.
- March 19 - British army Corporals Woods and Howes are killed by the IRA in the so-called "Corporals killings".
- March 24 - Israeli court sentences Mordechai Vanunu to 18 years in prison for disclosing Israel's nuclear program to The Sunday Times
- March 29 - Assassination of Dulcie September in Paris

April

Paris
- April 4 - Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office.
- April 10 - The Great Seto Bridge opened to traffic in Japan
- April 12 - Former pop singer Sonny Bono is elected mayor of Palm Springs, California
- April 14 - In Geneva Agreement, Soviet Union commits itself to withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan
- April 14 - USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) strikes a mine in the Persian Gulf while deployed on Operation Earnest Will
- April 16 - Israeli commandos kill PLO's Khalil Wazir (Abu Jihad) in Tunisia
- April 18 - U.S. Navy forces retaliate for the Roberts mining with Operation Praying Mantis, a day of strikes against Iranian oil platforms and naval vessels
- April 25 - In Israel John Demjanuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II. He was accused of being a notorious guard at the Treblinka extermination camp known as "Ivan the Terrible" by survivors. Conviction overturned by Israeli Supreme Court.
- April 28 - Maryland celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- April 28 - Aloha Flight 243 loses in flight several yards of its upper fuselage; extraordinarily, the craft lands with only one fatality.
- April 30 - World Expo '88 opens in Brisbane Queensland Australia. The exhibition runs for 6 months hosting pavilions from over
70 countries and thrusts the sleepy city of Brisbane into the international spotlight.

May


- May 15 - Soviet war in Afghanistan: After more than eight years of fighting, the Red Army begins its withdraw from Afghanistan.
- May 16 - A report by the Surgeon General C. Everett Koop states that the addictive properties of nicotine are similar to those of heroin and cocaine.
- May 16 - California v. Greenwood: In a 6-2 decision, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that police officers do not need a search warrant to search through discarded garbage.
- May 23 - South Carolina celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- May 24 - Section 28 (outlawing promotion of homosexuality in schools) is passed as law by Parliament in the United Kingdom.

June


- June 6 - Queen Elizabeth strips jockey Lester Piggott of his OBE
- June 11 - The name of the General Public License (GPL) is mentioned first time.
- June 21 - New Hampshire celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- June 25 - Virginia celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- June 25 - The Netherlands defeat the Soviet Union 2-0 to win Euro 88.
- June 28 - Four workers asphyxiated at a metal-plating plant in Auburn, Indiana, in the worst confined-space industrial accident in US history. A fifth victim dies two days later.
- June 29 - United States Supreme Court upholds the law allowing special prosecutor to investigate suspected crimes by executive branch officials.
- June 30 - Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrated four bishops at Ecône for his apostolate along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer without a Papal mandate.

July


- July 1 - Bologna, Italy: Quartetto Cetra's last concert after over forty years' musical career.
- July 3 - Iran Air Flight 655 shot down by missiles launched from the USS Vincennes ship
- July 6 - The Piper Alpha drilling platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners.
- July 26 - New York celebrates its bicentennial statehood.
- July 30¨- Antonio Gomes dos Santos stands motionless in a Lisbon, Portugal shopping center for 15 hours, 2 minutes and 55 seconds

August


- August 6–7 - "Police riot" in New York City's Tompkins Square Park
- August 8 - Thousands of protestors in Burma (Myanmar) killed during demonstrations against the government.
- August 9 - Wayne Gretzky is traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings in one of the most controversial transactions in hockey history.
- August 17 - Pakistan President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and US Ambassador Arnold Raphel are killed in a plane crash.
- August 19 - Ceasefire begins in the Iran-Iraq war
- August 20 - Iran-Iraq war finished, costing an estimated 1 million lives
- August 26 - Merhan Karimi Nasseri ends up stuck in the Charles De Gaulle Airport in Paris
- August 28 - A fire destroys part of Chiado quarter, in Lisbon's historical center.

September

Lisbon.]]
- September 1- Acacia pycnantha proclamed Australia's national floral emblem
- September 3- Federal referendums on 4-year terms, recognition of local Government and other issues is defeated in Australia
- September 5 - With US$2 billion in federal aid, the Robert M. Bass Group agrees to buy the United States's largest thrift, American Savings and Loan Association
- September 12 - Hurricane Gilbert devastated Jamaica, it turns towards Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula two days later causing an estimated $5 billion in damage.
- September 17 - Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea open
- September 22 - Ocean Odyssey drilling rig suffers a blowout and fire in the North Sea. (See also July 6)
- September 29 - NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster

October


- October 5 - Thousands riots in Algiers, Algeria against the government of National Liberation Front - by October 10 army has killed and tortured about 500 people in crushing the riots
- October 5 - Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet is defeated in a national plebiscite that sought to renew his mandate.
- October 11 - Women are allowed to study at Magdalene College, Cambridge, for the first time. Male students wear black armbands and the porter flies a black flag
- October 12 - two officers of the Victoria Police are gunned down executional style in the Walsh Street police shootings in Australia
- October 19 - United Kingdom bans broadcast interviews with IRA members. BBC gets around this by using actors' voices.
- October 28 - Abortion: 48 hours after announcing it was abandoning RU-486, French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it would resume distribution of the drug, bowing to pressure from the government of France
- October 30 - Philip Morris buys Kraft Foods for US$13.1 billion.
- October 30 - Expo '88 in Brisbane Australia draws to a close after a 6 month spectacular.

November


- November 8 - U.S. presidential election, 1988: George Herbert Walker Bush is elected over Michael Dukakis.
- November 11 - In Sacramento, California, police find a body buried in the lawn of 60-year-old boardinghouse landlady Dorothea Puente (seven bodies were eventually found and Puente was convicted of three murders and sentenced to life in prison)
- November 15 - In the Soviet Union, the uncrewed Shuttle Buran is launched by an Energia rocket on her maiden orbital spaceflight (this was the first and last space flight for the shuttle)
- November 15 - Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed by the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers, by a vote of 253 to 46
- November 16 - The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR declares that Estonia is "sovereign" but stops short of declaring independence
- November 16 - In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister
- November 17 - The Netherlands becomes the second country to get connected to the Internet
- November 18 - War on Drugs: US President Ronald Reagan signs a bill into law providing the death penalty for murderous drug traffickers
- November 21 - Canadian Federal Election: Brian Mulroney and the Progressive Conservative Party win a second majority government
- November 22 - In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed
- November 30 - Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. buys RJR Nabisco for US$25.07 billion.

December

RJR Nabisco
- December 2 - Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.
- December 2 - Cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless - thousands dead
- December 7 - In Armenia an earthquake 6.9 on the Richter scale killed nearly 25,000, injured 15,000 and left 400,000 persons homeless.
- December 12 - The Clapham Junction rail crash kills 35 and injures 132.
- December 19 - The Consumer Product Safety Commission bans the sale of lawn darts following the deaths of three children.
- December 20 - The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
- December 21 - Pan Am flight 103 is blown up by Libyan terrorists over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 259 on board and 11 on the ground.
- December 22 - Assassination of Brazilian union and environmental activist Chico Mendes.

Environmental change


- Zebra mussels found in the Great lakes

Unknown dates


- Dave Barry won the Pulitzer Prize for commentary.
- Singer Fish leaves the band Marillion to pursue a solo career.
- Mickey Sadoff elected president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving.

Births


- January 17 - Nikki Reed, American actress
- February 4 - Carly Patterson, American gymnast
- February 7 - Ai Kago, Japanese singer
- February 8 - Ryan Pinkston, American actor
- February 18 - Rihanna, Barbadian R&B singer
- February 27 - JD Natasha, Latin music artist
- March 25 - Erik Knudsen, Canadian actor
- March 27 - Brenda Song, American actress
- March 28 - Lacey Turner, English actress
- April 10 - Haley Joel Osment, American actor
- May 2 - Brooke Hogan, American singer
- June 1 - Nami Tamaki, Japanese singer
- June 7 - Michael Cera, Canadian actor
- June 27 - Kate Ziegler, American swimmer
- August 8 - Princess Beatrice of York
- August 23 - Niki Leinso, Croatian singer and songwriter
- August 24 - Rupert Grint, English actor
- August 27 - Alexa Vega, American actress
- August 31 - Megan McCauley, American singer
- September 24 - Kyle Sullivan, American actor
- September 26 - Marina Kuroki, Japanese actress
- October 5 - Bobby Edner, American actor
- October 23 - Caleigh Peters, American singer
- November 15 - Zena Grey, American actress
- November 21 - Jamie Mahoney, American actor and rapper
- November 28 - Scarlett Pomers, American actress
- December 7 - Emily Browning, Australian actress

Deaths


- January 2 - Edmund Brisco Ford, British geneticist (b. 1901)
- January 5 - Pete Maravich, American basketball player (b. 1947)
- January 7 - Trevor Howard, British actor (b. 1913)
- January 11 - Pappy Boyington, American pilot (b. 1912)
- January 13 - Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China (b. 1910)
- January 14 - Georgi Malenkov, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party (b. 1902)
- January 15 - Seán MacBride, Irish Republican Army leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1904)
- January 16 - Ballard Berkeley, British actor (b. 1904)
- January 20 - Philippe de Rothschild, French vineyard owner (b. 1902)
- January 22 - Parker Fennelly, American comedian and actor (b. 1891)
- February 1 - Heather O'Rourke, American actress (b. 1975)
- February 15 - Richard Feynman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- February 19 - René Char, French poet (b. 1907)
- February 19 - André Frédéric Cournand, French-born physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895)
- March 1 - Joe Besser, American actor and comedian (b. 1907)
- March 5 - Alberto Olmedo, Argentine comedian and actor (b. 1933)
- March 7 - Divine, American actor (b. 1945)
- March 8 - Henryk Szeryng, Polish-born violinist (b. 1918)
- March 9 - Kurt Georg Kiesinger, third Chancellor of Germany (b. 1904)
- March 10 - Andy Gibb, Australian singer (Bee Gees) (b. 1958)
- March 31 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
- April 3 - Milt Caniff, American cartoonist (b. 1907)
- April 15 - Kenneth Williams, English actor and raconteur (b. 1926)
- April 23 - Michael Ramsey, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1904)
- April 26 - James McCracken, American tenor (b. 1926)
- May 3 - Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (b. 1908)
- May 8 - Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction author (b. 1907)
- May 11 - Kim Philby, British spy (b. 1912)
- May 12 - Chet Baker, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1929)
- May 16 - Charles Keeping, British illustrator (b. 1924)
- May 18 - Daws Butler, voice actor (b. 1916)
- May 21 - Sammy Davis, Sr., American dancer (b. 1900)
- May 25 - Ernst Ruska, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- June 25 - Hillel Slovak, Israeli-born guitarist (Red Hot Chili Peppers) (b. 1962)
- July 8 - Ray Barbuti, American athlete (b. 1905)
- July 27 - Frank Zamboni, American inventor (b. 1901)
- August 8 - Ramon Valdez, Mexican actor (b. 1923)
- August 11 - Anne Ramsey, American actress (b. 1929)
- August 17 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr., American lawyer and politician (b. 1914)
- August 17 - Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, leader of Pakistan (b. 1924)
- August 27 - William Sargant, British psychiatrist (b. 1907)
- September 1 - Luis Alvarez, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- September 5 - Gert Fröbe, German actor (b. 1913)
- September 28 - Charles Addams, American cartoonist (b. 1912)
- October 1 - Sacheverell Sitwell, English writer (b. 1897)
- October 15 - Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji, English composer and pianist (b. 1892)
- October 19 - Son House, American musician (b. 1902)
- October 22 - Henry Armstrong, American boxer (b. 1912)
- October 31 - John Houseman, Romanian-born actor and producer (b. 1902)
- November 9 - John N. Mitchell, U.S. Attorney General and convicted Watergate criminal (b. 1913)
- November 13 - Antal Dorati, Hungarian conductor (b. 1906)
- November 19 - Christina Onassis, American shipping magnate (b. 1950)
- December 2 - Tata Giacobetti, Italian singer and lyricist (Quartetto Cetra) (b. 1922)
- December 6 - Roy Orbison, American singer (b. 1936)
- December 21 - Nikolaas Tinbergen, Dutch ornithologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1907)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger
- Chemistry - Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel
- Medicine - Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
- Literature - Naguib Mahfouz
- Peace - The United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces.
- The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel - Maurice Allais

Templeton Prize


- Dr. Inamullah Khan

Right Livelihood Award


- International Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims / Dr. Inge Kemp Genefke
- José Lutzenberger
- John F. Charlewood Turner
- Sahabat Alam Malaysia / Mohamed Idris, Harrison Ngau, the Penan people.

Fictional references


- The 2001 movie Donnie Darko is set in October 1988 Category:1988 als:1988 ko:1988년 ja:1988年 simple:1988 th:พ.ศ. 2531

United States Attorney General

The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government. The current Attorney General is Alberto Gonzales. The Attorney General is America's highest ranking law enforcement officer and is considered "America's lawyer". The office of Attorney General was established by Congress in 1789. The original duties of this officer were "to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments." (Judiciary Act of 1789, section 35.) Only in 1870 was the Department of Justice established to support the Attorney General in the discharge of his responsibilities. The members of the Department of Justice represent the United States in legal matters generally and offer advice and opinions to the President and to the heads of the executive departments of the Government when so requested. The Attorney General appears in person to represent the Government before the Supreme Court in cases of exceptional importance. Under most circumstances the United States Solicitor General argues before the Supreme Court on the government's behalf. The Attorney General is a member of the President's Cabinet, the only member who is not given the title Secretary.

See also

United States Assistant Attorney General

External link


- [http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/ls/agbiographies.htm Biographies of the Attorneys General] Justice Attorney General Attorney General

Committee to Re-elect the President

The Committee to Re-elect the President, often abbreviated to CRP or CREEP, was a Nixon White House fund-raising organization headed by John N. Mitchell, who had previously served as United States Attorney General. G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt were members of CRP who planned the details of the Watergate break-in (June 17, 1972). CRP funds, a sum of $500,000 U.S. dollars, were used to pay legal expenses for the five Watergate burglars after their indictment in September 1972. The link of the break-in back to the White House and the President's campaign fund-raising committee turned the burglary into an explosive political scandal. The burglars, as well as Liddy, Hunt, and Mitchell, went to prison over the break-in and their efforts to cover it up, along with other members of the Nixon Administration. CREEP political operative Donald Segretti detailed the committee's ratfucking (political sabotage) program to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who described it in their Pulitzer Prize winning book, All The President's Men. Category:Richard Nixon Category:Watergate ja:大統領再選委員会

James W. McCord, Jr.

James W. McCord, Jr. was one of the first men convicted in the Watergate scandal. McCord led the June 17, 1972 early-morning burglary of the Democratic National Committee's headquarters at the Watergate office building in Washington, D.C., and pled guilty to six charges. He later wrote a letter to U.S. District Judge John Sirica stating that his plea and testimony, some of which he claimed was perjured, were compelled by pressure from White House counsel John Dean and former Attorney General John N. Mitchell. His letter set off the Watergate scandal in earnest by implicating many higher-ups in the Richard Nixon Administration for covering up the conspiracy that led to the burglary. Prior to his conviction, McCord served as security director for the Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP) and had worked for the FBI and CIA, as well as serving as a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force Reserves. His security consulting firm, McCord Associates, provided security services to CRP. After resigning from CRP under pressure in 1974, McCord became a booster for the University of Michigan athletic department. McCord wrote a book about his connection with the Watergate burglary, A Piece of Tape: The Watergate Story: Fact and Fiction. McCord, James McCord, James McCord, James ja:ジェームズ・W・マッコード・ジュニア

Long Island

:This article is about Long Island in New York State. For other uses, see Long Island (disambiguation) Long Island (disambiguation) Long Island is an island in New York, at 1,377 square miles (3566 km²) the largest island in the continental United States, and with 7.4 million residents, the 17th most populous island in the world. True to its name, the island is much longer, jutting out some 118 miles (190 km) from New York Harbor, than it is wide, with only from 12 to 20 miles (32 km) between the southern Atlantic coast and Long Island Sound. On the western part of Long Island are the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn (Kings County) and Queens (Queens County); east of these are Nassau and Suffolk counties. However, common usage of the term "Long Island" or "the island" is reserved to Nassau and Suffolk counties only by those residents who would rather forget that they are on the same piece of land with New York City.

Geography

Suffolk To the north of the island is Long Island Sound, which separates it from the coast of Connecticut and Rhode Island. To the south are the Great South Bay, South Oyster Bay, and Jamaica Bay, which are actually lagoons, protected from the Atlantic Ocean by a string of narrow barrier islands, most notably Fire Island. The island separates into two forks at the eastern end, known as the North Fork and South Fork. Long Island is interesting because it is geographically part of the Mid-Atlantic, however many towns and hamlets along the island's north shore and in eastern Suffolk County, such as Oyster Bay, Port Jefferson and Sag Harbor seem to resemble New England towns, while many of the towns and hamlets along the south shore, such as Long Beach, Valley Stream, and Babylon seem to resemble Mid-Atlantic coastal communities, especially those on the shore between New Jersey and Virginia. Long Island can be considered the geographical border between the Mid-Atlantic and New England.

Climate

Long Island has a climate that is very similar to other coastal areas of the Northeastern United States; it has warm, humid summers and cold winters, but the Atlantic Ocean helps bring afternoon sea breezes that temper the heat in the warmer months and limit the frequency and severity of thunderstorms. In the wintertime, temperatures are warmer than areas further inland (especially in the night and early morning hours), sometimes causing a snowstorm further inland to fall as rain on the island. However, measurable snow falls every winter, and in many winters one or more intense storms called nor'easters produce blizzard conditions with snowfalls of 1-2 feet and near-hurricane force winds. Long Island temperatures also vary from west to east, with the western part of the island warmer on most occasions than the east. This is due to two factors; one because the western part is closer to the main land & the other is the western part is more developed causing what is known as the "urban heat island" effect. The eastern part is cooler on most occasions due to the ocean and sound and it is less developed. The Pine Barrens in eastern Suffolk County can be almost 20 Fahrenheit degrees cooler on dry nights with no clouds and no wind (radiational cooling). Long Island is somewhat vulnerable to hurricanes. . Its northern location and relatively cool waters tend to weaken storms to below hurricane strength by the time they reach Long Island. But some storms had made landfall at Category 1 or greater strength, including two unnamed Category 3 storms in 1938 (New England Hurricane of 1938) and 1944, Hurricane Donna in 1960, Hurricane Belle in 1976, Hurricane Gloria in 1985, Hurricane Bob in 1991 (brushed the eastern tip), and Hurricane Floyd in 1999.

Geology

Geologically, the island is formed of two spines of glacial moraine, consisting largely of gravel and loose rock over deeply-buried bedrock, formed during the two most recent pulses of the Wisconsinan glaciation, also by a chain of volcanos and earthquakes, with a sandier outwash plain beyond. The island's tallest point is Jayne's Hill near Melville, with an elevation of 400.9 feet (122.2 m) above sea level. The island is separated from the mainland by the East River - actually not a river but both a tidal strait and a tidal estuary.

Economy

The counties of Nassau and Suffolk have long been renowned for their affluence. With the median price of houses at $500,000 USD, Long Island has a very high standard of living rate with residents paying some of the highest property taxes in the country. Such affluence is especially pervasive among the towns on the North Shore of Long Island also known as the 'Gold Coast'. Long Island is home to some of the most expensive houses in the country. In fact, the most expensive residence in the country is Three Ponds in Bridgehampton, Long Island. The economy of Long Island has long benefitted from its proximity to New York City, although after World War II, Long Island began developing industry of its own. From 1950-1980, Long Island was considered one of the aviation centers of the United States with companies such as Grumman making its headquarters in the area. In recent decades companies such as Computer Associates, with its headquarters in Islandia, have made Long Island a center for the computer industry. Nevertheless, the eastern end of the island is still partly agricultural, now including many vineyards as well as traditional truck farming. Fishing also continues to be an industry, at Northport and Montauk. Montauk Since World War II, however, Long Island has become increasingly suburban and, in some areas, fully urbanized. Levittown was only the first of many new suburbs, and businesses followed residential development eastward. The South Fork contains the area known as the Hamptons, which also experienced a population boom after World War II.

Politics

Brooklyn and Queens do not have their independent county governments as they are part of New York City; though both governments have subsidiary offices and headed by borough presidents, a largely ceremonial title that holds little political power. Nassau County and Suffolk County do have their own separate governments, with a County Executive leading both and a county legislature, as well as other countywide elected officials such as district attorney, county clerk and county controller. The towns in both counties have their own governments as well, with town supervisors and a town council. Politically, Long Island was long controlled by the Republican Party. Republican presidential candidates won both Nassau and Suffolk counties from 1900 until 1988, with the exception of the 1912 victory of Woodrow Wilson and the Lyndon Johnson landslide of 1964. In 1972, Richard Nixon won Nassau, Suffolk and Queens and came within 14,000 votes of winning heavily Democratic Brooklyn. In 1992, the counties split with Nassau voting Democratic and Suffolk voting Republican; however, since 1996, both counties have been Democratic, although by fairly close margins. In 2004, John Kerry won Suffolk County by just under 14,000 votes. In 2000, Senator Hillary Clinton lost both Nassau and Suffolk to Republican Rick Lazio, who had previously served as a congressman from Suffolk County. In 2001, Nassau County elected Democrat Thomas Suozzi as county executive and Democrats took control of the county legislature, marking the first time Democrats had full control over county governments. Republicans still held on to the District Attorney's office and Hempstead town government, which has not had a Democratic majority on the town coucil or held the town supervisor position in close to 100 years. In 2003, Suffolk County followed suit, elected Democrat Steve Levy as county executive, however, the county legislature still remained in Republican hands until the 2005 election, when the Democrats gained their first legislative majority since 1976. The 2005 election saw Nassau move further into Democratic hands. Denis Dillon, the Republican District Attorney of Nassau County for over thirty years, lost his re-election bid to the Democrat Kathleen Rice. The Republicans also lost the Town of Brookhaven, long known as a bastion of the Republican party on the Island. This has been attributed, in part, to what was perceived as widespread Republican corruption in the town; some critics had begun to refer to Brookhaven as "Crookhaven" because of this. The Suffolk County sheriff's race also resulted in a Democratic win. For the first time in years, Democrats once again control the Suffolk County Legislature. On the western side, both Brooklyn and Queens are reliably Democratic, although Queens became that way fairly recently, having still been politically volatile through the 1980's. This is mainly a consequence of the recent changes in Queens demographics, that used to be a withe-middle-class suburban county, and is now one of the most diverse place in the United States. All or parts of 15 of New York's 29 congressional districts are located on Long Island. Of them, only two are represented by Republicans; Peter T. King of Seaford represents the 3rd Congressional District, which includes most of eastern Nassau County and parts of southwestern Suffolk County. The other, Vito Fossella of the 13th Congressional District, represents parts of southwest Brooklyn as his district is mainly located in Staten Island. The other 13 representatives are all Democrats.

Crime

According to the National Census Bureau of Statistics, Long Island is considered the "safest place to live" per capita in the United States. The island is patrolled by The Nassau County Police Department (reportedly the second highest paid police force in the country), the Suffolk County Police Department (the highest paid), The New York State Troopers, and several dozen town and village police departments. Both counties also have a sheriff's office which handles civil process, domestic violence, as well as running the county jails. Nassau County Sheriff's deputies have full police officer powers and enforce all NYS laws including the issuance of Vehicle and Traffic Law summonses. Suffolk County Sheriff's deputies have full police officer powers and a patrol divsion which mainly operates in the Eastern part of the county. New York City deputies are peace officers and have no patrol function.

List of agencies

New York City
- New York City Police Dept.
- New York City Sheriff's Office (peace officers)
- New York City Environmental Protection Police
- New York City Sanitation Police
- New York City Health and Hospitals Police (peace officers)
- New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol (peace officers)
- New York City Waterfront Commission Police (peace officers)
- New York City Taxi and Limo Commision (peace officers)
- New York City Dept. of Investigation
- New York City Dept. of Corrections Suffolk County
- Suffolk County Police Dept.
- Suffolk County Sheriff's Office
- Suffolk County Park Police
- Town of Islip Public Safety
- Town of Brookhaven Public Safety (peace officers)
- Town of Smithtown Public Safety (peace officers)
- Town of Huntington Public Safety (peace officers)
- Town of Babylon Public Safety (peace officers)
- Town of East Hampton Police Dept.
- Town of Southampton Police Dept.
- Town of Riverhead Police Dept.
-
- Town of Shelter Island Police Dept.

Transportation

The Long Island Rail Road, Long Island Expressway, and Northern and Southern State Parkways (the latter three all products of the automobile-centered planning of Robert Moses) make east-west travel on the island straightforward, if not always quick. However, travel to the north fork along Middle Country Road or to the south fork on Sunrise and Montauk Highways gives you a deceptively long and ambling journey. Both meander through the hamlets, and even once you have left the Expressway behind, a drive of around 45 minutes and over an hour is necessary before reaching the ends at Orient Point in the north and Montauk Point in the south respectively.

Colleges and universities

Nassau and Suffolk counties are home to numerous colleges and universities, including:
- Public - all branches of State University of New York
  - Stony Brook University
  - SUNY College at Old Westbury
  - Farmingdale State University
  - Nassau Community College
  - Suffolk County Community College
- Private
  - Adelphi University
  - Dowling College
  - Hofstra University
  - Katharine Gibbs School, Melville
  - Long Island University - C.W. Post Campus
  - Long Island University - Southampton College campus
  - Molloy College
  - New York Institute of Technology
  - Touro Law Center
  - Watson School of Biological Sciences
  - Webb Institute
  - St. Joseph's College (Suffolk Campus)

Leisure

Beaches

Long Island has a great deal of beaches.
- Coney Island (in Brooklyn)
- The Rockaways (in Queens)
  - Rockaway Beach
  - Far Rockaway
- Jones Beach in Nassau County
- Long Beach
- Cedar Beach
- Sunken Meadow State Park, Kings Park in Suffolk County
- Town of Hempstead Beaches at Pt. Lookout and Lido
- Town of North Hempstead Beaches: Bar Beach and Hempstead Habor
- Town of Babylon Beaches