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John Norris

John Norris

:For other men of the same name, see John Norris (disambiguation). John Norris (1657 - 1711), philosopher and poet, educated at Oxford, took orders, and lived a quiet and placid life as a country parson and thinker. In philosophy he was a Platonist and mystic, and was an early opponent of Locke. His poetry, with occasional fine thoughts, is full of far-fetched metaphors and conceits, and is not seldom dull and prosaic. From 1692 he held George Herbert's benefice of Bemerton. Among his 23 works are An Idea of Happiness (1683), Miscellanies (1687), Theory and Regulation of Love (1688), An Essay toward the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World (1701-4), and a Discourse concerning the Immortality of the Soul (1708). Norris, John Norris, John Norris, John

John Norris (disambiguation)

John Norris may be:
- Sir John Norris (1547-1597), English soldier.
- John Norris (1657-1711), philosopher and poet.
- Sir John Norris (1660-1749), British admiral. John Norris (MTV News reporter) (1959-), MTV News Correspondent.

1711

Events

- February 24 - The London premiere of Rinaldo by George Friderich Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage.
- September 25- Birth of the Qianlong Emperor, the fourth governor of the Manchus Qing Dynasty.
- October 14 - Yostos kills Tewoflos, becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.
- John Shore invents the tuning fork
- Alexander Pope publishes An Essay on Criticism

Ongoing events

- Great Northern War (1700 - 1721)
- War of the Spanish Succession (1702 - 1713)

Births

- January 1 - Franz Freiherr von der Trenck, Austrian soldier (d. 1749)
- February 2 - Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, Austrian diplomat (d. 1794)
- April 22 - Eleazar Wheelock, American founder of Dartmouth College (d. 1779)
- May 7 - David Hume, Scottish philosopher (d. 1776)
- May 18 - Rudjer Josip Boscovich, Austrian-born atomic theorist (d. 1787)
- July 22 - Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Russian physicist (d. 1753)
- September 1 - William Boyce, English composer (d. 1779)
- September 1 - Prince William IV of Orange (d. 1751)
- September 6 - Henry Muhlenberg, German-born founder of the U.S. Lutheran Church (d. 1787)
- September 25 - Qianlong Emperor of China (d. 1799)
- October 20 - Timothy Ruggles, American-born Tory politician (d. 1795)
- November 19 - Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, Russian writer and polymath (d. 1765)
- December 25 - Jean Joseph de Mondonville, French composer (d. 1772)

Deaths

- January 6 - Philipp van Almonde, Dutch admiral (b. 1646)
- March 13 - Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and critic (b. 1636)
- March 15 - Eusebio Kino, Italian Catholic missionary (b. 1645)
- March 19 - Thomas Ken, English bishop and hymn-writer (b. 1637)
- April 17 - Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1678)
- May 2 - Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, English statesman (b. 1641)
- June 7 - Henry Dodwell, Irish theologian (b. 1641)
- July 6 - James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, Scottish politician (b. 1662)
- August 25 - Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey, English politician
- October 14 - Tewoflos, Emperor of Ethiopia
- November 3 - John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (b. 1666) Category:1711 ko:1711년

Philosopher

A philosopher is a person devoted to studying and producing results in philosophy. The word, "philosopher," literally means "lover of wisdom." Greek: "φίλος + σοφία"

Popular Western philosophers in (approximate) historical order

Not listed above: (some of) The Presocratics -- Epicurus place after Aristotle --Hellenistic Philosophers -- Cicero -- Avicenna -- Sir Thomas Browne -- Francis Bacon -- Thomas Reid -- Dugald Stewart -- James Mill -- Rudolf Steiner -- Albert Schweitzer -- G. E. Moore -- Albert Camus -- Georg Henrik von Wright -- Mortimer Adler -- Nelson Goodman -- Imre Lakatos -- Paul Feyerabend -- Mario Bunge -- Douglas Hofstadter -- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin--Ayn Rand

Eastern philosophers in approximate historical order:

Gautama Buddha -- Confucius -- Mozi -- Lao Zi -- Rhazes -- Mencius -- Zhuang Zi -- Xun Zi --Han Feizi -- Nagarjuna -- Bodhidharma -- Avicenna -- Shankara -- Dogen -- Zhu Xi -- Feng Youlan -- Iqbal -- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Philosophers: listed by philosophical school

See Philosophical Movements. Krishnamoorti

Nicknames of Medieval Philosophers

Several medieval philosophers have been given Latin nicknames -- some by their contemporaries, others by historians. For example:
- Francis Mayron - Doctor acutus, the acute doctor, or Doctor illuminatus
- St. Thomas Aquinas - Doctor Angelicus, the angelic doctor, or Doctor Communis
- William of Ockham - Doctor Invincibilis
- Alexander of Hales - Doctor Irrefragibilis
- Roger Bacon - Doctor Mirabilis, the wonderful doctor
- John Bassol - Doctor Ordinatissimus, the most methodical doctor
- Nissim Cahn - Doctor Gaon, the innovative doctor
- St. Bonaventure - Doctor Seraphicus
- Henry Goethals (Hendricus Bonicollius) - Doctor Solemnis, the solemn doctor
- Richard Middleton - the solid doctor, or the profound doctor
- Duns Scotus - Doctor Subtilis, the discriminating doctor, or Doctor Marianus
- Albertus Magnus - Doctor Universalis
- Durandus de Sancto Portiano - the most resolute doctor
- Thomas Bradwardine - the profound doctor
- Jean Ruysbroeck (Joannes Ruysbrokius) - the divine doctor or ecstatic doctor See Also the articles at: Philosophy, Eastern philosophy, Epistemology, Ethics, Metaphysics, Aesthetics, Deconstruction, Ontology, Logic, Reason, Mathematicians, Feminism, Scientists, List of philosophers, and a fuller listing at :Category:Philosophers. ---- The Philosopher is also the nickname of Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 22. Category:Philosophy Category:Humanities occupations ko:철학자 ja:思想家 th:นักปรัชญา

Platonist

Platonic idealism is the theory that the substantive reality around us is only a reflection of a higher truth. That truth, Plato argues, is the abstraction. A particular tree, with a branch or two missing, possibly alive, possibly dead, and initials of two lovers carved into its bark, is distinct from the form of Tree-ness. A Tree is the ideal that each of us holds that allows us to identify the imperfect reflections of trees all around us. Plato gives the divided line as an outline of this theory. At the top of the line, the form of the Good is found, directing everything underneath. Some people construe "Platonism" to mean the proposition that universals exist independently of particulars (a universal is anything that can be predicated of a particular). Platonism is an ancient school of philosophy, founded by Plato; at the beginning, this school had a physical existence at a site just outside the walls of Athens called the Academy, as well as the intellectual unity of a shared approach to philosophizing. Platonism is usually divided into three periods: # Early Platonism # Middle Platonism # Neoplatonism Platonism is considered to be, in mathematics departments the world over, the predominant philosophy of mathematics, especially regarding the foundations of mathematics. One statement of this philosophy is the thesis that mathematics is not created but discovered in some undescribed realm. A lucid statement of this is found in an essay written by the British mathematician G. H. Hardy in defense of pure mathematics. The absence in this thesis of clear distinction between mathematical and nonmathematical "creation" leaves open the inference that it applies to allegedly creative endeavors in art, music, and literature. It is unknown if Plato's ideas of idealism have some earlier origin, but Plato held Pythagoras in high regard, and Pythagoras as well as his followers in the movement known as Pythagoreanism claimed the world was literally built up from numbers, an abstract, absolute form. Nietzsche was highly critical of Plato and his influence on Western philosophical thought.

Locke

Locke is the name of several places in the United States:
- Locke, California, a town in Sacramento County, California
- Locke Township, Michigan, is a township located in Ingham County, Michigan
- Locke, New York, a town in Cayuga County, New York Locke is also a common Western surname of English origin:
- John Locke, an English Enlightenment philosopher.
- Sondra Locke is an American actress.
- William John Locke was an English author.
- It is also used as a spelling of the Cantonese pronunciation of the Chinese name of US politician Gary Locke. In fiction:
- The pseudonym Locke is used by the character Peter Wiggin in novels by Orson Scott Card, in honor of the philosopher.
- John Locke is a character in the television series Lost.
- Locke Cole is a character in the video game Final Fantasy VI.

1692

Events

- February 13 - Massacre of Glencoe
- March 1 - The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony with the charging of three women with witchcraft.
- June 10 - Salem Witch Trials: three women, including Bridget Bishop, hanged for witchcraft.
- June 17 - Earthquake destroys Port Royal, capital of Jamaica and submerges major part of it - estimated 1000-3000 dead, 23000 injured
- August 19 - Salem Witch Trials: three women and four men are hanged for witchcraft.
- September 19 - Salem Witch Trials: a man is pressed to death in an attempt to torture him into entering a plea.
- September 22 - Salem Witch Trials: six women and two men are hanged for witchcraft.

Births

- February 14 - Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée, French wirter (d. 1754)
- February 25 - Karl Ludwig, Freiherr von Pöllnitz, German adventurer and writer (d. 1775)
- February 29 - John Byrom, English poet (d. 1763)
- April 5 - Adrienne Lecouvreur, French actress (d. 1730)
- April 8 - Giuseppe Tartini, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1770)
- April 22 - James Stirling, Scottish mathematician (d. 1770)
- May 18 - Joseph Butler, English bishop and philosopher (d. 1752)
- August 3 - John Henley, English minister (d. 1759)
- August 18 - Louis Henri, Duc de Bourbon, Prime Minister of France (d. 1740)
- October 25 - Elizabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain (d. 1766)
- November 2 - Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer, Dutch composer (d. 1766)
- November 6 - Louis Racine, French poet (d. 1763)
- November 15 - Eusebius Amort, German Catholic theologian (d. 1775)
- November 21 - Carlo Innocenzio Maria Frugoni, Italian poet (d. 1768)

Deaths

- May 18 - Elias Ashmole, English antiquarian (b. 1617)
- July 19 - Rebecca Nurse, accused witch (b. 1621)
- July 23 - Gilles Ménage, French scholar (b. 1613)
- September 19 - Giles Corey, American farmer and accused witch
- November 6 - Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux, French writer (b. 1619)
- November 19 - Thomas Shadwell, English poet and playwright
- December 9 - William Mountfort, English actor and dramatist
- December 18 - Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff, German statesman (b. 1626) Category:1692 ko:1692년

Benefice

Originally a benefice was a gift of land (precaria) for life as a reward for services rendered. The word comes from the Latin noun beneficium meaning "benefit". Originally a concept in the Roman Catholic Church, it was abandoned by Protestantism (excepting the Church of England).

Before the Reformation

Under pre-Reformation canon law it came to mean an income enjoyed — often linked to some land administered — by a priest in chief of an ecclesistical office, such as a parish, monastery, or a post of canon in a chapter. Each benefice had a number of "spiritualities", or spiritual duties, attached to it. For providing these spiritualities, a priest would receive "temporalities", or pay. From the medieval period onward, priests administered sacraments to their flock and usually provided other services as well. The pastorally served community was to provide for the priest as necessary, often in the form of a land-based tithe (often partially or wholly lost to a temporal lord); the elite provided patronage and made significant donations. Overtime, these two factors concentrated enormous wealth in the 'dead hand' of the Roman Catholic church, so called because it endured beyond any individual's life and also avoided some or all taxes.

Abuse

Over time, the benefice system was abused throughout Europe. As benefices came to priests due to feudal patronage and political considerations, priests occasionally held more than one benefice, called pluralism. This pluralism quite often resulted in absenteeism, where the priest would not take care of his benefice. Pluralism was often seen as a good investment for a family that could afford to buy a position (simony) for a younger son or other protégé. The position would allow the family to curry favor in the Church and serve to guarantee a future for the appointee. Other 'fat' benefices — even abbotships — were sometimes delegated to priests hired for a fraction of the benefice, while the family held the 'nominal' benefice. This practice encouraged the use of substitute priests of dubious quality: the lack of proper training until the invention of seminars lead to illiterate priests, a few even preaching heresy.

After the Reformation

The corruption called for ecclesiastical reform in the church in the 15th and 16th centuries. Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk, started as a significant leader in this drive for internal reorganization — ultimately starting the Western Schism and creating Protestantism. After the Reformation, the new churches generally adopted systems of ecclesiastical polity that did not entail benefices, with the exception of the Church of England. On the continent the French Revolution broke the back of the system by the Constitution civile du clergé, confiscating the vast capital of the church and paying for it by awarding the formerly dependent clergy a state salary. This system is still in force in several countries, including Belgium. At the Second Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic Church called for the abolition of benefices in that church altogether; it was not successful.

Sources and references

- Article on 'benefice' at [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02473c.htm Catholic Encyclopaedia]

Miscellanies

:For the Alien Ant Farm album, see ANThology. An anthology, literally a garland or collection of flowers, is a collection of literary works, originally of poems, but in recent years its usage has broadened to be applied to collections of short stories and comic strips. The term is also applied to a radio or television program featuring a variety of different stories. The word derives from the Greek word for garland — or bouquet of flowers — which was the title of the earliest surviving anthology, assembled by Meleager of Gadara. Meleager's Garland became the seed that grew into the Greek Anthology. The term miscellany is also used, but was more common in the past. In the East Asian tradition, an anthology was a recognised form of compilation of a given poetic form. It was assumed that there was a cyclic development: any particular form, say the tanka in Japan, would be introduced at one point in history, be explored by masters during a subsequent time, and finally be subject to popularisation (and a certain dilution) when it achieved wide-spread recognition. In this model, which derives from Chinese tradition, the object of compiling an anthology was to preserve the best of a form, and cull the rest. In the twentieth century anthologies became an important part of poetry publishing, for a number of reasons. For English poetry, the Georgian poetry series was trend-setting; it showed the potential success of publishing an identifiable group of younger poets marked out as a 'generation'. It was followed by numerous collections from the 'stable' of some literary editor, or collated from a given publication, or labelled in some fashion as 'poems of the year'. Academic publishing also followed suit, with the success of the Quiller-Couch Oxford Book of English Verse encouraging other collections not limited to modern poetry. In fact the concept of 'modern verse' was fostered by the appearance of the phrase in titles such as the Faber & Faber anthology by Michael Roberts, and the very different W. B. Yeats Oxford Book of Modern Verse. Since publishers generally found anthology publication a more flexible medium than the collection of a single poet's work, and indeed rang innumerable changes on the idea as a way of marketing poetry, publication in an anthology (in the right company) became at times a sought-after form of recognition for poets. The self-definition of movements, dating back at least to Ezra Pound's efforts on behalf of Imagism, could be linked on one front to the production of an anthology of the like-minded. See also: list of poetry anthologies
- Category:Literature ja:アンソロジー

Category:British poets

This category contains articles about poets from Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Poets Category:Poets by nationality Poets Poets ko:분류:영국의 시인

Category:1657 births

鼓山事件

鼓山事件，為1979年台灣高雄市發生的警民衝突事件，一般都認為鼓山事件是美麗島事件的導火線之一。 1979年12月9日，美麗島雜誌社高雄服務處為舉辦「人權座談會」，出動兩部宣傳車進行宣傳，在鼓山區被警方攔截，發生爭執，二名義工邱勝雄、姚國建被捕。兩人被捕並遭到毆打的消息傳出後，美麗島雜誌社的人員與支持者便前往鼓山警局聲援，引發警民小規模衝突。邱勝雄與姚國建一直到12月10日凌晨才被釋放。也由於鼓山事件的爆發，使得不少原本無意參與12月10日國際人權日活動的黨外人士前往高雄市參與活動。 1980年 1月10日高雄地檢處認為「鼓山事件」被告邱勝雄等9人，涉嫌參加叛亂，應由軍法機關審理，故處分不起訴。同年3月高雄地院控告姚國建、邱勝雄毆打警員、毀損警車，以妨害公務、傷害罪嫌，各判處3年及2年6個月徒刑。 Category:1979年 Category:台灣戰後時期

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