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John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth (1825-1829) President of the United States. The son of President John Adams and First Lady Abigail Smith, he was the only son of a former President to become President himself until George W. Bush took office in 2001. Adams's most important contributions to American history came before and after his relatively ineffective term as President. Before becoming President, he was the most experienced diplomat in the United States. While serving as Secretary of State under President James Monroe, Adams negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty with Spain and devised the Monroe Doctrine, both of which were of long lasting importance. For these activities he has been called "the most influential American grand strategist of the nineteenth century" and "perhaps the greatest secretary of state in American history." Adams was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1830, one of only two U.S. Presidents to serve in Congress after having been President. (Andrew Johnson was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1875.) As a Congressman, Adams became an opponent of slavery, and because he was an ex-president, he became one of the most prominent supporters of abolition in the country.

Biography

Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts in a part of town which eventually became the separate town of Quincy. His birthplace is open to the public, as is the nearby cairn marking the site from which he viewed the Battle of Bunker Hill as a 7-year-old boy. He acquired his early education in Europe at venerable institutions such as the University of Leiden while accompanying his father while the elder Adams was serving as an American envoy to France and later the Netherlands during the Revolutionary War. He graduated from Harvard University in 1787 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He studied law after which he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Boston. President George Washington appointed him Minister to the Netherlands in 1794, Minister to Portugal in 1796 and Minister to Prussia in 1797. While serving abroad, he met Louisa Catherine Johnson, the daughter of an American merchant living abroad. Despite his father's opposition to him having a foreign-born wife, Adams wed Louisa Johnson in 1797. The couple named one of their sons after George Washington. (As of 2005, Adams is the only U.S. President to do so.) He afterwards returned to Quincy where he lived in the "Old House" (now a museum). He began his political career in 1802 when he was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate. Adams was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. House of Representatives in the same year. He was elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1803, until June 8, 1808, when he resigned, a successor having been elected six months early after Adams broke with the Federalist Party. He was Minister (Ambassador) to Russia from 1809 to 1814, a member of the commission which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and Minister to the United Kingdom from 1815 to 1817. During this time, Adams and his wife lost to illness an infant daughter, born in 1811. He was Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President James Monroe from 1817 to 1825, a tenure during which he was instrumental in the acquisition of Florida and in keeping the United States from becoming dependent on England. He was sometimes called the "Lone Wolf" for his positions during this time because he often did not go with everyone else's opinion. Typically, however, his alone were the ones that Monroe decided upon. As Secretary of State, he negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty and helped develop the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European nations not to meddle in affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Presidency

Election to Presidency

Monroe Doctrine Although Adams lost in both the popular and electoral votes in the Presidential election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which to the surprise of many elected Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Some say this was because of a bargain he struck with Henry Clay, which put Clay into office as his Secretary of State once Adams won. Adams served as President from March 4, 1825 to March 3, 1829. During this time he worked on developing a federal system of roads, canals, bridges, lighthouses, and universities until Jackson, who defeated Adams in the latter's quest for re-election, was sworn in to replace him.

Cabinet


Later life

Rather than retire, Adams would go on to win election as a Democratic-Republican to the House of Representatives beginning with the 22nd Congress, serving from March 4, 1831, until his death. He was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (for the 22nd through 26th, 28th and 29th Congresses, respectively), the Committee on Indian Affairs (for the 27th Congress) and the Committee on Foreign Affairs (also for the 27th Congress). 1831 He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1834. In 1841, Adams represented the Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States and successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship where they were being held as illegal slaves, should not be returned to Spain, but returned home as free people. Adams's son Charles Francis also pursued a career in politics. Adams died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 23, 1848 in the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.. His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy, Massachusetts and he was subsequently reinterred after his wife's death in a family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, where his tomb can be viewed today.

Trivia


- John Quincy Adams was the first President whose father was also President. The second father-son duo is Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.
- He was the first U.S. President to wear long pants instead of knee britches.
- He was the first U.S. President to give an interview to a woman; however, he did not have much choice. Adams had repeatedly refused requests for an interview with Anne Royall, the first female professional journalist in the U.S., so she took a different approach to accomplish her goal. She learned that Adams liked to take nude dips in the Potomac River almost every morning around 5 a.m., so she went to the river, gathered his clothes and sat on them until he answered all of her questions.
- Adams County, Illinois seems to be named after Q. The County Seat is Quincy, Illinois.

See also


- U.S. presidential election, 1820
- U.S. presidential election, 1824
- U.S. presidential election, 1828
- Mount Quincy Adams
- Adams-Onis Treaty
- Treaty of Ghent

Notes


- "Influential grand strategist": John Lewis Gaddis, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004, ISBN 0674011740), p. 15. "Greatest secretary of state": [http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0003430-00&templatename=/article/article.html Samuel Flagg Bemis].

External links


- [http://www.fff.org/freedom/1001e.asp July 4, 1821 Independence Day Speech]
- [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/qadams.htm Inaugural Address]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/jqadams.htm Biography of John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-1.html First State of the Union Address of John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-2.html Second State of the Union Address of John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-3.html Third State of the Union Address of John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address of John Quincy Adams]
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- [http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnquincyadams.html Unitarian Universalist site - article on John Quincy Adams]
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ja6.html White House Biography] Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy Adams, John Quincy ko:존 퀸시 애덤스 ja:ジョン・クィンシー・アダムズ simple:John Quincy Adams

July 11

July 11 is the 192nd day (193rd in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 173 days remaining.

Events


- 1302 - Battle of the Golden Spurs (Guldensporenslag in Dutch) - the Flemish cities beat the king of France.
- 1346 - Charles IV of Luxembourg elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1405 - Chinese fleet commander Zheng He set sail to explore the world for the first time.
- 1576 - Martin Frobisher sights Greenland.
- 1616 - Samuel de Champlain returns to Quebec.
- 1533 - King Henry VIII of England is excommunicated.
- 1735 - Mathematical calculations suggest it was on this day that Pluto moved from the ninth to the eighth most distant planet from the Sun for the last time before 1979.
- 1740 - Pogrom: Jews are expelled from Little Russia.
- 1750 - Halifax, Nova Scotia almost completely destroyed by fire.
- 1776 - Captain James Cook begins third voyage.
- 1796 - The U.S. takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under terms of the Jay Treaty.
- 1798 - The United States Marine Corps is re-established; they had been disbanded after the American Revolutionary War.
- 1804 - Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr kills Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in a duel.
- 1811 - Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro publishes his memoir about molecular content of gases.
- 1848 - The Waterloo railway station in London opens.
- 1859 - A Tale Of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is published.
- 1864 - Confederate forces attempt an invasion of Washington, D.C.
- 1893 - The first cultured pearl is obtained by Kokichi Mikimoto.
- 1895 - The brothers Lumière show film for scientists.
- 1897 - Salomon August Andrée leaves Spitsbergen to try to reach the North pole by balloon. He later crashes and dies.
- 1914 - Babe Ruth debuts in Major league baseball.
- 1919 - Eight-hour working day and free Sunday made into law in the Netherlands.
- 1921 - Truce called in the Irish War of Independence; see Irish calendar.
- 1921 - Former US President William Howard Taft sworn in as 10th Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, becoming the only person to ever be both President and Chief Justice.
- 1921 - Mongolia becomes independent (from China).
- 1936 - Triborough Bridge in New York City is opened to traffic.
- 1940 - World War II: Vichy France regime formally established. Henri Philippe Pétain becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1943 - World War II: Allied invasion of Sicily - German troops launch a counter-attack on Allied forces in Sicily.
- 1944 - Franklin D. Roosevelt says he will run for a fourth term as President of the United States.
- 1955 - The phrase In God We Trust is added to all US currency.
- 1957 - Prince Karim Husseini Aga Khan IV inherites the office of Imamat as the 49th Imam of Shia Imami Ismaili worlwide, after the passing away of Sir Sultam Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III
- 1960 - To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is first published.
- 1962 - First transatlantic satellite television transmission.
- 1971 - Copper mines in Chile nationalised.
- 1973 - A Brazilian Boeing 707 crashes near Paris on approach to Orly Airport, killing 122 people.
- 1975 - Chinese archeologists discover a large burial site with 6,000 clay statutes of warriors from 221 BC.
- 1977 - Martin Luther King is posthumously awarded the Medal of Freedom.
- 1978 - A truck carrying liquid gas crashes and explodes at a coastal campsite in Tarragona, Spain killing 216 tourists.
- 1979 - The space station Skylab returns to Earth.
- 1982 - Football World Cup 1982: Italy defeats West Germany 3–1 at Santiago Bernabéu stadium, Spain to win the Football World Cup.
- 1983 - A Boeing 727 crashes into hilly terrain after a tail strike in Cuenca, Ecuador, claiming 119 lives.
- 1987 - According to the United Nations, the world population crosses the 5,000,000,000 mark.
- 1991 - A Nationair DC-8 crashed during an emergency landing at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing 261. The Canadian charter was ferrying Hajj pilgrims on behalf of Nigeria Airways.
- 1991 - Total solar eclipse in Hawaii.
- 1995 - Full diplomatic relations are established between the United States and Vietnam.
- 1995 - Srebrenica Genocide: Serb army from Yugoslavia and Bosnia, capture the Bosniak town of Srebrenica. More than eight thousands inhabitants are murdered. It is generally regarded to be the most horrific event in recent European history.
- 1995 - A Cubana de Aviacion Antonov AN-24 crashes into the Caribbean off southeast Cuba killing 44 people.
- 1998 - The world's first ESPN Zone opens in the Power Plant on Baltimore's Inner Harbor.
- 2004 - CIA Director George Tenet leaves his position at the CIA

Births


- 1274 - Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (d. 1329)
- 1366 - Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II of England (d. 1394)
- 1561 - Luis de Góngora, Spanish poet (d. 1627)
- 1603 - Kenelm Digby, English privateer (d. 1665)
- 1628 - Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese warlord (d. 1701)
- 1657 - King Frederick I of Prussia (d. 1713)
- 1662 - Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (d. 1726)
- 1723 - Jean-François Marmontel, French historian and writer (d. 1799)
- 1754 - Thomas Bowdler, English physican and censor (d. 1825)
- 1767 - John Quincy Adams, President of the United States (d. 1848)
- 1857 - Alfred Binet, French psychologist (d. 1911)
- 1897 - Eugene "Bull" Connor, sheriff of Birmingham, Alabama (d. 1973)
- 1899 - E. B. White, American writer (d. 1985)
- 1906 - Herbert Wehner, German politician (d. 1990)
- 1910 - Irene Hervey, American actress (d. 1998)
- 1913 - Cordwainer Smith, American writer (d. 1966)
- 1916 - Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
- 1916 - Gough Whitlam, twenty-first Prime Minister of Australia
- 1921 - Ilse Werner, Dutch-born actress
- 1924 - Brett Somers, Canadian actor
- 1925 - Nicolai Gedda, Swedish tenor
- 1926 - Frederick Buechner, American author
- 1929 - Hermann Prey, German baritone (d. 1998)
- 1930 - Harold Bloom, American literary critic
- 1931 - Tab Hunter, American actor
- 1934 - Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer
- 1949 - Liona Boyd, English-born guitarist
- 1950 - Bruce McGill, American actor
- 1956 - Sela Ward, American actress
- 1957 - Peter Murphy, British musician (Bauhaus)
- 1957 - Michael Rose, Jamaican musician (Black Uhuru)
- 1958 - Hugo Sánchez, Mexican footballer
- 1959 - Richie Sambora, American guitarist (Bon Jovi)
- 1959 - Suzanne Vega, American singer
- 1965 - Ernesto Hoost, Dutch kickboxer
- 1968 - Esera Tuaolo, American football player
- 1970 - Saj Karim, British politician
- 1973 - Konstantinos Kenteris, Greek athlete
- 1974 - Hermann Hreidarsson, Icelandic footballer
- 1975 - Lil' Kim, American rapper
- 1976 - Eduardo Najera, Mexican-born basketball player
- 1983 - Marie Eleonor Serneholt, Swedish musician (A-Teens)
- 1984 - Tanith Belbin, Canadian figure skater

Deaths


- 472 - Anthemius, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire
- 937 - King Rudolph II of Burgundy
- 969 - Olga of Kiev
- 1174 - King Amalric I of Jerusalem (b. 1136)
- 1320 - Robert II of Artois, French soldier (b. 1250)
- 1535 - Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg (b. 1484)
- 1581 - Peder Skram, Danish senator and naval hero
- 1665 - Kenelm Digby, English privateer (b. 1603)
- 1679 - William Chamberlayne, English poet (b. 1619)
- 1688 - Narai, King of Siam
- 1766 - Elizabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain (b. 1692)
- 1774 - Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, Irish-born New York pioneer
- 1775 - Simon Boerum, American Continental Congressman (b. 1724)
- 1804 - Alexander Hamilton, United States Secretary of the Treasury (duel) (b. 1757)
- 1806 - James Smith, American signer of the Declaration of Indpendence
- 1844 - Evgeny Baratynsky, Russian poet (b. 1800)
- 1937 - George Gershwin, American composer (b. 1898)
- 1959 - Charlie Parker, English cricketer (b. 1882)
- 1971 - John W. Campbell, American writer and editor (b. 1910)
- 1974 - Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
- 1989 - Sir Laurence Olivier, English actor (b. 1907)
- 1994 - Gary Kildall, American computer programmer (b. 1942)
- 1994 - Savannah American actress (b. 1970
- 1999 - Helen Forrest, American singer (b. 1917)
- 2000 - Pedro Mir, Dominican poet (b. 1913)
- 2000 - Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1921)
- 2001 - Herman Brood, Dutch singer and artist (suicide) (b. 1946)
- 2004 - Laurance Rockefeller, American conservationist and philanthropist (b. 1910)
- 2005 - Gretchen Franklin, English actress (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Frances Langford, American actress and singer (b. 1914)

Holidays and observances


- United Nations - World Population Day
- Belgium (partially) - Flemish Day (1302)
- Ireland - National Day of Commemoration held on nearest Sunday to this date (see Irish calendar).
- Mongolia - Naadam Holiday
- China - China National Maritime Day
- Feast Day of Saint Olga (first Russian Saint)
- Feast Day of Saint Benedict (founder of the Benedictine Order)
- Free Slurpee at 7-Eleven (most locations do this - get a free 7.11oz Slurpee on 7-11).

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/11 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 10 - July 12 - June 11 - August 11 -- listing of all days ko:7월 11일 ms:11 Julai ja:7月11日 simple:July 11 th:11 กรกฎาคม

February 23

February 23 is the 54th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 311 days remaining, 312 in leap years.

Events


- 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed from movable type.
- 1574 - The 5th holy war against the Huguenots begins in France.
- 1660 - Charles XI becomes King of Sweden.
- 1732 - First performance of George Frideric Handel's Orlando, in London.
- 1778 - American Revolution: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania to help to train the Continental Army.
- 1820 - Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed.
- 1836 - The Siege of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, Texas.
- 1847 - Mexican-American War: Battle of Buena Vista - In Mexico, American troops defeat Mexican general Antonio López de Santa Anna.
- 1861 - President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, DC after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.
- 1870 - Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.
- 1874 - Walter Winfield patents a game called "sphairistike", now more commonly called lawn tennis.
- 1883 - Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law.
- 1887 - The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000.
- 1893 - Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine.
- 1898 - Émile Zola is imprisoned in France after writing "J'accuse", a letter accusing the French government of anti-Semitism and wrongfully placing Captain Alfred Dreyfus in jail.
- 1900 - In South Africa the Boers and British troops fight in the Battle of Hart's Hill.
- 1903 - Cuba leases Guantanamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".
- 1904 - For $10 million the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone.
- 1905 - Chicago, Illinois attorney Paul Harris and three other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world's first service club.
- 1909 - The Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
- 1919 - Benito Mussolini forms the Fascist Party in Italy.
- 1927 - The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
- 1934 - Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.
- 1940 - World War II: Soviet Union troops conquer Lasi Island.
- 1940 - The animated movie Pinocchio is released.
- 1945 - World War II: During the Battle of Iwo Jima, a group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Surabachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo would later win a Pulitzer Prize.
- 1945 - World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by American forces.
- 1945 - World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznan, city is liberated by Soviet and Polish forces.
- 1945 - World War II: The German town of Pforzheim is completely destroyed by a raid of 379 British bombers.
- 1947 - International Organization for Standardization(ISO) is founded.
- 1954 - The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- 1955 - First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
- 1955 - Edgar Faure becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1956 - Nikita Khrushchev attacks the veneration of Joseph Stalin as a "cult of personality".
- 1957 - The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc is opened in Dakar.
- 1958 - Cuban rebels kidnap 5-time world driving champion Juan Manuel Fangio.
- 1966 - A military coup in Syria replaces the previous government.
- 1974 - The Symbionese Liberation Army demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim Patty Hearst.
- 1975 - In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly two months early in the United States.
- 1980 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament would decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
- 1981 - 23-F, Antonio Tejero attempts a coup d'état by capturing the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
- 1983 - The Spanish Socialist government of Felipe González and Miguel Boyer nationalizes Rumasa, a holding of José María Ruiz Mateos.
- 1983 - The Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.
- 1987 - A supernova is seen in the Large Magellanic Cloud (see Supernova 1987a).
- 1991 - Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabia border and enter Iraq, thus starting the ground-phase of the war.
- 1991 - In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong leads a bloodless coup d'état, deposing Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan.
- 1992 - The Socialist Labour Party is founded in Georgia.
- 1993 - Gary Coleman wins a $1,280,000 lawsuit against his parents.
- 1995 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 30.28 to close at 4,003.33, closing above 4,000 for the first time.
- 1997 - A large fire occurs in the Russian Space station, Mir.
- 1998 - Tornadoes in central Florida destroy or damage 2,600 structures and kill 42.
- 1998 - Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa declaring jihad against all Jews and Crusaders.
- 1998 - Netscape Communications Corporation announces the foundation of mozilla.org, to co-ordinate the development of the open source Mozilla web browser.
- 1999 - Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
- 1999 - White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr by dragging him behind a truck for two miles.
- 1999 - An avalanche destroys the Austrian village of Galtür, killing 31.
- 2005 - Slovakia Summit 2005 begins, marking the first occasion when a sitting American President visits Slovakia; Bush and Putin are in attendance.

Births


- 1417 - Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
- 1633 - Samuel Pepys, English diarist (d. 1703)
- 1646 - Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Japanese shogun (d. 1709)
- 1648 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730)
- 1680 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (d. 1767)
- 1685 - Georg Friederich Händel, German composer (d. 1759)
- 1688 - Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden (d. 1741)
- 1723 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (d. 1791)
- 1743 - Mayer Amschel Rothschild, German-born banker (d. 1812)
- 1840 - Carl Menger, Austrian economist (d. 1921)
- 1868 - W.E.B. DuBois, American civil rights leader (d. 1963)
- 1873 - Liang Qichao, Chinese scholar (d. 1929)
- 1878 - Kazimir Malevich, Ukrainian painter and art theorist (d. 1935)
- 1883 - Victor Fleming, American director (d. 1949)
- 1883 - Karl Jaspers, German philosopher (d. 1969)
- 1889 - Musidora, French actress and director (d. 1957)
- 1899 - Erich Kästner, German writer (d. 1974)
- 1904 - William L. Shirer, American historian (d. 1993)
- 1904 - Leopold Trepper, Soviet spy (d. 1982)
- 1908 - William McMahon, twentieth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1988)
- 1914 - Theofiel Middelkamp, Dutch cyclist (d. 2005)
- 1915 - Jon Hall, American actor (d. 1979)
- 1915 - Paul Tibbets, American pilot
- 1918 - Richard G. Butler, American fascist (d. 2004)
- 1924 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South-African born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- 1928 - Vasili Lazarev, cosmonaut (d. 1990)
- 1932 - Majel Barrett, American actress
- 1937 - Tom Osborne, American football coach and politician
- 1939 - Peter Fonda, American actor
- 1943 - Fred Biletnikoff, American football player and coach
- 1944 - Johnny Winter, American musician
- 1945 - Allan Boesak, South African activist
- 1951 - Ed Jones, American football player
- 1951 - Patricia Richardson, American actress
- 1952 - Brad Whitford, American musician (Aerosmith)
- 1954 - Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine
- 1958 - Tony Barrell, English writer and journalist
- 1958 - David Sylvian, English musician
- 1959 - Richard Dodds, British field hockey player
- 1965 - Michael Dell, American computer manufacturer
- 1973 - Bryan Manchi, English songwriter
- 1973 - André Tanneberger, German DJ
- 1974 - Jaime Villarreal, Mexican musician
- 1978 - Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (d. 2003)
- 1981 - Gareth Barry, English footballer
- 1994 - Dakota Fanning, American actress

Deaths


- 1100 - Emperor Zhezong of China (b. 1077)
- 1270 - Saint Isabel of France, daughter of Louis VIII of France (b. 1225)
- 1447 - Pope Eugenius IV (b. 1383)
- 1447 - Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1390)
- 1464 - Zhengtong, Emperor of China (b. 1427)
- 1526 - Diego Colón, Spanish Viceroy of the Indies
- 1554 - Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English poltician (executed)
- 1572 - Pierre Certon, French composer
- 1603 - Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (b. 1519)
- 1669 - Leo Aitzema, Dutch historian and statesman (b. 1600)
- 1704 - Georg Muffat, French composer (b. 1653)
- 1730 - Pope Benedict XIII (b. 1649)
- 1766 - Stanislaw Leszczynski, King of Poland (b. 1677)
- 1781 - George Taylor, American signer of the Declaration of Independence
- 1792 - Joshua Reynolds, English painter (b. 1723)
- 1800 - Joseph Warton, English literary critic (b. 1722)
- 1821 - John Keats, English poet (b. 1795)
- 1848 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b. 1767)
- 1855 - Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (b. 1777)
- 1897 - Woldemar Bargiel, German composer (b. 1828)
- 1908 - Johannes Friedrich August von Esmarch, German surgeon (b. 1823)
- 1923 - Théophile Delcassé, French statesman (b. 1852)
- 1930 - Horst Wessel, Nazi ideologue and composer (b. 1907)
- 1934 - Edward Elgar, English composer (b. 1857)
- 1948 - John Robert Gregg, Irish-born publisher and inventor (b. 1866)
- 1965 - Stan Laurel, American actor and comedian (b. 1890)
- 1969 - King Saud of Saudi Arabia (b. 1902)
- 1973 - Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1895)
- 1974 - Harry Ruby, American composer and writer (b. 1895)
- 1979 - W.A.C. Bennett, Canadian politician (b. 1900)
- 1990 - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (b. 1925)
- 1995 - Melvin Franklin, American singer (The Temptations) (b. 1942)
- 1995 - James Herriot, English writer (b. 1916)
- 1997 - Tony Williams, American jazz drummer (b. 1945)
- 2000 - Ofra Haza, Israeli singer (b. 1957)
- 2003 - Robert K. Merton, American sociologist (b. 1910)
- 2004 - Vijay Anand, Indian film director (b. 1934)
- 2004 - Carl Anderson, American actor (b. 1945)
- 2004 - Sikander Bakht, Governor of Kerala (b. 1918)
- 2004 - Don Cornell, American singer (b. 1919)
- 2004 - Carl Liscombe, Canadian hockey player (b. 1915)

Holidays and observances


- Roman Empire - Terminalia held in honor of Terminus
- Catholicism - Feast day of St Polycarp.
- Guyana - National Day
- Russia - Day of Motherland's Defender (formerly Red Army Day or Day of Soviet Army and Navy)
- Brunei - National Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050223.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 22 - February 24 - January 23 - March 23 -- listing of all days ko:2월 23일 ms:23 Februari ja:2月23日 simple:February 23 th:23 กุมภาพันธ์

1848

1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

Gregorian calendar]
- The Revolutions of 1848, a series of widespread but failed struggles for more liberal governments, from Brazil to Hungary.
- January 12 - The Palermo rising in Sicily rises against the Bourbon kingdom of Two Sicilies
- January 24 - California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, near Sacramento
- January 24 - The Storming of the Venezuelan National Congress takes place.
- January 26 - Henry David Thoreau addresses the Concord Lyceum with "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in Relation to Government" (which later came to be known as Civil Disobedience).
- February 2 - Mexican-American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the war.
- February 2 - California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese emigrants seeking fortune in California's gold country arrive in San Francisco.
- February 19 - First rescue party reaches the Donner Party, a convoy of settlers almost buried under snow near what is now the Donner Lake. They have eaten everything, including their own dead
- February 21 - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto.
- February 22 - In Paris, revolt erupts against the king Louis Philippe. Two days later he abdicates, leading to the Second Republic.
- March 4 - Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will represent the first constitution of the Regno d'Italia
- March 7 - The Great Mahele (land division) is signed in Hawaii.
- March 10 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican-American War.
- March 15 - Revolution breaks out in Pest. The Habsburg rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the Reform party.
- March 20 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates
- March 23 - Province of Otago in New Zealand is founded.
- March 29 - An upstream ice jam stops almost all water flow over Niagara Falls for 30 hours
- April 10 Chartist 'Monster Rally' held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to parliament.
- April 10 - Bridge collapses in Yarmouth, England - 250 dead
- May 15 - Radicals invade the France Chamber of deputies
- May 19 - Mexican-American War: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - Mexico ratifies the treaty thus ending the war and ceding Texas, California and most of Arizona and New Mexico to the United States for $15 million dollars.
- May 29 - Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th U.S. state.
- July 19 - Women's rights: Seneca Falls Convention - The two day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York and the "Bloomers" are introduced at the feminist convention.
- July 29 - Irish Potato Famine: Tipperary Revolt - In Tipperary, an unsuccessful nationalist revolt against British rule is put-down by a government police force.
- August 17 - Yucatan officially united with Mexico
- August 19 - California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States, that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started in January)
- August 28 – Mathieu Luis, first black member joins the French parliament as a representative of Guadaloupe
- November 1 - In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merged with Boston University School of Medicine), opens.
- November 3 - Greatly revised Dutch constitution proclaimed
- November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 1848: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan in the first US presidential election held in every state on the same day.
- December 2 - Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, abdicates in favor of his nephew, Franz Josef I.
- December 10 - Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected first president of the French Second Republic.
- December 20 - President Bonaparte takes his Oath of Office in front of the French National Assembly.
- December 26 - Phi Delta Theta Fraternity founded
- Cholera epidemic in New York kills 5000
- Associated Press founded in New York
- Queen's College for women founded in London
- Boston Public Library is founded by an act of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts
- Shaker song Simple Gifts is written by Joseph Brackett in Alfred, Maine
- First railway in Spain is opened, with line Barcelona to Mataró (circa 40 km).
- Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed.
- Independent Republic of Yucatan joins Mexico in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing revolt by Maya Indians.
- Serfdom is abolished in Austro-Hungarian Empire.
- John Bird Sumner becomes archbishop of Canterbury.
- British, Dutch, and German governments lay claim to New Guinea.
- Admiral Nevelskoi explores Strait of Tartary.
- Dunedin, New Zealand is founded by Scots settlers.
- University of Ottawa is founded.
- University of Mississippi is founded.
- University of Wisconsin, Madison is founded.
- Geneva College in Pennsylvania is founded.
- Holmes County, Florida is created.
- Elizabeth Gaskell publishes Mary Barton anonymously.
- Henrik Ibsen publishes first play Catilina.
- Ivar Aasen publishes Grammar of the Norwegian Dialects.
- Robert Schumann composes opera Genoveva.
- Richard Wagner begins writing libretto that will become Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung).
- Rhodes College is founded.

Ongoing events


- Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
- Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)

Births


- January 6 - Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1876)
- January 19 - John F. Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (d. 1904)
- January 21 - Henri Duparc, French composer (d. 1933)
- January 27 - Togo Heihachiro, Japanese admiral (d. 1934)
- February 5 - Joris-Karl Huysmans, French author (d. 1907)
- February 5 - Belle Starr, American outlaw (d. 1889)
- February 8 - Joel Chandler Harris, American journalist and author (d. 1908)
- February 14 - Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (d. 1934)
- February 16 - Octave Mirbeau French art critic and novelist (d. 1917)
- February 18 - Louis Comfort Tiffany, American glass artist (d. 1933)
- February 24 - Grant Allen, Canadian author (d. 1899)
- February 24 - Andrew Inglis Clark, Tasmanian politician (d. 1907)
- February 27 - Hubert Parry, English composer (d. 1918)
- March 19 - Wyatt Earp, American lawman and gunfighter (d. 1929)
- March 31 - Viscount William Astor, British financier and statesman (d. 1919)
- April 7 - Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1930)
- April 10 - Hubertine Auclert, French feminist (d. 1914)
- May 23 - Otto Lilienthal, German engineer (d. 1896)
- June 7 - Paul Gauguin, French artist (d. 1903)
- July 6 - Gabor Baross, Hungarian statesman (d. 1892)
- July 9 - Robert I, Duke of Parma, last ruling Duke of Parma (d. 1907)
- July 15 - Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist (d. 1923)
- July 22 - Winfield Scott Stratton, American miner (d. 1902)
- July 25 - George Robert Aberigh-Mackay, Anglo-Indian writer (d. 1881)
- July 25 - Arthur James Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
- November 13 - Albert I, Prince of Monaco (d. 1922)

Deaths


- January 19 - Isaac D'Israeli, English author (b. 1766)
- January 20 - Christian VIII, King of Denmark (b. 1786)
- February 15 - Hermann von Boyen, Prussian field marshal (b. 1771)
- February 23 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (b. 1767)
- March 29 - John Jacob Astor, American businessman (b. 1763)
- April 8 - Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer (b. 1797)
- May 25 - Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (b. 1797)
- June 27 - Denis Auguste Affre, Archbishop of Paris (b. 1793)
- July 4 - François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (b. 1768)
- August 7 - Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Swedish chemist (b. 1779)
- August 12 - George Stephenson, English locomotive pioneer (b. 1781)
- November 9 - Robert Blum, German politician (b. 1810)
- November 23 - Sir John Barrow, English statesman (b. 1764)
- November 24 - Lord Melbourne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1779)
- December 19 - Emily Brontë, English author (b. 1818)
- Edward Baines, British newspaperman and politician (b. 1774) Category:1848 ko:1848년 simple:1848

1829

1829 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 4 - Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada founds Upper Canada College, as a feeder school to the newly formed University of Toronto and a home for the colony's upper class.
- January 8 - Hanging of body-selling murderer William Burke - his associate William Hare, who testified against him, is released
- January 19 - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres
- March 4 - Andrew Jackson succeeds John Quincy Adams as the President of the United States of America.
- March 22 - Greece receives autonomy from the Ottoman Empire. This effectively ends the Greek War of Independence. Greece continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the Empire as well as with Russia, France and Britain.
- May 2 - After anchoring nearby, Captain Charles Fremantle of the HMS Challenger, declared the Swan River Colony in Australia.
- June 5 - HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship Voladora off the coast of Cuba.
- June 1 - Captain James Stirling founds the Swan River Colony in Western Australia.
- June 10 - University of Oxford win the first Boat Race.
- July 23 - In the United States, William Burt patents the first typewriter.
- August 8 - The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France.
- September 16 - Treaty of Adrianople ends the Russo-Turkish War. Russia gains territory at the mouth of the Danube and along the eastern coast of the Black Sea.
- October 1 - South African College founded in Cape Town, South Africa; later to become the University of Cape Town.
- October 8 - George Stephenson's steam locomotive, The Rocket, defeats John Ericsson's The Novelty and thus wins The Rainhill Trials held near Liverpool.
- October 17 - Hooded man tries to assassinate Kaspar Hauser
- December 4 - In the face of fierce opposition, British Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation declaring that all who abetted suttee in India were guilty of culpable homicide.
- December 13 - Last British hanging for forgery – Thomas Maynard
- Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes dictator of Argentina
- James Smithson leaves £100.000 to fund the Smithsonian Institution
- Peel's Metropolitan Police Act
- Religious freedom restored in Ireland (see History of Ireland)
- The last of the HMAV Bounty mutineers dies at Pitcairn Island.

Births


- January 3 - Konrad Duden, German philologist (d. 1911)
- January 21 - King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway (d. 1907)
- February 2 - Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884)
- February 26 - Levi Strauss, American clothing designer (d. 1902)
- March 2 - Carl Schurz, German revolutionary and American statesman (d. 1906)
- March 16 - Sully Prudhomme, French author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
- May 5 - Shusaku Honinbo, Japanese Go player (d, 1862)
- May 8 - Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American composer and pianist (d. 1869)
- July 14 - Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1896)
- July 26 - Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1912)
- September 7 - Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, German chemist (d. 1896)
- October 3 - Sigismund von Schlichting, Prussian general (d. 1909)
- October 5 - Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (d. 1886)
- November 28 - Anton Rubinstein, Russian pianist and composer (d. 1894)

Deaths


- January 29 - Paul François Jean Nicolas Barras, French politician (b. 1755)
- February 10 - Pope Leo XII (b. 1760)
- April 6 - Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (b. 1802)
- May 17 - John Jay, first Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1745)
- May 29 - Sir Humphry Davy, British chemist (b. 1778)
- June 27 - James Smithson, English founder of the Smithsonian Institute (b. 1765)
- December 28 - Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French scientist (b. 1744)
- John Lansing, Jr., American statesman (disappeared) (b. 1754) Category:1829 ko:1829년 ms:1829 simple:1829

President of the United States

The President of the United States (unofficially abbreviated "POTUS") is the head of state of the United States. Under the U.S. Constitution, the President is also the chief executive of the federal government and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The full title is President of the United States of America. Because of the superpower status of the United States, the American President is widely considered to be the most powerful person on Earth, and is usually one of the world's best-known public figures. During the Cold War, the President was sometimes referred to as "the leader of the free world," a phrase that is still invoked today. The United States was the first nation to create the office of President as the head of state in a modern republic. Today the office is widely emulated all over the world in nations with a presidential system of government. Many countries with a parliamentary system also have an office named "president", but the roles of this office vary widely, and the President in such systems usually has far more limited powers than the Prime Minister. The 43rd and current President of the United States is George W. Bush. His first term ran from January 20, 2001 to January 20, 2005; his second term began on January 20, 2005 and ends on January 20, 2009; and President Bush is constitutionally barred from a third term.

Requirements to hold office

Section One of Article II of the U.S. Constitution establishes the requirements one must meet in order to become President. The president must be a natural-born citizen of the United States (or a citizen of the United States at the time the U.S. Constitution was adopted), be at least 35 years old, and have been a resident of the United States for 14 years. The natural-born citizenship requirement has been the subject of controversy. Critics argue that this requirement arbitrarily excludes some highly qualified candidates for the Presidency. They also charge that supporters fail to appreciate the contributions made by immigrants to American society. Proponents of the requirement argue that the requirement helps to ensure that the President fully understands and is a part of the American people and their outlook. Proponents also argue that the clause helps protect the country from foreign interference—another country could send an emigrant to the United States and through subterfuge get them elected. Many prominent public officials, such as Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger (R-CA; born in Austria) and Governor Jennifer Granholm (D-MI; born in Canada), are barred from the presidency because they were not natural-born citizens. Constitutional amendments are occasionally proposed to remove or modify this requirement, but none have been successful.

Election

Presidential elections are held every four years. Presidents are elected indirectly, through the Electoral College. The President and the Vice President are the only two nationally elected officials in the United States. (Legislators are elected on a state-by-state basis; other executive officers and judges are appointed.)

Old system

Originally, each elector voted for two people for President. The votes were tallied and the person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided that such a number was a majority of electors) became President, while the individual who was in second place became Vice President.

Current system

The Amendment XII in 1804 changed the electoral process by directing the electors to use separate ballots to vote for the President and Vice President. To be elected, a candidate must receive a majority of electoral votes, or if no candidate receives a majority, the President and Vice President are chosen by the House of Representatives and Senate, respectively, as necessary.

Campaign

The modern Presidential election process begins with the primary elections, during which the major parties (currently th