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John Roebling

John Roebling

John Augustus Roebling (born Johann August Röbling, June 12, 1806 in Mühlhausen - July 22, 1869) was a German-born civil engineer famous for his wire rope suspension bridge designs. He was educated in public schools of Muhlhausen and at the Royal Polytechnic School in Berlin where he studied architecture and engineering, bridge construction, hydraulics, languages, and philosophy, graduating in 1826. In 1831, Roebling left Germany with his brother Karl to flee the general unrest and oppression in Europe. The two men, along with a handful of the people who accompanied them on the trans-Atlantic journey, purchased 1582 acres (6.4 km²) of land on October 28, 1831, in Butler County, Pennsylvania and established a settlement, called Saxonburg. His first engineering work in America was devoted to improving river navigation and canal building. He spent three years surveying for railway lines across the Allegheny Mountains, from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh, for the state of Pennsylvania. In 1841, at his workshop in Saxonburg, he invented wire rope, which was the basis of his commercial success, and would be used in all of his bridge designs. He had been fascinated with the idea of suspension bridges since his college days, and wrote his graduation thesis on the subject. In 1844, Roebling won a bid to replace the wooden canal aqueduct across the Allegheny River. His design encompassed seven spans of 163 feet, each consisting of a wooden trunk to hold the water supported by a continuous wire cable on each side. That the design was successful was especially satisfying since a number of professional engineers had scoffed at the notion of a suspension aqueduct. This was followed in 1845 by building a suspension bridge over the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh. In 1848, Roebling undertook the construction of four suspension aqueducts on the Delaware and Hudson Canal. During this period, he moved to Trenton, New Jersey. Roebling's next project, starting in 1851, was a railroad bridge connecting the New York Central and Great Western Railway of Canada over the Niagara River, which would take four years. The bridge, with a clear span of 825 feet, is supported by four, ten-inch wire cables, and has two levels, one for vehicles and one for rail traffic. While the Niagara bridge was being built, Roebling undertook another railway suspension bridge, across the Kentucky River on the Southern Railroad from Cincinnati to Chattanooga, which required a clear span of 1,224 feet. The anchorage and stone towers were completed, and the cable wire delivered along with the material for the superstructure, when the railway company collapsed: the bridge was left uncompleted. In 1858, Roebling started another suspension bridge at Pittsburgh, this one of 1,030 feet, divided into two spans of 344 feet each, and two side spans of 171 feet each. The outbreak of the American Civil War brought a temporary halt to Roebling's work. But during the war, in 1863, building resumed on a bridge over the Ohio River at Cincinnati which he had started in 1856 that was stopped due to financing difficulties; the bridge was finished in 1867. The Cincinnati-Covington Bridge, later named after him John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge, would be the world's longest suspension bridge until completion of the Brooklyn Bridge. In 1867, Roebling started design work on Brooklyn Bridge spanning the East River in New York. He was overseeing the initial construction when his foot was crushed by a ferry; he died sixteen days later of tetanus. His son Washington Roebling continued his work; his great-grandson, Donald Roebling was a noted philanthropist and inventor who devised the amphtrack.

Projects


- 1844 Allegheny Aqueduct Bridge Pittsburgh, Pa. 162' spans
- 1846 Smithfield Street Bridge Pittsburgh, Pa. 188' spans
- 1848 Lackawaxen Aqueduct two spans of 115 feet each, and two 7-inch cables.
- 1849 Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct 4 spans of 134 feet each, and two 8-inch cables.
- 1850 High Falls Aqueduct one span of 145 feet, and two 8 1/2-inch cables [http://www.canalmuseum.org/history.htm D & H Canal Museum]
- 1850 Neversink Aqueduct one span of 170 feet, and two 8 1/2-inch cables
- 1854 Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge New York-Canada 821' span
- 1859 Allegheny Bridge Pittsburgh, Pa. 344' spans
- 1867 John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge - spanning the Ohio River, 1,000 feet long with a deck clearance of 100 feet
- 1869 Waco Suspension Bridge 475 foot span Waco, Texas
- 1883 Brooklyn Bridge NYC-Brooklyn, N.Y. 1595' span

External links


- [http://www.inventionfactory.com/history/RHAgen/jarbio.html Invention Factory: Detailed biography]
- [http://en.structurae.de/persons/data/index.cfm?ID=d000030 Structurae: John A. Roebling]

References

Historic Saxonburg and Its Neighbors, Ralph Goldinger, ISBN 1-55856-043-2 Roebling, John Augustus Roebling, John Augustus Roebling, John Augustus

June 12

June 12 is the 163rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (164th in leap years), with 202 days remaining.

Events


- 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: In England rebels arrive at Blackheath.
- 1418 - An insurrection delivers Paris to the Burgundians.
- 1653 - First Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of the Gabbard – lasted until June 13.
- 1665 - England installs a municipal government in New York City. This was the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam.
- 1758 - French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg – James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commences.
- 1775 - American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts.
- 1859 - The Comstock Lode is discovered near Virginia City, Nevada.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Cold Harbor – General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.
- 1885 - At a murder trial in France, a roof collapses, killing 30 people.
- 1889 - 88 are killed in the Armagh rail disaster near Armagh in Northern Ireland.
- 1896 - J.T. Hearne sets a cricket record for the earliest date of taking 100 first-class wickets.
- 1898 - Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.
- 1922 - St.Louis Brown pitcher Hub Pruett strikes out Babe Ruth three consecutive times.
- 1922 - In Windsor Castle, King George V receives the colours of the six Irish regiments that are to be disbanded - the Royal Irish Regiment, the Connaught Rangers, the South Irish Horse, the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment, the Royal Munster Fusiliers and the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
- 1931 - Charlie Parker equals cricket record for the earliest date to reach 100 wickets. Tich Freeman reaches 100 wickets a day later.
- 1935 - Senator Huey Long of Louisiana makes the longest speech on Senate record. The speech takes 15½ hours and was filled by 150,000 words.
- 1935 - Chaco War ends: A truce is called between Bolivia and Paraguay, fighting since 1932.
- 1939 - The Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is dedicated in Cooperstown, New York.
- 1940 - World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrender to Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
- 1942 - Holocaust: Future essayist Anne Frank receives a diary for her thirteenth birthday.
- 1963 - Cleopatra starring Elizabeth Taylor, Rex Harrison and Richard Burton premieres at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City.
- 1963 - Civil rights leader Medgar Evers is shot dead in front of his home in Jackson, Mississippi by Ku Klux Klan member Byron De La Beckwith.
- 1964 - South Africa sentences Nelson Mandela to life in prison.
- 1967 - The United States Supreme Court in Loving v. Virginia declares all U.S. state laws which prohibit interracial marriage to be unconstitutional. [http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/loving.html]
- 1967 - Venera program: Venera 4 is launched (it will become the first space probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and successfully return data).
- 1978 - David Berkowitz, the "Son of Sam" killer in New York City, is sentenced to 365 years in prison for six killings.
- 1979 - Bryan Allen flies the Gossamer Albatross, man powered, across the English Channel.
- 1981 - Major League Baseball players begin a 49 day strike over the issue of free-agent compensation.
- 1982 - in New York City's Central Park, 750,000 people rally against nuclear weapons. Jackson Browne, James Taylor, Bruce Springsteen, and Linda Ronstadt are in attendance.
- 1987 - The Central African Republic's former Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa is sentenced to death for crimes he had committed during his 13-year rule.
- 1987 - Cold War: U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly challenges Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall at Brandenburg Gate.
- 1988 - Rusty Wallace wins the last Nascar Winston Cup race at the Riverside International Raceway
- 1990 - Russia Day – The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.
- 1991 - Russians elect Boris Yeltsin as the president of their republic.
- 1994 - Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman are murdered outside her home in Los Angeles, California. O. J. Simpson is later acquitted of the killings, but is held liable in a civil suit.
- 1994 - German districts Röbel and Waren are merged to form Müritz
- 1996 - In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocks a law against indecency on the internet.
- 1997 - Interleague play begins in baseball, ending a 126-year tradition of separating the major leagues until the World Series.
- 1997 - The United States Department of the Treasury unveils a new $50 bill meant to be more counterfeit-resistant. [http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/rr1746.htm]
- 1999 - Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian begins – NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping force KFor enters the province of Kosovo in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
- 2000 - Sandro Rosa do Nascimento takes hostages while robbing Bus #174 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the highly-publicized standoff becomes a media circus and ends with the death of do Nascimento and a hostage.
- 2004 - A 1.3 kg chondrite type meteorite strikes a house in Ellerslie, New Zealand causing serious damage but no injuries.

Births


- 1107 - Emperor Gaozong of China (d. 1187)
- 1519 - Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1574)
- 1577 - Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (d. 1643)
- 1659 - Yamamoto Tsunetomo, Japanese samurai (d. 1719)
- 1775 - Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian field marshal (d. 1851)
- 1827 - Johanna Spyri, Swiss author (d. 1901)
- 1861 - William Attewell, English cricketer (d. 1927)
- 1875 - Sam De Grasse, Canadian actor (d. 1953)
- 1890 - Egon Schiele, Austrian painter and graphic artist (d. 1918)
- 1892 - Djuna Barnes, American author (d. 1982)
- 1897 - Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977)
- 1899 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986)
- 1903 - Emmett Hardy, American musician (d. 1925)
- 1905 - Ray Barbuti, American athlete (d. 1988)
- 1910 - Bill Naughton, British playwright (d. 1992)
- 1915 - Christopher Mayhew, British politician (d. 1997)
- 1915 - David Rockefeller, American banker
- 1916 - Irwin Allen, American film producer (d. 1991)
- 1918 - Samuel Z. Arkoff, American film producer (d. 2001)
- 1919 - Uta Hagen, American actress (d. 2004)
- 1920 - Dave Berg, American cartoonist (d. 2002)
- 1920 - Jim Siedow, American actor (d. 2003)
- 1921 - James Houston, Canadian artist (d. 2005)
- 1924 - George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States
- 1928 - Vic Damone, American singer
- 1929 - Brigid Brophy, British writer
- 1929 - Anne Frank, German-born diarist (d. 1945)
- 1930 - Jim Nabors, American actor and musician
- 1932 - Rona Jaffe, American novelist
- 1941 - Marv Albert, American sportscaster
- 1941 - Chick Corea, American musician
- 1942 - Bert Sakmann, German physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1945 - Pat Jennings, Irish footballer
- 1946 - Harry Glasper, British writer
- 1951 - Brad Delp, American singer
- 1957 - Javed Miandad, Pakistani cricketer and coach
- 1958 - Rebecca Holden, American actress and singer
- 1959 - John Linnell, American musician (They Might Be Giants)
- 1964 - Paula Marshall, American actress
- 1973 - Darryl White, Australian footballer
- 1974 - Hideki Matsui, Japanese Major League Baseball player
- 1974 - Jason Mewes, American actor
- 1976 - Thomas Sorensen, Danish footballer
- 1981 - Adriana Lima, Brazilian-born model
- 1983 - Christine Sinclair, Canadian soccer player

Deaths


- 816 - Pope Leo III
- 1020 - Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1418 - Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
- 1435 - John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1408)
- 1565 - Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (b. 1512)
- 1567 - Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1490)
- 1647 - Thomas Farnaby, English grammarian
- 1675 - Duke Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy (b. 1634)
- 1734 - James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, French military commander (b. 1670)
- 1758 - Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (b. 1722)
- 1778 - Philip Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1716)
- 1816 - Pierre François Charles Augereau, duc de Castiglione, French marshal (b. 1757)
- 1912 - Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1822)
- 1917 - Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist (b. 1853)
- 1957 - Jimmy Dorsey, American musician (b. 1904)
- 1962 - John Ireland, English composer (b. 1879)
- 1963 - Medgar Evers, American civil rights activist (b. 1925)
- 1966 - Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (b. 1891)
- 1978 - Guo Moruo, Chinese writer (b. 1892)
- 1980 - Milburn Stone, American actor (b. 1904)
- 1982 - Karl von Frisch, Austrian zoologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1886)
- 1983 - Norma Shearer, Canadian actress (b. 1902)
- 1994 - Ronald Goldman, American actor and model (murdered) (b. 1969)
- 1994 - Nicole Brown Simpson, American ex-wife of O. J. Simpson (murdered) (b. 1959)
- 1995 - Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, Italian pianist (b. 1920)
- 1997 - Bulat Okudzhava, Russian writer and musician (b. 1924)
- 2002 - Bill Blass, American fashion designer (b. 1922)
- 2003 - Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)

Holidays and observances


- Roman Empire – sixth day of the Vestalia in honor of Vesta
- Philippines – Araw ng Kalayaan (Independence Day) 1898
- Russian Federation – Russia Day (Independence Day) 1990
- United Kingdom – Trooping the Colour (Military celebration of the monarch's official birthday held in London on the second Saturday of June)
- Brazil – Dia dos Namorados
- World Day Against Child Labor

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/12 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 11 - June 13 - May 12 - July 12 – listing of all days ---- ko:6월 12일 ms:12 Jun ja:6月12日 simple:June 12 th:12 มิถุนายน

1806

1806 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 8 - Cape Colony becomes a British colony
- January 10 - Dutch in Cape Town surrender to the British
- January 19 - The United Kingdom occupies the Cape of Good Hope
- February 6 - Royal Navy victory off Santo Domingo - see:Action of 6 February 1806
- March 23 - After traveling through the Louisiana Purchase and reaching the Pacific Ocean, explorers Lewis and Clark and their "Corps of Discovery" begin their journey home.
- March 29 - Construction authorized of the Great National Pike, better known as the Cumberland Road, becoming the first United States federal highway.
- April 8 - Marriage of Stephanie de Beauharnais to Prince Karl Ludwig Friedrich.
- July 4 - Battle of Maida between England and France in Calabria
- July 15 - Pike expedition: Near St. Louis, Missouri, United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike leads an expedition from Fort Belle Fountaine to explore the west.
- August 6 - Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates, thus ending the Holy Roman Empire.
- October 14 - Battle of Jena-Auerstädt
- November - Napoleon declares a Continental Blockade against the British
- November 15 - Pike expedition: During his second exploratory expedition, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike sees a distant mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains (it was later named Pikes Peak in his honor).
- Noah Webster publishes his first American English dictionary.

Ongoing events


- Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)-Fourth Coalition

Births


- January 27 - Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga, Spanish composer (d. 1826)
- March 6 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet (d. 1861)
- March 12 - Jane Pierce, First Lady of the United States (d. 1863)
- March 21 - Benito Juárez, Mexican statesman and folk hero (d. 1872)
- April 9 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel, British engineer (d. 1859)
- May 20 - John Stuart Mill, British philosopher (d. 1873)
- June 28 - Napoleon Coste, French guitarist and composer (d. 1883)
- October 3 - Oliver Cowdery, American religious leader (d. 1850)
- December 11 - Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich, German geologist (d. 1886)

Deaths


- January 23 - William Pitt the Younger, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1759)
- February 2 - Rétif de la Bretonne, French writer (b. 1734)
- February 19 - Elizabeth Carter, English writer (b. 1717)
- February 20 - Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-born American military and political leader (b. 1725)
- April 9 - William V of Orange (b. 1748)
- April 22 - Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (stabbed) (b. 1763)
- May 24 - John Campbell, 5th Duke of Argyll, British field marshal (b. 1723)
- June 23 - Mathurin Jacques Brisson, French naturalist (b. 1723)
- July 10 - George Stubbs, English painter (b. 1724)
- July 11 - James Smith, American signer of the Declaration of Independence
- August 10 - Michael Haydn, Austrian composer (b. 1737)
- August 22 - Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter (b. 1742)
- August 23 - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, French physicist (b. 1736)
- September 9 - William Paterson, Signer of the U.S. Constitution, Governor of New Jersey (b. 1745)
- October 9 - Benjamin Banneker, American astronomer and surveyor (b. 1731)
- December 22 - William Vernon, American merchant (b. 1719)
- Mungo Park, Scottish explorer (b. 1771) Category:1806 ko:1806년 ms:1806 simple:1806

Mühlhausen

Mühlhausen is a city in the federal state Thuringia, Germany. It is the capital of the Unstrut-Hainich district, and lies along the river Unstrut. Mühlhausen has 37,895 inhabitants (2003). Mühlhausen in Thuringia is first mentioned in 967 as an Ottonian Pfalz village. It had its period of glory during the 13th through the 15th century. In St. Marien church the radical Reformer Thomas Müntzer was preaching in 1525. Johann Sebastian Bach was an organist in the Divi Blasi church between 1708 and 1709. From 1944 into March 1945 the Buchenwald administration opened a women's subcamp directly outside Muhlhausen. The women in the small camp worked under brutal conditions for little food. The women were evacuated in April 1945 to Bergen Belsen. Notable Natives:
- Günter Fromm (14 November 1926 - 20 July 1994), author
- Adolph Methfessel (7 March 1807 - 17 November 1878), composer
- Ernst Methfessel (20 May 1811 - 20 January 1886), composer
- John (Johann) August Röebling (12 June 1806 - 22 June 1860), civil engineer, designer of Brooklyn Bridge, New York City
- Friedrich August Stüler, architect The city of Mühlhausen consists of five districts:
- Mühlhausen (33,660 inhabitants)
- Felchta (990 inhabitants)
- Görmar (1,109 inhabitants)
- Saalfeld (211 inhabitants)
- Windeberg (260 inhabitants) Tourist attractions:
- Historic city wall
- City archives
- 11 churches
- National Park Hainich Twin/sister cities:
- Tourcoing, France
- Eschwege, Hesse, Germany
- Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Kronstadt, Russia

See also


- Mühlhausen (disambiguation)

External links


- [http://www.muehlhausen.de Official Site]
- [http://www.landkreis-unstrut-hainich.de district site]
- [http://www.nationalpark-hainich National Park Hainich]
- [http://www.thueringen-tourismus.de Thuringia Tourism] Category:Towns in Thuringia

July 22

22 July is the 203rd day (204th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 162 days remaining.

Events


- 1298 - Battle of Falkirk - Edward I (Longshanks) of England and his longbowmen defeat William Wallace and his scottish schiltrons outside the town.
- 1499 - Battle of Dornach - The Swiss decisively defeat the Imperial army of Emperor Maximilian I.
- 1587 - Colony of Roanoke: A second group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.
- 1793 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first Euro-American to complete a transcontinental crossing north of Mexico.
- 1796 - Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio "Cleveland" after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party.
- 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition - inconclusive battle of Cape Finisterre fought between a combined French and Spanish fleets under Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve of Spain and a British fleet under Admiral Robert Calder.
- 1812 - Napoleonic Wars: Peninsular War - Battle of Salamanca - British forces led by Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) defeat French troops near Salamanca, Spain.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Atlanta - Outside of Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate General John Bell Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General William T. Sherman on Bald Hill.
- 1908 - Albert Fisher establishes the Fisher Body Company to manufacture carriage and automobile bodies.
- 1916 - In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 and injuring 40.
- 1933 - Wiley Post becomes first person to fly solo around the world traveling 15,596 miles in 7 days, 18 hours and 45 minutes.
- 1934 - Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, "Public Enemy No. 1" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.
- 1937 - New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- 1942 - The United States government begins compulsory civilian gasoline rationing due to the wartime demands.
- 1942 - Holocaust: The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto begins.
- 1943 - Allied forces capture the Italian city of Palermo.
- 1944 - The Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes its manifesto, starting the period of Communist rule in Poland
- 1946 - King David Hotel bombing: Irgun bombs King David Hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters of the British civil and military administration, killing 90.
- 1962 - Mariner program: Mariner 1 spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch and has to be destroyed.
- 1977 - Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power.
- 1991 - Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of 11 men and boys are found in his Milwaukee apartment.
- 1992 - Near Medellín, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from his luxury prison fearing extradition to the United States.
- 1997 - The second Blue Water Bridge opens between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.
- 2002 - Israel assasinates Salah Shahade, the Commander-in-Chief of Hamas's military arm, Ezzedeen-al-qassam Brigades, along with 14 civilians.
- 2003 - Members of 101st Airborne of the United States, aided by Special Forces, attack a compound in Iraq, killing Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay, along with Mustapha Hussein, Qusay's 14-year old son, and a bodyguard.
- 2005 - A man is shot dead by police as the hunt begins for the London Bombers. See 7 July 2005 London bombings and 21 July 2005 London bombings
- 2005 - Microsoft releases the final name for its next-gen operating system, Longhorn. The name will be "Windows Vista".

Births


- 1210 - Joan of England, queen of Alexander II of Scotland (d. 1238)
- 1478 - King Philip I of Castile (d. 1506)
- 1510 - Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (d. 1537)
- 1519 - Pope Innocent IX (d. 1591)
- 1535 - Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621)
- 1559 - Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian monk (d. 1619)
- 1621 - Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician (d. 1683)
- 1711 - Georg Wilhelm Richmann, Russian physicist (d. 1753)
- 1713 - Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (d. 1780)
- 1733 - Mikhail Shcherbatov, Russian philosopher and writer (d. 1790)
- 1784 - Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1846)
- 1822 - Gregor Mendel, Austrian geneticist (d. 1884)
- 1844 - William Archibald Spooner, English priest and scholar (d. 1930)
- 1859 - Emma Lazarus, American poet (d. 1887)
- 1882 - Edward Hopper, American painter (d. 1967)
- 1887 - Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
- 1888 - Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973)
- 1893 - James Whale, English film director (d. 1957)
- 1898 - Stephen Vincent Benét, American author (d. 1943)
- 1898 - Alexander Calder, American artist (d. 1976)
- 1905 - Doc Cramer, baseball player (d. 1990)
- 1908 - Amy Vanderbilt, American author on etiquette (d. 1974)
- 1913 - Gorni Kramer, Italian bandleader and songwriter
- 1916 - Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949)
- 1921 - William Roth, U.S. Senator (d. 2003)
- 1923 - Bob Dole, U.S. Senator from Kansas and Presidential candidate
- 1923 - Mukesh, Indian singer (d. 1976)
- 1924 - Margaret Whiting, singer
- 1928 - Orson Bean, American film actor
- 1932 - Oscar De la Renta, Dominican-born fashion designer
- 1934 - Louise Fletcher, American actress
- 1936 - Tom Robbins, American author
- 1939 - Terence Stamp, English actor
- 1940 - Alex Trebek, Canadian-born game show host
- 1941 - George Clinton, American musician
- 1941 - Ron Turcotte, Canadian jockey
- 1943 - Kay Bailey Hutchison, U.S. Senator from Texas
- 1944 - Estelle Bennett, American singer (Ronettes)
- 1944 - Rick Davies, British musician (Supertramp)
- 1944 - Sparky Lyle, baseball player
- 1946 - Mireille Mathieu, French singer
- 1946 - Stephen M. Wolownik, Russian musician (d. 2000)
- 1947 - Albert Brooks, American comedian
- 1947 - Danny Glover, American actor
- 1947 - Don Henley, American drummer, singer, and songwriter (Eagles)
- 1948 - S.E. Hinton, American author
- 1948 - Otto Waalkes, German comedian
- 1949 - Alan Menken, American composer
- 1949 - Lasse Virén, Finnish athlete
- 1954 - Lonette McKee, American actress
- 1954 - Al Di Meola, American guitarist
- 1955 - Willem Dafoe, American actor
- 1961 - Keith Sweat, American singer
- 1964 - Patrick Labyorteaux, American actor
- 1964 - John Leguizamo, Colombian actor
- 1964 - David Spade, American actor, comedian, and producer
- 1965 - Shawn Michaels, American professional wrestler
- 1966 - Tim Brown, American football player
- 1971 - Kristine Lilly, American soccer player
- 1972 - Keyshawn Johnson, American football player
- 1973 - Mike Sweeney, baseball player
- 1973 - Rufus Wainwright, American singer and songwriter
- 1974 - Daddy Kev, American record producer and engineer
- 1974 - Franka Potente, German actress
- 1978 - Dennis Rommedahl, Danish footballer
- 1980 - Scott Dixon, New Zealand race car driver
- 1980 - Dirk Kuyt, Dutch football striker
- 1983 - Shelby Belle, Canadian actress

Deaths


- 1362 - Louis of Durazzo, Italian soldier (poisoned) (b. 1324)
- 1387 - Franz Ackerman, Flemish statesman (b. 1330)
- 1461 - King Charles VII of France (b. 1403)
- 1525 - Richard Wingfield, English diplomat
- 1619 - Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian monk (b. 1559)
- 1645 - Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (b. 1587)
- 1676 - Pope Clement X (b. 1590)
- 1713 - Jacques-Germain Soufflot, French architect (d. 1780)
- 1734 - Peter King, 1st Baron King, Lord Chancellor of England
- 1789 - Joseph-François Foulon, French administrator (executed) (b. 1715)
- 1802 - Marie François Xavier Bichat, French anatomist (b. 1771)
- 1832 - Emperor Napoleon II of France (b. 1811)
- 1852 - Auguste Marmont, French marshal (b. 1774)
- 1904 - Wilson Barrett, English actor (b. 1846)
- 1908 - William Randal Cremer, English politician and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1828)
- 1916 - James Whitcomb Riley, American author and poet (b. 1849)
- 1922 - Jokichi Takamine, Japanese chemist (b. 1854)
- 1932 - Errico Malatesta, Italian anarchist (b. 1853)
- 1932 - Florenz Ziegfeld, theatrical producer (b. 1867)
- 1934 - John Dillinger, American bank robber (shot) (b. 1903)
- 1950 - William Lyon Mackenzie King, tenth Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1874)
- 1958 - Mikhail Zoshchenko, Russian writer (b. 1895)
- 1967 - Carl Sandburg, American poet (b. 1878)
- 1974 - Wayne Morse, U.S. Senator from Oregon (b. 1900)
- 1979 - Sándor Kocsis, Hungarian footballer (b. 1929)
- 1989 - Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (b. 1935)
- 1990 - Manuel Puig, Argentinian writer (b. 1932)
- 1998 - Hermann Prey, German bass-baritone (b. 1929)
- 2000 - Eric Christmas, British actor (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Qusay Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1966)
- 2003 - Uday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1964)
- 2003 - Wahome Muthahi, Kenyan humourist
- 2004 - Sacha Distel, French singer (b. 1933)
- 2004 - George Kidd, Canadian diplomat (b. 1917)
- 2005 - Jean Charles de Menezes, Brazilian electrician (shot) (b. 1978)

Holidays and observances


- Saint Mary Magdalene
- Swaziland - Birthday of former King Sobhuza II
- Pi Approximation Day
- Ratcatcher's Day. See:The Pied Piper of Hamelin.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/22 BBC: On This Day] ---- 21 July - 23 July - 22 June - 22 August -- listing of all days ko:7월 22일 ms:22 Julai ja:7月22日 simple:July 22 th:22 กรกฎาคม

Muhlhausen

Mühlhausen is a city in the federal state Thuringia, Germany. It is the capital of the Unstrut-Hainich district, and lies along the river Unstrut. Mühlhausen has 37,895 inhabitants (2003). Mühlhausen in Thuringia is first mentioned in 967 as an Ottonian Pfalz village. It had its period of glory during the 13th through the 15th century. In St. Marien church the radical Reformer Thomas Müntzer was preaching in 1525. Johann Sebastian Bach was an organist in the Divi Blasi church between 1708 and 1709. From 1944 into March 1945 the Buchenwald administration opened a women's subcamp directly outside Muhlhausen. The women in the small camp worked under brutal conditions for little food. The women were evacuated in April 1945 to Bergen Belsen. Notable Natives:
- Günter Fromm (14 November 1926 - 20 July 1994), author
- Adolph Methfessel (7 March 1807 - 17 November 1878), composer
- Ernst Methfessel (20 May 1811 - 20 January 1886), composer
- John (Johann) August Röebling (12 June 1806 - 22 June 1860), civil engineer, designer of Brooklyn Bridge, New York City
- Friedrich August Stüler, architect The city of Mühlhausen consists of five districts:
- Mühlhausen (33,660 inhabitants)
- Felchta (990 inhabitants)
- Görmar (1,109 inhabitants)
- Saalfeld (211 inhabitants)
- Windeberg (260 inhabitants) Tourist attractions:
- Historic city wall
- City archives
- 11 churches
- National Park Hainich Twin/sister cities:
- Tourcoing, France
- Eschwege, Hesse, Germany
- Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
- Kronstadt, Russia

See also


- Mühlhausen (disambiguation)

External links


- [http://www.muehlhausen.de Official Site]
- [http://www.landkreis-unstrut-hainich.de district site]
- [http://www.nationalpark-hainich National Park Hainich]
- [http://www.thueringen-tourismus.de Thuringia Tourism] Category:Towns in Thuringia

Berlin

:This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see Berlin (disambiguation).

Basic Information

, IPA: , is the capital of Germany and its largest city; the city is now home to 3.4 million residents, down from a peak of 4.5 million before World War II. From 1949 to 1990 it was divided into East Berlin and West Berlin. Berlin, built on sand, is located on the rivers Spree and Havel in the north of Germany. It is enclosed by the German state of Brandenburg, and has constituted a state of its own since 1920.

Political Berlin

The state

Berlin originally was a main city in the Duchy of Brandenburg. Today, it is the national capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, and was expanded to form Greater Berlin in 1920. Since German reunification on 3 October 1990 it has been one of the three city states, together with Hamburg and Bremen, among the present 16 German Bundesländer. Berlin is governed by the Senate of Berlin, which consists of the Regierender Bürgermeister (governing mayor) and up to eight senators holding ministerial portfolios. The governing mayor is mayor of the city and representative of the Bundesland (state) at the same time. The seat of office for the Berlin Mayor is the Rotes Rathaus. Presently, this office is held by Klaus Wowereit (SPD): for earlier mayors, see the list of Mayors of Berlin. The city and state parliament is called the Abgeordnetenhaus or House of Representatives. The current Senate consists of a coalition of the social democrat SPD and the socialist Left Party.

The boroughs

Left Party Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs, called Bezirke, which were created from the previously existing 23 boroughs, effective since 1 January 2001. For a map and a list of the old and new borough names, see Boroughs of Berlin. Each borough is governed by a Bezirksamt consisting of ten Stadträte (town councillors) and a mayor. The Bezirksamt is elected by the district-parliament, the Bezirksverordnetenversammlung. The boroughs of Berlin are not independent municipalities, and the political power of the district-parliaments is fairly minimal and dependent on the Senate of Berlin. The district mayors form the council of mayors, called Rat der Bürgermeister under the leadership of the Regierende Bürgermeister (governing mayor), to advise the Senate.

Population

Berlin has 3,426,000 inhabitants (as of January 2005) on a surface of 891.75 square kilometres, thus, the population density of the region amounts to 3,811 inhabitants per square kilometre. Berlin citizens' average age is 41.7 years (as of 2004). 450,900 inhabitants are foreigners coming from 185 states (as of December 2004). Among them, approximately 36,000 citizens come from the nearest neighbouring country, Poland and 119,000 are Turkish - Berlin has the largest Turkish municipality in Europe outside of Turkey. According to official statistics, in 2004, 22.3% of the population were Protestants, 9.1% were Catholics, 6.2% were Muslims, and 0.4% were Jews. Between approximately the 1890s and the mid-1920s, Berlin was the fourth-largest urban area in the world after New York, London, and Paris. Today, it is only the sixth-largest urban area in the European Union, and approximately the 80th-largest urban area in the world.

History

Berlin today

Tourist attractions

urban area in the European Union Even though Berlin does have a number of impressive buildings from earlier centuries, the city's appearance today is mainly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century. Each of the national governments which had their seat in Berlin — the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany — initiated ambitious construction programs, each with its own distinctive character. Berlin was devastated by bombing raids during World War II, and many of the old buildings that escaped the bombs were eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s in both West and East. Much of this destruction was caused by overambitious architecture programs, especially to build new residential or business quarters and main roads. It would not be an exaggeration to say that no other city in the world offers Berlin's unusual mix of architecture, especially 20th-century architecture. The city's tense and unique recent history has left it with a distinctive array of sights. Not much is left of the Berlin Wall. The East Side Gallery in Friedrichshain near the Oberbaumbrücke over the Spree preserves a portion of the Wall. By looking at the architecture it is still possible to tell if one is in the former eastern or western part of the city. In the eastern part, many Plattenbauten can be found, reminders of Eastern Bloc ambitions to create complete residential areas with fixed ratios of shops, kindergartens and schools. Another difference between former east and west is in the design of little red and green men on pedestrian crossing lights (Ampelmännchen in German); the eastern versions received an opt-out during the standardization of road traffic signs after re-unification, and have survived to become a popular icon in tourist products. They are however starting to appear in western Berlin too.

Historical sights in the city centre

Ampelmännchen Ampelmännchen
- The Brandenburg Gate and Unter den Linden, symbols of Berlin, Prussia, and now Germany. The Brandenburg Gate appears on German Euro coins.
- Reichstag building, the old and new seat of the German parliament, renovated by Sir Norman Foster. Features a glass dome in which you can walk around and watch the parliamentarians from above.
- Gendarmenmarkt, arguably the most beautiful square in Berlin, surrounded by two famous cathedrals and the concert hall.
- Berlin victory column, monument to Prussia's victories.
- The Berliner Dom, an historic cathedral. A large crypt houses the remains of the Prussian royal family.
- Cathedral of St. Hedwig (St.-Hedwigs-Kathedrale)
- Nikolaiviertel with the Nikolaikirche an historical city core, founded in the 13th century.
- Schloss Bellevue, now the residence of the German President
- Schloss Charlottenburg, the largest surviving historical palace in Berlin
- The Neptunbrunnen, a famous fountain in Berlin Mitte.
- Tiergarten is Berlin's largest park and a masterpiece of park design.

Cold War and sightseeing in the former East Berlin

park
- The Palast der Republik, the old East German parliament building. It is seen by some as ugly, former East Berliners remember with affection restaurants, shops, clubs, and the concerts that took place there in the 1980s. Although it has some significance as a historical tourist attraction, the German Parliament voted for its demolition, which will commence in 2005. The Palast der Republik is built on the site of the Berlin City Palace, which was demolished in 1950 by the Communists. The Palace Square was renamed Marx-Engels-Platz at the same time.
- The Fernsehturm, the TV tower, the highest building in the city at 368 m (1207 ft), and the second largest structure in Europe (after Moscow's Ostankino Tower). The Fernsehturm is easily visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin. Which boasts one of the fastest lifts in Europe, at 45 metres per minute
- Alexanderplatz, formerly East Berlin's major shopping center, and home to the Centrum-Warenhaus, which was the DDR's department store. It is now a thoroughly Westernized shopping centre, belonging to the Kaufhof chain.
- East Side Gallery a memorial for freedom based on the last parts of the Berlin Wall
- Rotes Rathaus (the Red City Hall), historic town hall famous for its distinctive red-brick architecture
- Rathaus Schöneberg with John-F.-Kennedy-Platz, whence John F. Kennedy made his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner!" speech.
- Checkpoint Charlie, remains and a museum about one of the crossing points (albeit restricted to Allied forces) in the Berlin Wall. The museum, which is a private venture, exhibits interesting material about people who devised ingenious plans to leave the East, but is controversial in the city for its propagandistic Cold War didactics and publicity stunts that many consider tasteless.

Sights of modern Berlin

Cold War
- Potsdamer Platz, an entire quarter built from scratch after 1995. The historic Potsdamer Platz was not rebuilt as it was divided by the Wall. A must-see for people who like modern city planning. Just to the West of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses the Gemäldegalerie, and is flanked by the Neue Nationalgalerie and the Philharmonie.
- Hackescher Markt, Spandauer Vorstadt and Scheunenviertel, the home to fashionable culture, with countless small clothing shops, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes the New Synagogue area in Oranienburger Straße (originally built in the 1860s in Moorish style with a large golden dome and reconstructed in 1993), and the Hackesche Höfe, a conglomeration of several buildings around several courtyards, nicely reconstructed after 1996. This area was a centre of Jewish culture up until the 1930s.
  - Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, a Holocaust memorial opened in May 2005.

Panoramic viewing points

Holocaust
- Berliner Funkturm— the only observation tower in the world which stands on insulators. Its open-air observation deck is popular for photography.
- Berlin Television Tower [http://www.berlinerfernsehturm.de/] — 368-m high television tower, built in 1969 close to Alexanderplatz. The entire city can be viewed from its 204-m high observation platform.
- Grunewaldturm [http://www.grunewaldturm.de] — this 59-m high historic tower stands on a hill in Grunewald forest close to Wannsee lake.
- Französischer Dom [http://www.franzoesischer-dom-berlin.de] — located on Gendarmenmarkt in the very heart of the city, the platform of the cathedral offers unique views.
- Bierpinsel — literally "Beer Stick". 1970s style tower in the Berlin Borough of Steglitz with a café and bar at the top giving views over south-western Berlin.
- Restaurant of the Forum Hotel Berlin
- Berliner Dom [http://www.berliner-dom.de] — Protestant cathedral situated next to the Lustgarten, with a circular observation platform around the dome.
- Bell tower at the Olympic Stadium [http://www.glockenturm.de] — part of the Reichssportfeld complex, the tower offers a view of the Olympic Stadium and also of the Waldbühne, an open-air stage.
- Siegessäule [http://www.berlin-tourist-information.de/cgi-bin/sehenswertes.pl?id=13353] — the monument at the Großer Stern situated in the middle of the Tiergarten Park where it was relocated in 1938–39 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag.
- Müggelturm — a tower giving panoramic views over the Müggelsee lake.
- Reichstag building— the roof of the parliament building, crowned by a large glass cupola designed by Lord Foster is open to the public giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night.

Other interesting structures (not accessible to public)

Foster
- Fernmeldeturm Berlin (Berlin Telephone Tower)
- Richtfunkstelle Berlin-Frohnau
- Transmitter Berlin-Britz
- Radio mast Berlin-Scholzplatz
- Transmitter Berlin-Alley of Stallupone
- Radio mast Berlin-Olympiastadium
- Radar facility Berlin-Teufelsberg
- TV Tower Berlin-Mueggelberge
- Power station Berlin-Wilmersdorf
- Power station Reutter

Famous streets and boulevards

Power station Reutter
- Unter den Linden is the street that heads east from the Brandenburg Gate. Many Classical buildings line the street. Part of Humboldt University is located there.
- Friedrichstraße, Berlin's legendary street of the "Golden Twenties" which combines the tradition of the last century with modern architecture of today's Berlin.
- Kurfürstendamm (Ku'damm), with the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche (Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church), which lies right at the top end of Kurfürstendamm, on Breitscheidplatz (underground station Kurfürstendamm). The church was bombed out in World War II and its ruins have been preserved in their damaged state. Near by is the Ka-De-We Berlin's equivalent to London's Harrods. Also nearby is the Zoologischer Garten, a zoo with a large number of species.
- The Straße des 17. Juni connects the Brandenburg Gate in the East and Ernst-Reuter-Platz in the West, commemorating the uprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953. It features the golden Siegessäule (Statue of Victory), which used to stand in front of the Reichstag.
- The Karl-Marx-Allee (formerly Stalinalle), a boulevard lined by monumental landmark buildings designed in the Socialist Classicism of the Stalin era. It is located in Friedrichshain and Mitte.

Street lighting

Berlin is unique in that it still has around 43,800 gas lamp standards in working order, usually to be found on back streets and historically sensitive places. The first 1,800 lanterns were erected by the English Gas Company in 1826. Operation of the Gas lamps was taken over by the City Authorities in 1847. The first electric street lighting appeared around 1880. Between 1963 and 1982 replacement of the gas lamps in East Berlin was completed apart from a few remaining streets in Köpenick. In West Berlin the reverse was the situation, new styles of gas lamp standards being introduced as late as the 1950s. There was a debate in the late 1970´s on whether replacement with electric lighting should go ahead, but public opinion was against it. This debate was revived again in 2005, due to rising costs of gas, but no definite decision on replacement has been made. There is an open-air collection of working gas lamps in Tiergarten near to S-Bahnhof Tiergarten, which as well as displaying historic examples from Berlin and other German cities also has examples from other European cities. [http://www.dtmb.de/Aktuelles/Kooperationen/Laternen/body.html]

Education and science

Universities


- Freie Universität Berlin [http://www.fu-berlin.de]
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin [http://www.hu-berlin.de]
- Technische Universität Berlin [http://www.tu-berlin.de]
- Charité [http://www.charite.de] (Medical Faculty of Freie and Humboldt-Universität)
- Universität der Künste [http://www.udk-berlin.de]

Universities of applied sciences


- Alice-Salomon-Fachhochschule für Sozialarbeit/-pädagogik [http://www.asfh-berlin.de]
- Evangelische Fachhochschule [http://www.evfh-berlin.de]
- Katholische Fachhochschule [http://www.khsb-berlin.de/]
- Fachhochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin [http://www.fhtw-berlin.de]
- Fachhochschule für Wirtschaft [http://www.fhw-berlin.de]
- Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler [http://www.hfm-berlin.de]
- Technische Fachhochschule [http://www.tfh-berlin.de]

Zoos and Botanical Gardens

Technische Fachhochschule
- Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin's oldest zoo, located in the city center.
- Tierpark Friedrichsfelde, founded by the GDR in a historic castle park in eastern Berlin.
- Botanic Garden and Botanic Museum Berlin, one of the most important botanical gardens of the world and the largest in Europe.

The Arts and Culture

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 many buildings in the former city centre of East Berlin (today the district Mitte) were renovated. Many had not been rebuilt since World War II. Illegally occupied by young people, they had become a fertile ground for all sorts of underground and counter-culture gatherings. It was also home to many nightclubs, including Tacheles, Techno clubs Tresor, WMF, Ufo and E-Werk. The art scene in Berlin is extremely rich and it is home to hundreds of art galleries. The city is host to the Art Forum annual international art fair. Berlin also offers one of the most diverse and vibrant nightlife scenes in Europe. Most Berliners take great pride in their city's reputation as one of the most socially progressive cities on the continent. [http://www.presse.tk/ Source: Press] Berlin's annual Carnival of Cultures, a multi-ethnic street parade, and Chistopher Street Day celebrations, Central Europe's largest gay-lesbian pride event, are openly supported by the city's government.
- [http://www.berlin-tourist-information.de/english/unterwegs/e_uw_berlinprogramm_gay.html]
  - [http://www.berlin-tourist-information.de/english/zielgruppen/e_zg_gay_bezirke.php]. Another event is the techno-demonstration "Loveparade" (every year in July or August). Despite the city's high unemployment levels, a significant number of young Germans and artists continue to settle in the city, and Berlin has established itself as the premiere centre of youth and pop culture in Europe. Signs of this expanding role were the 2003 announcement that the annual Popkomm, Europe's largest music industry convention, would move to Berlin after 15 years in Cologne. Shortly thereafter, German MTV also decided to move its headquarters and main studios from Munich to Berlin. Universal Music opened its European headquarters on the banks of the River Spree in an area known as the [http://www.mediaspree.de mediaspree].

Film industry and films about Berlin

Berlin is the centre of the German film industry, partly due to the existence of the Babelsberg Studios and many important film and TV production companies like UFA, Senator Film, Goldkind etc. Many international movies and European co-productions have been filmed there. Berlin is also home of the European Film Academy, the German Film Academy and host of the Berlinale film festival. There are many films that were set in or portray the special "Berlin-Atmosphere" from different eras, among them are:
- Die Sinfonie der Großstadt - 1927 Documentary Type Film "Day in the life of Berlin" [http://german.imdb.com/title/tt0017668/]
- Berlin Alexanderplatz - 1920s Berlin
- M - Early 1930s Berlin
- The Testament of Dr. Mabuse - 1933 Berlin
- Germany, Year Zero - Shows the nightmarishly dilapidated remains of 1945 Berlin, post WWII.
- One, Two, Three - Cold War before the Wall 1961
- Funeral in Berlin 1966 Cold War Thriller - A bit dated, filmed in Berlin with some nice scenes in Kreuzberg
- Cabaret - Filmed in 1972, set in the early 1930s
- Christiane F. - Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo - 1970s
- Linie 1 - 1988 Film of the 1986 Musical about U-Bahn Line 1 in West Berlin
- Run Lola Run - Filmed 1998 in post-reunification Berlin
- Good bye, Lenin! - Set in East Berlin in 1989
- Der Himmel über Berlin (Wings of Desire) - A cult film about divided city by Wim Wenders from 1987
- Hedwig and the Angry Inch - A cult film and musical about a German singer-transvestite who escapes East Berlin in 1989. 2001.
- Der Untergang (Downfall) - 2004 German film portraying the final days of the Third Reich in Hitler's bunker.
- Sonnenallee - A teen comedy set in East Berlin in the 1970s.

Museums

Sonnenallee
- Archenhold Observatory Archenhold-Sternwarte [http://www.astw.de]
- Museum Island with the Altes Museum, Pergamon Museum and Alte Nationalgalerie
- German Museum of Technology in Kreuzberg, located at the site of an old freight train hub
- Museum for Post and Telecommunication
- Gemäldegalerie (Picture Gallery), European art (mostly paintings) from the 13th to the 18th century [http://www.museen-berlin.de/gg/e/s.html]
- Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery), one of the last buildings by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
- Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery), 19th-century painting and sculpture[http://www.smpk.de/ang/e/s.html]
- Jewish Museum Berlin
- Hamburger Bahnhof (Museum for contemporary