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John Scopes

John Scopes

John Thomas Scopes (August 3, 1900 – October 21, 1970), a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee at the age of 24, was charged on May 25, 1925 with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. Contrary to the impression created in various versions of Inherit the Wind, Scopes was actually born and raised in Paducah, Kentucky, but as a teenager attended Danville High School in Danville, Illinois (Danville High was also the first school he taught at shortly before he moved to Dayton), and did not move to Dayton until after he had gained a law degree at the University of Kentucky in 1924. In Dayton he took a job as the Rhea County High School's football coach, and occasionally filled in as substitute teacher when regular members of staff were off work. Scopes' involvement in the so-called Monkey Trial came about after The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) announced that it would finance a test case challenging its constitutionality of the Butler Act if they could find a Tennessee teacher was put on trial for violating the statute. A group of businessmen in Dayton, Tennessee, led by mine manager George Rappelyea, saw this as an opportunity to get publicity for their town and approached Scopes, who was the football coach and who had substituted for the principal in the school's science class. Rappelyea pointed out that while the Butler Act prohibited the teaching of evolution, the state required teachers to use the assigned textbook - Hunter's Civic Biology - which included a chapter on evolution. Rappelyea argued that teachers were essentially required to break the law. When asked about the test case Scopes was initially reluctant to get involved, but after some discussion he told the group gathered in Robinson's Drugstore, "If you can prove that I've taught evolution and that I can qualify as a defendant, then I'll be willing to stand trial." In the so-called Scopes Monkey Trial, the defense team included Clarence Darrow, Dudley Field Malone, John Neal, Arthur Garfield Hays and Frank McElwee, whilst the prosecution team, led by Tom Stewart, also included brothers Herbert and Sue Hicks, Wallace Haggard, and father and son pairings Ben and J. Gordon McKenzie and William Jennings Bryan and William Jennings Bryan Jr. Bryan had spoken at Scopes' high school commencement and remembered the defendant laughing while Bryan was giving the address to Scopes' graduating class six years earlier. The case ended with a guilty verdict, and Scopes was given a $100 fine, which Bryan and the ACLU offered to pay. The case was appealed to the Tennesee Supreme Court which found the Butler Act constitutional, but overturned Scopes conviction on a technicality; the judge had set the fine instead of the jury. The Butler Act remained until 1967 when it was repealed by the Tennessee legislature. Ironically, in reality Scopes never taught evolution and was therefore innocent of the crime to which his name is inexorably linked. After the trial Scopes admitted to reporter William K. Hutchinson "I didn't violate the law," explaining he had skipped the evolution lesson and his lawyers had coached his students to go on the stand: the Dayton businessmen had assumed he had violated the law. Hutchinson did not file his story until after the Scopes appeal was decided in 1927. Scopes also admitted the truth to the wife of the Modernist minister Charles Francis Potter. Scopes was not allowed to take the stand at his trial for fear he would reveal his ignorance and turned down a $50,000 offer to lecture on evolution on the vaudeville stage because he did not know enough about the subject. After the trial, Scopes went to the University of Chicago, where he received a master's degree in geology. After that he was mainly employed by the oil industry, in both the United States and Venezuela. He died at the age of 70, probably from a stroke. He is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery in Paducah, Kentucky. John Scopes wrote an autobiography entitled Center of the Storm: Memoirs of John T. Scopes. (Henry Holt & Company, Inc.—June 1967), ISBN 0030603404

External links


- [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4723956 NPR Timeline of Events surrounding the Scopes Monkey Trial] Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas Scopes, John Thomas

August 3

August 3 is the 215th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (216th in leap years), with 150 days remaining.

Events


- 8 - Roman general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- 435 - Deposed Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of the Christological "heresy" (at the time) known as Nestorianism, was exiled by Byzantine Emperor Theodosius II to a monastery in Egypt.
- 1492 - Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos de la Frontera, Spain.
- 1492 - The Jews of Spain are expelled by the Catholic Monarchs.
- 1635 - The third of the Tokugawa shoguns, Iemitsu, establishes the system of alternate attendance by which the feudal daimyō are required to spend one year at Edo Castle in Tokyo and one year back home at their feudal manor, while their families remained in Tokyo as virtual political hostages. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 21, 1635).
- 1645 - The Second Battle of Nördlingen is fought between the forces of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
- 1678 - Robert LaSalle builds the Griffon, the first known ship built in America.
- 1783 - Mount Asama erupts in Japan, killing 35,000 people.
- 1860 - The Second Maori War begins in New Zealand.
- 1900 - Firestone Tire & Rubber Company founded.
- 1914 - First World War: Germany declares war against France.
- 1916 - First World War: The Battle of Romani is fought between forces of the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
- 1923 - Calvin Coolidge is inaugurated as the 30th President of the United States.
- 1940 - Second World War: Italy invades British Somaliland.
- 1946 - National Basketball Association is founded in the United States.
- 1948 - Whittaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of being a communist and a spy for the Soviet Union.
- 1958 - The nuclear submarine USS Nautilus travels beneath the Arctic ice cap.
- 1960 - Niger gains independence from France.
- 1972 - U.S. Senate ratifies the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
- 1973 - R&B singer Stevie Wonder releases the classic album Innervisions.
- 1975 - A privately chartered Boeing 707 impacts the mountainside near Agadir, Morocco killing 188.
- 1977 - United States Senate Hearing on MKULTRA.
- 1981 - In the United States, Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization walks off the job. All 13,000 members will eventually be fired by President Ronald Reagan.
  - Senegalese opposition parties, under the leadership of Mamadou Dia, launches the Antiimperialist Action Front-Suxxali Reew Mi.
- 1990 - The highest temperature recorded in the UK until 10 August, 2003 - 37.1°C (98.8°F) at Cheltenham in Gloucestershire
- 1997 - Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria; 40-76 villagers killed.
- 2005 - President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya of Mauritania is overthrown in a military coup while attending the funeral of King Fahd in Saudi Arabia.

Births


- 1509 - Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (d. 1546)
- 1604 - John Eliot, English missionary (d. 1690)
- 1692 - John Henley, English clergyman (d. 1759)
- 1770 - King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia (d. 1840)
- 1801 - Joseph Paxton, English gardener and architect (d. 1865)
- 1808 - Hamilton Fish, American politician (d. 1893)
- 1811 - Elisha Graves Otis, American inventor (d. 1861)
- 1817 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (d. 1895)
- 1832 - Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer (d. 1914)
- 1856 - Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1919)
- 1860 - W.K. Dickson, Scottish inventor (d. 1935)
- 1867 - Stanley Baldwin, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1947)
- 1872 - King Haakon VII of Norway (d. 1957)
- 1887 - Rupert Brooke, English poet (d. 1915)
- 1894 - Harry Heilmann, baseball player (d. 1951)
- 1900 - Ernie Pyle, American war correspondent (d. 1945)
- 1900 - John T. Scopes, American defendant (d. 1970)
- 1901 - Stefan Wyszynski, Polish Catholic prelate (d. 1981)
- 1904 - Clifford D. Simak, American author (d. 1988)
- 1905 - Dolores del Rio, Mexican-born actress (d. 1983)
- 1905 - Cardinal Franz König, Austrian Catholic archbishop (d. 2004)
- 1916 - José Manuel Moreno, Argentine footballer (d. 1978)
- 1918 - Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. 1999)
- 1920 - P.D. James, English novelist
- 1923 - Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church
- 1924 - Leon Uris, American novelist (d. 2003)
- 1926 - Tony Bennett, American singer
- 1926 - Anthony Sampson, British journalist and biographer (d. 2004)
- 1935 - Georgi Shonin, cosmonaut (d. 1997)
- 1936 - Edward Petherbridge, English actor
- 1937 - Steven Berkoff, British actor
- 1937 - Diane Wakoski, American poet
- 1938 - Terry Wogan, Irish radio and television presenter
- 1940 - Lance Alworth, American football player
- 1940 - Martin Sheen, American actor
- 1941 - Beverly Lee, American singer (Shirelles)
- 1941 - Martha Stewart, American publisher and media personality
- 1946 - Jack Straw, British politician
- 1948 - Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France
- 1950 - John Landis, American film director
- 1951 - Marcel Dionne, Canadian hockey player
- 1951 - Jay North, American actor
- 1952 - Osvaldo Ardiles, Argentine footballer and coach
- 1959 - Martin Atkins, English drummer
- 1959 - Koichi Tanaka, Japanese scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- 1963 - James Hetfield, American singer and guitarist (Metallica)
- 1977 - Tom Brady, American football player
- 1979 - Evangeline Lilly, Canadian actress and fashion model

Deaths


- 1181 - Pope Alexander III
- 1460 - King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)
- 1546 - Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (b. 1484)
- 1546 - Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (b. 1509)
- 1604 - Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish military commander
- 1621 - Guillaume du Vair, French writer (b. 1556)
- 1667 - Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor and architect (b. 1599)
- 1712 - Joshua Barnes, English scholar (b. 1654)
- 1720 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (b. 1641)
- 1721 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (b. 1648)
- 1761 - Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (b. 1691)
- 1773 - Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (b. 1700)
- 1780 - Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (b. 1715)
- 1792 - Richard Arkwright, English industrialist and inventor (b. 1732)
- 1797 - Jeffrey Amherst, British military commander (b. 1717)
- 1805 - Christopher Anstey, English writer (b. 1724)
- 1857 - Eugène Sue, French novelist (b. 1804)
- 1867 - Philipp August Böckh, German scholar and antiquarian (b. 1785)
- 1877 - William Butler Ogden, first Mayor of Chicago (b.1805)
- 1879 - Joseph Severn, English painter (b. 1793)
- 1916 - Sir Roger Casement, Irish rebel (hanged) (b. 1864)
- 1924 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-born writer (b. 1857)
- 1929 - Emil Berliner, German-born telephone and recording pioneer (b. 1851)
- 1929 - Thorstein Veblen, American economist (b. 1857)
- 1942 - Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1872)
- 1954 - Colette, French writer (b. 1873)
- 1964 - Flannery O'Connor, American writer (b. 1925)
- 1966 - Lenny Bruce, American comedian (b. 1925)
- 1973 - Richard Marshall, U.S. Army general (b. 1895)
- 1977 - Alfred Lunt, American actor (b. 1892)
- 1977 - Archbishop Makarios of Cyprus (b. 1913)
- 1979 - Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1899)
- 1983 - Carolyn Jones, American actress (b. 1929)
- 1995 - Ida Lupino, English actress and director (b. 1914)
- 1995 - Edward Whittemore, American writer (b. 1933)
- 1998 - Alfred Schnittke, Russian composer (b. 1934)
- 2001 - Christopher Hewett, British actor (b. 1922)
- 2002 - Carmen Silvera, British actress (b. 1922)
- 2003 - Roger Voudouris, American singer and songwriter (b. 1954)
- 2004 - Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer (b. 1908)
- 2005 - Françoise d'Eaubonne, French feminist (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Steven Vincent, American journalist (b. 1955)

Holidays and observances


- Equatorial Guinea - Armed Forces Day
- Niger - Independence Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/3 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050803.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- August 2 - August 4 - July 3 - September 3 -- listing of all days ko:8월 3일 ms:3 Ogos ja:8月3日 simple:August 3 th:3 สิงหาคม

October 21

October 21 is the 294th day of the year (295th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 71 days remaining.

Events


- 686 - Conon becomes Pope.
- 1492 - Christopher Columbus lands on the San Salvador Islands.
- 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg
- 1600 - Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara, which marks the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate, who in effect rule Japan until the mid-Nineteenth century.
- 1774 - First display of the word "Liberty" on a flag, raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts and which was in defiance of British rule in Colonial America.
- 1797 - In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched.
- 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar - a British fleet led by Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain under Admiral Villeneuve. It signalled the virtual end of French maritime power and left Britain navally unchallenged until the twentieth century.
- 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrenders his army to the Grand Army of Napoleon at Ulm, reaping Napoleon over 30,000 prisoners and inflicting 10,000 casualties on the losers. Ulm was considered to be one of Napoleon's finest hours.
- 1824 - Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.
- 1854 - Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses were sent to the Crimean War.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff - Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
- 1867 - Manifest Destiny: Medicine Lodge Treaty - Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate a reservation in western Oklahoma.
- 1879 - Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric incandescent light bulb (it lasted 13 1/2 hours before burning out).
- 1895 - The Republic of Taiwan collapses as Japanese forces invade.
- 1902 - In the United States, a five month strike by United Mine Workers ends.
- 1921 - President Warren G. Harding delivers the first speech by a sitting President against lynching in the deep south.
- 1941 - World War II: Germans rampage in Yugoslavia, killing thousands of civilians.
- 1944 - The first kamikaze attack: HMAS Australia was hit by a Japanese plane carrying a 200 kg (441 pound) bomb off Leyte Island, as the Battle of Leyte Gulf began.
- 1945 - Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.
- 1945 - Argentine military officer and politician Juan Perón married actress Evita.
- 1947 - 21 die as a fire destroys an asylum in Hoff, Germany.
- 1954 - The first part of JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, the The Fellowship of the Ring is published in the U.S.A.
- 1957 - The movie Jailhouse Rock, starring Elvis Presley, opens.
- 1959 - In New York City, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum opens to the public. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
- 1959 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order transferring Wernher von Braun and other German scientists from the United States Army to NASA.
- 1966 - Aberfan disaster: A coal tip falls on the village of Aberfan in Wales, killing 144 people, mostly schoolchildren
- 1967 - Vietnam War: More than 100,000 war protesters gather in Washington, DC. A peaceful rally at the Lincoln Memorial is followed by a march to The Pentagon and clashes with soldiers and United States Marshals protecting the facility (event lasts until October 23; 683 people will be arrested). Similar demonstrations occurred simultaneously in Japan and Western Europe.
- 1973 - John Paul Getty III's ear is cut off by his kidnappers and sent to a newspaper in Rome; it doesn't arrive until November 8.
- 1977 - The European Patent Institute is founded
- 1980 - 1980 World Series: In 6 games, the Philadelphia Phillies win their first World Series.
- 1986 - In Lebanon, pro-Iranian kidnappers claim to have abducted American writer Edward Tracy (he will be released in August 1991).
- 1987 - Former Miss America Bess Myerson is arrested on charges of bribery, conspiracy, and mail fraud, all involving an alimony-fixing scandal. She is later found not guilty.
- 1990 - Apple Day first celebrated, in Covent Garden, London - initiated by Common Ground
- 1994 - North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea and the United States sign an agreement that requires North Korea to stop its nuclear weapons program and agree to inspections.
- 1997 - Hotel owners from the Detroit area meet to discuss Jack Kevorkian's practice of leaving corpses in hotel rooms.

Births


- 1328 - Hongwu Emperor of China (d. 1398)
- 1449 - George, Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1478)
- 1527 - Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French cardinal (d. 1578)
- 1581 - Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (d. 1641)
- 1650 - Jean Bart, French admiral (d. 1702)
- 1660 - Georg Ernst Stahl, German scientist (d. 1734)
- 1675 - Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (d. 1710)
- 1687 - Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1759)
- 1712 - Sir James Denham Steuart, British economist (d. 1780)
- 1725 - Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (d. 1801)
- 1757 - Pierre François Charles Augereau, duc de Castiglione, French marshal (d. 1816)
- 1762 - Herman Willem Daendels, Dutch statesman (d. 1818)
- 1772 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, British poet (d. 1834)
- 1775 - Giuseppe Baini, Italian composer (d. 1844)
- 1790 - Alphonse de Lamartine, French writer (d. 1869)
- 1833 - Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor and founder of the Nobel Prize (d. 1896)
- 1847 - Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian writer (d. 1906)
- 1851 - George Ulyett, British cricketer (d. 1898)
- 1895 - Edna Purviance, American actress (d. 1958)
- 1904 - Patrick Kavanagh, Irish poet (d. 1967)
- 1912 - Sir Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1997)
- 1914 - Martin Gardner, American writer
- 1917 - Dizzy Gillespie, American musician (d. 1993)
- 1921 - Malcolm Arnold, British composer
- 1924 - Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (d. 2003)
- 1928 - Whitey Ford, baseball player
- 1929 - Ursula K. Le Guin, American author
- 1940 - Geoff Boycott, British cricketer
- 1940 - Manfred Mann, British musician
- 1941 - Steve Cropper, American musician
- 1942 - Elvin Bishop, American musician
- 1942 - Judy Sheindlin, American judge and television host
- 1943 - Brian Piccolo, American football player (d. 1970)
- 1949 - Benjamin Netanyahu, 9th Prime Minister of Israel
- 1952 - Trevor Chappell, Australian Cricketer
- 1953 - Peter Mandelson, British politician
- 1955 - Rich Mullins, American musician (d. 1997)
- 1956 - Carrie Fisher, American actress and writer
- 1957 - Wolfgang Ketterle, German physicist, Nobel Prize laueate
- 1957 - Steve Lukather, American musician
- 1959 - Ken Watanabe, Japanese actor
- 1962 - David Campese, Australian rugby player
- 1971 - Nick Oliveri, American musician
- 1972 - Felicity Andersen, Australian actress
- 1973 - Lera Auerbach, Russian composer
- 1978 - Joey Harrington, American football player
- 1984 - Kieran Richardson, British footballer

Deaths


- 310 - Pope Eusebius
- 1125 - Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian writer
- 1221 - Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1201)
- 1266 - Birger jarl, Swedish statesman and founder of Stockholm (b. 1210)
- 1422 - King Charles VI of France (b. 1368)
- 1500 - Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (b. 1442)
- 1558 - Julius Caesar Scaliger, Italian humanist scholar (b. 1484)
- 1600 - Toda Katsushige, Japanese warlord (b. 1557)
- 1623 - William Wade, English statesman and diplomat (b. 1546)
- 1662 - Henry Lawes, English composer (b. 1595)
- 1687 - Sir Edmund Waller, English poet (b. 1606)
- 1765 - Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (b. 1691)
- 1775 - Peyton Randolph, American president of the Continental Congress (b. 1721)
- 1777 - Samuel Foote, English dramatist and actor (b. 1720)
- 1805 - Horatio Nelson, British admiral (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1758)
- 1873 - Johann Sebastian Welhaven, Norwegian poet (b. 1807)
- 1896 - James Henry Greathead, British engineer (b. 1844)
- 1931 - Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian writer (b. 1862)
- 1944 - Alois Kayser, German missionary to Nauru (b. 1877)
- 1969 - Jack Kerouac, American novelist (b. 1922)
- 1969 - Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician (b. 1882)
- 1975 - Charles Reidpath, American athlete (b. 1887)
- 1980 - Hans Asperger, Austrian psychologist (b. 1906)
- 1984 - François Truffaut, French film director (b. 1932)
- 1986 - Lionel Murphy, Australian politician and judge (b. 1922)
- 1995 - Shannon Hoon, American singer (Blind Melon) (b. 1967)
- 1995 - Jesús Blasco, Spanish comic book author (b. 1919)
- 2003 - Fred Berry, American actor (b. 1951)
- 2003 - Luis A. Ferré, Governor of Puerto Rico (b. 1940)
- 2003 - Louise Day Hicks, American politician (b. 1916)
- 2003 - Elliott Smith, American musician (b. 1969)
- 2005 - Francisco Alejandro Gutierrez, Cuban-American musician Captain Jack (b. 1962)

Holidays and observances


- R.C. saints - Saint Ursula and her 11 (or 11000) virgins; Saint Hilarion
- Also see October 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Republic of China - Overseas Chinese Day
- Trafalgar Day — celebrated throughout much of the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th Century.
- International Day of the Nacho — celebrated in the United States and Mexico since the early 1990s.

Etc


- In the comic novel Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett, the Earth was born on this day in 4004 BC, within a quarter of an hour of 9 in the morning. This was supposedly because God liked to get things over with early.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/21 BBC: On This Day] ---- October 20 - October 22 - November 21 - September 21 – more historical anniversaries ko:10월 21일 ms:21 Oktober ja:10月21日 simple:October 21 th:21 ตุลาคม

Teacher

:For university teachers, see professor. In education, teachers are those who teach students or pupils, often a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill, including learning and thinking skills. There are many different ways to teach and help students learn. This is often referred to as the teacher's pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method to use, a teacher will need to consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals. See education for more.

Related positions

A teacher who registers a student, or who is positioned to help the student in a particular subject, is called a "tutor". A teacher or trainer from whom a student learns a great deal may be called a "mentor". (However this term is not used, in this context, in the UK.) An "educationalist" is an educational theorist, writer or researcher. In traditional China, the model teacher, Confucius, is greatly revered. A Chinese term for teacher is shifu or laoshi.

University teachers

Teachers in college are called instructors or lecturers. In the United States, the term "professor" is usually applied to college or University teachers that have received tenure; although, there are rankings from Assistant Professor through Full Professor that may be defined differently at various institutions. In the United Kingdom the title 'Professor' is restricted to teachers that have been granted a 'chair'. Others are known as lecturers or readers.

Senior teachers

Teachers who look after the whole school are called head teachers, school principals, headmasters or headmistresses. The equivalent in colleges and universities is called the dean, principal or vice-chancellor. Teachers of this status rarely teach students. A teacher in a grammar or public school in Britain may also be a Head of House. Houses were also used in secondary and comprehensive schools. As with most large organisations a school needs a hierarchical structure of command, allowing matters to be delegated to a specific department or section of the school. In many cases there are deputy headteachers, heads of department (or subject, such as science or history) and heads of year. A head of year is in charge of the pastoral care of one year group. Every school has a disciplinary procedure which dictates how punishments should be given to misbehaving students. One common method of coping with problems is the idea of escalation whereby the classroom teacher attempts to deal with the student(s) themselves before passing it on to a more senior teacher. Eventually, should the situation not be resolved, the headmaster becomes involved.

Emergency teachers

A teacher may be replaced by another teacher if they are absent due to an illness, death, or planned absence. In the United States, replacement teachers are known as substitute teachers (or more informally as "subs"); in Australia and New Zealand, they are known as emergency or relieving teachers; in the UK and in Canada they are generally known as supply teachers. In Western Canada, they are called TOCs (teachers-on-call). Temporary, substitute teachers in universities are usually in forms of multiple guest lecturers. These teachers often find it difficult to acclimatise to the new environment, often moving from one school to another week after week. They are often viewed badly by the students they are looking after with a "you're not my real teacher" attitude making behaviour management very difficult. Meanwhile, especially in subjects like second languages, they may actually know less than their students. In long term replacements, however, this quickly subsides. Teacher trade union groups have expressed resentment towards the continuous use of supply teachers (who may be paid a lower amount) to satisfy long-term shortages when school administrations have resisted creating a permanent teaching position. A teacher is a constant learner.

Qualification and registration

Teachers are usually educated in a university or college. Often they must be certified by a government body before they can teach in a school.

Australia

Certification in Australia differs from state to state; however as a general rule all teachers must possess a tertiary certification - either a Bachelor of Education, BA (Education), Bachelor of Teaching or Graduate Diploma of Education (DipEd) - awarded by a Australian certified University or an equivalent award from overseas plus experience in the classroom. Many states now have Teacher Registration Boards or are soon to institute them. These organisations are charged with certifying potential teacher's qualification and ensure constant Professional Development.

Canada

Note: The following information is incorrect and needs to be updated. Canadian teachers must receive certification from a provincial College of Teachers in order to be able to teach elementary and secondary school. The process for certification is somewhat different in Quebec relative to English Canada.

England and Wales

In England and Wales teachers must have gained Qualified Teacher Status (QTS). There are many paths in which a person can work towards gaining their QTS, the most popular of which is to have completed a first degree program (such as a BA or BSc) and then a Post-Graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE). Other methods include a specific teaching degree (BEd) or on-the-job training at a school. All qualified teachers in England must serve, after training, a statutory one year induction period that must be passed in order to remain a registered teacher. In Wales this period lasts for two years. During this period a teacher is known as an NQT (Newly Qualified Teacher). Schools are obliged to provide guidance, support and training to facilitate the NQT's success during this year. Local education authorities are also obliged to provide professional development opportunities.

Scotland

In Scotland teachers must hold a valid teaching qualification (TQ) and be registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland. Following initial teacher education and gaining a teaching qualification a Scottish teacher is deemed to be provisionaly registered with the GTCS and must undergo a year of probation supported through the Scottish Executive's induction programme. There are several possible to routes to a TQ, including a Bachelor of Education in Music, Physical Education or Technological Education for secondary school or a general BEd for primary school, a Professional Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) or a concurrent undergraduate degree combining a Bachelor of Science or Scottish MA with the initial teacher education elements of a PGDE. Concurrent degrees are only avaible from the University of Stirling. A Scottish teacher may only qualify in a subject directly related to their undergraduate or graduate studies. For teachers qualified outside of Scotland an application must be made to the GTCS for exceptional registration.

United States

In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach. Typical requirements include a bachelor's degree, education coursework, licensing exams, a criminal background check, and payment of a fee. Until recently, a person could not teach unless he or she had completed a year or more of specific teaching training at a normal school. In the past two decades, normal school courses have been made optional through the promotion of Alternate Route teacher certification. New Jersey was the first state to establish an Alternate Route program, doing so in 1984. Since then, most states have established their own programs. Teachers in New York State must have a Bachelor's degree and complete a Master's degree within five years. Additionally, to be permanently certified, teachers must pass three state exams on pedagogy, general knowledge and knowledge of a content area. In order to work in a public school a candidate must be fingerprinted. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes252021.htm elementary school teachers], 600,000 [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes252022.htm middle school teachers], and 1 million [http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes252031.htm secondary school teachers] employed in the U.S. US News has ranked Michigan State University as the #1 graduate program in teacher education for the last 11 years. Other prominent graduate schools of education include Stanford University, Harvard University, UC--Berkeley, UCLA, the University of Illinois--UC, the University of Indiana--Bloomington, and the University of Michigan. Category:Education Category:Educators

World Teacher's Day

UNESCO inaugurated World Teachers’ Day on 5 October 1994 to celebrate and commemorate the signing of the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers on 5 October 1966. World Teachers’ Day also highlighted the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Higher Education Teaching Personnel adopted in 1997. Some countries such as Taiwan also celebrate Teacher's Day as a national holiday. In Brazil, it is celebrated on October 15.

Readings


- Ms. Moffett's First Year: Becoming a Teacher in America by Abby Goodnough (PublicAffairs, 1586482599, 2004).
- Burks, M.P., Requirements for Certification, Fifty-first Edition, 1986-87. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1986.
- Carnegie Forum on Education and the Economy, Task Force on Teaching as a Profession. A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the 21st Century. 1986. ED 268 120.
- Feistritzer, C.E. The Condition of Teaching, A State by State Analysis. Laurenceville, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
- Holmes Group. Tomorrow's Teachers: A Report of the Holmes Group. 1986. ED 270 454.
- Roth, R.R. and R. Mastain (Eds.). Manual on Certification and Preparation of Educational Personnel in the United States. Sacramento: National Association of State Directors of Teacher Education and Certification, 1984.

See also


- Current issues in teaching
- Curriculum
- Education
- Instructional design
- Lesson
- School
- School counselor
- National Teachers Hall of Fame (in Emporia, Kansas, USA)
- Teaching in popular culture
- School and university in literature

External links


- [http://www.ei-ie.org/ressourc/english/erec1966.htm 1966 United Nations recommendation concerning the status of teachers]
- [http://www.wideopendoors.net/teaching/teaching_theories.html Teaching Theories]
- [http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-925/want.htm So You Want To Be a Teacher]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/features/2004/04/secret_diary_of_the_telford_teacher.shtml The secret diary of a teacher] based in Shropshire, UK (An abridged version may be found here: [http://www.people.co.uk/news/tm_objectid=14178565&method=full&siteid=55768&headline=i-m-teacher-who-exposed-class-hell-name_page.html]) A typical experience of a teacher, as seen in comprehensive school classrooms across Britain from about 1979 onwards.
- [http://www.eslbase.com/ Advice on becoming a TEFL teacher]
- [http://www.nea.org U.S. National Education Association (NEA)]
- [http://www.ed.gov/index.jhtml U.S. Department of Education]
- [http://www.teacherleaders.org Teacher Leaders Network]
- [http://www.teachers.tv Teachers' TV] Teachers' TV is a channel for everyone who works in education across England Category:Education, training, and library occupations
- Category:Professions ja:教員 simple:Teaching th:ครู

Dayton, Tennessee

Dayton is a city located in Rhea County, Tennessee. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 6,180. It is the county seat of Rhea County. Dayton was the site of the Scopes Trial in 1925.

Geography

1925 Dayton is located at 35°29'34" North, 85°0'47" West (35.492840, -85.013000). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.5 km² (6.4 mi²). 15.9 km² (6.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.62% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 6,180 people, 2,323 households, and 1,558 families residing in the city. The population density is 389.3/km² (1,007.9/mi²). There are 2,492 housing units at an average density of 157.0/km² (406.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 90.70% White, 5.26% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.75% from other races, and 1.31% from two or more races. 3.12% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 2,323 households out of which 31.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% are married couples living together, 15.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% are non-families. 29.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.40 and the average family size is 2.95. In the city the population is spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 16.0% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 82.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $26,542, and the median income for a family is $33,149. Males have a median income of $30,521 versus $22,144 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,946. 16.9% of the population and 13.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 24.0% of those under the age of 18 and 16.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

History

The community was originally settled around 1820 as Smith's Crossroads and was renamed Dayton after the Ohio city in 1877. Early industry included manufacture of pig iron. The town was incorporated in 1895. In the year 1925, the famous Scopes Monkey Trial came to Dayton (actually, the trial was arranged by the town's leaders as a publicity stunt), and for a period of time, filled the town with hucksters of every description and journalists from around the world. Although this trial is often represented as being pivotal in the movement to allow evolution to be taught in US schools, it actually marked the beginning of a major decline in the teaching of evolution which didn't start to recover until the early 1960s. (Likewise the Butler Act, which Scopes was supposed to have violated, though it was never invoked again, remained on the statute books until the late 1960s.) Today the city is a small manufacturing center whose products include furniture, clothing, automobile parts, and air conditioners and heating units. It is also home to Bryan College, a four-year Christian liberal arts school named in honor of William Jennings Bryan, who died in Dayton five days after the Scopes Trial ended.

External links


- [http://www.tnstrawberryfestival.com/ Tennessee Strawberry Festival]
- [http://www.bryan.edu/ Bryan College] Category:Cities in Tennessee Category:Rhea County, Tennessee

1925

1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January-May


- January 3 - Benito Mussolini announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.
- January 5 - Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor in the United States.
- January 27–February 1 - The 1925 serum run to Nome, or the "Great Race of Mercy", relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U.S. territory of Alaska to combat an epidemic
- February 21 - The New Yorker publishes its first issue.
- March 4 - Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to have his inauguration broadcasted on radio.
- March 6 - Pionerskaya Pravda, one of the oldest children's newspapers in Europe, is founded
- March 13 - Scopes Trial: A law in Tennessee prohibits the teaching of evolution.
- March 18 - The Tri-State Tornado raked through Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana and killed 695 people.
- March 31 - WOWO radio station in Ft. Wayne, Indiana begins broadcasting.
- May 5 - Scopes Trial: Dayton, Tennessee, biology teacher John Scopes is arrested for teaching Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution.
- May 25 - Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution.
- May 25 - The National Forensics League is founded.
- May 29 - Last communication from the British explorer Percy Fawcett, a telegram to his wife, before he disappears in the Amazon

June-September


- June 1 - Percy and Florence Arrowsmith were married. Celebrated their 80th wedding anniversary June 1, 2005 - Percy is now 105, and wife Florence is 100. Guinness_Book_of_Records said the pair held records for the longest marriage for a living couple and the oldest aggregate age of a married couple
- June 6 - The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler.
- June 13 - Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a miniature windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington, DC. The images were viewed by representatives of the Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Navy, the Commerce Department, and others. Jenkins called this "the first public demonstration of radiovision".
- July 10 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called "Monkey Trial" begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.
- July 18 - Adolf Hitler publishes his personal manifesto Mein Kampf.
- July 21 - Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.
- September 3 - US dirigible Shenandoah breaks up en route to Scottfield, St. Louis - 14 crewmen dead

October-December


- October - Major money forgery and fraud of Alves Reis exposed in Portugal
- October 30 - John Logie Baird creates Britain's first television transmitter.
- November 28 - Country-variety show Grand Ole Opry makes its radio debut on station WSM (it would later become the longest-running live music show).

Unknown dates


- Thompson submachine gun sells for $175 in the Sears mail order catalog.
- Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for colour television.
- Introduction of London's first double decker buses.
- The Royal Tweed Bridge in Berwick-upon-Tweed, England, is completed.
- The National Football League adds five teams: New York Giants, Detroit Panthers, Providence Steam Roller, a new Canton Bulldogs team, and Pottsville Maroons

Births

January-April


- January 6 - John De Lorean, American car maker (d. 2005)
- January 7 - Gerald Durrell, British naturalist, zookeeper, author, and television presenter (d. 1995)
- January 11 - Grant Tinker, American television executive
- January 25 - Gilles Deleuze, French philosopher (d. 1995)
- January 26 - Paul Newman, American actor
- January 30 - Dorothy Malone, American actress
- February 8 - Jack Lemmon, American actor and film director (d. 2001)
- February 17 - Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (d. 2003)
- February 17 - Hal Holbrook, American actor
- February 18 - George Kennedy, American actor
- February 20 - Robert Altman, American film director
- February 21 - Sam Peckinpah, American director (d. 1984)
- February 27 - Samuel Dash, American Congressional counsel (d. 2004)
- March 12 - Leo Esaki, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- March 23 - David Watkin, British cinematographer
- March 26 - Pierre Boulez, French composer
- April 14 - Gene Ammons, American jazz saxophonist (d. 1974)
- April 14 - Rod Steiger, American actor (d. 2002)
- April 25 - Kay E. Kuter, American actor (d. 2003)

May-July


- May 2 - Yogi Berra, baseball player
- May 19 - Pol Pot, Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (d. 1998)
- May 19 - Malcolm X, American civil rights activist (d. 1965)
- May 22 - James King, American tenor (d. 2005)
- May 23 - Joshua Lederberg, American molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 25 - Jeanne Crain, American actress (d. 2003)
- June 3 - Tony Curtis, American actor
- June 8 - Barbara Bush, First Lady of the United States
- June 14 - Pierre Salinger, John F. Kennedy's White House Press Secretary (d. 2004)
- July 1 - Farley Granger, American actor
- July 6 - Merv Griffin, American game show developer and host
- July 6 - Bill Haley, American musician (Bill Haley and the Comets) (d. 1981)
- July 10 - Mahathir bin Mohamad, fourth Prime Minister of Maylasia
- July 28 - Baruch S. Blumberg, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

August-September


- August 3 - Dom Um Romão, Brazilian jazz drummer
- August 7 - M. S. Swaminathan, Indian scientist
- August 8 - Alija Izetbegović, President of Bosnia-Herzegovina (d. 2003)
- August 12 - Norris McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (d. 2004)
- August 12 - Ross McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records (d. 1975)
- August 21 - Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (d. 2003)
- August 27 - Nat Lofthouse, English footballer
- August 28 - Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2003)
- August 30 - Laurent de Brunhoff, French writer and illustrator
- September 8 - Peter Sellers, English comedian and actor (d. 1980)
- September 10 - Boris Alexandrovich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (d. 1996)
- September 24 - Autar Singh Paintal, Indian medical scientist (d. 2004)
- September 28 - Arnold Stang, American actor

October-December


- October 13 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- October 16 - Angela Lansbury, American actress
- October 23 - Johnny Carson, American comedian and television host (d. 2005)
- October 24 - Luciano Berio, Italian composer (d. 2003)
- October 24 - Al Feldstein, American artist and comic book creator
- October 27 - Albert Medwin, American inventor
- October 31 - John Anthony Pople, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- November 11 - Jonathan Winters, American actor and comedian
- November 18 - Gene Mauch, baseball manager (d. 2005)
- November 20 - Robert Kennedy, American politician and Attorney General of the United States (d. 1968)
- November 24 - William F. Buckley, Jr., American author and commentator. Founder of National Review Magazine
- November 24 - Simon van der Meer, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 26 - Eugene Istomin, American pianist (d. 2003)
- November 27 - John Maddox, Welsh science writer
- December 1 - Martin Rodbell, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- December 3 - Kim Daejung, President of South Korea, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- December 8 - Sammy Davis Jr., American singer, dancer, musician, and actor (d. 1990)
- December 11 - Paul Greengard, American neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- December 13 - Dick Van Dyke, American actor
- December 14 - Gloria Malgarini, American actress, spokesperson

Unknown


- Charles Mangin, French general (b. 1866)
- William H. Gates, Sr., American attorney, father of Bill Gates
- Gildo Massó, Puerto Rican housebuilder.

Deaths


- January 4 - Nellie Cashman, Irish-born actress (b. 1845)
- January 8 - George Bellows, American artist (b. 1882)
- January 14 - Camille Decoppet, Swiss Federal Councilor (b. 1852)
- January 31 - George Washington Cable, American writer (b. 1844)
- February 2 - Jaap Eden, Dutch speed skater (b. 1873)
- February 3 - Oliver Heaviside, English mathematician (b. 1850)
- February 4 - Robert Koldewey, German architect and archaeologist (b. 1855)
- February 10 - Aristide Bruant, French singer and nightclub owner (b. 1851)
- February 18 - James Lane Allen, American writer (b. 1849)
- February 24 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860)
- February 25 - Louis Feuillade, French silent film director (b. 1873)
- February 28 - Friedrich Ebert, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1871)
- March 2 - Luigj Gurakuqi, Albanian freedom fighter (assassinated) (b. 1879)
- March 4 - John Ward, baseball player (b. 1860)
- March 7 - Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov, Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1861)
- March 12 - Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary (b. 1866)
- March 14 - Walter Camp, American football coach (b. 1859)
- March 20 - George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India (b. 1859)
- March 25 - Tikhon of Moscow, Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1865)
- March 28 - Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson, British general (b. 1864)
- April 14 - John Singer Sargent, American artist (b. 1856)
- April 15 - Fritz Haarmann, German serial killer (b. 1879)
- April 19 - John Walter Smith, American politician (b. 1845)
- April 22 - André Caplet, French composer and conductor (b. 1878)
- April 23 - Rupert Brooke, English poet (b. 1887)
- May 2 - Johann Palisa, Austrian astronomer (b. 1848)
- May 2 - Antun Branko Simic, Croatian poet (b. 1898)
- May 10 - William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b.1856)
- May 12 - Amy Lowell, American poet (b. 1874)
- May 14 - H. Rider Haggard, English writer (b. 1856)
- May 20 - Elias M. Ammons, Governor of Colorado (b. 1860)
- May 22 - John French, 1st Earl of Ypres, British World War I field marshal (b. 1852)
- June 1 - Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States (b. 1854)
- June 2 - James Ellsworth, American mine owner and banker (b. 1849)
- June 16 - Emmett Hardy, American jazz cornetist (b. 1903)
- June 18 - Robert M. La Follette, Sr., American politician (b. 1855)
- June 29 - Christian Michelsen, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1857)
- July 1 - Erik Satie, French composer (b. 1866)
- July 26 - Antonio Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1888)
- July 26 - William Jennings Bryan, American lawyer and politician (b. 1860)
- July 26 - Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1848)
- August 17 - Ioan Slavici, Romanian writer (b. 1848)
- August 25 - Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf, Austrian field marshal (b. 1852)
- September 7 - René Viviani, Prime Minister of France (b. 1863)
- September 16 - Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman, Russian mathematician (b. 1888)
- September 29 - Léon Bourgeois, French statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1851)
- October 7 - Christy Mathewson, baseball player (b. 1880)
- October 31 - Mikhail Frunze, Russian Bolshevik leader (b. 1885)
- October 31 - Max Linder, French silent film actor (b. 1883)
- November 20 - Alexandra of Denmark, queen of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1844)
- November 25 - Vajiravudh, King of Siam (b. 1880)
- December 5 - Wladyslaw Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
- December 9 - Pablo Iglesias, co-founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (b. 1850)
- December 15 - Battling Siki, Senegalese boxer (b. 1897)
- December 19 - Jose Ignacio Quinton, Puerto Rican composer and pianist (b. 1881)
- December 21 - Jules Méline, Prime Minister of France (b. 1838)
- December 22 - Alice Heine, American wife of Albert I of Monaco (b. 1858)
- December 25 - Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (b. 1877)
- December 27 - Sergei Yesenin, Russian poet (b. 1895)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz
- Chemistry - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
- Physiology or Medicine - not awarded
- Literature - George Bernard Shaw
- Peace - Austen Chamberlain and Charles Gates Dawes
- ko:1925년 ms:1925 ja:1925年 simple:1925