John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough

The Most Noble John Winston Spencer-Wilton, 7th Duke of Marlborough (2 June 1822 – 4 July 1883) was an English statesman and nobleman. He served as Lord President of the Council in Lord Derby's (1867–1868) government, then in Benjamin Disraeli's 1868 government. He declined the Viceroyalty of Ireland in 1874, but was later Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1876 to 1880. On 12 July 1843, he married Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane, the only daughter of the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry and they had eleven children:
- George Charles Spencer-Churchill, 8th Duke of Marlborough (1844–1892)
- Lord Frederick John Winston Spencer-Churchill (1846–1850), died young.
- Lady Cornelia Henrietta Maria Spencer-Churchill (1847–1927)
- Lady Rosamond Jane Frances Spencer-Churchill (d. 1920)
- Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill (1849–1895)
- Lady Fanny Octavia Louise Spencer-Churchill (1853–1904)
- Lady Anne Emily Spencer-Churchill (1854–1923)
- Lord Charles Ashley Spencer-Churchill (1856–1858), died young.
- Lord Augustus Robert Spencer-Churchill (1858–1859), died young.
- Lady Georgiana Elizabeth Spencer-Churchill (1860–1906)
- Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill (d. 1929) His younger son, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a prominent Conservative politician and the father of Sir Winston Churchill. Marlborough, John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of

2 June

2 June is the 153rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (154th in leap years), with 212 days remaining.

Events

- 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks.
- 576 - Benedict I becomes Pope.
- 657 - St. Eugene I becomes Pope.
- 1615 - First Récollet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France.
- 1763 - Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.
- 1774 - Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted.
- 1780 - The Derby horse race, was first held.
- 1793 - Jean Paul Marat recites the names of 29 people to the French National Convention. Almost all of these are guillotined, followed by 17,000 more over the course of the next year during the Reign of Terror.
- 1800 - First smallpox vaccination in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.
- 1835 - P.T. Barnum and his circus begins first tour of the United States.
- 1848 - Slavic congress in Prague begins.
- 1855 - The Portland Rum Riot occurs in Portland, Maine.
- 1865 - American Civil War ends - Forces under Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith surrender at Galveston, Texas, becoming the last to do so.
- 1886 - U.S. President Grover Cleveland marries Frances Folsom in the White House, becoming the only president to wed in the executive mansion.
- 1896 - Guglielmo Marconi receives a patent for his newest invention: the radio.
- 1897 - Mark Twain, responding to rumors that he was dead, is quoted by the New York Journal as saying, "The report of my death was an exaggeration."
- 1909 - Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
- 1924 - U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.
- 1925 - Wally Pipp, first baseman of the New York Yankees, asks for a day off due to a headache. He is replaced in the lineup by Lou Gehrig, who also starts the next 2,128 consecutive games.
- 1935 - Baseballer Babe Ruth announces he is going to retire from the sport.
- 1946 - Birth of the Italian Republic: In a referendum Italians decide to turn Italy from a monarchy into a Republic. After this referendum the king of Italy Umberto II di Savoia was exiled.
- 1953 - Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, the first to be televised.
- 1955 - USSR and Yugoslavia sign the Belgrade declaration and thus normalize relations between both countries, discontinued since 1948.
- 1965 - Vietnam War: The first contingent of Australian combat troops arrives in South Vietnam.
- 1966 - Surveyor program: Surveyor 1 lands in Oceanus Procellarumon the Moon, becoming the first US spacecraft to soft land on another world.
- 1967 - Protests in West Berlin against the arrival of the Shah of Iran turn into riots, during which Benno Ohnesorg is killed by a police officer. His death results in the founding of the terrorist group Movement 2 June.
- 1969 - In Ottawa, Canada the National Arts Center opens its doors to the public for the first time.
- 1979 - Pope John Paul II visits his native Poland, becoming the first Pope to visit a Communist country.
- 1985 - Serial killer Leonard Lake is arrested near San Francisco, California for shoplifting.
- 1985 - R.J. Reynolds and Nabisco propose a merger
- 1995 - United States Air Force Captain Scott O'Grady's F-16 is shot down over Bosnia while patrolling the NATO no-fly zone.
- 1997 - Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
- 1998 - Voters in California approved California Proposition 227, abolishing that state's bilingual education program.
- 1998 - The CIH computer virus is discovered in Taiwan.
- 1999 - The Bhutan Broadcasting Service finally brings television transmissions to the Kingdom for the first time.
- 2003 - Thousands of defeated Iraqi troops march on the U.S. occupation headquarters in Baghdad, demanding pay.
- 2004 - The first episode of Ken Jennings's incredible reign as Jeopardy! champion airs. He starts out with $37,201 and would go on to win more than two million dollars.

Births

- 926 - Murakami, Emperor of Japan (d. 967)
- 1535 - Pope Leo XI (d. 1605)
- 1740 - Marquis de Sade, French author (d. 1814)
- 1773 - John Randolph, U.S. Senator from Virginia (d. 1833)
- 1835 - Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
- 1840 - Thomas Hardy, English poet, novelist (d. 1928)
- 1857 - Edward Elgar, English composer (d. 1934)
- 1857 - Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1919)
- 1863 - Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (d. 1942)
- 1865 - George Lohmann, English cricketer (d. 1901)
- 1887 - Howard Johnson, American songwriter (d. 1941)
- 1891 - Thurman Arnold, American attorney and jurist (d. 1969)
- 1899 - Lotte Reiniger, German film director (d. 1981)
- 1904 - Johnny Weissmuller, American swimmer and actor (d. 1984)
- 1907 - Dorothy West, American writer (d. 1998)
- 1913 - Barbara Pym, English novelist (d. 1980)
- 1917 - Heinz Sielmann, German photographer and filmmaker
- 1920 - Marcel Reich-Ranicki, Polish critic
- 1920 - Tex Schramm, American football team president and general manager (d. 2003)
- 1922 - Charlie Sifford, American golfer
- 1929 - Norton Juster, American author and architect
- 1935 - Carol Shields, American-born novelist (d. 2003)
- 1936 - Sally Kellerman, American actress
- 1940 - King Constantine II of Greece
- 1941 - Stacy Keach, American actor
- 1941 - Charlie Watts, English musician (The Rolling Stones)
- 1942 - Barry Levinson, American producer
- 1943 - Ilayaraja, Music Composer,Tamil Nadu, India
- 1944 - Marvin Hamlisch, American composer and musician
- 1946 - Peter Sutcliffe, English murderer
- 1948 - Jerry Mathers, American actor
- 1949 - Heather Couper, British astronomer
- 1949 - Frank Rich, American theater critic and political columnist
- 1951 - Larry Robinson, Canadian hockey player
- 1953 - Craig Stadler, American golfer
- 1954 - Dennis Haysbert, American actor
- 1955 - Dana Carvey, American actor and comedian
- 1957 - King Lizzard, Las Vegas Entertainer
- 1958 - Lawrence Pfohl, American professional wrestler
- 1959 - Lydia Lunch, American singer
- 1960 - Kyle Petty, American race car driver
- 1960 - Tony Hadley, English Singer
- 1962 - Clyde Drexler, American basketball player
- 1965 - Mark Waugh, Australian cricketer
- 1965 - Steve Waugh, Australian cricketer
- 1971 - Anthony Montgomery, American actor
- 1972 - Wayne Brady, American actor and comedian
- 1974 - Gata Kamsky, American chess player
- 1976 - Earl Boykins, American basketball player
- 1978 - Justin Long, American actor
- 1978 - A.J. Styles, American professional wrestler
- 1982 - Andres Nuiamäe, Estonian soldier (killed in action) (d. 2004)
- 1982 - Jewel Staite, Canadian actress
- 1989 - Freddy Adu, Ghanaian footballer

Deaths

- 829 - Saint Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 758)
- 1418 - Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
- 1567 - Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain
- 1581 - James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, regent of Scotland
- 1693 - John Wildman, English soldier and politician
- 1701 - Madeleine de Scudéry, French writer (b. 1607)
- 1716 - Ogata Korin, Japanese painter
- 1754 - Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (b. 1680)
- 1761 - Jonas Alströmer, Swedish industrialist (b. 1685)
- 1785 - Jean Paul de Gua de Malves, French mathematician (b. 1713)
- 1876 - Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (b. 1848)
- 1882 - Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian revolutionarist (b. 1807)
- 1901 - George Leslie Mackay, Canadian missionary (b. 1844)
- 1933 - Frank Jarvis, American athlete (b. 1878)
- 1941 - Lou Gehrig, baseball player (b. 1903)
- 1956 - Jean Hersholt, Danish actor and humanitarian (b. 1886)
- 1961 - George S. Kaufman, American playwright (b. 1889)
- 1962 - Vita Sackville-West, English writer, and gardener (b. 1892)
- 1967 - Benno Ohnesorg, German student of Romance languages and literature (b. 1940)
- 1970 - Bruce McLaren, New Zealand car racer, designer, and manufacturer (b. 1937)
- 1970 - Giuseppe Ungaretti, Italian poet (b. 1888)
- 1982 - Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, Pakistani politician (b. 1904)
- 1987 - Sammy Kaye, American bandleader (b. 1910)
- 1987 - Andres Segovia, Spanish guitarist (b. 1893)
- 1990 - Rex Harrison, English actor (b. 1908)
- 1992 - Phillip Dunne, American film director (b. 1908)
- 1996 - Ray Combs, American game show host and comedian (b. 1956)
- 1996 - Leon Garfield, English children's author (b. 1921)
- 1998 - Sylvester Ritter, American professional wrestler (b. 1953)
- 2001 - Imogene Coca, American actress (b. 1908)
- 2001 - Joey Maxim, American boxer (b. 1922)
- 2003 - Fred Blassie, American professional wrestler (b. 1918)
- 2005 - Samir Kassir, Lebanese journalist and teacher (b. 1950)
- 2005 - George Mikan, American basketball player (b. 1924)

Holidays and observances

- The Greek Orthodox Church commemorates Saint Nicephorus' death - see also March 13
- Italy's Festa della Repubblica (Republic Day), which commemorates the birth of the Repubblica Italiana and the end of the monarchy.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 1 - June 3 - May 2 - July 2 -- listing of all days ko:6월 2일 ms:2 Jun ja:6月2日 simple:June 2 th:2 มิถุนายน

4 July

July 4 is the 185th day of the year (186th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 180 days remaining. The phrase "Fourth of July" has acquired widespread significance in American lingo as a reference to the Independence Day celebration in the United States and that celebration's many cultural accoutrements.

Events

- 993 - Saint Ulrich of Augsburg canonized.
- 1054 - A supernova is observed by the Chinese and Amerindians near the star ζ Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula.
- 1187 - Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin.
- 1584 - Sir Walter Ralegh first sees the coast of North Carolina
- 1636 - City of Providence, Rhode Island forms.
- 1712 - 12 slaves are executed in New York for starting an uprising that killed 9 whites
- 1776 - American Revolutionary War: The Continental Congress approves a Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- 1802 - At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.
- 1803 - The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.
- 1810 - The French occupy Amsterdam.
- 1817 - At Rome, New York, United States, construction on the Erie Canal begins.
- 1826 - Fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, on which John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, two of America's Founding Fathers, died.
- 1827 - Slavery is abolished in New York State.
- 1831 - James Monroe dies on the fifty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.
- 1837 - Grand Junction Railway, world's first long-distance railway, opens between Birmingham and Liverpool.
- 1838 - The Iowa Territory is organized.
- 1840 - The Cunard Line's 700 ton wooden paddle steamer RMS Britannia departs from Liverpool bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first transatlantic passenger cruise.
- 1845 - Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a two-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond (see Walden).
- 1855 - In Brooklyn, New York, the first edition of Walt Whitman's book of poems titled Leaves of Grass is published.
- 1859 - Franco-Piedmontese War: The Battle of Magenta.
- 1862 - Lewis Carroll tells Alice Liddell a story that would grow into Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequels.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Vicksburg - Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of seige.
- 1865 - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.
- 1881 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
- 1894 - The short-lived Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.
- 1910 - African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match sparking race riots across the United States.
- 1918 - Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.
- 1918 - Bolsheviks kill Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family (Julian calendar date).
- 1927 - First flight of the Lockheed Vega.
- 1934 - Joe Louis wins his first professional boxing match.
- 1934 - Leo Szilard patents the chain-reaction design for the atomic bomb.
- 1939 - Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, tells a crowd at Yankee Stadium that he considered himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth" as he announces his retirement from major league baseball.
- 1941 - Mass murder of Polish scientists and writers, committed by Nazi Germans in captured Polish city of Lwów.
- 1946 - After 381 years of colonial rule, the Philippines is granted full independence by the United States.
- 1950 - First broadcast by Radio Free Europe.
- 1959 - With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- 1960 - Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawaii as the 50th U.S. state on August 21, 1959, the 50-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania almost ten and a half months later (see Flag Act).
- 1966 - President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The act goes into effect the next year.
- 1976 - Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, rescuing most of the passengers and crew of an Air France jetliner seized by pro-Palestinian hijackers.
- 1976 - The citizens of the United States celebrate their country's bicentennial.
- 1982 - Four Iranian diplomats have been kidnapped upon Israel invasion of lebanon.
- 1984 - NASCAR driver Richard Petty wins his 200th and final career victory at the Firecracker 400 race.
- 1987 - In France, former Gestapo chief Klaus Barbie (aka the "Butcher of Lyon") is convicted of crimes against humanity and is sentenced to life imprisonment.
- 1989 - 14-year-old actress Drew Barrymore attempts suicide.
- 1993 - The Argentine national football team defeats mexico to win the Copa América 1993 in Guayaquil.
- 1997 - NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.
- 1998 - Lin "Spit" Newborn and Daniel Shersty are murdered by neonazis in the desert just outside Las Vegas.
- 2002 - Three people are shot at the El Al check-in booth at Los Angeles International Airport. The gunman is shot and killed by a security officer.
- 2002 - A Prestige Airlines cargo Boeing 707 crashes just short of the runway in Bangui, Central African Republic killing 25
- 2004 - The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower is laid on the site of the World Trade Center in New York City. (This was largely a symbolic event; actual construction would not start for several weeks)
- 2004 - National Team of Greece won the EURO 2004 Cup 1-0 after the Final against Portugal.
- 2005 - The Deep Impact collider hits the comet Tempel 1.

Births

- 1330 - Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (d. 1367)
- 1546 - Murat III, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1595)
- 1694 - Louis-Claude Daquin, French composer (d. 1772)
- 1715 - Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet (d. 1769)
- 1719 - Michel-Jean Sedaine, French dramatist (d. 1797)
- 1799 - King Oscar I of Sweden (Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte), French Napoleonic general (d. 1859)
- 1804 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, American writer (d. 1864)
- 1807 - Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (d. 1882)
- 1826 - Stephen Foster, American songwriter (d. 1864)
- 1845 - Thomas Barnardo, Irish humanitarian (d. 1905)
- 1854 - Victor Babeş, Romanian bacteriologist (d. 1926)
- 1847 - James Anthony Bailey, American circus impresario (d. 1906)
- 1872 - Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (d. 1933)
- 1878 - George M. Cohan, American singer, dancer, composer, actor, and writer (d. 1942)
- 1881 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (d. 1968)
- 1882 - Louis B. Mayer, American film producer (d. 1957)
- 1883 - Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
- 1896 - Mao Dun, Chinese writer (d. 1981)
- 1900 - Louis Armstrong, American musician (d. 1971)
- 1902 - Meyer Lansky, Russian-born mobster (d. 1983)
- 1902 - George Murphy, American dancer, actor, and Senator from California (d. 1992)
- 1904 - Angela Baddeley, English actress (d. 1976)
- 1905 - Irving Johnson, American author and adventurer (d. 1991)
- 1910 - Gloria Stuart, American actress
- 1911 - Mitch Miller, American bandleader and television personality
- 1917 - Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
- 1918 - Ann Landers, American advice columnist (d. 2002)
- 1918 - Abigail Van Buren, American advice columnist and twin sister to Ann Landers
- 1920 - Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator and real estate investor
- 1920 - Norm Drucker, prominent National Basketball Association referee
- 1921 - Gerard Debreu, French-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- 1921 - Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist and conductor (d. 2003)
- 1923 - Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss Federal Councilor
- 1924 - Eva Marie Saint, American actress
- 1926 - Alfredo Di Stefano, Argentinian footballer
- 1927 - Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress
- 1927 - Neil Simon, American playwright
- 1929 - Bill Tuttle, baseball player
- 1930 - George Steinbrenner, baseball team owner
- 1938 - Bill Withers, American singer and songwriter
- 1942 - Floyd Little, American football player
- 1943 - Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German jazz trombonist
- 1943 - Geraldo Rivera, American reporter and talk show host
- 1946 - Ron Kovic, American peace activist
- 1946 - Ed O'Ross, American actor
- 1951 - Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, American politician
- 1961 - Richard Garriott, English video game designer
- 1962 - Pam Shriver, American tennis player
- 1967 - Vinny Castilla, Mexican Major League Baseball player
- 1967 - Andy Walker, Canadian television personality
- 1973 - Gackt, Japanese singer
- 1974 - La'Roi Glover, American football player
- 1976 - Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer
- 1981 - Daniel Creaney, Lorraine Kelly impersonator

Deaths

- 965 - Pope Benedict V
- 1187 - Raynald of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch (executed)
- 1541 - Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish explorer (b. 1495)
- 1603 - Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (b. 1521)
- 1623 - William Byrd, English composer
- 1742 - Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician (b. 1671)
- 1754 - Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (b. 1680)
- 1761 - Samuel Richardson, English writer (b. 1689)
- 1780 - Prince Charles of Lorraine, Austrian military leader (b. 1712)
- 1787 - Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise, Marshal of France (b. 1715)
- 1821 - Richard Cosway, English artist (b. 1742)
- 1826 - John Adams 2nd President of the United States (b. 1735)
- 1826 - Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States (b. 1743)
- 1831 - James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (b. 1758)
- 1848 - François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (b. 1768)
- 1850 - William Kirby, English entomologist (b. 1759)
- 1857 - William L. Marcy, American statesman (b. 1786)
- 1881 - Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish statesman (b. 1806)
- 1882 - Joseph Brackett, American religious leader and composer (b. 1797)
- 1891 - Hannibal Hamlin, U.S. Vice President (b. 1809)
- 1901 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
- 1902 - Swami Vivekananda, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1863)
- 1905 - Élisée Reclus, French geographer and anarchist (b. 1830)
- 1910 - Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. 1835)
- 1926 - Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian mountaineer (b. 1901)
- 1931 - Buddie Petit, American jazz cornetist
- 1934 - Maria Skłodowska-Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry and physics (b. 1867)
- 1941 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (b. 1881)
- 1970 - Barnett Newman, American artist (b. 1905)
- 1971 - August Derleth, American writer and editor (b. 1909)
- 1975 - Georgette Heyer, English author (b. 1902)
- 1976 - Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and writer (b. 1895)
- 1986 - Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (b. 1899)
- 1991 - Dr. Victor Chang, Australian physician (murdered) (b. 1936)
- 1992 - Astor Piazzolla, Argentinian composer (b. 1921)
- 1995 - Eva Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1919)
- 1997 - Charles Kuralt, American television reporter (b. 1934)
- 2002 - Benjamin O. Davis Jr., American general (b. 1912)
- 2003 - Barry White, American singer and record producer (b. 1944)
- 2004 - Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (b. 1920)
- 2005 - Hank Stram, American football coach (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances

- United States - Independence Day (1776)
- Filipino-American Friendship Day
- In astronomy, the approximate date of Earth's aphelion.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/4 BBC: On This Day] ---- July 3 - July 5 - June 4 - August 4 - more historical anniversaries ko:7월 4일 ms:4 Julai ja:7月4日 simple:July 4 th:4 กรกฎาคม

1883

1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 10 - A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee kills 71
- January 16 - The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States Civil service, is passed
- January 19 - The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service (Roselle, New Jersey) It was built by Thomas Edison.
- February 16 - Ladies Home Journal is published for the first time.
- February 23 - Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law.
- February 28 - The first vaudeville theater is opened, in Boston, Massachusetts.
- March - An Australian Catholic school, Star of the Sea College is founded in Elsternwick, Victoria (now known as Gardenstown) by the Irish Presentation Sisters.
- May 24 - Brooklyn Bridge is opened to traffic after 14 years of construction.
- May 30 - In New York City, a rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge was going to collapse causes a stampede which crushes twelve people.
- June 30 - First appearance of The Black Arrow by Robert Louis Stevenson as a serial in Young Folks; A Boys' and Girls' Paper of Instructive and Entertaining Literature
- July 3 - SS Daphne disaster in Glasgow leaves 124 dead.
- July 4 - Worlds first rodeo held in Pecos, TX.
- July 22 – Zulu king Cetshwayo barely escapes rebel attack with his life.
- August - King William's College is opened on the Isle of Man.
- August 12 - The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.
- August 26 - 28 - Krakatau volcano eruption (local time)- 163 villages destroyed, 36380 dead.
- September 15 - The Bombay Natural History Society is founded.
- September 29 - A consortium of flour mill operators in Minneapolis, Minnesota form the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic Railway as a means to get their product to the Great Lakes ports but avoid the high tariffs of Chicago, Illinois.
- October 1 - Sydney Boys High School is founded in Sydney, Australia. It is the first boys public school in Australia.
- October 15 - The Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional since it allowed individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race.
- October 20 - Peru and Chile signed the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province was ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.
- October 30 - Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London underground, injuring several people. Next day Home Secretary Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the underground and introduces the Explosives Bill. Public continues as before.
- November 3 - American Old West: Self-described "Black Bart the Po-8" gets away with his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves an incriminating clue that eventually leads to his capture.
- November 18 - US and Canadian railroads institute five standard continental time zones, ending the confusion of thousands of local times.
- November 28 - Whitman College is chartered as a four-year college in Walla Walla, Washington.

Unknown date

- Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (German.bacteriologist) discovers the cholera bacillus.
- Antonio Gaudi begins to build Sagrada Familia cathedral.
- Fabian Society founded.
- Orient Express begins operation.

Births

January-June

- January 3 - Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1967)
- January 6 - Khalil Gibran, Lebanese poet, painter, and novelist (d. 1931)
- January 10 - Francis X. Bushman, American actor (d. 1966)
- January 10 - Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoi, Russian writer (d. 1945)
- January 21 - Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet (d. 1929)
- February 15 - Sax Rohmer, English author (d. 1959)
- February 7 - Eubie Blake, American musician and composer (d. 1983)
- February 22 - Marguerite Clark, American silent film actress (d. 1940)
- February 23 - Karl Jaspers, German philosopher (d. 1969)
- February 23 - Victor Fleming, American film director (d. 1949)
- March 19 - Walter Haworth, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)
- March 19 - Joseph Stilwell, American soldier (d. 1946)
- April 1 - Lon Chaney, Sr., American actor (d. 1930)
- April 11 - Hozumi Shigeto, Japanese author (d. 1951)
- April 15 - Stanley Bruce, eighth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
- April 30 - Jaroslav Hašek, Czech writer (d. 1923)
- May 1 - Tom Moore, Irish actor (d. 1955)
- May 18 - Walter Gropius, German architect (d. 1969)
- May 20 - King Faisal I of Iraq (d. 1933)
- May 21 - Swan Glassey, inventor (d. 1962)
- May 23 - Douglas Fairbanks, American actor (d. 1939)
- May 31 - Lauri Kristian Relander, President of Finland (d. 1942)
- June 5 - John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
- June 7 - Sylvanus G. Morley, American scholar and World War I spy (d. 1948)
- June 21 - Lluís Companys i Jover, President of Catalonia (d. 1940)
- June 24 - Victor Franz Hess, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
- June 28 - Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)

July-December

- July 3 - Franz Kafka, Austrian writer (d. 1924)
- July 4 - Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
- July 29 - Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian writer (d. 1942)
- July 29 - Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy (d. 1945)
- August 19 - Elsie Ferguson, American actress (d. 1961)
- August 23 - Jesse Pennington, English footballer (d. 1970)
- August 23 - Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, American general (d. 1953)
- August 30 - Theo van Doesburg, Dutch artist, painter, architect, and poet (d. 1931)
- September 15 - Esteban Terradas i Illa, Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d. 1950)
- October 8 - Otto Heinrich Warburg, German phsyician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- October 26 - Paul Pilgrim, American athlete (d. 1958)
- November 4 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (d. 1953)
- November 8 - Arnold Bax, English composer (d. 1953)
- November 11 - Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (d. 1969)
- November 18 - Carl Vinson, U. S. Congressman (d. 1981)
- November 25 - Harvey Spencer Lewis, American Rosicrucian mystic (d. 1939)
- November 25 - Merrill C. Meigs, American newspaper publisher and aviation promoter (d. 1968)
- December 3 - Anton Webern, Austrian composer (d. 1945)
- December 13 - Belle da Costa Greene, librarian, bibliographer, archivist (d. 1950)
- December 16 ? Max Linder, French actor (d. 1925)
- December 22 - Edgar Varèse, French composer (d. 1965)
- December 25 - Maurice Utrillo, French artist and illustrator (d. 1955)

Unknown date

- Alberto Gerchunoff, Argentine writer (d. 1949)
- T. F. O'Rahilly, Irish academic
- Lothrop Stoddard, American eugenicist and racist (d. 1950)

Deaths

- January 10 - Samuel Mudd, American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833)
- January 23 - Gustave Doré, French artist (b. 1832)
- January 24 - Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (b. 1812)
- February 13 - Richard Wagner, German composer (b. 1813)
- February 17 - Napoleon Coste, French guitarist and composer (b. 1806)
- March 14 - Karl Marx, German philosopher (b. 1818)
- April 30 - Edouard Manet, French painter (b. 1832)
- May 24 - Abdel Kadir, Algerian leader (b. 1808)
- May 26 - Edward Sabine, Irish astronomer (b. 1788)
- July 22 - Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (b. 1818)
- September 3 - Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (b. 1818)
- October 30 - Robert Volkmann, German composer (b. 1815)
- December 13 - Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (b. 1812) Category:1883 ko:1883년 ms:1883 simple:1883 th:พ.ศ. 2426

Statesman

The term statesman is a respectful term used to refer to diplomats, politicians, and other notable figures of state. It is often used in the context of international or foreign affairs, for example, "a meeting of statesmen." Foreign ministers are often called statesmen, for example, while more local level officials, such as mayors are not. Whether or not an individual actually is a statesman, is generally a matter of opinion, although in some cases there is little controversy. Politicians who are regarded as statesmen are usually old and popular, with long distinguished careers. Generally, one can use the word as an euphemism for politician. When a politician retires, he is often referred to as a "respected elder statesman" by his supporters.

Quotes

- Aristotle -- "What the statesman is most anxious to produce is a certain moral character in his fellow citizens, namely a disposition to virtue and the performance of virtuous actions."
- Harry Truman -- "A politician is a man who understands government. A statesman is a politician who's been dead for 15 years."
- Henry Kissinger -- "The statesman's duty is to bridge the gap between experience and vision."

Other uses

- The Statesman is an Indian newspaper.
- The Statesman is a character in the City of Heroes MMORPG.
- New Statesman is a British political magazine.
- Holden Statesman
- GM Daewoo Statesman Category:Government occupations

Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby

Edward George Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, KG, PC (March 29, 1799 - October 23, 1869) was a British statesman, three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and is to date the longest serving leader of the Conservative Party. He was known before 1844 as Edward Smith-Stanley, and from 1844 to 1851 as Lord Stanley. Stanley, a descendant of the Earls of Derby, was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He was elected to parliament as a Whig in 1820. When the Whigs returned to power in 1830, Stanley became Chief Secretary for Ireland in Lord Grey's government, and entered the Cabinet in 1831. In 1833, Stanley moved up to the more important position of Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. Stanley, a conservative Whig, broke with the ministry over the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1834, and resigned from the government. Joining the Conservatives, Stanley again served as Colonial Secretary in Sir Robert Peel's second government in 1841. In 1844 he was created Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe and entered the House of Lords. In 1845, he again broke with his prime minister, this time over the repeal of the Corn Laws, and managed to bring the majority of the Conservative party with him, (including, among others, the young Benjamin Disraeli). He thereafter led the protectionist rump of the Conservative Party. In 1851 he succeeded his father as Earl of Derby. In February 1852, following the collapse of the Whig government of Lord John Russell, Derby formed a minority government, the member of which who would gain most future prominence was Disraeli as Chancellor of the Exchequer. With many former Conservative ministers having followed Peel, Derby was forced to appoint many new men to office - of the Cabinet only three were pre-existing Privy Counsellors. It is said that when the aged Duke of Wellington heard the list of ministers being read out in the House of Lords he kept asking "Who? Who?" and this has led the government to be lablled the "Who? Who? Ministry". Traditionally Derby is regarded as a weak Prime Minister whose ministries were dominated by Disraeli, however recent research suggests that this was not always the case. In the area of foreign policy, Disraeli proved highly marginal, with Derby and his Foreign Secretaries Lord Malmesbury and later his son Lord Stanley between them pursuing a course of action that was aimed at building up power through financial strength, seeking to avoid wars at all costs, cooperating with any other powers as needs be and working through the Concert of Europe to resolve problems. This contrasted heavily with the policy of military strength and prestige that Disraeli would later pursue, but during the Derby ministries it was the driving thinking on foreign policy and could be argued to be the precursor of the "splendid isolation" and the diplomatic settlement of Europe pursued by later Conservatives in the late 19th century and the 1930s respectively. Derby and Disraeli were unable to achieve a parliamentary majority, however, and the government collapsed in December of the same year, making way for a Peelite-Whig coalition under Lord Aberdeen. In 1858, Derby formed another minority government upon the collapse of Lord Palmerston's first government, with Disraeli again at the Exchequer and Leader of the Commons. Among the notable achievements of this administration were the end of the British East India Company following the Sepoy Mutiny, which brought India under direct British control for the first time. Once again, the government was short-lived, collapsing after only a year. Derby returned to power for the last time in 1866, following the collapse of Lord Russell's second government. Once again, Disraeli was the leading figure. This administration was particularly notable for the passage of the Reform Act of 1867, which greatly expanded the suffrage. In early 1868, Derby retired from political life, leaving Disraeli to succeed him. Although noted as a great orator, Derby was frequently criticized for his languid leadership. Nevertheless, he had many significant achievements, both as minister and Prime Minister, and is considered to be the father of the modern Conservative Party. His tenure as undisputed leader of the party lasted for 22 years - to date the all time record for the party. His first son was Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby.

Derby's Governments

1867

1867 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 1 - The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky, becoming the longest suspension bridge in the world
- January 8 - African-American men granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia
- January 11 - Benito Juárez becomes Mexican president again
- January 30 - Emperor Komei of Japan dies. Crown Prince Mutsuhito is expected to become the next Emperor of Japan.
- January 31 – Maronite nationalist leader Karam leaves Lebanon on board of a French ship for Algeria
- February 3 - Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu abdicates, and the late Emperor Komei's son, Prince Mutshuhito becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan. End of the Late Tokugawa shogunate.
- February 17 - The first ship passes through the Suez Canal
- March 1 - Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state.
- March 16 - First publication of an article by Joseph Lister outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, in The Lancet.
- March 29 - The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada in an event known as Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada, Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia as of July 1. Ottawa becomes the capital, and John A. Macdonald becomes the Dominion's first prime minister.
- March 30 - Alaska is purchased for $7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cent/acre ($4.19/km²), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. The news media call this "Seward's Folly."
- April 1 - Strait Settlement of Singapore, fomerly ruled from Calcutta, becomes a Crown Colony under the jurisdiction of the Colonial Office in London
- May 29 - Austro-Hungarian agreement called Ausgleich ("the Compromise") is born through Act 12, which established the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; on June 8 Emperor Francis Joseph was crowned King of Hungary
- June 19 - Firing squad executes Emperor Maximilian of Mexico Maximilian of Mexico
- July 1 - Canada Day, recognizing the creation of Canada by the British North America Act.
- July 17 - In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States.
- July 21 - Missionary Thomas Baker killed and eaten in Viti Levu, Fiji
- September 2 - Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor of Japan marries Ichijo Masako. The Empress consort is thereafter known as Lady Haruko.
- September 30 - The United States takes control of Midway Island.
- November 15 - Former Minnesota farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (better known today as the Grange movement).
- October 21 - 'Manifest Destiny': Medicine Lodge Treaty - Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate a reservation in western Oklahoma.
- October 27 – Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops march into Rome
- December 2 - In a New York City theater, British author Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States.

Month/day unknown

- First running of the Belmont Stakes horse race in Elmont, New York.
- Transition from the Edo period to the Meiji period in Japanese history
- Pierre Michaux invents the front wheel-driven velocipede, the first mass-produced bicycle.
- Otto von Bismarck organises a North German Confederation under the leadership of Prussia
- Yellow fever kills 3093 in New Orleans
- War of the Triple Alliance in Paraguay
- Second Reform Bill by Disraeli enfranchises many working men and adds 938000 to an electorate of 1057000 in England and Wales
- South African diamond fields discovered
- Fenian rising in Ireland
- Asa Mercer travels to East Coast to recruit more "Mercer Girls" to Seattle
- Prohibition National Committee formed.
- Wasps football club formed in Middlesex, England.

Births

- January 8 - Emily Greene Balch, American writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1961)
- January 17 - Carl Laemmle, German-born film executive (d. 1939)
- January 18 - Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan poet (d. 1916)
- January 20 - Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (d. 1944)
- January 21 - Ludwig Thoma, German writer (d. 1921)
- January 21 - Maxime Weygand, French general (d. 1965)
- February 7 - Laura Ingalls Wilder, American author (d. 1957)
- February 21 - Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born millionaire and philanthropist (d. 1934)
- February 27 - Wilhelm Peterson-Berger, Swedish composer (d. 1942)
- March 25 - Arturo Toscanini, Italian conductor (d. 1957)
- March 29 - Cy Young, baseball player (d. 1955)
- April 2 - Eugen Sandow, German-born body builder and circus performer (d. 1925)
- April 7 - Holger Pedersen, Dutch linguist (d. 1953)
- April 9 - Chris Watson, third Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1941)
- April 13 - Sammy Woods, English cricketer (d. 1931)
- April 16 - René Boylesve, French author (d. 1926)
- April 16 - Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer (d. 1912)
- April 23 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1928)
- May 3 - J.T. Hearne, English cricketer (d. 1944)
- May 7 - Władysław Reymont, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1925)
- May 14 - Kurt Eisner, German politician and publicist (d. 1919)
- May 26 - Mary of Teck (d. 1953)
- June 4 - Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, President of Finland (d. 1951)
- June 8 - Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect (d. 1959)
- June 28 - Luigi Pirandello, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
- July 8 - Käthe Kollwitz, German artist (d. 1945)
- July 27 - Enrique Granados, Spanish composer (d. 1916)
- July 28 - Charles Dillon Perrine, American-born astronomer (d. 1951)
- August 12 - Edith Hamilton, German-born educator and author (d. 1963)
- August 14 - John Galsworthy, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1933)
- August 22 - Maximilian Bircher-Benner, Swiss physician and nutritionist (d. <