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John T. Flynn

John T. Flynn

John Thomas Flynn (1882-1964) originally gained fame in Washington, D.C. for his writings in The New Republic, where he wrote articles defending progressive positions. In subsequent years Flynn became a notable classical liberal/paleoconservative and an outspoken critic of the Roosevelt administration’s domestic and foreign policy decisions; Flynn opposed both the New Deal and the Second World War. His best known work is The Roosevelt Myth.

Books

- The Epic of Freedom (1947)
- Meet Your Congress (1944)
- The Roosevelt Myth (1948/rev 1956)
- The Road Ahead; America's Creeping Revolution (1949)
- Communists and the New Deal: Part II (1952)
- While You Slept: Our tragedy in Asia and who made it (1953)
- America's Unknown War: The War We Have Not Begun to Fight (1953)
- McCarthy: His War on American Reds, and the Story Of Those Who Oppose Him (1954)
- Betrayal at Yalta (1955)
- The Decline of the American Republic and How to Rebuild It (1955)
- Militarism: The New Slavery for America (1955)
- Fifty Million Americans in Search of a Party (1955)
- God's Gold; the Story of Rockefeller and his Times (1960)
- The Lattimore Story (1962)
- Investment Trusts Gone Wrong! (Wall Street and the Security Markets)
- Men of wealth; the Story of Twelve Significant Fortunes from the Renaissance to the Present Day
- As We Go Marching
- The Thought Police; an Episode in Radical Bigotry

References

- [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/young9.html Tribute to John T. Flynn By Adam Young]
- [http://www.ashland.edu/~jmoser1/flynn.html The Ideological Odyssey of John T. Flynn By John E. Moser] Flynn, John T. Flynn, John T.

1882

1882 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 2 - John D. Rockefeller unites his oil holdings into the Standard Oil trust.
- February 2 - The Knights of Columbus are formed in New Haven, Connecticut
- February 3 - P. T. Barnum purchases the elephant Jumbo
- February 7 - In Mississippi City the last heavyweight boxing championship bareknuckle fight takes place.
- February 14 - Llanelli Conservative Association founded.
- March 2 – Robert Maclean fails to assassinate Queen Victoria at Windsor
- March 22 - Polygamy is outlawed by the U.S. Congress
- March 24 - Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
- March 29 - The Knights of Columbus are established.
- March - Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claims to be the 'Reformer of Islam or Majaddid' of 14th Century.
- April 3 - Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back and killed by Robert Ford for a $5,000 reward.
- May 2 – Charles Stewart Parnell released
- May 6 - "Invincibles", militant Irish republicans kill Lord Frederick Cavendish, chief secretary for Ireland and permanent undersecretary T.H. Burke in Phoenix Park, Dublin
- May 20 - Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
- June 6 - A cyclone is the Arabian Sea causes flooding in Bombay harbor - about 100.000 dead
- June 30 – Assassin Charles Guiteau hanged
- July 11 - British troops occupy Alexandria and Suez Canal
- July 26 - Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa.
- August 5 - Standard Oil of New Jersey is established.
- August 20 - Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky's "1812 Overture" debuts in Moscow.
- September 5 - The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.
- September 13 - British troops occupy Cairo - Egypt becomes British protectorate
- October 16 - The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.
- November 16 - Royal Navy HMS Flirt destroys Abari village in Niger

Month/day unknown

- Nikola Tesla conceives rotating magnetic field principle and uses it to invent the alternating current generator/motor
- First Polar Year, an international scientific program.
- Ferdinand von Lindemann publishes his proof of the transcendentality of pi
- Married Women's Property Act in Britain enables women to buy, own and sell property and to keep their own earnings
- Zulu king Cetshwayo returns to South Africa
- Peace treaty between Paraguay and Uruguay
- The British Chartered Institute of Patent Agents is founded.
- Personal Liberty League established to oppose temperance movement in United States.
- Carolyn Merrick elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

Births

January-April

- January 6 - Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet and political figure (d. 1965)
- January 6 - Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961)
- January 17 - Noah Beery, American actor (d. 1946)
- January 18 - A. A. Milne, British author (d. 1956)
- January 25 - Virginia Woolf, English writer (d. 1941)
- January 30 - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945)
- February 1 - Louis Stephen St. Laurent, twelfth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973)
- February 2 - James Joyce, Irish author (d. 1941)
- February 15 - John Barrymore, American actor (d. 1942)
- February 26 - Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (d. 1968)
- February 28 - Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (d. 1967)
- March 10 - Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (d. 1973)
- March 14 - Waclaw Sierpinski Polish mathematician (d. 1969)
- March 15 - Jim Lightbody, American runner (d. 1953)
- March 21 - Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, American actor (d. 1971)
- March 23 - Emmy Noether, German mathematician (d. 1935)
- April 17 - Artur Schnabel, Polish pianist (d. 1951)
- April 18 - Isabel J. Cox, First Lady of Canada (d. 1985)
- April 18 - Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (d. 1977)
- April 21 - Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)

May-December

- May 6 - Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II (d. 1951)
- May 9 - Henry J. Kaiser, American industrialist (d. 1967)
- May 9 - George Barker, American painter (d. 1965)
- May 13 - Georges Braque, French painter (d. 1963)
- May 19 - Mohammed Mossadegh, Iranian prime minister (d. 1967)
- May 20 - Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
- May 30 - Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (d. 1915)
- June 9 - Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963)
- June 15 - Ion Antonescu, Romanian prime minister and dictator (d. 1946)
- June 17 - Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer (d. 1971)
- August 14 - Gisela Richter, English art historian (d. 1972)
- August 17 - Samuel Goldwyn, Hollywood movie mogul (d. 1974)
- August 25 - Sean T. O'Kelly, second President of Ireland (d. 1966)
- August 26 - James Franck, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
- October 5 - Robert Goddard, American rocket scientist (d. 1945)
- October 6 - Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (d. 1937)
- October 14 - Eamon de Valera, Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (d. 1975)
- October 14 - Charlie Parker, English cricketer (d. 1959)
- November 11 - King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (d. 1973)
- December 9 - Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (d. 1949)
- December 11 - Subramanya Bharathy, Tamil Indian poet (d. 1921)
- December 11 - Max Born, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- December 16 - Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer (d. 1967)

Deaths

- January 13 - Juraj Dobrila, Croatian bishop (b. 1812)
- March 24 - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American author (b. 1807)
- April 3 - Jesse James, American Western outlaw (b. 1847)
- April 10 - Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (b. 1828)
- April 19 - Charles Darwin, British naturalist (b. 1809)
- April 27 - Ralph Waldo Emerson, American philosopher and writer (b. 1803)
- June 25 - François Jouffroy, French sculptor (b. 1806)
- July 4 - Joseph Brackett, Shaker religious leader and composer (b. 1797)
- July 16 - Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (b. 1818)
- December 3 - Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1811)
- December 6 - Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (b. 1819) Category:1882 ko:1882년 ms:1882 simple:1882 th:พ.ศ. 2425

1964

:For the Nintendo 64 emulator, see 1964 (Emulator). 1964 (MCMLXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January

- January 1 - Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved.
- January 3 - Senator Barry Goldwater announces that he will seek the Republican nomination for President.
- January 5 - In the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches since the 15th century, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I meet in Jerusalem.
- January 7 - A British firm, the Leyland Motor Corp., announces the sale of 450 buses to the Cuban government, challenging the United States blockade of Cuba.
- January 8 - In his first State-of-the-Union address, President Lyndon Johnson declares a "War on Poverty" in the United States.
- January 9 - Armed clashes between United States troops and Panamanian mobs in the Canal Zone precipitate a major international crisis and result in the deaths of 21 Panamanians and 4 U.S. soldiers.
- January 11 - United States Surgeon General Luther Leonidas Terry reports that smoking may be hazardous to one's health. First such statement from the U.S. government.
- January 12 - The predominantly Arab government of Zanzibar is overthrown by African nationalist rebels. A U.S. destroyer evacuates 61 U.S. citizens.
- January 12 - Terry C. Soto, Founder of PPI Enterprises of Houston, Texas, is born.
- January 13 - I Want to Hold Your Hand by The Beatles released in the United States. It will become their first North American hit and the beginning of Beatlemania.
- January 16 - Hello Dolly! opens in New York City's St. James Theatre.
- January 16 - John Glenn, the first American to orbit the earth, resigns from the space program and announces the next day that he will seek the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator from Ohio.
- January 18 - Esther Armstrong Scottish Landscape Artist born in Dingwall,Scotland. Plans to build the World Trade Center announced.
- January 20 - Meet the Beatles, the first Beatles album in the United States, is released.
- January 22 - Kenneth Kaunda inaugurated as the first President of Northern Rhodesia.
- January 23 - Thirteen years after its proposal and nearly two years after the measure had been passed by the United States Senate 77-16, the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibiting the use of poll taxes in national elections, is ratified.
- January 23 - Arthur Miller's After the Fall opens on Broadway. A semi-autobiographical work, it will arouse controversy over his portrayal of late ex-wife Marilyn Monroe.
- January 27 - France and the People's Republic of China announce their decision to establish diplomatic relations.
- January 27 - Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R-Me.), 66, announces her candidacy for the Republican nomination for President.
- January 28 - A U.S. Air Force jet training plane that strays into East Germany is shot down by Soviet fighters near Erfurt. All three crew men are killed.
- January 29 - 1964 Winter Olympics open in Innsbruckand concludes on February 9. The Soviet Union launches two scientific satellites, Elektron I and II, from a single rocket.
- January 30 - The junta ruling South Vietnam since the overthrow of President Ngo Dinh Diem is itself toppled from power in a bloodless coup led by Maj. Gen. Nguyen Khanh.
- January 30 - Ranger 6 is launched by NASA. Its mission is to carry television cameras and to crash-land on the moon.

February

- February 3 - In protests against alleged de-facto school racial segregation, black and Puerto Rican groups in New York City boycott public school.
- February 6 - Cuba cuts off the normal water supply to the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay in reprisal for U.S. seizure 4 days earlier of 4 Cuban fishing boats off the coast of Florida.
- February 7 - A jury trying Bryon De La Beckwith for the murder of Medgar Evers in June 1963 reports in Jackson, Mississippi that it was unable to agree on a verdict, resulting in a mistrial; The Beatles land in New York City.
- February 9 - The Beatles make their first appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. The 1964 Winter Olympics concludes.
- February 11 - Greeks & Turks begin fighting in Limassol, Cyprus.
- February 11 - The Republic of China (Taiwan) drops diplomatic relations with France because of French recognition of the People's Republic of China.
- February 17 - In Wesberry v. Sanders 376 US 1 1964, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that congressional districts have to be approximately equal in population.
- February 26 - John Glenn slips on a bathroom rug in his Columbus, Ohio apartment and hits his head on the bathtub, injuring his left inner ear, and prompting him (later that week) to withdraw from the race for the Senate nomination.
- February 27 - The government of Italy asks for help to keep the Leaning Tower of Pisa from toppling over.
- February 29 - President Johnson announces that the United States had developed a jet airplane (the A-11), capable of sustained flight at more than 2,000 MPH and of altitudes of more than 70,000 feet.

March

- March 4 - Jimmy Hoffa, President of the Teamsters, is convicted by a Federal jury of tampering with a Federal jury in 1962.
- March 4 – Malta gains independence.
- March 6 - Constantine II becomes King of Greece.
- March 8 - Malcolm X, suspended from the Nation of Islam, says in New York City that he is forming a black nationalist party.
- March 9 - In New York Times Co. v Sullivan 376 US 254 1964, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that under the First Amendment, speech criticizing political figures cannot be censored.
- March 9 - The first Ford Mustang rolls off the assembly line at Ford Motor Company.
- March 10 - Soviet Union military forces shoot down an unarmed reconnaissance bomber that had strayed into East Germany; the three U.S. flyers parachute to safety.
- March 10 - The New Hampshire primary is won by Henry Cabot Lodge, Ambassador to South Vietnam.
- March 12 - Malcolm X withdraws from the Nation of Islam
- March 13 - 38 residents of a neighborhood in Queens, New York City fail to respond to the cries of Kitty Genovese, 28, as she is being stabbed to death. The incident will become notorious.
- March 14 - A jury in Dallas, Texas finds Jack Ruby guilty of killing John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.
- March 20 - The precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organization) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.
- March 26 - Defense Secretary Robert McNamara delivers an address that reiterated the United States determination to give South Vietnam increased military and economic aid in its war against Communist insurgency.
- March 27 - The Good Friday Earthquake, the most powerful earthquake in U.S. history at a magnitude of 9.2, strikes South Central Alaska killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of Anchorage.
- March 29 - The first pirate radio station, Radio Caroline, is established.
- March 31 - The military overthrows Brazilian President João Goulart, starting 21 years of dictatorship in Brazil.

April

- April 2 - Mrs. Malcolm Peabody, 72, mother of Governor Endicott Peabody of Massachusetts, is released on $450 bond after spending two days in jail in St. Augustine, Florida, because of her participation in an anti-segregation demonstration there.
- April 4 - The Beatles hold the top five positions in the Billboard Top 40 singles in America, an unprecedented accomplishment. Owing mostly to the explosive growth, fragmentation, and marketing of popular music since, this is certain to never happen again. The top songs in America as listed on April 4, in order, were: "Can't Buy Me Love," "Twist and Shout," "She Loves You," "I Want to Hold Your Hand," and "Please Please Me."
- April 5 - Jigme Dorfi, Premier of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is shot dead by an unidentified assassin in Puncholing, near the Indian border.
- April 7 - IBM announces the System/360.
- April 8 - Four of five railroad operating unions strike against the Illinois Central Railroad without warning to bring to a head the five-year dispute over railroad work rules.
- April 9 - The United Nations Security Council adopts by a 9-0 vote a resolution deploring a British air attack on a fort in Yemen 12 days earlier in which 25 persons were reported killed.
- April 11 - The Brazilian Congress elects General Humberto Castelo Branco as President of Brazil.
- April 14 - A Delta rocket's third stage motor ignites prematurely in an assembly room at Cape Canaveral, killing 3.
- April 16 - Geraldine Mock is the first woman to fly solo around the world.
- April 17 - In the United States, the Ford Mustang is officially unveiled to the public.
- April 19 - The coalition government of Laos, headed by Prince Souvanna Phouma, is deposed by a right-wing military group led by Brig. Gen. Kouprasith Abhay.
- April 20 - President Lyndon Johnson in New York and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow announce simultaneously plans to cut back production of materials for making nuclear weapons.
- April 20 - Nelson Mandela makes his "I Am Prepared to Die" speech at the opening of the Rivonia Trial, a classic of the anti-apartheid movement.
- April 20 - BBC2 starts broadcasting in the UK.
- April 22 - British businessman Greville Wynn, who had been imprisoned in Moscow since 1963 accused of spying, is exchanged for Soviet spy Gordon Lonsdale.
- April 22 - NY World's Fair opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken over by British forces under the command of the Duke of York (later King James II) and being renamed New York in 1664. It will run until Oct. 18, 1964 and will reopen April 21, 1965, finally closing Oct. 17 of that year. Because there can only be one official world's fair in any one country within ten years and the previous officially sanctioned World's Fair was held in Seattle in 1962, this fair was never officially recognized and many countries declined to be represented.
- April 25 - Thieves steal the head of the Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen (Henrik Bruun confesses in 1997).
- April 26 - Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania.

May

- May 2 - Senator Barry Goldwater receives more than 75% of the votes in the Texas Republican Presidential primary.
- May 7 - A Pacific Air Lines Fairchild F-27 crashes near San Ramon, California, killing all 44 aboard; the FBI later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.
- May 7 - At a show of post rockets from Gerhard Zucker on the mountain Hasselkopf near Braunlage (Lower Saxonia, Germany) three persons were killed by an explosion of a rocket.
- May 9 - South Korean President Chung Hee Park reshuffles his Cabinet after a series of student demonstrations against his efforts to restore diplomatic and trade relations with Japan.
- May 11 - Terence Conran opened the first Habitat store on London's Fulham Road.
- May 19 - The United States State Department says that more than 40 hidden microphones have been found embedded in the walls of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.
- May 19 - Jovan Petronic was born in Beograd, Serbia. He is now an International Chess Master & FIDE Senior Trainer. Jovan maintains his personal website at: http://www.jovanpetronic.com
- May 23 - Mrs. Madeline Dassault, 63, wife of a French plane manufacturer and politician, is kidnapped while leaving her car in front of her Paris home; she is found unharmed the next day in a farmhouse 27 miles from Paris.
- May 23 - Pablo Picasso painted his fourth Head of a Bearded Man.
- May 24-25 - The crowd at a football match in Lima, Peru riot over a referee's decision in Peru-Argentina game - 319 dead, 500 injured in a riot.
- May 27 - Prime Minister Nehru of India dies; he is succeeded by Lal Shastri.

June

- June 2 - Senator Barry Goldwater wins the California Republican Presidential primary, making him the overwhelming favorite for the nomination.
- June 2 - Five million shares of stock in the Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat) are offered for sale at $20 a share, and the issue is quickly sold out.
- June 3 - South Korean President Park Chung Hee declares martial law in Seoul after 10,000 student demonstrators overpower police.
- June 6 - With a temporary order the rocket launches at Cuxhaven are terminated.
- June 9 - In Federal Court in Kansas City, Kansas, army deserter George John Gessner, 28, is convicted of passing United States secrets to the Soviet Union.
- June 11 - Greece rejects direct talks with Turkey over Cyprus.
- June 11 - In Cologne, Germany, Walter Seifert attacks students and teachers in elementary school with a flamethrower - kills 10 and injures 21
- June 12 Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton announces his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination, as part of a 'stop-Goldwater' movement.
- June 12 - Nelson Mandela and seven others are sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa and sent to the Robben Island prison.
- June 19 - Senator Edward Kennedy, 32, is seriously injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts; the pilot is killed.
- June 21 - Three civil rights workers, Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney, are murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi, by local segregationist law enforcement officials.
- June 21 - Spain beat the Soviet Union 2-1 to win the 1964 European Championship.
- June 25 - The Vatican condemns the female contraceptive pill.
- June 26 – Moise Tshombe returns to Congo from his exile from Spain.

July

- July 2 - President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.
- July 6 - Malawi declares its independence from the United Kingdom.
- July 8 - U.S. military personnel announces that U.S. casualties in Vietnam have risen to 1,387, including 399 dead and 17 MIA.
- July 19 - Vietnam War: At a rally in Saigon, South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Khanh calls for expanding the war into North Vietnam.
- July 20 - Vietnam War - Viet Cong forces attack a provincial capital, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel and 40 civilians (30 of which are children).
- July 22 – Second meeting of Organization of African Unity.
- July 27 - Vietnam War: 5,000 more U.S. military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.
- July 31 - Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon (images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound telescopes).

August

- August 4 - American civil rights movement: Civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney found dead in Mississippi after disappearing on June 21.
- August 4 - Vietnam War: United States destroyers USS Maddox and USS C. Turner Joy are attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin. Air support from the carrier USS Ticonderoga sinks two, possibly three North Vietnamese gunboats.
- August 5 - Vietnam War: Operation Pierce Arrow - aircraft from carriers USS Ticonderoga and USS Constellation bomb North Vietnam in retaliation for strikes against US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin.
- August 5 – Simba rebel army in Congo capture Stanleyville and takes 1000 western hostages.
- August 7 - Vietnam War: The United States Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. forces.
- August 8 - A Rolling Stones gig in Scheveningen gets out of control. Riot police end the gig after about 15 minutes, upon which spectators start to fight the riot police.
- August 13 - Murderers Gwynne Owen Evans and Peter Anthony Allen are executed. They are the last people to be executed in the United Kingdom.
- August 16 - Vietnam War: In a coup, General Nguyen Khanh replaces Duong Van Minh as South Vietnam's chief of state and establishes a new constitution, which the U.S. Embassy helped draft.

September

- September 4 - Forth Road Bridge opens over the Firth of Forth.
- September 10 - Germany receives its 1,000,000th foreign worker.
- September 14 - Opening of third period of Second Vatican Council.
- September 14 - the Daily Herald ceases publication, replaced by The Sun.
- September 16 - Shindig! premieres live on the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) featuring top musical acts of the sixties.
- September 21 - the island of Malta obtains independance from the United Kingdom.
- September 24 - The Warren Commission Report, the first official investigation of the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy, is published.

October

- October - In Photoplay magazine, Hedda Hopper announces that Sophia Loren and Paul Newman will star in the film version of Arthur Miller's play, After the Fall, with Loren in the role that was written about Marilyn Monroe. However, the film was never made.
- October 5 - Twenty-three men and 31 women escape to West Berlin through a narrow tunnel under the Berlin Wall.
- October 5 - Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Phillip begin an 8-day visit to Canada.
- October 10 - 1964 Summer Olympics open in Tokyo.
- October 12 - The Soviet Union launches the Voskhod 1 into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew and the first flight without space suits.
- October 14 - American civil rights movement leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr becomes the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.
- October 14 - 15 - Nikita Khrushchev is deposed as leader of the Soviet Union; Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin assume power.
- October 15 - United Kingdom's Labour Party wins the parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom, ending 13 years of Conservative Party rule.
- October 15 - Norman Breedlove's jet-powered car Spirit of America goes out of control in Bonnevile Salt Flats in Utah and makes skid marks 9.6 km long
- October 16 - Harold Wilson becomes British Prime Minister.
- October 16 - People's Republic of China explodes an atomic bomb in Sinkiang.
- October 18 - NY World's Fair closes for the year. It will reopen April 21, 1965.
- October 22 - Canada: A Federal Mult-Party Parliamentary Committee selects a design to become the new official Flag of Canada.
- October 24 - Northern Rhodesia, a former British protectorate, becomes the independent Republic of Zambia, ending 73 years of British rule.
- October 24 - 1964 Summer Olympics close in Tokyo.
- October 27 - In Congo, rebel leader Christopher Gbenye takes 60 Americans and 800 Belgians as hostages.
- October 29 - A collection of irreplaceable gemstones, including the 565 carat (113 g) Star of India, is stolen from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
- October 31 - Campaigning at Madison Square Garden, New York, President Lyndon Johnson pledges the creation of the Great Society.

November

- November 1 - Mortar fire from North Vietnamese forces rains on the USAF base at Bein Hoa, South Vietnam, killing 4 U.S. servicemen and wounding 72, and destroying five B-57 jet bombers and other planes.
- November 3 - The Bolivian government of President Victor Paz Estenssoro is overthrown by a military rebellion led by General Alfredo Ovando Candía, commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
- November 3 - U.S. presidential election, 1964: Incumbent U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson defeats Republican challenger Barry Goldwater with over 60 percent of the popular vote.
- November 5 - Mariner program: Mariner 3, a U.S. space probe, intended for Mars is launched from Cape Kennedy, but fails.
- November 9 - British House of Commons votes to abolish the death penalty for murder in Britain.
- November 10 - Australia partially reintroduces compulsory military service due to Indonesian Confrontation.
- November 19 - The U.S. Defense Department announced the closing of 95 military bases and facilities, including the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and Fort Jay, New York.
- November 21 - Second Vatican Council: The third period of the Catholic Church's ecumenical council closes.
- November 21 - The Verrazano Narrows Bridge opens to traffic (at the time it was the world's longest suspension bridge).
- November 24 - Belgian paratroopers and mercenaries capture Stanleyville but a number of hostages die in the fighting.
- November 28 - Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 4 space probe from Cape Kennedy toward Mars to take television pictures of that planet in July 1965.
- November 28 - Vietnam War: National Security Council members, including Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, and Maxwell Taylor agree to recommend that U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam.

December

- December 1 - Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb North Vietnam (after some debate, they agreed to enact a two-phase bombing plan).
- December 3 - Berkeley Free Speech Movement: Police arrest over 800 students at the University of California, Berkeley, following their takeover and massive sit-in at the administration building protesting the UC Regents' decision to forbid Vietnam War protests on U.C. property.
- December 14 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules, in Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 379 US 241 1964, that, in accordance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, establishments providing public accommodations must refrain from racial discrimination.
- December 15 - The Washington Post publishes an article about James Hampton, who had built a glittering religious throne out of recycled materials
- December 18 - In the wake of deadly riots in January over control of the Panama Canal, the US offers to negotiate a new canal treaty

Date unknown

- 7000 residents of New Hanover, Australia, refuse to pay taxes and found a fund to purchase Lyndon B. Johnson.
- Jerome Horowitz synthesizes zidovudine, an antiviral drug used in treating HIV.
- The Vishwa Hindu Parishad is founded.
- John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz create BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level programming language that has been included on many computers and even some games consoles.
- First Moog synthesizer designed by Robert Moog.

Births

January-March

- January 2 - Pernell Whitaker, American boxer
- January 6 - Henry Maske, German boxer
- January 6 - Rafael Vidal, Venezuelan swimmer and sports commentator (d. 2005)
- January 7 - Nicolas Cage, American actor
- January 12 - Jeff Bezos, American president of amazon.com
- January 13 - Penelope Ann Miller, American actress
- January 23 - Mariska Hargitay, American actress
- January 27 - Bridget Fonda, American actress
- January 29 - Andre Reed, American football player
- February 4 - Noodles, American guitarist (The Offspring)
- February 5 - Laura Linney, American actress
- February 5 - Duff McKagan, American musician (Guns N'Roses)
- February 15 - Chris Farley, American actor and comedian (d. 1997)
- February 16 - Christopher Eccleston, British actor
- February 17 - Mark Kennedy Shriver, nephew of John F Kennedy, son of Eunice Mary Kennedy.
- February 18 - Matt Dillon, American actor
- March 7 - Bret Easton Ellis, American author
- March 9 - Juliette Binoche, French actress
- March 10 - Edward, Earl of Wessex
- March 11 - Shane Richie, British actor
- March 17 - Rob Lowe, American actor
- March 18 - Bonnie Blair, American speed skater
- March 18 - Irene Cara, American actress and singer
- March 18 - Rozalla, Zambian singer
- March 20 - Natacha Atlas, Belgian singer
- March 25 - Lisa Gay Hamilton, American actress
- March 29 - Elle Macpherson, Australian model
- March 30 - Tracy Chapman, American singer

April-June

- April 1 - Erik Breukink, Dutch cyclist and manager
- April 3 - Bjarne Riis, Danish cyclist
- April 4 - David Cross, American actor and comedian
- April 7 - Russell Crowe, New Zealand-born actor
- April 13 - Caroline Rhea, Canadian actress
- April 24 - Cedric the Entertainer, American comic and actor
- April 21 - Ludmila Engquist, Russian-born Swedish athlete
- April 25 - Hank Azaria, American actor
- April 25 - Andy Bell, English singer and songwriter (Erasure)
- April 29 - Federico Castelluccio, Italian-born actor
- May 6 - Dana Hill, American actress (d. 1996)
- May 8 - Melissa Gilbert, American actress and president of the Screen Actors Guild
- May 8 - Bobby Labonte, American race car driver
- May 12 - Brett Gurewitz, American guitarist (Bad Religion)
- May 24 - Adrian Moorhouse, British swimmer
- May 26 - Lenny Kravitz, American guitarist and singer
- May 28 - Jeff Fenech, Australian boxer
- May 28 - Christa Miller, American actress
- May 28 - Phil Vassar, American musician
- May 30 - Wynonna Judd, American singer
- June 10 - Jimmy Chamberlin, American musician
- June 12 - Paula Marshall, American actress
- June 13 - Kathy Burke, English actress and comedienne
- June 13 - Iain Donaldson, British politician
- June 15 - Courteney Cox, American actress
- June 21 - Doug Savant, American actor
- June 22 - Dan Brown, American author
- June 28 - Mark Grace, baseball player
- June 29 - Stedman Pearson, British singer

July-December

- July 3 - Joanne Harris, English author
- July 3 - Yeardley Smith, American voice actress
- July 16 - Miguel Induráin, Spanish cyclist
- July 22 - Bonnie Langford, British actress
- July 24 - Barry Bonds, baseball player
- July 26 - Sandra Bullock, American actress
- July 28 - Lori Loughlin, American actress
- July 30 - Vivica A. Fox, American actress
- July 31 - Jim Corr, Irish singer and musician (The Corrs)
- August 16 - Jimmy Arias, American tennis player
- August 19 - Dermott Brereton, Australian rules footballer
- August 24 - Salizhan Sharipov, cosmonaut
- August 25 - Maxim Kontsevich, Russian mathematician
- September 2 - Keanu Reeves, Lebanese-born actor
- September 7 - Eazy-E, American musician and record producer (d. 1995)
- September 8 - Michael Johns, American health care executive and Presidential speechwriter
- September 11 - Ellis Burks, baseball player
- September 11 - Roxann Dawson, American actress
- September 22 - Bonnie Hunt, American actress
- September 23 - Koshi Inaba, Japanese singer (B'z)
- September 28 - Janeane Garofalo, American actress and comedienne
- September 29 - Les Claypool, American bassist (Primus)
- October 2 - Dirk Brinkmann, German field hockey player
- October 15 - Quinton Flynn, American voice actor
- October 22 - Drazen Petrovic, Croatian basketball player (d. 1993)
- October 26 - Marc Lépine, Canadian serial killer (d. 1989)
- October 29 - Yasmin Le Bon, British model
- October 31 - Marco van Basten, Dutch football player and manager
- November 9 - Robert Duncan McNeill, American actor
- November 10 - Kenny Rogers, baseball player
- November 11 - Calista Flockhart, American actress
- November 14 - Bill Hemmer, American broadcast journalist
- December 5 - Karin Snelson, author and editor
- December 8 - Teri Hatcher, American actress
- December 13 - :For other uses, see the disambiguation section. The New Republic is an American journal of opinion published weekly and with a circulation of around 100,000. The current owner and editor-in-chief is Martin Peretz. The magazine's current editor is Peter Beinart, who is on temporary leave from his position to write a book about the direction of liberalism in the United States. Long time literary editor Leon Wieseltier has a very strong influence over the magazine's political content as well as its literary content.
History
The New Republic was founded by Herbert Croly and Walter Lippmann through the financial backing of heiress Dorothy Payne Whitney and her husband, Willard Straight, who maintained majority ownership. The magazine's first issue was published on November 7, 1914. The magazine's politics were liberal and progressive, and as such concerned with coping with the great changes brought about by America's late-19th century industrialization. Among the most important of these was the emergence of the U.S. as a Great Power on the international scene, and in 1917 TNR urged America's entry into World War I on the side of the Allies. One consequence of World War I was the Russian Revolution of 1917, and during the inter-war years the magazine was generally positive in its assessment of the Soviet Union and its communist government. This changed with the start of the Cold War, though, as TNR moved towards positions more typical of mainstream American liberalism. During the 1950s it was critical of both Soviet foreign policy and domestic anti-communism, particularly McCarthyism. During the 1960s the magazine opposed the Vietnam War, but was also often critical of the New Left. In 1975, the magazine was bought by Harvard University lecturer Martin Peretz, who transformed TNR into its current incarnation. Peretz was a veteran of the New Left who had broken with that movement over its support of various Third World liberationist movements, particularly the Palestine Liberation Organization. Under Peretz TNR has advocated both strong U.S. support for Israel and a muscular U.S. foreign policy. During the 1980s the magazine generally supported President Reagan's anti-Communist foreign policy, including provision of aid to the Contras. It has also supported both Gulf Wars and, reflecting its belief in the moral efficacy of American power, intervention in "humanitarian" crises, such as those in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Yugoslav wars. In addition to being editor-in-chief and co-owner of The New Republic, Peretz is a contributor to the Jewish World Review. In 1998, TNR faced a journalistic fraud scandal when features writer Stephen Glass was revealed in a Forbes Magazine investigation to have fabricated a story called "Hack Heaven." A TNR investigation found that most of Glass' stories had used or had been based on fabricated information. The story of the Glass' fall and TNR editor Chuck Lane's handling of the scandal was dramatized in a 2003 film, titled Shattered Glass.
Politics
Domestically, TNR supports policies first associated with the Democratic Leadership Council and such "New Democrats" as former-President Bill Clinton. These policies, while seeking to achieve the ends of traditional social welfare programs, often use market solutions as their means, and so are often called "business-friendly". Typical of some of the policies supported by both TNR and the DLC during the 1990s were increased funding for the Earned Income Tax Credit program and reform of the Federal welfare system. Unsigned editorials prior to the 2003 Invasion of Iraq expressed strong support for military action, citing the threat of WMD as well as humanitarian concerns. Since the end of major military operations, unsigned editorials, while critical of the handling of the war, have continued to justify the invasion on humanitarian grounds, but no longer maintain that Iraq's WMD facilities posed any threat to the United States. While the New Republic is often considered a liberal, or neo-liberal, publication with a strong intellectual streak, some American progressives disagree with characterizing it as "liberal". They would instead use that term for magazines like The Nation and The Progressive. Most would say that, at least in the Peretz era, it is a centrist publication in the realms of foreign and economic policy but remains progressive on social issues. Comparable conservative publications include National Review, Policy Review, and The Weekly Standard, which publish the intellectual writings of the American right. The magazine also has its own blog called The Plank, which is written by Michael Crowley, Franklin Foer, Jason Zengerle, and other TNR staff. The Plank is apparently meant to be TNRs sole blog, replacing the magazine's first three blogs, &c., Iraq'd, and Easterblog.
Editors

- Walter Lippmann - (1914-1917)
- Henry A. Wallace - (1946-1948)
- Martin Peretz - (1975-1979)
- Michael Kinsley - (1979-1981; 1985-1989)
- Hendrik Hertzberg - (1981-1985; 1989-1991)
- Andrew Sullivan - (1991-1996)
- Michael Kelly - (1996-1997)
- Charles Lane - (1997-1999)
- Peter Beinart - (1999-current)
Famous contributors
Ordered by period and within period by name:
1910s-1940s

- John Dewey, essayist
- Virginia Woolf, essayist and film critic
- W. E. B. DuBois, professor and sociologist
- John T. Flynn, essayist, later a New Deal critic
1950s-1960s

- Hannah Arendt, essayist
- Reinhold Niebuhr, essayist
- Philip Roth, film critic
1990s-present

- Camille Paglia, essayist
- Stephen Glass, reporter who was fired when it was discovered he submitted numerous false stories. Glass is the subject of the movie Shattered Glass
- Matt Groening, illustrator and Simpsons creator
- Amartya Sen, essayist
- James Wood, literary critic
Trivia

- Lisa Simpson is portrayed as a subscriber to The New Republic for Kids. This is understandable as Matt Groening, the Simpson's creator, wrote for TNR.
See also

- Political liberalism
- Rhodes Scholarship
Resources

- Wickenden, Dorothy (1994). The New Republic Reader. ISBN 0-465-09822-3
External links

- [http://www.tnr.com TNR Online]
- [http://www.tnr.com/blog/theplank The Plank]
Disambiguation

- The New Republic is a government in the fictional Star Wars universe. New Republic New Republic

Classical liberal

:Classical liberalism

Paleoconservative

Paleoconservatism (sometimes shortened to paleo or paleocon when the context is clear) refers to a branch of American conservative thought that is often called Old Right. Paleoconservatives in the 21st century often focus on their points of disagreement with neoconservatives. In terms of media, paleoconservatives typically agree with sentiments and ideology as expressed in The American Conservative and disagree with sentiments and ideology expressed in the Weekly Standard and National Review. The term was coined in the late 20th century and derives from the Greek root palaeo- meaning "ancient" or "old".

Core beliefs

Many paleoconservatives also identify themselves as "classical conservatives" and trace their philosophy to the Old Right Republicans of the interwar period who successfully kept America out of the League of Nations, cut down non-European immigration in 1924 and stood opposed to Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Paleoconservatives are most easily distinguishable from other conservatives in their emphatic opposition to illegal immigration, their strong opposition to affirmative action, and their general disapproval of U.S. intervention overseas. They are not closely tied to the business community nor to the Religious Right. Neoconservatives and pro-business conservatives, by contrast, are more consensus-oriented on the issues of illegal immigration and affirmative action and support a more activist internationalist foreign policy. The Religious Right is focused on different issues, such as religious symbols in public places, abortion, and opposition to Darwinism. Most paleos are concerned with the culture-eroding effects of popular culture. Economic issues are not high on their agenda, and they are divided. Some reject free trade ideology, arguing that it leads to the deterioration of America's industrial base. Some paleos, however, support laissez-faire economic policies articulated by classical liberals such as Frederic Bastiat in the nineteenth century.

Intellectual precursors and modern expositors

historians, such as Paul V. Murphy and Isaiah Berlin, have traced the paleoconservatives' intellectual ancestry to anti-modern writers who defended hierarchy, localism, ultramontanism, monarchy and aristocracy. European precursors to paleoconservatives include Joseph de Maistre, Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and Pope Pius X, though they tend to influence the Roman Catholic traditionalist subsect of paleoconservatism. Some modern European continental conservatives, such as Frenchman René Girard, have a mode of thought and cultural criticism esteemed by many paleoconservatives. In America, the Southern Agrarians, Charles Lindbergh, Albert Jay Nock, and Russell Kirk, among others, articulated positions that have proved influential among contemporary paleoconservatives. The southern conservative thread of paleoconservatism embodying the statesmanship of nineteenth-century figures such as John Randolph of Roanoke, John Taylor of Caroline and John C. Calhoun has proven influential as well, and has found a modern expositor in the late Mel Bradford.

Paleoconservatives in modern America

At this time, prominent paleos include Patrick Buchanan and Colorado Congressman Tom Tancredo. There are also a number of influential academics, commentators and journalists in the paleo ranks. The main paleoconservative magazines are Chronicles Magazine, The American Conservative, and the The New American, which is affiliated with the John Birch Society. Commentator Pat Buchanan's culture war speech is probably the most widely known paleoconservative critique. Other contemporary luminaries include Emory Philosophy Professor Donald Livingston; Paul Craig Roberts, an attorney and former Reagan administration Treasury official; commentator Joseph Sobran; journalist Chilton Williamson; and historian Clyde N. Wilson. There are many followers of the late Murray Rothbard and Lew Rockwell who embrace paleolibertarianism, and being culturally conservative, espouse many of the same themes of paleoconservatives, but are wholly committed to economic laissez-faire. Paleoconservatives consist of a disparate pool from all walks of life, Evangelical Christians and Roman Catholic traditionalists, libertarian individualists, Midwestern agrarians, Reagan Democrats, and southern conservatives. Paleoconservatism has recently become the principal operating philosophy of the Intercollegiate Studies Institute (ISI). In its publications and conferences it often champions pre-WWII Old Right ideas, such as isolationism, limited government and cultural homogeneity. While they favor free-market solutions they no longer have the profound belief in free markets that characterizes many libertarians and neoconservatives. They are keen to recognize the limitations of the market; as they would have the state curtail the market for vice. They promote various agrarian and distributist works. Many American paleoconservatives see themselves as iconoclasts, breaking what they regard as liberal taboos. Three particular targets of their ire are Martin Luther King, Franklin Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Some paleo figures, especially the late Samuel Francis, have had close ties to allegedly racist groups such as the Council of Conservative Citizens, American Renaissance and the journal The Occidental Quarterly. Since the end of the Cold War, the rift within the conservative movement has deepened with the ascent of the neoconservatives and the fading from power of the paleos. There are no prominent paleos in the Bush administration. Harsh words have of late been exchanged between David Frum of National Review and Patrick Buchanan of The American Conservative. Frum charged that paleocons, in their sometimes harsh criticism of President George W. Bush and the war on terror, have become unpatriotic supporters of America's enemies and, at times, anti-Semitic. Buchanan and others have retorted that neocons influence the U.S. government towards pursuit of global empire and for the benefit of Israel and multi-national corporations with whom they have close ties.

Paleoconservatives vis-à-vis neoconservatives

Historian Thomas Woods astutely elaborates on the divergence in the conservative movement, and the assent of the neoconservatives, and their distinguishing features from more traditional conservatives:

The conservative’s traditional sympathy for the American South and its people and heritage, evident in the works of such great American conservatives as Richard M. Weaver and Russell Kirk, began to disappear... [T]he neocons are heavily influenced by Woodrow Wilson, with perhaps a hint of Theodore Roosevelt...They believe in an aggressive U.S. presence practically everywhere, and in the spread of democracy around the world, by force if necessary....Neoconservatives tend to want more efficient government agencies; paleoconservatives want fewer government agencies. [Neoconservatives] generally admire President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his heavily interventionist New Deal policies. Neoconservatives have not exactly been known for their budget consciousness, and you won’t hear them talking about making any serious inroads into the federal apparatus.[http://www.lewrockwell.com/woods/woods20.html]

The phraseology "paleoconservative" ("old conservative") was a rejoinder issued in the 1980s to differentiate traditional conservatives from "neoconservatism". The rift is often traced back to a dispute over the director of the National Endowment for the Humanities by the incoming Reagan Administration. Reagan nominated paleo leader Mel Bradford. He was dropped after neocons argued that his hatred of Abraham Lincoln ill suited a Republican nominee. The origins of the schism between paleo and neocon can be traced back decades. In the 1960s the new neoconservative movement articulated a vision much different from the Old Right. Neoconservatives were not opposed to the New Deal, but they thought LBJ's Great Society went too far. Neoconservatives embrace an interventionist foreign policy, particularly in the Middle East. They espoused especially strong support for Israel and believe the United States should ensure the security of the Jewish state. What made this movement so potent was the number of influential neoconservative intellectuals who attained positions of power in the federal government and in the mass-media, in sharp contrast to the marginal status of the paleos. The paleoconservatives argued that neoconservatives were illegitimate interlopers in the conservative movement. The paleos feel they are purists who have been crowded into a corner by a corrupt element tied to special interest groups, to globalization, and to the Trilateral Commission and other mechanisms of international finance and embryonic world government.

Paleoconservatism and civil society

Paleoconservatives esteem the principles of subsidiarity and localism in recognizing that one must surely be an Ohioan, Texan or Virginian as they are an American. They embrace federalism within a broader framework of nationalism and are typically staunch supporters of states' rights. They tend to be critical of overreaching federal power usurping state and local authority. They did not support the Religious Right's efforts to federalize the Terri Schiavo case in 2005. On the other hand they joined with other conservatives in denouncing Kelo v. New London, even though the Supreme Court came down on the side of local decision-making.

Paleoconservatism's economic concerns

No issue divides paleos more than trade policy. Many paleoconservatives hold protectionist conceptions of trade policy, the so called producerist orientation. Pat Buchanan author of The Great Betrayal: How American Sovereignty and Social Justice Are Being Sacrificed to the Gods of the Global Economy and William R. Hawkins of U.S. Business and Industry Council Education Foundation are the chief expositors of economic nationalism in our time. They warn of the peril posed by free trade and globalization. They see an erosion of America's industrial base unfolding and they lament the exorbitant trade deficits between the United States and its trading partners, particularly China. However, the southern conservatives and paleolibertarians are generally in favor of economic laissez-faire and free trade. (The intellectually astute among them are partial to the Austrian Theory of Trade Cycle.) They may even concede America has some economic ills, but they do not scapegoat foreign competition, as they recognize the value of free trade, economies of scale, comparative advantage, and specialization of labor. Many among them place culpability for America's economic ills on bad fiscal, tax and monetary policy, as well as over-regulation by the government. Nonetheless, its adherents concurrently reject the edifices of globalization such as the WTO, GATT, NAFTA, CAFTA, and FTAA. Lew Rockwell surmises this position:

NAFTA is imperialist. It preaches to other countries about what kinds of laws and regulations they should have-the social democratic mixed economy that is impoverishing us. NAFTA is, of course, not the free trade of Jefferson, Randolph, Taylor and Calhoun. It is trade for the few and not the many, for the particular interests and not the general interests.

Thus, both paleo free traders and protectionists tend to recognize the sovereignty-eroding effects of globalization, and they are generally opposed to so called free trade treaties, the machinery of international finance and globalization.

Paleoconservatism's foreign policy concerns

In relations with other nations, paleoconservatives are more willing to question the logic of globalization, more critical of illegal immigration and almost always embrace a more isolationist foreign policy. A central pillar of paleoconservatism is a foreign policy based upon non-interventionism or isolationism. They find support in the wisdom of the founding fathers and a subsequent generation of antebellum statesmen. George Washington had declared, "It is our true policy to steer clear of entangling alliances with any portion of the foreign world." John Quincy Adams avowed, "America does not go abroad, in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own." In the 1930s their predecessors joined with the isolationist left, including Charles Beard to oppose American entry into any European war. Paleoconservatives often esteem the America First principles of 1940 as being commensurate with those of the Founding Fathers as embodied in the Neutrality Act. In the 1930s the Old Right hated Japan and were less reluctant to go to war with that country. During the Cold War a few paleoconservatives supported overseas commitments as necessary to the defense of the United States against communist aggression. Senator Taft and most paleos opposed NATO, and this was a central issue in the contest between Robert Taft and Dwight Eisenhower for the 1952 Republican nomination. Taft lost, and his death early in 1953 deprived the Old Right of its most articulate leader. Barry Goldwater echoed many Old Right sentiments, but he favored an aggressive foreign policy designed to roll back Communism.

Paleoconservatism's immigration policy concerns

Where immigration allows foreigners into a nation, it then becomes a domestic policy concern. Cultural cohesiveness and some degree of cultural homogeneity are considered indispensable to paleos. In the United Kingdom the late MP Enoch Powell expressed grave concern over the costs of integrating new immigrants into Britain. He voiced opposition to antidiscrimination laws which applied to private citizens. Powell's concern in the 1960s foreshadowed a deepening cultural crisis that threatens to unravel the cultural fabric of the West in the eyes of paleoconservatives. The core European populace of United States, Canada, and Western European nations have become alienated by immigration policies that submerge them in a deluge of alien immigrants. While the United States' motto E Pluribus Unum has been co-opted into a mantra for diversity and multiculturalism, the founding fathers often expressed a desire for cultural homogeneity; they saw it as a necessity, a sort of a cohesive glue that binds a federal republic together. In Federalist #2, John Jay opined, "Providence has been pleased to give this one connected country to one united people — a people descended from the same ancestors, speaking the same language, professing the same religion, attached to the same principles of government, very similar in their manners and customs... This country and this people seem to have been made for each other, and it appears as if it was the design of Providence, that an inheritance so proper and convenient for a band of brethren, united to each other by the strongest ties, should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties." Their homage to diversity was recognizing that natural regional cultures existed and more would would develop as the United States expanded. Conservative commentator Pat Buchanan's recent book The Death of the West: How Dying Populations and Immigrant Invasions Imperil Our Country and Civilization is the clarion statement of paleoconservative concern over the open borders immigration policy. Today, Westerners are criticized for being elitist and xenophobic, though paleos maintain that they simply want to keep their dominant cultures and traditions from denigrating into an amalgamated multicultural deluge, a veritable Tower of Babel in our time. Their sentiment may be encapsulated in Edmund Burke's adage, "People will not look forward to posterity who never look backward to their ancestors." The conservative would ask, if our ancestral homelands are no longer ours than what hopes have we to look to a future for posterity? In California, much sentiment against immigration arose in reaction to the waves of illegal immigration during Central America since the 1960s; included in this group are individuals with Paleo tendencies, including former Congressmen